looking inside the computer system

7/26/2019 Looking Inside the Computer System

1/90

Introduction to Computers

11


2/90

Introduction toComputers

Looking Inside the Computer System


3/90

Introduction to Computers

Contents

Types of computers,

Main Components of a Computer, Central Processing Unit, Memory

Input and Output e!ices,

"rgonomics of computer construction


4/90

The Computer defned

Computers are automatic, electronic machinesthat

accept data # instructions from a user $I%PUT&

store the data # instructions $STO'()"& manipulate the data according to the instructions

$P'OC"SSI%)& Output the results to the user $OUTPUT&


5/90

In the Beginning


6/90

Fundamental characteristics oa computer

Speed * can +ork at !ery high speed

(ccuracy * produces accurate results

Large storage capacity ersatility * can handle multi tasks-

iligence * can +ork +ith out tired-

(utomation * most of things are doneautomatically

Intelligence * there are some systems, +hich

are intelligent-


7/90

Classifcation o computers

7

The classification of computers is based on the

following four criteria:

a) According to purpose

b) According to Technology used

c) According to size and storage capacity

d) According to Historical advancement


8/90

Classifcation o Computers

) e n e r a l P u r p o s e C o m p u t e r s

S p e c i a l P u r p o s e C o m p u t e r s

P u r p o s e

( n a l o g C o m p u t e r s

i g i t a l C o m p u t e r s

. y / r i d C o m p u t e r s

T e c h n o l o g y u s e d

S u p e r C o m p u t e r s

M a i n f r a m e C o m p u t e r s

M i n i C o m p u t e r s

M i c r o C o m p u t e r s

S i 0 e # C a p a c i t y

1 i r s t ) e n e r a t i o n C o m p u t e r s

S e c o n d ) e n e r a t i o n C o m p u t e r s

T h i r d ) e n e r a t i o n C o m p u t e r s

1 o u r t h ) e n e r a t i o n C o m p u t e r s

1 i f t h ) e n e r a t i o n C o m p u t e r s

. i s t o r y

C l a s s i f i c a t i o n o f c o m p u t e r s

$ 2 a s e d o n &


9/90

Types o computer


10/90

Analog Computers

!"

Analog computers are special purpose computers that represent

and store data in continuously varyingphysical #uantities suchas current$ speed$ pressure$voltage or fre#uency

Analog computers are mainly used for scientific and engineering

applications%

&%g% Thermometer: to measure temperature

'peedometer: to measure speed

(

Accuracy ! Appro*imately(High speed

(Time is wasted in transmission time


11/90

Analog computer


12/90

Digital Computers

!+

,igital computers are mainly general purposecomputers that represent and store data in

discrete-separate) #uantities or numbers%

In these computers$ all processing is done interms of numeric representation -.inary digits

"$!) of data and information%

Accuracy unlimited

low speed se#uential as well as parallel

processing


13/90

Micro Computer

Micro computer are the smallest computer

system-

There si0e range from calculator to desktop

si0e-

Its CPU is microprocessor-

It also kno+n as )rand child Computer

(pplication 3 4 personal computer, Multi user

system, offices-


14/90

Mini Computer Small general purpose system-

They are generally more po+erful and most useful

as compared to micro computer-

Mini computer are also kno+n as mid range

computer or Child computer- Called midrangecomputers

Po+er /et+een mainframe and desktop

.andle hundreds of users

Used in smaller organi0ations Users access through a terminal

(pplication 34 epartmental systems, %et+ork

Ser!ers, +ork group system-


15/90

Mini computer


16/90

Main Frame Computer Mainframe computers are those computers that offer

faster processing and grater storage area-

Used in large organi0ations

.andle thousands of users

Large and po+erful systems Users access through a terminal

The +ord 5main frame6 comes from the metal frames-

It is also kno+n as ather computer-

(pplication * .ost computer, Central data /ase ser!er-


17/90

1(417

Mainframes


18/90

Super Computer Super computer are those computer +hich are designed for

scientific 8o/ like +hether forecasting and artificial intelligence etc-

They are fastest and e9pensi!e-

The most po+erful computers

.andle large and comple9 calculations

Process trillions of operations per second

ound in research organi0ations

( super computer contains a num/er of CPU +hich operate in

parallel to make it faster-

It also kno+n as grand father computer-

(pplication * +hether forecasting, +eapons research andde!elopment-


19/90

1(41:

Supercomputers


20/90

Supercomputers


21/90

Super computer


22/90

Classifcation o Digitalcomputer esktop

;orkstation

%ote/ook

Ta/let PC

.andheld computer

Smart Phone


23/90

1(4


24/90

1(4

Desktop computers


25/90

workstation


26/90

1(4


27/90

Ta!let "C


28/90

1(4


29/90

#andheld "C$"DA%


30/90

1(4=A

ery small computers

Personal igital (ssistants $P(&

%ote taking or contact management

ata can synchroni0e +ith a desktop

#andheld computers& palmcomputer


31/90

Smart phone


32/90

1(4=S/, Parallel and serial ports

E $odem (internal or e!ternal)E 4or commnicating over telephone lines


61/90

Software


62/90


63/90

Soft+are /rings the machine to life

4

S t / Th M hi


64/90

Sotware /uns The Machine

Tells the computer +hat to do

Soft+are consists instructions

A set of instructions that computer dri!e to

perform specific tasks is called programs

;ithout instructions computer canFt anything

at all-

People purchase computers as Soft+are

124?>


65/90

Types of Software

System Software

Application Software Open source Soft+are

Proprietary Soft+are

Main t+o

types

System software


66/90

System software

Manage and Controls the computerFs hard+are

= types of system soft+are Operating system

;indo+s GP

Network operating system (OS) ;indo+s Ser!er


67/90

Sotware /uns The Machine

(pplication soft+are (ccomplishes a specific task

More than thousands of applications are

a!aila/le for many purpose Most common type of soft+are

MS Word for creating te9t /ased document

Spreadsheetsfor creating numerical /ased documents

such as /udgets Games and entertainment soft+are

124?7

Open So rce Soft are


68/90

Open Source Software:

