low-cost+sensing+efforts
DESCRIPTION
Low-Cost+Sensing+EffortsTRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Low-Cost+Sensing+Efforts](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051620/563db7df550346aa9a8ec10c/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Low-Cost Sensing by Citizens and Community Groups – Current Status and Opportunities
Timothy S. Dye, Paul T. Roberts, Alan C. Chan, and Daniel M. Alrick Sonoma Technology, Inc.
Petaluma, California
Presented to U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Research and Development
Washington, D.C. November 10, 2011
910216-4276
Contact: Tim Dye 707-665-9900 [email protected]
![Page 2: Low-Cost+Sensing+Efforts](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051620/563db7df550346aa9a8ec10c/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Black Carbon Measurements (Shanghai, China)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
10
:32
10
:34
10
:36
10
:38
10
:40
10
:42
10
:44
10
:46
10
:48
10
:50
10
:52
10
:54
10
:56
10
:58
11
:00
11
:02
Time (BJT)
Co
nc
en
tra
tio
n (
ug
/m3
)
Downtown Airport
Personal Data Personal Understanding Personal Action
2
![Page 3: Low-Cost+Sensing+Efforts](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051620/563db7df550346aa9a8ec10c/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
3
Vision
• Technology enables citizens and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) to monitor air quality using low-cost systems that produce quality data for pollutants of concern
• Data are open and freely available • Aggregation systems like AIRNow can use data to
further protect public health • When data are personal, individual actions and
behavior changes increase
![Page 4: Low-Cost+Sensing+Efforts](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051620/563db7df550346aa9a8ec10c/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
4
Outline of Presentation
• Background – Needs – Components to address needs
• Commercial products • Efforts (research and development and
university) • Specific project examples • Recommendations
![Page 5: Low-Cost+Sensing+Efforts](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051620/563db7df550346aa9a8ec10c/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
5
Background – Community Group Needs and Interests
Needs are based on feedback from community groups
• Low-cost and easy to use • Measurements of pollutants: fine particulate
matter (PM2.5), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), sulfur dioxide (SO2), ozone (O3), black carbon (BC), toxics
• Mobile sensing • Easy data handling and quality assurance • Data display system/capability
![Page 6: Low-Cost+Sensing+Efforts](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051620/563db7df550346aa9a8ec10c/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Technology •Assess current state-of-the-science •Understand and link efforts •Characterize performance of existing sensors in real-world conditions •Develop new sensor technologies •Fund & catalyze research efforts •Evaluate performance of new technologies •Develop hardware platforms for low-cost/small sensors •Develop appropriate interfaces & ergonomic properties
Usage •Identify range of applications/uses •Develop data distribution methods •Establish & develop QA/QC •Explore challenges of new data types
− mobile vs. fixed − high temporal − high spatial density
•Develop new analytic methods •Create new visualization techniques •Establish SOPs & guidance •Establish data governance & policies
Community •Establish a cooperative, participatory collaboration among
− government − non-governmental organizations − citizens
•Develop software, systems, & tools to facilitate collaboration & participation •Identify approaches for maintaining/ increasing a community of interest
Outreach & Education •Create a foundation of air quality & monitoring principles & methods •Create education curriculum & materials •Reach out to manufacturers & encourage “responsible use” •Consider creating an “Environmental Monitoring Corps”
![Page 7: Low-Cost+Sensing+Efforts](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051620/563db7df550346aa9a8ec10c/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
7
Background – Approaches to Low-Cost Monitoring
Disruptive Technology
Quality • Capabilities • Size • Price
AQ Instrument Manufacturers • Starting with proven technology • Lowering costs • Shrinking size
