loopstra festival socialscience_8nov16_toshare
TRANSCRIPT
Measuring food insecurity in the UK: !what, why, methods, limitations"
Rachel [email protected]!
Department of Sociology, University of Oxford!Division of Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences, King’s College London!
!
http://nutritionalsciences.lamp.utoronto.ca/
Early1980s,linesforfoodbanksinNorthAmerica:whatishungerinhigh-incomecountries?
Sound familiar?
“TherearenoharddataavailabletoesDmatetheextentofhungerdirectly.Thosewhoarguethathungeriswidespreadandgrowingrelyonindirectmeasures….Weregretourinabilitytodocumentthedegreeofhunger…forsuchlackofdefiniDve,quanDtaDveproofcontributestoaclimateinwhichpolicydiscussionsbecomeunhelpfullyheatedandunsubstanDatedasserDonsarethensubsDtutedforhardinformaDon.”
(ThePresident’sTaskForceonFoodAssistanceinUnitedStates,1984)
Narra0ves of hunger: Uncertain access to food
“WhenIseemycupboardbecomingempty,IwonderhowamIgoingtofillitagainandIgetpanicky”
“YoualwayshaveasoluDonforyourself:todowithout,butifyoudon’thaveenoughforthekids,whatdoyoudo?ThisiswherestressstartstobuildandthenyoupedaltofindasoluDontobeabletoeatunDltheendofthemonth”
Narra0ves of hunger: Shortage of Food
“Fromthesecondweekofeachmonth,thereissoliWlefoodleXinthefridgeandinthecupboardthatitishardtomakeupadish”
“Forsurewearenotstarvingtodeath,butwecannoteatsowecanfillup”
“Ihavetowatchandtellmychildren“youateenough,savesomefortomorrow…”
Narra0ves of hunger: Unsuitability of food and monotony of diet
“Wearelimitedtoitemsonsale(ortowhatwearegiven)”.
“WewanttofollowCanada'sFoodGuidebutitisimpossible.”
“Iamnotabletoofferenoughfreshfruit,vegetables,cheese,qualityfoodsformykids”
“Thesamestuffalways…noodleswithsoyasauce,shepherd'spie,pancakes…”
Narra0ves of hunger: Reduced food quan0ty and quality
“InthehardestDmes,IcutthenumberofmealsandwhenIeat,Idon’teatwhatIwanttoeat:Idon’thaveenoughtomakeamealsoIeatjunkfood…”
“MystomachoXenhurtswhenIgotobedatnight,IendurethesituaDonbecauseIwantmydaughtertogrownormally.”
Core components of household food insecurity iden0fied in qualita0ve in-depth interviews with low income families.
Quan%ty Quality Psychological SocialHouseholdLevel FoodDepleDon Unsuitablefood FoodAnxiety Unacceptable
meansoffoodacquisiDon
IndividualLevel Insufficientintake Inadequatediet Feelingdeprived,lackofchoice
DisruptedeaDng
Radimeretal.1992;Hamelinetal.2002.
!Rangeinseverity!MulD-dimensional!Notequallyexperienced
Defini0ons of food insecurity (synonymous with food poverty?) “The inability to acquire or consume an adequate quality or sufficient quantity of food in socially acceptable ways or the uncertainty that one will be able to do so.”
(Radimer et al., J of Nutrition, 1992)
“Food insecurity exists whenever the availability of nutritionally adequate and safe foods or the ability to acquire acceptable foods in socially acceptable ways is limited or uncertain”
(Anderson, J of Nutrition. 1990)
DevelopmentofUSDAHouseholdFoodSecuritySurveyModule
• USDAtesDnginCurrentPopulaDonSurvey–over40itemsinoriginalscale
• Seriesof18quesDonsdescribingincreasinglyseverehouseholdfoodcircumstances
• QuesDonsspecifyfinancialresourceconstraint,specifyDmeperiodofpast12months,anddifferenDateexperiencesofadultsandchildren
• Opera%onaldefini%on:inadequateorinsecureaccesstoadequatefoodduetofinancialconstraint.
