looking west - mr.loja's apush page -...
TRANSCRIPT
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I N D I A N S , I N D U S T R I A L I Z A T I O N , & F A R M I N G
LOOKING WEST
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INTRO. LANDS FOR SETTLEMENT
• Following the Civil War, many Americans head west
• Essential question:
• Why go West?:
• Food
• Raw Materials
• New Beginnings
• Land
• Business Opportunities
• Escape Prejudices
• Religious
• Racial
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I. BIG BUSINESS
• Railroad Acts of 1862-1864
• Railroad companies receive land rights to build land in the west
• Companies make huge profits off of sold land to settlers
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II. GOVERNMENT LANDS
• Morrill Land-Grant Act
• Lands set aside for agricultural colleges
• “Agricultural & Mechanical” Colleges
• University of Massachusetts
• University of Connecticut
• Texas A & M University
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MASSACHUSETTS AGRICULTURAL SCHOOL, AMHERST 1879
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II. GOVERNMENT LANDS
• Homestead Act
• Offered land to American citizens or immigrants who have filed for American Citizenship.
• Offered 160 acres of land to any “head of household” willing to cultivate the land for at least five years
• Thousands of Americans take the opportunity
• Dry-Farming
• Leads to depleted soil over time
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III. AFRICAN-AMERICANS
• Thousands of former slaves flee the South in the 1870s.
• Escape violence, Escape Prejudice, & Escape exploitation
• Exodusters:
• 25,000 African-Americans who moved from the South to Kansas
• They walked from the South to Kansas so they appeared “out of the dust”
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IV. CONFLICT WITH INDIANS
• Following the Civil War, almost all Native Americans lived west of the Mississippi River
• Post 1862
• Railroad companies purchase lands in the West
• Great Plains are inhabited by Native American tribes
• Whites-settlers and Indians have opposing views on land use and settlement:
• Indians believe land could not be owned
• Plains Indians were “nomadic”
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IV. CONFLICT WITH INDIANS
• Buffalo is Indians main food source
• Hunted by White settlers
• Railroad Companies offered hunting expeditions
• By the end of 1870s, the Buffalo had disappeared from the Great Plains
• Indian tribes sign treaties with governments for land
• Promised the entire “Great Plains” region in 1834
• By the 1870s, White settlers had infringed on land previously promised to Indians.
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V. RESERVATIONS
• 1860-1880s
• US government places Indians on Reservations
• Lands that were least desirable to Whites
• Dakotas, Montana, & Oklahoma
• Many tribes fight this move in court
• Supreme Court decisions in 1884 & 1886 denied Indians the rights to become full citizens
• US government pays little attention to tribal variations
• Placed warring tribes on the same reservations
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VI. THE END OF THE TRAIL
• 1881- A Century of Dishonor
• Helen Hunt Jackson
• Exposed government treatment of Indians
• 1887-Dawes Severalty Act
• Dissolved Tribes
• Gave family heads 160 acres
• Attempt assimilate as farmers
• Failed miserably
• Disease and Poverty
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VII. VIOLENCE ERUPTS
• 1864
• Sand-Creek Massacre
• 1866
• Bozeman Trail Massacre
• 1876
• Battle of Little Big Horn
• Montana
• Sioux and Cheyenne Indians Kill the entire 7th Calvary led by Colonel George Custer
• “Custer’s Last Stand”
• Massacre is led by Sitting Bull
• 1877
• Nez Perce Indians
• Forced onto reservation
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VII. VIOLENCE ERUPTS
• 1890
• Massacre at Wounded Knee
• South Dakota
• This event ends the Indian Wars
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ROMANTICISM OF THE WEST
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VIII. MINING & LUMBER
• Mining
• Chance to find gold, iron, coal, silver, oil & copper drove thousands west
• “Prospectors” were relentless optimists
• Very difficult to find anything…especially gold
• Areas of Colorado, Montana, Idaho
• Many prospectors “stake their claims…”
• Mining companies would purchase large areas of land and rent to workers
• Anaconda Company-Butte, Montana
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IX. VIEWS ON MINING…
