People Events Documents/ Doctrines VocabularyMichelangeloDa VinciErasmusShakespeareMartin LutherJohn CalvinKing Henry VIIIQueen ElizabethCardinal RichelieuJan HusJohn WycliffeVasco da GamaChristopher ColumbusHernando CortesFrancisco PizarroFerdinand MagellanFrancis DrakeJacques CartierPrince HenryNicolaus CopernicusJohannes KeplerGalileo GalileiIsaac NewtonWilliam HarveyLouis XIVPeter the GreatOliver CromwellCharles ICharles IIWilliam and MaryThomas HobbesJohn LockeMontequieuJean-Jacques RousseauVoltaireThomas JeffersonLouis XVINapoleonJohann Sebastian BachWolfgang A. MozartMiguel de CervantesEugene DelacroixToussaint L’OuvertureFr. Miguel HidalgoSimon BolivarJames MonroeOtto von Bismarck

RenaissanceProtestant ReformationThirty Years’ WarEdict of NantesCouncil of TrentGlorious RevolutionCommercial RevolutionEnlightenmentFrench RevolutionStorming of the BastilleReign of TerrorHaitian RevolutionCongress of Vienna1848 RevolutionsFranco-Prussian WarIndustrial RevolutionBoxer RebellionWorld War ILeague of NationsFebruary/ March RevolutionOctober/ November RevolutionRusso-Japanese WarGreat DepressionStock Market Crash of 1929Great PurgeInvasion of EthiopiaWorld War IIInvasion of PolandTreaty of VersaillesBattle of BritainD-DayAtomic BombingHolocaustFinal SolutionArmenian GenocideCambodian GenocideRwandan GenocideNuremburg TrialsBerlin WallUnited NationsNATOWarsaw PactCold WarYalta ConferenceCuban Missile CrisisChinese Civil WarKorean War

95 ThesesEnglish Bill of RightsDeclaration of IndependenceConstitution of the USDon QuixoteMonroe DoctrineBalance of Power DoctrineThe Wealth of NationsThe Communist ManifestoDas KapitalNew Economic Policy5 Year PlanUniversal Declaration of Human RightsIron CurtainContainmentDeterranceSelf-determination

Encomienda systemSphere of influenceProtectorateColonyTaj MahalVersaillesShogunMercantilismHumanismRomanticismViceroysCreolesMestizosLiberalismConservatismNationalismRealpolitikCapitalismCommunismSuez CanalMilitarismMandate SystemNazismCollectivizationIndustrializationFascismAppeasementGenocideAnti-semetism

Count CavourGiuseppe GaribaldiJames HargreavesJames WattEli WhitneyLouis PasteurHenry BessemerEdward JennerAdam SmithKarl MarxFriedrich EngelsArchduke FerdinandKaiser Wilhelm IWoodrow WilsonTsar Nicholas IIVladimir LeninJoseph StalinAdolph HiterBenito MussoliniHideki TojoHirohitoFranklin D. RooseveltHarry TrumanDwight EisenhowerDouglas MacArthurGeorge C. MarshallWinston ChurchillChiang Kai-ShekMao ZedongHo Chi MinhIndira GandhiMargaret ThatcherMikhail GorbachevDeng XiaopingMohandas GandhiJawaharlal NehruJomo KenyattaNelson MandelaGolda MeirGamal Abdul NasserOsama bin Laden

Vietnam WarIndian National CongressPartition of IndiaYom Kippur WarInternational Monetary FundWorld Trade Organization (WTO)North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)Munich Olympics9/11 Attacks

WARS Thirty Years’ War: War between the Catholics and the Protestants in FranceGlorious Revolution Bloodless revolution in England that puts William and Mary on the throne following the English Civil War

French Revolution War to overthrow the French monarch in 1789; Led to the execution of Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette

Haitian Revolution Slave rebellion in Haiti following the French Revolution…Led by Toussaint L’Ouverture

1848 Revolutions A series of failed revolutions following the Congress of Vienna

Franco-Prussian War

War between Prussia and France that led to the Unification of Germany

Boxer Rebellion Armed rebellion in China against the “Foreign Devis

World War I 1914-1919 War between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman Empire VS. Britain, France, Russia, and the US (Italy changes sides)