Industry, Universities, NGOs • Starting with low-cost sensors • Improving quality • Designing packaging
![Page 8: Low-Cost+Sensing+Efforts](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051620/563db7df550346aa9a8ec10c/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
8 8
Background – Instrument vs. Cost
Consumer Air Quality Instruments
Organization (EBAM)
Hobbyist/School (microAeth) Agency
(FEM)
Use
r Com
mun
ity
Estimated Equipment Cost
Past 30 yrs
10 yrs 5 yrs
Goal
![Page 9: Low-Cost+Sensing+Efforts](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051620/563db7df550346aa9a8ec10c/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
9
Commercial Products
Company Product Size Pollutants Cost Aethlabs microAeth AE51 Handheld Black carbon Mid cost
2BTech POM Monitor 106-L
Handheld Shoebox
O3 Mid cost
Thermo Aerosol Monitor, personal DataRAM pDR-1500
Shoebox PM2.5, PM10
Mid cost
TSI DUSTTRAK™ II Aerosol Monitor
Shoebox PM1, PM2.5, PM10 Mid cost
AreaRAE Various models Handheld Shoebox
CO, carbon dioxide (CO2), hydrogen sulfide (H2S), nitric oxide (NO), NO2
Lower cost
Aeroqual Series 200 to 500 Handheld O3, NO2, CO, CO2, H2S, SO2
Lower cost
Dräger Various models Handheld CO, CO2, NO, NO2, SO2, H2S
Low cost
Sciencescope
Logbook GLE Handheld CO Low cost
Vernier LabQuest Handheld CO2 Low cost
Sensaris Various models Handheld O3, CO, NO2, CO2 Low cost
Libelium Waspmotes Gas sensor board
Handheld O3, CO, NO2, CO2 Low cost
High cost >$10,000* Mid cost $4,000-$7,000 Lower cost $1,000-$2,000 Low cost <$1,000 *Typical AQ agency instruments
![Page 10: Low-Cost+Sensing+Efforts](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051620/563db7df550346aa9a8ec10c/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
10
Efforts – University Organization Capabilities/Activities
University of California, Los Angeles Center for Embedded Networked Sensing
Applications, citizen science
Carnegie Mellon Human-Computer Interaction Institute
Computer-human interaction
University of California, Berkeley Departments of Art Practice and Chemistry
Citizen engagement, greenhouse gas (GHG) monitoring
University of Cincinnati Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
CO monitoring; solar power
University of Michigan Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science
Smart phone interfaces
University of Colorado Mechanical Engineering Department
sensor system integration and deployment
![Page 11: Low-Cost+Sensing+Efforts](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051620/563db7df550346aa9a8ec10c/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
11
Efforts – Government Organization Capabilities/Activities
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)
Mobile weather monitoring
EPA Real-time monitoring; health notification
National Institutes of Health (NIH) Research and development National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)
Nanotechnology sensing
![Page 12: Low-Cost+Sensing+Efforts](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051620/563db7df550346aa9a8ec10c/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
12
Efforts – Community Groups
Organization Capabilities/Activities West Oakland Indicators Project (Oakland, CA)
Mobile PM10 monitoring
UPROSE - United Puerto Rican Organization of Sunset Park (New York City)
Students using mobile monitors for CO, SO2, and nitrogen oxides (NOx) multiple times per week in neighborhood (schools, traffic hot spots)
Habitat Map Project (New York City)
Crowd sourcing systems (AirCasting)
WE ACT (New York City)
Black carbon monitoring funded by EPA grant; collaboration with Columbia University
![Page 13: Low-Cost+Sensing+Efforts](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051620/563db7df550346aa9a8ec10c/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
13
Mobile CO Monitoring
Sponsor: Intel Berkeley Details
• Measurements: CO, O3, NO2, temperature • Electrochemical sensors • Mounted on street sweepers • Pilot conducted in San Francisco (SF)
• Schedule: 2009
![Page 14: Low-Cost+Sensing+Efforts](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051620/563db7df550346aa9a8ec10c/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
14
Do It Yourself (DIY) Project
Sponsor: Carnegie Mellon University Details
• Electrochemical volatile organic compound (VOC) sensor
• Installed with LEDs in balloons • Published at Instructables.com
• Schedule: 2010
