Locomotor System

As framework

Introduction-constitution

Osteology-bones

skeletonArthrology-joints

As axis

Myology-muscles

As motivation

These functions are regulated by nervous system.Muscular

markings can provide the reference for the clinical practice,such

as incision,acupuncture and forensic medicine.

General Introduction to the bone

Bone – 206 in adult, more than 206 in infancy,

1/5 body weight in adult,1/7in newborn.

Each bone is living organ, with hardness and elasticity

metabolism, growth & development, healing

After injured - repair and reconstruction

Many factors can affect the development of

the bone,such as age, heritage, nutrient,exercise

and etc.

Appendicular skeleton

Classification of bones

According to position

Cranial bones

Bones of trunk

Yellow ones

Axial skeleton

Bones of the limbs

pink ones

Classification of bone according to shape

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

Long

Short

Flat

Irregular

Sesamoid

Short bone

Long bone

Flat bone

(Pneumatic

bone)

Irregular bone

Sesamoid

bone

ethmoid

Epiphyseal line(after inadult)

Long bone

Epiphysis

Articular surface

(Articular cartilage)

Metaphysis

Diaphysis (shaft)

Medullary cavity

Epiphyseal cartilage

Located in limbs

1 body,2 ends (epiphysis)

Epip

hy

seal line

Epip

hy

seal cartilage

Epiphyseal line

In adult

Epiphyseal cartilage

in child at 7 year old

Flat bones:

Thin,lamella,such as rib,

skull,scapula etc

Irregular bones:

irregular or mixed shape,

e.g. vertebrae, pneumatic bones

Sesamoid bones:

develope within tendon

Sesamoid

bone

Flat

irregular

Classification of bone

Short bones:

cube-shaped seen in wrist

and ankle

Bone marking Example

Linear elevation

line Sup.nuchal line of the occipital bone

Ridge The medial and lat. supracondylar ridges of

the humerus

crest The iliac crest of the hip bone

Rounded

elevation

tubercle Pubic tubercle

protuberance External occipital protuberance

tuberosity Greater &lesser tuberosities of the humerus

malleous Med.malleolus of the tibia,lat.malleolus of the

fibula

trochanter Greater and lesser trochanters of the femur

Meanings of bone markings Learn by yourself

Bone marking Example

Sharp elevation

Spine of spinous process Ischial spine. spine of vertebra

Styloid process Styloid process of temporal bone

Expanded ends for

articulation

Head Head of humerus, head of femur

Condyle Med.and lat.condyles of femur

Epicondyle(a prominence

situated just above condyle)

Medial and lateral epicondyles of

femur

Small flat area for

articulation

Facet Facet on head of rib for articulation

with vertebral body

Meanings of bone markings Learn by yourself

Bone marking Example

Fossa Olecranon fossa of humerus.

Acetabular fossa of hip bone

Depressions

Notch Greater sciatic notch of hip bone

Groove or sulcus Bicipital groove of humerus

Openings

Fissure Superior orbital fissure

Canal Carotid foramen of the maxilla

Meatus Exteranl acoustic meatus of

temporal bone

Meanings of bone markings Learn by yourself

Bone

Structure of bone-summary

Compact bone:hard & denseSubstance

Spongy bone

Periosteum

Endosteum

Red bone marrow： cavity.hemopoiesis(blood making)

Yellow bone marrow: rich in fat

blood vessel (nutrient artery,nutrient foramen),

Nerve : sensory etc

Membrane

Bone

marrow

1

2

4

6

Structure of bone

3

1-Articular cartilage

2-Epiphyseal line

3-Spongy bone

(trabeculae)

4-Conpact bone

5-Periosteum

6-Medullary cavity

7-Bone marrow(yellow)

8-Nutrient vessel

8

Fresh bone

5

7 4

Arterial supply of the bone

Three types

Nutrient artery(shaft)Metaphyseal artery

Epiphyseal artery

If the bone lose the blood

supply,the necrosis will occur.

Different arteries interconnect

35

Chemical component and physical

character of bone

Inorganic:calcium,phosphate etc.

Make bone with hardness & rigidity

Organic:collagen,protein polysaccharides

Make bone with elasticity & toughness

In child: organic : inorganic= 5:5

In adult: organic : inorganic= 3:7 just rightin the old: organic : inorganic= 2:8

As the age increases:

Organic decrease; but inorganic increase,hardness increase.In child: less fracture & easy to deform

In the old: easily fracture

Decalcified bone - remove inorganic- soft.Burned bone - remove organic- brittle.