ThesenextquesDonsareaboutthefoodeateninyourhouseholdinthelast12months,since(currentmonth)oflastyearandwhetheryouwereabletoaffordthefoodyouneed.Inthelast12months,canyoutellmeifthesestatementsweretrueforyou?1 “Weworriedwhetherourfoodwouldrunoutbeforewegot
moneytobuymore.” OXentrueSomeDmestrueNevertrue
2 “Thefoodthatweboughtjustdidn’tlast,andwedidn’thavemoneytogetmore.”
OXentrueSomeDmestrueNevertrue
3 “Wecouldn’taffordtoeatbalancedmeals.” OXentrueSomeDmestrueNevertrue
Adult: Stage 1
Ifatleastoneques-onaffirmed,ontoStage2.
Adult: Stage 2 In the last 12 months… 4a Did (you/you or other adults in your household) ever
cut the size of your meals or skip meals because there wasn't enough money for food?
Yes No
4b If yes: How often did this happen—almost every month, some months but not every month, or in only 1 or 2 months?
Almost every month Some months but not every month Only 1 or 2 months
5 Did you ever eat less than you felt you should because there wasn't enough money for food?
Yes No
6 Were you every hungry but didn't eat because there wasn't enough money for food?
Yes No
7 Did you lose weight because there wasn't enough money for food?
Yes No
Ifatleastoneques-onaffirmed,ontoStage3.
Adult: Stage 3 In the last 12 months… 8a Did (you/you or other adults in your household) ever
not eat for a whole day because there wasn't enough money for food?
Yes No
8b If yes: How often did this happen—almost every month, some months but not every month, or in only 1 or 2 months?
Almost every month Some months but not every month Only 1 or 2 months
Child: Stage 1
Now I'm going to read you several statements that people have made about the food situation of their children. In the last 12 months, were these statements… 1 “We relied on only a few kinds of low-cost food to feed our children
because we were running out of money to buy food.” Often true Sometimes true Never true
2 “We couldn’t feed our children a balanced meal, because we couldn’t afford that.”
Often true Sometimes true Never true
3 “The children were not eating enough because we just couldn't afford enough food."
Often true Sometimes true Never true
Ifatleastoneques-onaffirmed,ontoStage2.
Child: Stage 2 In the past 12 months… 4 Did you ever cut the size of any of the
children’s meals because there wasn't enough money for food?
Yes No
5a Did any of the children ever skip meals because there wasn't enough money for food?
Yes No
5b How often did this happen? Almost every month Some months but not every month Only 1 or 2 months
Ifatleastoneques-onaffirmed,ontoStage3.
Child: Stage 3
In the past 12 months… 6a Were the children ever hungry but
you just couldn't afford more food? Yes No
6b Did any of the children ever not eat for a whole day because there wasn't enough money for food?
Yes No
NowIwouldliketoaskyousomequestionsaboutfood.Duringthelast12MONTHS,wasthereatimewhen...:1 ...youwereworriedyouwouldnothaveenoughfoodtoeatbecauseofalackofmoneyorother
resources?2 ...youwereunabletoeathealthyandnutritiousfoodbecauseofalackofmoneyorotherresources?
3 ...youateonlyafewkindsoffoodsbecauseofalackofmoneyorotherresources?
4 ...youhadtoskipamealbecausetherewasnotenoughmoneyorotherresourcestogetfood?
5 ...youatelessthanyouthoughtyoushouldbecauseofalackofmoneyorotherre-sources?
6 ...yourhouseholdranoutoffoodbecauseofalackofmoneyorotherresources?
7 ...youwerehungrybutdidnoteatbecausetherewasnotenoughmoneyorotherresourcesforfood?
8 ...youwentwithouteatingforawholedaybecauseofalackofmoneyorotherre-sources?
FAO Food Insecurity Experience Scale
0100000020000003000000400000050000006000000700000080000009000000
EsDmatednumberinhouseholdsfedbyTrussellTrust(2014)
EsDmatednumberinfoodinsecurehouseholds(2014)
Numberfedbyfoodbanksvs.numberoffoodinsecure
17X
EsDmatedmagnitudeof“hiddenhunger”inUK
*FoodinsecurityesDmatefromGallupWorldPollsampleinUK.Validatedmeasureoffoodinsecurity.