February/ March Revolution

The Russian Revolution that overthrew Tsar Nicholas II and established the provisional government

October/ November Revolution

The Bolshevik Revolution that overthrew the Provisional Government and put Vladimir Lenin in power

Russo-Japanese War War over territory between Russia and Japan. Russia’s loss is one of the reasons for their own revolutionWorld War II 1939-1945 war between the Allies (US, Britain, France, Russia) and the fascist dictators (Germany, Japan, and Italy)

Chinese Civil War War in China between the Nationalists and the Communists….Ends with the communists seizing powerKorean War War in Korea that the US got involved in due to the policy of containment; Ended in a stalemate with the DMZ still

maintaining soldiers there to this day

Vietnam War War in Vietnam that the US got involved in due to the policy of containment. Ended with the communists taking Vietnam

Yom Kippur War War fought between Egypt and Syria against Israel with the goal of destroying the state of Israel

Cold War 1945-1991: War between the USSR and the US that includes events like the Cuban Missile Crisis, the Space Race, the Berlin Wall, etc.

Major Events Munich Olympics 1972 Summer Olympics attack where eleven Israeli team members were taken hostage and killed along with a few others by Palestinian group Black September

9/11 Attacks September 11, 2001 attack on the Pentagon and World Trade Center buildings orchestrated by Osama bin Laden

Partition of India The split that occurred between Hindus and Muslims that led to the formation of Pakistan

Stock Market Crash of 1929

The crash of the stock market which symbolizes the beginning of the Great Depression. The world’s reliance on the US economy created economic issues worldwide

Great Purge Stalin’s killing of many elites, political rivals, Bolshevik revolutionaries, etc.Invasion of Ethiopia Mussolini’s invasion of the African nation prior to WWII where he gassed many.Invasion of Poland The invasion by Hitler that started WWII.Battle of Britain German bombing of Britain by aerial attacks during WWII.

D-Day Allied invasion on the beaches of Normandy on June 6, 1944

Atomic Bombing Bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki that led to the Japanese surrender in WWII

Holocaust Genocide that occurred during WWII by the Nazis that lead to the killing of Jews, Slavs, communists, homosexuals, the handicapped, and many more

Final Solution Hitler’s plan to exterminate all of the Jews during WWIIArmenian Genocide Killing of the minority in the Ottoman EmpireCambodian Genocide Killing of scholars in Asia by the ruler Pol PotRwandan Genocide Killing of many Tutsis by the Hutu majority in AfricaNuremburg Trials Trials of the Nazi war criminalsBerlin Wall Actual wall that separated East and West Berlin built by the Soviets to keep those fleeing to West Berlin. Finally torn

down in 1990

Storming of the Bastille

Event that really signifies the beginning of the French Revolution where many stormed the fort to steal gunpowder

Reign of Terror Period in the French Revolution where Robespierre killed many enemies via the guillotine

Cuban Missile Crisis Closest we have ever come to Nuclear War that started because the USSR was putting missiles in Cuba and ended when the US Navy blockaded their ships

Agreements/ Conferences

Indian National Congress Group that fought for and eventually obtained independence from the British in the 1940s

Edict of Nantes 1598 Edict signed by Henry IV that granted the Huguenots (French Calvinists) religious tolerance in France. It was later revoked by Louis XIV.

Council of Trent Meeting of the Catholic Church in the mid 1500s to figure out how to handle the Protestant Reformation. This launched the Counter Reformation

Congress of Vienna Meeting of diplomats in Europe to figure out what to do after the defeat of Napoleon. Their goals were balance of power, a new map, re-establishing king’s reign through legitimacy, and overall conservatism at this point in time. Remember Balance of Power A new map Conservatism Kings rule

League of Nations Group that formed after WWI that was the idea of Woodrow Wilson whose goal was to promote world peace; however, lack of membership (including the US) and any means of enforcement left it powerless. It was replaced by the United Nations

Treaty of Versailles Treaty that ended WWI that required Germany to accept all blame and pay reparations for starting the war.