Stacey Kuznetsov Carnegie Mellon University
![Page 15: Low-Cost+Sensing+Efforts](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051620/563db7df550346aa9a8ec10c/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
15
Mobile CO Monitoring
Sponsor: City of Lake Havasu and Sonoma Technology, Inc. (STI)
Details • Measure CO on Lake Havasu • Fixed and mobile sensors • Real-time communications • Outreach to public
• Schedule: 2006–2011
![Page 16: Low-Cost+Sensing+Efforts](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051620/563db7df550346aa9a8ec10c/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
16
Community Group Application
Sponsor: West Oakland Environmental Indicators Project
Details • Use DUSTTRAK instruments to measure PM2.5 • Citizens walk a fixed route daily • Citizens process and quality-assure data • Use to detect hot spots • Developed innovative display software
• Schedule: 2010–2012
![Page 17: Low-Cost+Sensing+Efforts](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051620/563db7df550346aa9a8ec10c/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
17
European Environmental Agency (EEA) Low-Cost Sensor Evaluation
Sponsor: EEA Details
• Demonstration project • Seeking to collect data and post online
through the EEA geospatial platform by any interested parties
• Purchased five Waspmotes and sensor boards from Libelium
• Focus on ozone, CO, and CO2 • Examine how sensors perform • Discovered calibration issues
• Schedule: 2011–2012
Waspmote
Gas sensor board
![Page 18: Low-Cost+Sensing+Efforts](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051620/563db7df550346aa9a8ec10c/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
18
Global Ozone Project (GO3)
Sponsor: 2B Technologies and industry Details
• Comprehensive program (instrument, curriculum, social network, education)
• 30 high schools (mostly Colorado) • International sister school program
• Schedule: ongoing
![Page 19: Low-Cost+Sensing+Efforts](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051620/563db7df550346aa9a8ec10c/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
19
AIRNow-GO3 Pilot Project
Sponsor: EPA Details
• AIRNow ingesting GO3 data • AIRNow evaluating
– Reliability (timeliness of data delivery) – Quality (review quality control results;
compare to nearby monitors) – Value (fuse AIRNow and GO3 into maps) – Case studies (during episodes of high ozone concentrations)
• Schedule: 2011
2BTech vs. AIRNow-Tech Hourly Ozone at Rifle, CO
R2 = 0.8966
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
2BTech ozone conentration (ppb)
AIR
Now
-Tec
h oz
one
conc
entr
atio
n (p
pb)
GO3 ozone concentration (ppb)
![Page 20: Low-Cost+Sensing+Efforts](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051620/563db7df550346aa9a8ec10c/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
AIRNow-GO3 Pilot Project
• Monitors (22 AIRNow sites, 11 GO3 sites) • Coverage area expands by 7% • 200,000+ more people covered
June 24, 2011 AIRNow AIRNow + GO3
Colorado
20
![Page 21: Low-Cost+Sensing+Efforts](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051620/563db7df550346aa9a8ec10c/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
21
Smartphone Application
Sponsor: University of Michigan Details
• Electronics to interface with smartphones • Uses audio jack for power and
communications • Application on smartphone processes
data, determines location, and communicates data
• Interfacing with gas sensors • Participating in pilot project in SF Bay
Area
• Schedule: 2011–2012
![Page 22: Low-Cost+Sensing+Efforts](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051620/563db7df550346aa9a8ec10c/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
22
Citizen Crowd Sourcing
Sponsor: Habitat Map and Google.org Details
• Developing Android application and data system
• Called “AirCasting” • Citizens can use it to broadcast information
about the air • Starting with sound; planning for pollutants
(NO2) • Focus is New York City
• Schedule: 2012
![Page 23: Low-Cost+Sensing+Efforts](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051620/563db7df550346aa9a8ec10c/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
23
WeatherBox Pilot
Sponsor: NOAA/National Weather Service Details
• 1,500 delivery vehicles • Measuring temperature and humidity • Developed data exchange format • Organizations involved: – Global Science and Technologies – WeatherTelematics • Schedule: 2011–2012