• "There is no legal objection to a pollution of the atmosphere until it results in damage to somebody, which gives him the right to formulate a cause of action or to complain. We have a perfect right to carry on a legitimate business, and if incidentally we should pollute the atmosphere nobody has the right to complain until specific damage gives him a cause of action.“
• Inter Mountain, May 19, 1909
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X. LUMBER
• Timber & Stone Act 1878
• Stimulated settlement in the Pacific Northwest
• Allowed citizens the chance to buy land
• Land unfit for living, but valuable for lumber
• Lumber companies took advantage
• Companies buy 3.5 million acres of land by 1885
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XI. FRONTIER SOCIETY
• Population in 1880 in the consisted of mostly men
• 2:1 ratio
• Women provided cooking, laundry, and “other services” in the mining towns
• Minorities included:
• Irish, Chinese, Blacks, Mexicans, & Indians
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CHINESE IN BUTTE, MONTANA
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XII. WOMEN IN THE WEST
• Women Suffrage
• Began in the west before the 19th amendment
• Wyoming is the first territory to allow women the right to vote:
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XIII. BEEF BONANZA (CATTLE RANCHING)
• Transcontinental RR
• Solved meat shipment problems
• Long Drive
• Bringing cattle to RR’s from Texas
• Very dangerous and long
• Barbed wire increased difficulty
• Wyoming Stock Growers Association
• Organized to overcome obstacles of cattle ranchers
• Reality of Cowboys vs. Folklore
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XIV. THE FAR WEST COMES OF AGE
• Population growth spurs entrance of 9 new states to the Union:
• 1876- CO
• 1889-90- ND, SD, MT, WA ID, WY
• 1896-UT
• 1907-OK
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XV. THE FADING FRONTIER
• 1890
• Frontier closes
• Turner’s Thesis
• Setting aside land
• Yellowstone- 1872
• Yosemite- 1890
• Safety Valve Theory
• Western Cities became a sanctuary for failed farmers
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XVI. FARM BECOMES A FACTORY
• High prices led to a concentration of cash crops
• Wheat
• Corn
• Use profits to buy other goods
• Mechanization increased efficiency and production
• Bonanza Farms
• Set the stage for the gigantic agribusiness we have today
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XVII. COXEY’S ARMY AND THE PULLMAN STRIKES
• Jacob Coxey
• Led an “army” of unemployed to DC
• Wanted to relieve unemployment with a public works program
• Eugene Debs
• Organized the ARU (American Railway Union)
• Pullman Strike
• 1894
• Model town– cut wages but rent remained the same
• Debs leads strike and eventually imprisoned
• Federal troops used to break the strike
• AFL did not support the strikers
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• “We are born in a Pullman house, fed from the Pullman shops, taught in the Pullman school, catechized in the Pullman Church, and when we die we shall go to the Pullman Hell.”
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XVI. PRELUDE TO POPULISM
• Farmer’s alliance
• Late 1870s- goal to break grip of RR’s and manufacturing
• People’s Party (Populists)
• Emerged from the alliance
• Platform included nationalizing RR’s, telephones and telegraphs; instituting a graduated income tax,; creating a federal subtreasury to provide loans to farmers.
• Wanted free and unlimited coinage of silver
• Panic of 1893
• Strengthened the populists argument
• RR’s began downward spiral of bankruptcies
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XIV. GOLDEN MCKINLEY AND SILVER BRYAN
• 1896 Presidential Election
• Republicans
• William McKinley
• Pro Gold Standard
• Democrats
• William Jennings Bryan
• Free Silver
• (16 oz. silver = 1 oz. of gold)
• Cross of Gold Speech
• Cities depended on farms
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XX. CLASS CONFLICT: PLOWHOLDERS VS. BONDHOLDERS
• Election Results/Effects
• McKinley wins
• Ushers in a period of 16 consecutive years of Republican presidents and 28 of 36
• Country very much polarized
• North/East– McKinley
• Against inflation
• Wage earners and un-mortgaged farmers
• West/South – Bryan
• Debt ridden, strongly favor bimetallism to increase money supply
• Unprecedented voter turnout
• Ushers in new era of concern for regulation and welfare of labor
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