Yalta Conference Meeting between Churchill, Roosevelt, and Stalin to determine what to do with post-WWII Europe

Berlin Conference 1884 Conference that led to the dividing up of Africa among European colonial powers

Organizations

International Monetary Fund an international organization headquartered in Washington, D.C., in the United States, of 188 countries working to foster global monetary cooperation, secure financial stability, facilitateinternational trade, promote high employment and sustainable economic growth, and reducepoverty around the world

World Trade Organization (WTO) an intergovernmental organization which regulates international trade.North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)

an agreement signed by Canada, Mexico, and the United States, creating a trilateral rules-basedtrade bloc in North America

United Nations an intergovernmental organization established 24 October 1945 to promote international co-operation. Areplacement for the ineffective League of Nations, the organization was created following the SecondWorld War to prevent another such conflict

NATO Military alliance of mutual defense in response to an attack (primarily made up ofthe US and other western democracies during the Cold War)

Warsaw Pact Military alliance of the Soviet Union and its satellite nationsMovements Renaissance “rebirth” of culture in the mid-1400s through the 1600s that started in Italy and worked its way North…characterized by

patrons, art, literature, and humanismProtestant Reformation

the 16th-century religious, political, intellectual and cultural upheaval that splintered Catholic Europe, setting in place the structures and beliefs that would define the continent in the modern era.

Commercial Revolution

a period of European economic expansion, colonialism, and mercantilism which lasted from approximately the 16th century until the early 18th century

Enlightenment a European intellectual movement of the late 17th and 18th centuries emphasizing reason and individualism rather than tradition. It was heavily influenced by 17th-century philosophers such as Descartes, Locke, and Newton, and its prominent exponents include Kant, Goethe, Voltaire, Rousseau, and Adam Smith.

Great Depression Worldwide depression that occurred between WWI and WWII due to the Treaty of Versailles, the stock market crash, and high tariffs

Industrial Revolution

Period of rapid industrialization that started in Great Britain. Population increased, quality of life increased, pollution increased, literacy increased,

Books/ Writings

95 Theses Martin Luther’s list of grievances against the Catholic Church that he posts on the Church door and triggers the Protestant Reformation

Don Quixote 1st (European) novel written by CervantesThe Wealth of Nations Book by Adam Smith that emphasizes the free market and “laissez-faire” economicsThe Communist Manifesto

Book by Karl Marx that discusses class warfare and promotes the idea of a class-less society (communism)

Das Kapital Book by Karl Marx that even further looks at capitalism and oppression of the lower classes

Legal document

English Bill of Rights An Act Declaring the Rights and Liberties of the Subject and Settling the Succession of the Crown. That the pretended power of suspending the laws or the execution of laws by regal authority without consent of Parliament is illegal…signed by William and Mary

Declaration of Independence Document written by Thomas Jefferson inspired by the Enlightenment listing American colonies’ grievances against the king and explains why they are breaking off from them

Constitution of the US Constitution was inspired by Enlightenment thinkers

Universal Declaration of Human Rights

a declarationadopted by the United Nations General Assembly on 10 December 1948 at the Palais de Chaillot, Paris.

Doctrine/ Policy

Monroe Doctrine Doctrine by the US that Europe should no longer interfere in affairs in the Western Hemisphere

Balance of Power Doctrine

Doctrine followed by the Congress of Vienna that no European nation should be more powerful than another

New Economic Policy Policy set up for the USSR by Lenin following the Bolshevik Revolution that allowed for some competition (NOT PURE COMMUNISM)

5 Year Plan Stalin’s plan for rapid industrialization and agricultural production. While some goals were met, many starved and were worked to death

Iron Curtain Symbolic divide in Europe between the democratic west and the communist east. Term coined by Winston Churchill

Containment Policy of the US to deal with the spread of communism. The idea was to keep it contained so thatno other countries would fall to it (domino theory)

Deterrence The policy that neither the US nor the USSR would actually use their nuclear bombs or it would end in complete destruction of the world