Open source software OSS!is computer soft+are+hose source code is a!aila/le under a license that

permits users to use, change, and impro!e the soft+are,

and to redistri/ute it in modified or unmodified form-

It is often de!eloped in a pu/lic, colla/orati!e manner-

;ell4kno+n OSS products are Linu9, %etscape, (pache,

etc-,

P i t S ft


69/90

Proprietary Software:

Proprietary software$also called non"free

software& is soft+are +ith restrictions on using,copying and modifying as enforced /y the proprietor-

'estrictions on use, modification and copying is

achie!ed /y either legal or technical means and

sometimes /oth-

Proponents of proprietary soft+are are Microsoft-

"93 C(, %ortan (nti!irus etc-,


70/90

Operating System

Tells the computer ho+ to use its o+n

components (cts as an interpreter /et+een the hard+are,

application programs and user

Managing hard+are and soft+are $add or remo!eprograms and hard+are&

Managing memory

Managing files eg3 coping, deleting or printing

files

1247A


71/90

#etwor$ Operating System

(llo+s computers to communicate and share

data across a net+orkControlling net+ork operations and o!erseeing

the net+orkFs security

12471


72/90

%tility

Makes the computer system easier to use

Perform highly speciali0ed functions

"g3

Trou/leshoot hard+are pro/lems

Tasks that the OS itself may not /e a/le to doMagic partition soft+are

1247<

0uestion


73/90

0uestion

1- 5 &ile management is6 one of the facility

pro!ided /y an operating system- ;hat are

the file management facilities pro!ided /y

the operating systemH


74/90

1- ile deleting, coping, renaming, sending

Computer data


75/90

Computer data

act +ith no meaning on its o+n

Stored using the /inary num/er system

ata can /e organi0ed into files ile is a simply set of data that has /een a gi!en

name

Computer document 3 te9t files , !ideo clips,

e9ecuta/le files

1247

Computer Data


76/90

Computer Data

Data / raw facts

Information/ meaningful data

-useful output)

Chapter in the te9t e9plores data processing in

greater detail-

1247?

Computer Files


77/90

Computer Files

Contain data and instructions Instructions e9ists as string of num/ers so

the computer can use them

Programs are organi0ed into files ata is for people to use Programs are for

computers to use

12477


78/90

A1A11111AA1A1A1A111111A1A1A1A1A11

11A1A1A1A1A1A11A1A1A1AAA11111A1A1

A1A1AAAAAA1A1A1AA1A1A1A1A1A1A1AA

1A1A1A1A1A1A11111111111111A1AAAAA1A1A1A1A1AAAA1A1AA1AAAA1111A1A11A

1A1A1A1A1A1A1A1A1AAAAA111111A1A1

A1A1A1AAAA1A1A1AAAAA11A111111AAA1

AAAAAAAAAA1

1247@

"ractical


79/90

"ractical

.o+ to determine file si0e, file properties

2it , /yte

1247:

Computers represent data


80/90

p p

with electrical switches.

= 1

= 0

On-off circuits are simple

and are not prone to errors.

0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0

One byte is made up of bits.-binary "!""!""" 0 decimal 7+)

-A'CII "!""!""" 0 the letter 1H2)

@A@A

Computer parts communicate


81/90

Computer parts communicate

using binary numbers.

!he greater the number of bits moved at

one time" the faster the processing speed.@1@1

Computer users


82/90

Computer users

Computer system reJuires human computerinteraction

'eason3 tell them +hich pro/lems so sol!e

%ser's (oles depending on +hat he or she+ants to accomplish

Setup the system

Install soft+are

'unning Programs Mange files

Input data

Maintain the system

124@<

Computer users


83/90

Computer users

Present health and safety issues, if usedincorrectly

The science of ergonomics tells ho+ to use

computers correctly

124@=

Computer users


84/90

Computer users

5Userless6 computers %o human interaction

'un +ith no user input

Monitor operations (utomated systems

124@>

Computer users


85/90

Computer users

5%serless) computers

"g3Security systems* aircraft navigation systems*

communication systemMany ne+ home appliance such as +ashers and

dryers, ha!e /uilt4in computers that monitor +ater

usage drying times, /alance and other operations

124@


86/90

!e#t Codes$

&.C,IC1&./si/dic2

/ -&*tended .inary Coded ,ecimal Interchange Code)A'CII 1As/3ey2 / -American 'tandard Code for Information Interchange)

4nicode / -4nicode 5orldwide Character 'tandard)

@?@?


87/90

@7@7


88/90

( A file that user can open and use it called a

a)Application

b)6rogram

c),ocument

d),ata

@@@@


89/90

@:@:


90/90

Chapter +B

"nd of Chapter

looking inside the computer system

Documents