low germanic1 loanwords in english borrowed in
TRANSCRIPT
LINGUISTICA BRUNENSIA 60, 2012, 1–2
ZUZANA MALÁŠKOVÁ
LOW GERMANIC1 LOANWORDS IN ENGLISH BORROWED IN EUROPE
AbstractThis article provides a list of English loanwords which were borrowed in the European contact area from Low Germanic varieties, namely from Dutch, Low German, Flemish and Frisian. The loan-words are divided according to the century in which they were first attested in English; individual items consist of a definition of the English lexeme, possible source word/words and if necessary, it is followed by a short commentary. A further analysis regarding the development of the process of borrowing, number of borrowings according to the individual varieties and their semantic field is offered in the Introduction.
Key wordsEnglish; Low Germanic; loanwords
Introduction
This article focuses on the Low Germanic loanwords in English which were taken over from people speaking Low Germanic varieties through their mutual contact with English in Europe. English has a special position among the West Germanic languages as it developed in a relative isolation on the British Isles. While the languages on the continent were much more prone to be influenced by each other thanks to various socio-cultural and political factors, the English speaking population separated from them by the sea was exposed to different in-fluences than the Low Germanic varieties were. Despite the natural barrier there was (and of course still is) mutual contact between these two groups. One of the ways of observing the frequency and intensity of their contact is to study their languages and find out whether and to which extent they were influenced by one another. According to the sociolinguistic research, the lexical level is the least
1 In this article, the terms “Low Germanic” and “Low German” are used in order to differentiate between all the West Germanic languages on the continent which did not undergo the Second Sound Shift and the varieties spoken in Northern Germany also known as Plattdeutsch, respectively.
212 ZUZANA MALÁŠKOVÁ
stable during a contact period between two cultures therefore I concentrated on this level of language to see which varieties of Low Germanic languages exerted the greatest influence on English, when the contact occurred and which spheres of language were influenced.A thorough study of English vocabulary proved that mutual contact between England and Low Countries exerted a certain influence on the English lexis. In this study, 243 borrowings were attested in English which had been taken over from Low Germanic between the 13th and 20th C. As the varieties of Low Germanic are closely related and mutually influenced by one another, difficulties arise when trying to determine which variety is responsible for a particular loanword. Therefore, in questionable cases, possible source words are listed from more varieties, all of which are counted as a source word for the graphs.
Fig. 1 Number of loanwords in English according to their original variety
From Figure 1, it is immediately obvious that Dutch represents the major source of borrowings, 234 Dutch lexical items were taken into English. This overwhelm-ing lead can be accounted to the fact that Dutch is the only standardised language; its formation falls into the 10th and 11th C and since that time the economical and political power of Dutch people assured their language an overt prestige, which ultimately led to its standardisation and establishment as a national language. However, it can be observed in Fig. 2 that in the 13th C Low German enjoyed a higher prestige than Dutch due to a larger amount of loanwords; this can be ex-plained by the existence of the Hanseatic League, thanks to which Low German spread to almost every port in Europe. Low German, Flemish and Frisian have never disposed of a standard variant, which resulted in lesser interest devoted to these varieties as far as writing dictionaries and grammar books are concerned. Moreover, as non-standard variants these languages were used by fewer people and were suppressed by the Dutch, French and German when being under their rule. These facts are reflected by the number of possible source words for borrow-ings; Low German, Flemish and Frisian could have provided the source for 75, 12 and 10 English loanwords respectively. However, in almost every case there
0
50
100
150
200
250
Dutch Low German Flemish Frisian
Fig. 1 Number of loanwords in English
Number of loanwords in English
213LOW GERMANIC LOANWORDS IN ENGLISH BORROWED IN EUROPE
is also a Dutch word, which can be considered a source for the loanword; and it is also important to realize that in some cases an unattested word from one of the non-standard variety might have served as a source for the English loanword. The development of the process of borrowing from Low Germanic languages can be observed in Fig. 2.