Self-determination the process by which a country determines its own statehood and forms its own allegiances and government.Artists Michelangelo Famous Renaisance painter known for painting the ceiling of the Sistene Chapel and

sculpting the statue of David

Da Vinci Famous “Renaissance man” known for painting the Mona Lisa and The Last Supper

Johann Sebastian Bach Famous German baroque composer (Bach was BAROQUE)Wolfgang A. Mozart Famous classical composer and child prodigyEugene Delacroix Famous romantic painter

Writers Erasmus Writer of Praise of Folley during the RenaissanceShakespeare Wrote plays and sonnets in England during the Elizabethan age…Romeo and Juliet, Hamlet,

Taming of the ShrewThomas Hobbes Enlightenment thinker responsible for writing Leviathan believed men were evil at heart and

needed governmentJohn Locke Enlightenment thinker who wrote Two Treatise on Government; believed in natural rights to life,

liberty, property “LOCK in your rights”Montequieu Enlightenment thinker who believed in separation of powers (inspired our 3 branches of government)

Mon-Tes-Quieu (3 Branches)Jean-Jacques Rousseau Enlightenment thinker who wrote The Social Contract (RouSOCIAL CONTRACT)Voltaire Enlightenment thinker who emphasized religious tolerance (VolTOLERANCE)Thomas Jefferson Wrote the Declaration of Independence, became US President later…Miguel de Cervantes Wrote the first European novel Don QuixoteAdam Smith Wrote The Wealth of Nations, a book on capitalismKarl Marx Wrote The Communist Manifesto and Das Kapital with EngelsFriedrich Engels Co-wrote The Communist Manifesto with Karl Marx

Monarchs/ Emperors/

King Henry VIII King of England and Protestant reformer. Broke off from the Catholic Church to obtain a divorce inhopes of producing a male heir; founded the Church of England

Nobility

Queen Elizabeth Daughter of Henry VIII and ruler of England during the Elizabethan Age. Defeated Spanish Armada and nationalized the Anglican Church

Louis XIV The absolute ruler of France who had Versailles built where the nobility was forced to live andcomplete medial tasks such as hold his slippers

Peter the Great Absolute ruler of Russia who helps westernize Russia

Charles I English king who was beheaded during the English Civil War

Charles II English king who was well liked and came to power after Cromwell’s reign

William and Mary

English king and queen who took over in the Glorious Revolution and signed the English Bill of Rights

Louis XVI French king who was beheaded during the French Revolution

Archduke Ferdinand

Archduke who was assassinated by a terrorist group – which triggered WWI

Kaiser Wilhelm I

Ruler of Germany during WWI

Tsar Nicholas II Ruler of Russia right before the Russian Revolution. Very incompetent and gave in to the whims of his wife who was under influence of Rasputin

Hirohito Powerless emperor of Japan during WWII

Revolutionaries/ Reformers/ Unifiers

Martin Luther Protestant reformer and author of the 95 Theses- starts Lutheranism. Primarily took issue with indulgences

John Calvin Protestant reformer who emphasized the concept of predestination where those going to Heaven were chosen byGod before they were born

King Henry VIII King of England and Protestant reformer. Broke off from the Catholic Church to obtain a divorce in hopes of producing amale heir; founded the Church of England

Jan Hus Criticized the Church in the late Middle Ages. Believed that Jesus was the head of the Church, not the Pope. Burned atthe stake.

John Wycliffe Critic of the Church in the late Middle Ages. Believe the Bible was the ultimate authority on Christian life. Inspiredtranslation of the Bible. Burned at the stake.

Oliver Cromwell Ruler in England during the English Civil War. Ruled as a dictator. ..eventually beheaded

Thomas Jefferson Wrote the Declaration of Independence, became US President later…Napoleon French Revolutionary and eventually emperor of France. Attempted to conquer Europe with his continental plan. Exiled

2x and defeated at Battle of Waterloo

Toussaint L’Ouverture

Former slave a leader of the Haitian Revolution

Fr. Miguel Hidalgo

Priest who triggered the Mexican Revolution by ringing the Church bell

Simon Bolivar General and leader of the revolutions in Central and South America.