Support framework of the body

Protection- brain, spinal cord.vital internal organs

Movement

Hemopoiesis (Blood cell formation)

red bone marrow

Storage of fat - yellow bone marrow

Mineral and fat reservoir - Ca,P,K,etc

Function of the bone

Arthrology

(Joint)

General description

of arthrology

Synosteosis（骨性连结）

Suture(缝连结）Syndesmosis(韧带连结）

Gomphosis(嵌合)

Fibrous joint

Synarthrosis Cartilaginous(Immovable joints) joint

Synchondroses（软骨连结）

Synphysis（骨愈合）

Synovial jointsDiarthrosis

According to

Whether to move

(Freely movable joints)

According to number

of the movement taxi

Uniaxial joints

Biaxial joints

Multiaxial joints

Articulating bones joined by

Classification of joints

Classification Structure Examples

Fibrous joints Articulating bones joined by

fibrous connective tissue

Sutures of the skull

Tibia –fibula and

radial ulna joints

Teeth in socket

Cartilaginous

joints

Articulating bones joined by

fibrocartilage or hyaline

cartilage

Intervertebral joints

Pubic symphysis

Sacroiliac joint

Epiphyseal plates

Synovial joints Joint capsule containing

synovial membrane and

synovial fluid

All freely moveable

joints;most of the joints

of the limbs

Classification of joints Learn it by yourself

Synarthrosis - Fibrous joint

Fibrous joint- united by fibrous CT

serrature suture

Interspinal lig

Feature:

Without cavity

A little or no movement

Interverebral disc

Symphysis by fibrous cartilageSynchondrosis

By hyaline cartilage

symphysis

pubis

Synarthrosis - Cartilaginous joints

The bones are united by cartilage

43

Synarthrosis - synosteosis

In the aged,the bones are united by the ossification ofthe fibrous joint or synchondroses between them .e.g,

the synosteoses between the ilium, ischium and pubis

of the hip bones.

ilium

Pubis

Ischium

Negative pressurecapsule

Diarthrosis －synovial joints

Essential structures

Articular surface:

Articular cartilage

Articular capsule

Fibrous membrane

Synovial membrane

Articular cavity

Synovial fluid

Synovial joints

Accessory structures of synovial joints

Ligaments (lig.)

Extracapsular lig.

Intracapsular lig.

Articular disc

(meniscus)

21

3

2 Synovial foldbursa

3 synovial bursa

Synovial fold

Accessory structures of synovial joints

Shoulder joint

(cut open)

1 Articular labrum

Classification of synovial joints

Uniaxial joints （单轴关节）

Hinge joints (屈戌关节或滑车关节)

Trochoid (pivot) joints (车轴关节)

Biaxial joints（双轴关节）

Ellipsoid joints （球面关节）

Saddle joints（鞍状关节）

Multiaxial joints （多轴关节）

Ball-and-socket joints（球窝关节）

Plane joints （平面关节）

The types of the

synoyial joints

1 Coronal axis flexion and extension

2 Sagittal axis adduction and abduction

3.Vertical axis－rotation

Medial rotation (Pronation)

Lateral rotation (Supination)

Inversion & eversion

4. Three axis-Circumduction

5 Translation

Terms of joint movements

Movements at synovial joints

Flexion Decreasing the angle between two bones

Extension Increasing the angle between two bones

Abduction Movement away from the midline of the body

Adduction Movement toward the midline

Rotation Movement of a bone around its own axis

Pronation Rotation of the forearm that results in the palm

directed backward

Supination The opposite rotation to pronation

Circumduction Circular,cone like movement of a body segment

Structural classification of joints and examples,

all synovial joints are freely movable

Learn it by yourself

51

Flexion

Extension

Abbductionabduction

Pronationsupination

eversioninversion

circumduction

Petrusion

Protrusion

Elevation

Depression

52

1 Cranial bones 29

2 Bones of trunk 51

The bones of the human body

Axial bones

Appendicular bones

According to position

3 Bones of upper limbs 64

4 Bones of lower limbs 62

CervicalThoracic

Lumbar

Sacrum

Coccyx

712

5

1

1

Bones of the trunk - 51

In adult

Vertebrae 26

Sternum 1

Rib 24

In childrenSacrum 5

Coccyx 4

7 Process-2 Upper articular processes

2 Lower articular processes

2 Transverse processes

1 Spinous process

T 6

superior lateral

Lumbar Vertebrae

General feature of a typical vertebra

1 body,1 arch and 7 processes

1Vertebral body –ant.wall

1 Vertebral arch- post.wall

Characteristics in cervical vertebrae

1-Transverse foramen: vertebral artery

2-Spinous processes: short & bifid small

3-Vertebral body:

4-Vertebral foramen: triangular

5-Transverse processes: short & bifid

6-Articular processes: horizontal

vertebral

artery

1

2

3

4

5

6

lateral

superior

3-6th cervical vertebrae

Special cervical vertebrae-C1,C2,C7

C1 – Atlas; No Body & spinous process,ant.& post.arches

two lateral masses, groove for vertebral artery

C2 - Axis; Distinguished by dens,which articulates with dental

fovea of anterior arch of atlas.

C7 - Vertebra prominens :contains long and non-bifid spinous

process,it is visible with neck flexed,used as clinical landmark

C-1 superior C2-posterior C-7 superiorC3-6 superior

Characteristics in thoracic vertebrae

T6

lateralsuperior

1-Superior & inferior costal fovea2-Transverse costal fovea

3-Articular processes: coronal position (sup. & inf.)

4-Spinous processes: long,downward obliquely

5-Vertebrae Body: heart-shape

6-Vertebral foramen：Smaller, round

1 2

3

4

5

61 3

Lumbar vertebrae

3-Vertebrae body：

larger, kidney-shape

4-Vertebral foramen:

larger & triangular

5-Transverse processes:long

Larger size 4

2

1

1-Spinous processes: horizontally

2-Articular processes: sagittal

3

5

1

1

1

5

Sacrum and coccyx

Posterior surface

1- Median sacral crest

2 - Post.sacral foramina

(4 pairs),

3 - Sacral hiatus

4 - Sacral cornu

Lateral part

5 - Auricular surface

6 - Sacral tuberosity

Posterior view

4

1

25

3

coccyx

Base-upward

Anterior surface

1-Promontory,

2- Ant. sacral foramina

(4pairs)

Anterior view

1

2

Sacrum and coccyx

5 Sacral vertebrae fuse,

Apex-downward,

coccyx

ManubriumBody of sternum

Xiphoid process

Sternum

stermum

Ant.view Ant.view Lat.view Ant.v lat.view

Three

portions

Sternal angle

which connects 2nd costal

cartilage laterally,and lies

opposite lower border of

T4 posteriorly

Sternal angle is a importantlandmark indicating the order

of Rib in clinic

Floating ribs

Ribs- 12 pairs

General featuresRibs 1 ~ 7 - true ribs

Ribs 8~10 - false ribs

Ribs11~12- floating ribs

True ribs

False ribs

Costal angle

Costal

groove

Shaft

of rib

2nd rib 1st rib7th rib

of costal headCostal tubercle

Costal neck

Costal head

The structure of the ribs

Articular facet

Costal

cartilage

The knowledge you have to master today

Institution and function of locomotor system

Classification & structure of bones

The essential structure & movement of synovial joint

Name,location & number of the bone of the trunk

The difference of different vertebral bone

The features of the sternum

The features of the ribs

Systematic Anatomy

Locomotor system

Joints of the bones of the trunk

Cranial bone and their joints

Part 2

Ant.view of thoracic cage

The joints of bones of the trunk

Lat.view

Combination associated with vertebral body

1- Ant.longitudinal lig. ( from foramen magnum to the S1~S2 )

2- Post.longitudinal lig. (from C2 to sacrum)

3- Intervertebral disc (23).-between neighbouring vertebral body

1 2

3

3

Lat. viewPost.view

Body removedLat viewAnt. view

1

fibrocartilage Lat. view

Annulusfibrosus

Nucleus

pulposus

Intervertebral disc

between vertebral bodiesProtrusion of nucleus

pulposus result in loweran inner soft, pulpy, back pain

highly elastic structure

Anulus fibrosus

an outer fibrous ring consisting of

8

Function of ant.post longitudinal

lig. & vertebral disc

Ant.longitudinal lig.

Maintains stability of the intervertebral disc and

prevents hyperextension of the vertebral column

Post.longitudinal lig.

Prevents hyperflexion of the vertebral column and post.

protrusion of the discs

Intervertebral disc.

make the movement of vertebral column flexible

and make the vertebral column with elasticity.