Fig. 2 Development of the process of borrowing
In the following tables the relevant English loanwords are listed alphabetically according to the century in which they were first attested in English. It can be ob-served that no grammatical words were taken over and the lexical words mainly prove that the historic contact areas between English and Low Germanic people were mainly concentrated on the nautical, commercial and military domains.
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0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Fig. 2 Development of the process of borrowing
Dutch
Low German
Frisian
Flemish
214 ZUZANA MALÁŠKOVÁ
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215LOW GERMANIC LOANWORDS IN ENGLISH BORROWED IN EUROPE
13th
Cen
tury
loan
wor
ds
Eng
lish
Low
Ger
man
Dut
chFr
is.,
Flem
.N
otes
boun
ce (o
r. bu
nsen
) ‚ap
plic
atio
n to
loud
ex
plos
ive
nois
e‘
bum
sen
LG
bow
line
‚rop
e co
nnec
ting
the
wea
ther
si
de o
f a sa
il w
ith th
e bo
w‘
bōlīn
e M
LGbo
echl
ine
M.D
u
bow
spri
t ‚sp
ar e
xten
ding
from
the
bow
of
a sh
ip‘
boch
spre
t MLG
dote
‚to
be fo
olis
h, ra
ve‘
dote
n M
LGdo
ten
M.D
upr
obab
ly fr
om M
LG, o
f unk
now
n or
igin
driv
el ‚s
erva
nt‘
M.F
lem
dre
vel
freig
ht, f
ragh
t ME
vrac
ht, v
rech
t M
LGvr
acht
, vre
cht M
.Du
orig
inal
LG
M a
nd M
.Du
wor
d m
eant
‚cos
t of
trans
port‘
, it m
ay b
e cr
eate
d fr
om a
lost
Old
Fr
isia
n w
ord
from
P.G
mc
*fra
-aih
tiz ‚a
bsol
ute
poss
essi
on, p
rope
rty‘
guild
, gild
‚con
frat
erni
ty fo
r mut
ual a
id‘
gild
e M
LGgi
ld D
uhu
ckst
er (o
r. hu
cste
r) ‚p
etty
trad
esm
an‘
*huk
- orig
. LG
stem
, LG
hu
cste
r
hoke
ster
M.D
u ‚p
eddl
er‘
luff
‚an
obsc
ure
naut
ical
dev
ice‘
loef
O.D
u ‚w
indw
ard
side
of a
ship
‘pe
rh. v
ia O
F fo
l
poll
‚a sa
mpl
ing
or c
olle
ctio
n of
opi
nion
s on
a su
bjec
t‘po
l MLG
‚hea
d,
top‘
pole
M.D
u
shor
e ‚la
nd b
orde
ring
a la
rge
body
of
wat
er‘
scho
r MLG
‚s
hore
, he
adla
nd‘
scor
re M
.Du
‚land
w
ashe
d by
the
sea‘
snat
ch (o
r. sn
ecch
en) ‚
to g
rab,
take
, get
se
cure
sudd
enly
or h
astil
y‘sn
acke
n M
.Du
‚to
snat
ch, c
hatte
r‘st
ockfi
sh ‚fi
sh sp
litt a
nd d
ried
in th
e ai
r w
ithou
t sal
t‘st
okvi
sch
(M)
LGst
okvi
sch
(M)D
u
tack
le (o
r. ta
kel)
‚app
arat
us, g
ear‘
take
l ‚rig
ging
of
a sh
ip‘
take
l Du
216 ZUZANA MALÁŠKOVÁE
nglis
hL
ow G
erm
anD
utch
Fris
., Fl
em.