![Page 24: Low-Cost+Sensing+Efforts](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051620/563db7df550346aa9a8ec10c/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Technology •Assess current state-of-the-science •Understand and link efforts •Characterize performance of existing sensors in real-world conditions •Develop new sensor technologies •Fund & catalyze research efforts •Evaluate performance of new technologies •Develop hardware platforms for low-cost/small sensors •Develop appropriate interfaces & ergonomic properties
Usage •Identify range of applications/uses •Develop data distribution methods •Establish & develop QA/QC •Explore challenges of new data types
− mobile vs. fixed − high temporal − high spatial density
•Develop new analytic methods •Create new visualization techniques •Establish SOPs & guidance •Establish data governance & policies
Community •Establish a cooperative, participatory collaboration among
− government − non-governmental organizations − citizens
•Develop software, systems, & tools to facilitate collaboration & participation •Identify approaches for maintaining/ increasing a community of interest
Outreach & Education •Create a foundation of air quality & monitoring principles & methods •Create education curriculum & materials •Reach out to manufacturers & encourage “responsible use” •Consider creating an “Environmental Monitoring Corps”
![Page 25: Low-Cost+Sensing+Efforts](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051620/563db7df550346aa9a8ec10c/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
25
Recommendations
1. Workshop to – Understand range of efforts and interests – Coordinate and link various efforts – Engage government, university, and private sector
2. Pilot project to evaluate sensors/instruments – Examine range of different sensors/instruments – Conduct laboratory evaluation – Conduct field deployment and evaluation – Work on approach to make responsible
measurements
![Page 26: Low-Cost+Sensing+Efforts](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051620/563db7df550346aa9a8ec10c/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
26
Recommendations
3. Multi-Purpose Pilot Project – Test various components of citizen monitoring – Demonstrate benefit to various EPA programs
– Citizen groups/schools – Public health notification – Epidemiological research
– Use many mid-cost instruments to “simulate” a future with low-cost sensors (ozone, BC)
– Explore the challenges and opportunities to prepare for a future with many more organizations monitoring air quality
26
![Page 27: Low-Cost+Sensing+Efforts](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051620/563db7df550346aa9a8ec10c/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
27
Recommendations
3. Multi-Purpose Pilot Project (cont) – Deploy
• 100s of mid-cost instruments • Fixed and mobile • Deploy at air districts, schools and community groups
27
![Page 28: Low-Cost+Sensing+Efforts](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051620/563db7df550346aa9a8ec10c/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Recommendations
3. Multi-Purpose Pilot Project (cont)
28
Bakersfield Fresno
![Page 29: Low-Cost+Sensing+Efforts](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051620/563db7df550346aa9a8ec10c/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
29
Recommendations
3. Multi-Purpose Pilot Project (cont) – Ingest, process, QA, and redistribute data
• Use an aggregation system like AIRNow • Automatic QC/QA • Redistribute data to public, community groups, researchers
– Engage and collaborate with an epidemiological study
• Engage researchers in study design • Develop data set and ways to distribution to researchers • Examine the added value of many lower-cost, less-accurate
measurements
29
![Page 30: Low-Cost+Sensing+Efforts](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051620/563db7df550346aa9a8ec10c/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
An Increasing Data-Savvy Public….
“I've been thinking of building myself a little air quality indicator in my front yard... My neighbors, at least, can see what the air quality's like.” – Steve Popenoe of Fresno, CA, whose five-year-old daughter, Zoya, has respiratory problems.
Excerpted from an NPR report 10/31/11
“Having data is a better way to advocate for
public policy.” – Ana Baptista, Ironbound Community Corporation (ICC)
30