Ligaments associated with vertebral arch

Lat.view (half bodyAnt.view of vertebral canal 9

1-Yellow lig.(ligamenta flava) 2- Intertransverse lig.

3- Interspinal lig. 4- Supraspinous lig.

2

4

3

1

Ligamentum

nuchae

Lat.view

Ant.Post.

Lig. & joints associated with vertebral arch

Ligamentum nuchae-Superspinous lig. in the neck

Zygapophysial joints-between sup. & inf. articular process

Scall.

Intertransverse lig.

Interspinal lig.Ligaments associated

with vertebral arch

Supraspinal lig.

Joints between

Summary of Intervertebral combination

Ligaments,joints and intervertebral disc

Ant. longitudinal lig.

Combination associated.with vertebral body

Post. longitudinal lig

Yellow lig.

The view of the spinal column as a whole

About 70cm in male adult, female (60cm) .

intervertebral discs =1/4 (column).After the

adult, length of column become shorter

(with age) .

Related bones are joined together by lig,

disc & joint between intervertebral arch.

Bones + joints

Lat.view Post.view Ant.view

Post.view

Ant. and post. view of the spinal column

The vertebral increase in size from top

to bottom (because of increasing weight.)

At 2nd sacral vertebrae - become small.

Slightly convex backward

All the spinous process like a continuous

Crest,cervical spinous process is bifid.

spinous process of thoracic vertebrae are

Pointing to posterior downward sloping

Anterior view

Posterior view

Ant.view

Four physiological curvature

1-Cervical curvature- convex forward

2-Thoracic curvature-convex backward

3-Lumbar curvature-convex forward

4-Sacral curvature- convex backward

Movement of the vertebral column

Flexion

Extension

Lateral flexion

Rotation

Lateral view of the spinal column

Lat.view

1

3

2

4

Physical curvature of the spinal column

At birth-two curvature only

Thoracic C,Sacral C

When to begin to raise the head

Cervical C appear

When to begin to stand

Lumbar C appear

C-curvature

Ant.view of thoracic cage

Thoracic cage

Composition

Bones+joints

Bone:

12 thoracic vertebrae,

12 pairs of ribs

costal cartilages, sternum.

Joint:

1-Sternocostal joints

2-Costotransverse joints

3-Costal head joint

Thoracic cage

Sternoclavicular

joint

Sternocostal

articulations

Costal arch

infrasternalbetween costal cartilages 8, 9,

and 10 to form the costal arch angle

18

Costovertebral joint

Costal head joint

Intervertebral disc

Costotransverse

articulation

Sup.view

General features of thoracic cage

Roughly cone-shape,

Narrow above and broad below,

flattened from front-backwards,

Inlet of thorax

Bounded by upper border of manubrium,

first rib, and vertebra T1

Outlet of thorax

Bounded by T12,12th &11th ribs,

costal arch and xiphoid process

Infrasternal angle

Formed by the costal arch of both side

Intercostal spaces: lie between the ribs

Intercostal space

Function: protect the viscera and breathinginfrasternal

Cranial bones and their articulations

Skull

Cerebral

cranium

Facial

cranium

8 bones

15 bones

The skull is composed of 23 (don’t including 6

auditory bones) bones, which may be divided into

the cerebral cranium and facial cranium

Lateral view

Unpaired bones

1-Frontal bone

2-Ethmoid bone

3-Sphenoid bone

4-Occipital bone

Paired bones

5-Temporal bone

1

4

5

6

3 4

Skull -Cerebral cranium

• Cerebral cranium (8) ―larger, upper andposterior part, houses and protects the brain