Not
esw
iggl
e ‚to
mov
e w
ith sh
ort,
quic
k m
ovem
ents
‘w
igel
en M
.Du
‚to
rock
‘w
igel
en M
.Fle
m
14th
Cen
tury
loan
wor
ds
Eng
lish
Low
Ger
man
Dut
chFr
is.,
Flem
.N
otes
bale
‚bun
dle,
pac
kage
‘ba
le M
.Du,
baa
l Du
prob
. orig
. fro
m O
F ba
le ‚r
olle
d-up
bun
dle‘
via
D
utch
beak
er ‚o
pen
larg
e-m
outh
ed v
esse
l‘bi
keri
OS
beke
r M.D
u ‚g
oble
t‘al
tern
ativ
ely
from
ON
bik
arr
bick
er ‚t
o sk
irmis
h, fi
ght‘
bick
en M
.Du
‚to sl
ash,
st
ab, a
ttack
‘bl
are
‚to w
ail‘
bler
en M
.Du
‚to b
leat
, cr
y, b
awl,
shou
t‘bl
aze
‚mak
e pu
blic
blas
en M
.Du
‚to b
low
(o
n a
trum
pet)‘
bloc
k ‚s
olid
pie
ce‘
bloc
k M
.Du
‚trun
k of
a
tree‘
from
OF
bloc
‚log
, blo
ck‘ v
ia M
.Du
booz
e (o
r. bo
use)
‚drin
k de
eply
‘bū
sen
M.D
u, b
uize
n D
u bo
w ‚f
ore
end
of a
boa
t‘bo
og L
Gbo
ech
M.D
ude
rives
eith
er fr
om th
e D
u bo
ech
or fr
om O
N b
ogr
boy
‚you
ng m
ale
child
‘ (or
ig. b
oie
‚ser
vant
, com
mon
er, k
nave
‘)bu
obe
LGbo
ef D
u ‚k
nave
‘bo
i E.F
ris
‚you
ng
gent
lem
an‘
unce
rtain
orig
in, m
igt b
e at
tribu
ted
to E
.Fris
. boi
, or
OF
embu
ie ‚o
ne fe
ttere
d‘
braw
l ‚a
nois
y qu
arre
l‘ or
ig. b
raul
en ‚t
o cr
y ou
t‘br
alle
n D
u ‚to
boa
st‘
bund
le ‚a
gro
up, q
uant
ity w
rapp
ed fo
r ca
rryi
ng‘
bond
el M
.Du
‚bin
d‘
cam
bric
(ear
lier c
amer
ike)
‚clo
th‘
Kam
erik
(Fl)
blen
ding
of F
Cam
bra
and
Fl K
amer
ik -
the
Fl
beco
me
F ci
ty w
here
the
fabr
ic w
as o
rig. m
ade
cloc
k ‚a
n in
stru
men
t for
mea
surin
g tim
e‘cl
ocke
M.D
u, k
lik D
u
217LOW GERMANIC LOANWORDS IN ENGLISH BORROWED IN EUROPE
Eng
lish
Low
Ger
man
Dut
chFr
is.,
Flem
.N
otes
dam
‚wat
er b
arrie
r‘da
m M
.Du
alte
rnat
ivel
y fr
om O
N d
amm
rdr
ug ‚m
edic
amen
t, na
rcot
ic‘
drog
e-va
te
MLG
. ‚dr
y-ba
rrel
s‘
drog
e-va
te M
.Du
of u
nkno
wn
orig
in, i
t may
com
e fr
om O
F dr
oge
‚sup
ply,
pro
visi
on‘ o
r fro
m M
LG/M
.Du
drog
e-va
te o
r dro
ge w
aere
‚dry
war
es‘
hobb
le ‚f
aste
n to
geth
er th
e le
gs o
f a
hors
e‘ho
bbel
en M
.Du
‚toss
, ro
ck fr
om si
de to
side
‘ho
ppel
en
earl.
Fle
m.