USDAHouseholdFoodSecurityMonitor
FoodInsecurityExperienceScale
Abletocomparewithnumerousotherstudies(over259usedthisscaleover1999to2014)
New,butexpecttake-upacrosscountries;recommendaDonbyONSformonitoringofSDG.
Chronicitycontributestorankofseverity
LesscomplicatedresponsepaWern
Moredetailed,lessriskofunderesDmaDngfoodinsecurity
Simple,easytouse
IncludeschildscaleopDon–importantindicatorofseverity;moDvatesacDon–yetlikelyunderesDmateschildhunger.
NoquesDonsaskspecificallyaboutchildcircumstances
Ashby et al. Measurement of the dimensions of food insecurity in developed countries: a systema0c literature review. Public Health Nutri0on. Nov 2016.
Householdfood
securityscales
Hagertwo-itemscreen
ESCLACommunityChildhoodHungerIdenDficaDonProject(CCHIP)
tool
CornellChildFoodSecurityMeasure
Girardfour-pointtool
HouseholdFoodInsecurityAccessScale(HFIAS)
TownsendFoodBehaviourChecklist
Domains of food security
EconomicandphysicalACCESStofood Focusofhouseholdfoodinsecuritymeasurementscales.
PhysicalAVAILABILITYoffood Foodavailabilityaddressesthe“supplyside”offoodsecurity.
FoodUTILIZATION FeedingpracDces,foodpreparaDon,diversityandadequacyofthedietandintra-householddistribuDonoffood.
STABILITYoftheotherthreedimensionsoverDme
Evenifyourfoodintakeisadequatetoday,youaresDllconsideredtobefoodinsecureifyouhaveinadequateaccesstofoodonaperiodicbasis.
Source:FAO.Ashbyetal.Measurementofthedimensionsoffoodinsecurityindevelopedcountries:asystemaDcliteraturereview.PublicHealthNutriDon.Nov2016.
What do household food insecurity scales NOT measure? • Availabilityoffood• Chronicity/temporality(exceptUSDA–withinyear)• Dietaryintake,dietaryquality,nutriDonalstatus,malnutriDon• SocialexclusionfromsocialwaysofeaDng,culturalfoodpracDces• Acceptability:sourcesoffood&feelingsaboutsourcesoffood;abilitytofollowpreferreddiet
Why measure & monitor household food insecurity using an available measure?
• Secureaccesstobasic,sufficientfoodahumanright.
• FoodinsecurityisonedimensionofpovertythathasdisDnctconsequencesforhealthandwell-being.
• Toolsvalidated,well-acceptedmeasuresofproblemofinsecurefoodaccess.
• Tounderstandmagnitude&vulnerabilityinpopulaDon(movebeyondrelianceonfoodbankusagedata).
• Tounderstandconsequences.• Tounderstandpolicy-driversandtailorintervenDons.
• UDlityforadvocacy
Next up:
Now–19:30Movingforwardtowardsaquan%ta%vemeasureofhouseholdfoodinsecurityarisingfromresourcecontraint
19:30–20:00Foodinsecurity/povertymorebroadlydefined–whatelseisbeingdonetocapturefoodinsecurityintheUK?
Responsefrompolicymakers? FoodavailabilityLearningfromotherfields(e.g.childpovertyindicators,fuelpovertymeasurement)
Experiencesofusing“sociallyunacceptable”waysofobtainingfoodExclusionfromsocialwaysofeaDngMeasuringqualityofdietsamonglow-incomegroupsQualitaDvestudiesoffoodinsecurity(children,adults)
Building momentum • Fillinthetemplate,includeaweblinkand/orcontactdetails
HowareyouinvolvedinstudyingfoodinsecurityintheUK? • Takeittothe‘buildingmomentum’table
• AcDviDeswillbegrouped
• Anelectronicversionwillbecirculatedfollowingtheevent