6-Parietal boneSup.view of

5 5

1 2 1

3

3-Hyoid bone

Paired bones

4-maxilla

5-Nasal bone

6-Lacrimal bone

7-Zygomatic bone

8-Inferior nasal concha

9-Palatine bone

4

8

6 5

1

Bones of facial cranium (15) ―smaller, lower, and ant. part,

contains bones that surrounded the eye,

nose and mouth

Single bones

1-Mandible

2-Vomer

7

Skull – facial cranium

Frontal bone

Frontal sinusSup. view

Ant. aspect

bottom aspect

Frontal bone

Forehead,

roof of nasal cavity

Frontal

bone

Ethmoid

Bone

3

1

1 1

3-Crista galli

1-Ceribrifom plate

2-Pendicular plate

4-Ethemoidal labyrinth

42

Foramen magnum

Occipital squama

Basilar part

Lateral parts

Inner outer

occipital

bone

Occipitalsquama

Occipital bone

Body

Greater wing

Lesser wing

Sup.view

Of cranial base

Greater

wing

Sup.view

Lesserwing

Greater

wing

Sphenoid bone

outerA

PFour parts

The Squamous

The Petrous

The Tympanic

The Mastoid process

Squamous

Inner view

Squamous

Mastoidprocess

Tympanic

5-Temporal bone

Temporal bone

29

Parietal bones

Parietal bone

Parietal

bone

Form the roof of the cranium

Sagittal suture

y

Mandible

body

Lateral view

outer

ramus

Angle of

mandible

Coronoid

processCondylar

Mandibular

notch

Mandibular

foramen

Mental spine

process

mandible

Neck ofmandible

Mentalforamen

Head of

mandible

External surface of the skull base

Palatine bone(2)

Vomer(1)

Bony nasal septum

Hyoid bone

Lat.view 34

Hyoid

bone

Nasal conchae exposedSagittal section (skull)

Inf.concha

Inf.concha bone

Lateral

aspect

One body

Four processes

Sinus of maxilla

Medial aspect

1-Frontal process

2-Zygomatic process

3-Alveolar process

4-Palatine process

23

Maxilla -21

1

Skull: ant.view-Right orbit

Inf.orbital fissure

Infraorbital groove

Orbital surface of maxilla

Post.ethmoidal foramen

Ant.ethmoidal

foramen

Orbital plate of

ethmoid bone

Lacrimal bone

Fossa for

lacrimal sac

Orbital process of

palaine bone

Orbital surface of frontal bone

Orbital surface of lesser

Wing of sphenoid bone

Sup. orbital fissure

Optic canal

(foramen)

Greater wing of

sphenoid bonec bone

Orbital surface of

zygomatic bone

Right orbital –ant view.

The skull as a whole

Bones:

Frontal-1

Occipital-3

Parietal-2

Sutures:

A-Coronal

B-Sagittal

C-LambdoidSulcus for superior sagittal sinus

superior view Granular foveolaArterial grooves

Internal view

C

A

B

1

2

3

2

A

P

Internal view of base of skull

At Base of skull

Forms three fossae

1-Anterior cranial fossa

2-Middle cranial fossa

3-Posterior cranial fossa

3

2

11

2

3

Lateral view of the skull

1-External acoustic pore

2-Mastoid process

3-Zygomatic arch

4-Temporal fossa

Pterion

It is a “H”shape area where

four bone connected.

Features

Bone thin

Artery in deep (mid,meningeal a.)

After fracture,

bleeding –hematoma

（Violence hit）

Mid meningeal a.

12

3

Lateral view

Paranasal sinusesFour pairs

Frontal sinus

Ethmoidal sinus

Maxillary sinus

Sphenoidal sinus

Function:

Lighten the weight of the skull

Enhance the resonance of the voice

Increase the temperature & humitidy of the air.

Opening of four paired

paranasal sinuses drain

to nasal cavity

Paranasal sinuses

Frontal

sinus

Ant.view

Sphenoidalsinus

lat.wall of nasal cavity

Ethmoidalsinus

Maxillarysinus

General characters of the skull at birth

Skull of newbornLateral view

Skull of newbornsuperior view

Facial cranium/the whole skull

1/8 at birth.1/4 at adult

Cranial frontanelles

unossified membrane between the

bones at the angles of parietal

1-Anterior fontanelle

closes 1~2 years old

2-Posterior fontanelle

closes at 2~3 mons

after birth

1

2

Joints of skull

United joints, open large & intake, dislocation (lock jaw)

The joints of the skulll are divided into three type:

Sutures: coronal. sagittal suture, lambdoid

Cartilagenous: occipitosphenoid ,petrosphenod etc

Synovial joint: temporomandibular joint- important

Mandibular fossa and condylar process of the mandible

Jaws slightly

opened

Jaws widely

opened

Joint capsule

Mandibular fosa of temporal bone

Articular disc

Articular tubercle

of temporal bone

Jaws closed

Important contents today

Lig. & joints related to the bones of trunk.

Function,location & structure of Intervertebral disc.

Number,name,location of the cranial bone.

Identify the shape and location of each cranial bones.

What are bones to form the orbit？

Name,location and function of paranasal sinuses.

Where is pterion and what is its feature？

Where are ant.& post.fontanelle & when they close？

Master the shape structure of the mandible.

Master the structure of temporomandibular joint.