Otto von Bismarck

Politician who unified Germany through his policy of realpolitik

Count Cavour Politician who helped unify northern Italy and eventually all of Italy through diplomacyGiuseppe Garibaldi

Leader of the Red Shirts who helped unify southern Italy

Vladimir Lenin Leader of the Bolshevik Revolution and the first ruler of the USSR who enacted his NEP to help convert them over slowlyto communism

Chiang Kai-Shek Leader of the Nationalists during the Chinese Civil WarMao Zedong Leader of the Communists during the Chinese Civil War and ruled China after

Ho Chi Minh Vietnamese communist revolutionary who helped trigger the Vietnam WarMohandas Gandhi

Leader of the INC and the Indian Independence Movement. Dies during the Partition of India

Jawaharlal Nehru 1st President of India after independenceJomo Kenyatta Leader during the fight for Kenya’s independence and the Mau Mau Uprising. Kenya’s first presidentNelson Mandela Leader of the ANC and fought for South African independence. 1st black president of South Africa who abolished

apartheid.

Golda Meir “iron lady” of Israel; 4th prime minister of Israel who was responsible for winning the Yom Kippur War and initiated thealliance with the US

Gamal Abdul Nasser

Revolutionary who took control of Egypt and the Suez Canal. Industrialized and modernized Egypt as well as hadthe Aswan Dam built.

Generals Napoleon French Revolutionary and eventually emperor of France. Attempted to conquer Europe with his continental plan. Exiled2x and defeated at Battle of Waterloo

Hideki Tojo General during WWII who invaded Manchuria, Korea, and China

Dwight Eisenhower

5 star general and Supreme Commander of the Allied forces in Europe during WWII. Later became President

Douglas MacArthur

US General who played a prominent role in the Pacific during WWII

“Villains”**depending on perspective

Cardinal Richelieu

Cardinal of France during the Thirty Years’ War

Napoleon French Revolutionary and eventually emperor of France. Attempted to conquer Europe with his continental plan. Exiled2x and defeated at Battle of Waterloo

Joseph Stalin Ruler of Russia following Lenin’s reign around World War II. Responsible for the Five Year Plan and the Great Purge

Adolf Hiter Ruler of Germany during World War II and the primary instigator of WWII; Responsible for the Holocaust. The “Fuhrer”

Benito Mussolini

Fascist dictator of Italy leading up to and during WWII. Invaded Ethiopia “Il Duce”

Osama bin Laden

Head of terrorist organization responsible for the 9/11 attacks

Presidents and Prime Ministers and other important politicians

Thomas Jefferson

Wrote the Declaration of Independence, became US President later…

James Monroe President of the United States….responsible for the Monroe DoctrineWoodrow Wilson

President of the United States during WWI; Came up with the Fourteen Points and League of Nations

Franklin D. Roosevelt

President of the United States during the Great Depression and WWII (not VJ Day).

Harry Truman President of the United States at the end of WWII who decided to drop the bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. He also wasresponsible for Containment policy that later got the US involved in Korea and Vietnam

George C. Marshall

Sec. of State who is responsible for the Marshall Plan- the plan to rebuild Europe after WWII

Winston Churchill

Prime Minister of Britain during WWII….first to coin term “iron curtain”

Indira Gandhi Leader in India during the Cold War who developed close ties to the USSR and launched programs to build nuclear weaponsMargaret Thatcher

“iron lady” and longest serving prime minister in Britain. Responsible for Britain’s close alliance with the US

Mikhail Gorbachev

Last president of the USSR who was responsible for glasnost and perestroika which led to the Soviet Union’s collapse

Deng Xiaoping Communist leader in China who reformed the economy. Resigned after Tianamen SquareExplorers/ Inventors/ Discovered…

Vasco da Gama Portuguese explorer who was the first to travel to India by sea (going around the tip of Africa)Christopher Columbus

“Discovered” the New World. Sailed under Spain to the Caribbean

Hernando Cortes Spanish conquistador who conquered the Aztecs

Francisco Pizarro Spanish conquistador who conquered the IncaFerdinand Magellan

1st crew to go around the world. Magellan never made it as he died in the Pacific. Sailed under Spain

Francis Drake Englishman who was the 2nd to circumnavigate the globeJacques Cartier French explorer who discovered areas of Canada and the St. Lawrence SeawayPrince Henry Prince who built schools for navigation and ship building….help spur explorationNicolaus Copernicus

Scientist who thought up heliocentric theory

Johannes Kepler Scientist who discovered that the planets orbit is elliptical

Galileo Galilei Helped prove heliocentric theory with his telescope

Isaac Newton Scientist who proved the theory of gravityWilliam Harvey Scientist who discovered blood circulates through the heart

James Hargreaves

Inventor of the spinning jenny

James Watt Inventor of the steam engine

Eli Whitney Inventor of the cotton gin

Louis Pasteur Discovered bacteria and that by boiling liquids, you could rid the substance of itHenry Bessemer Invented a better process for melting steelEdward Jenner Discovered a vaccine for smallpox

-isms Anti-semetism

Prejudice against Jews (Hitler)

Fascism A political movement that promotes an extreme for of nationalism, a denial of individual rights, and a dictatorial one-party rule(Mussolini)

Nazism Fascist policies of the National Socialist German Workers Party, based on totalitarianism, a belief in racial superiority, and state

control of industry (Hitler)Militarism A policy of glorifying military power and keeping a standing army always prepared for warCapitalism An economic system based on private ownership and on the investment of money in business ventures in order to make a profit

(Smith)Communism An economic system in which all means of production are owned by the people, private property does not exist, and all goods and

services are shared equally (Marx)Liberalism Those who advocated for change in the early 19th century by giving more power to the people (Parliament, etc.)Conservatism In the 19th century, those who wanted to restore the monarchies (Congress of Vienna)Nationalism The belief that people should be loyal to mainly their nation- to those they share culture and history- rather than a king or an empireMercantilism An economic policy which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver by selling

more than they boughtHumanism A Renaissance intellectual movement in which thinkers studied classical texts and focused on human potential and achievementsRomanticism An early 19th century movement in art and thought which focused on emotion and nature rather than reason and society

Places Taj Mahal Beautiful tomb in Agra, India built by the Mughals

Versailles Palace built by Louis XIV right outside of Paris (epitomizes absolutism)

Suez Canal Manmade waterway that connects the Red Sea with the Mediterranean, opened in 1869

Other Vocabulary

Encomienda system

the Spanish crown granted a person a specified number of natives of a specific community, with the indigenous leaders in charge of mobilizing the assessed tribute and labor. In turn, encomenderos were to take responsibility for instruction in the Christian faith, protection from warring tribes and Pirates, instruction in the Spanish language and development and maintenance of infrastructure

Sphere of influence

A foreign nation in which a nation has control over trade and other economic affairs

Protectorate  an autonomous territory that is protected diplomatically or militarily against third parties by a stronger state or entityColony A territory is under complete political control by another stateViceroys Spanish governors in the New WorldCreoles In Latin America, those people of Spanish descent who were born in the AmericasMestizos Those of mixed Native American and Spanish descentShogun literally "military commander" or "general") was a hereditary military governor in Japan during the shogunate period from 1192

to 1867. In this period, the shoguns were the de facto rulers of the country, though officially they were appointed by the emperor.

Realpolitik The practice of tough power politics without room for idealism (Bismarck)Appeasement The attempt to stop something by placating it (If you give a mouse a cookie, maybe he will stop?)Genocide the deliberate killing of a large group of people, especially those of a particular ethnic group or nationCollectivization consolidate individual land and labour into collective farms- elimination of private property in the USSRIndustrialization

The process in which a society or country (or world) transforms itself from a primarily agricultural society intoone based on the manufacturing of goods and services.

Mandate SystemAll of the territories subject to League of Nations mandates were previously controlled by states defeated in World War I,principally Imperial Germanyand the Ottoman Empire. The mandates were fundamentally different from the protectorates in that the Mandatory power undertook obligations to the inhabitants of the territory and to the League of Nations.The process of establishing the mandates consisted of two phases:

1. The formal removal of sovereignty of the state previously controlling the territory.2. The transfer of mandatory powers to individual states among the Allied Powers.