kild
erki
n ‚c
ask
for l
iqui
ds, fi
sh e
tc;
mea
sure
of c
apac
ity‘
kind
ekijn
M.D
u
kit ‚
circ
ular
woo
den
hoop
ed v
esse
l‘ki
tte M
.Du
‚col
lect
ion
of p
erdo
nal e
ffect
s‘lin
g ‚lo
ng sl
ende
r cod
-like
fish
‘le
ng D
u, e
arlie
r le
nghe
, lin
ghe
prob
ably
of D
utch
or L
G o
rigin
lolla
rd ‚c
onte
mpt
uous
nam
e fo
r cer
tain
he
retic
s‘lo
llaer
d M
.Du
‚mum
bler
, mut
tere
r‘m
easl
es ‚a
n ac
ute
infe
ctio
us d
isea
se‘
mas
el M
.Du
‚ble
mis
h‘pr
ob. o
f M.D
u or
igin
, the
re m
ight
hav
e be
en a
n O
E ve
rsio
n, b
ut is
not
reco
rded
mud
‚wet
, sof
t ear
th‘
mud
de M
LG
‚thic
k m
ud‘
mod
de M
.Du
offa
l ‚w
aste
par
ts, r
efus
e‘of
val M
.Du
rub
‚to m
ove
back
and
forth
as a
gain
st
anot
her s
urfa
ce‘
rubb
elin
g LG
M
‚rou
gh, u
neve
n‘ru
bben
E.F
ris
‚to sc
ratc
h,
rub‘
scoo
p ‚u
tens
il fo
r bai
ling
out‘
sche
ppen
LG
‚to
draw
wat
er‘
scho
pe M
.Du
‚buc
ket
for b
ailin
g w
ater
‘sc
our ‚
clea
nse
by ru
bbin
g‘sc
uren
M.D
u ‚to
po
lish,
cle
an‘
Poss
ibly
orig
inal
ly a
tech
nica
l ter
m a
mon
g Fl
emis
h w
orkm
en in
Eng
land
, pro
b. a
dopt
ed fr
om
OF
escu
rer.
scum
‚a fi
lm o
r lay
er o
f fou
l; lo
w,
wor
thle
ss o
r evi
l per
son‘
schu
me
M.D
u ‚f
oam
, fr
oth‘
skip
per ‚
capt
ain
or m
aste
r of a
ship
‘sc
ippe
r M.D
u fr
om
scip
218 ZUZANA MALÁŠKOVÁE
nglis
hL
ow G
erm
anD
utch
Fris
., Fl
em.
Not
essl
ing
‚impl
emen
t for
thro
win
g st
ones
‘sl
inge
MLG
‚s
ling
slin
ge O
.Fris
from
an
unid
entifi
ed c
ontin
enta
l sou
rce
(cf.
OH
G
slin
gan,
M.S
wed
slon
ga)
snac
k ‚to
bite
or s
nap‘
sinc
e 18
C ‚l
ittle
m
eal‘
snac
ken
M.D
u ‚to
sn
atch
, cha
tter‘
snor
t ‚to
snor
e‘sn
orte
n LG
pr
ob. r
elat
ed to
snor
e or
to th
e LG
exp
ress
ion
splin
t ‚pl
ate
of a
rmou
r‘sp
linte
, spl
ente
M
LG ‚t
hin
piec
e of
iron
‘
splin
te M
.Du
rela
ted
to M
LG
spoo
l ‚a
cylin
dric
al p
iece
on
whi
ch
som
ethi
ng is
wou
nd‘
spoe
le M
.Du
‚a sp
ool‘
ster
n ‚h
ind
part
of a
ship
‘st
iarn
e O
Fris
‚r
udde
r‘or
from
ON
stjo
rn ‚a
stee
ring‘
trad
e ‚th
e pr
oces
s of b
uyin
g an
d se
lling
‘tr
ade
MLG
‚tr
ack,
cou
rse‘
trad
e M
.Du
intro
duce
d by
Han
sa m
erch
ants
wai
nsco
t (or
. way
nsco
t) ‚im
porte
d oa
k of
su
perio
r qua
lity‘
wag
hens
cote
M.D
u ‚s
uper
ior q
ualit
y oa
k w
ood,
boa
rd u
sed
for
pane
lling
‘
wag
hens
cote
M
.Fle
m.
wra
ck ‚w
reck
ed sh
ip‘
wra
k M
.Du
‚wre
ck‘
15th
Cen
tury
loan
wor
ds
Eng
lish
Low
Ger
man
Dut
chFr
is.,
Flem
.N
otes
boor
‚hus
band
man
‘ bū
r MLG
boer
Du
prob
. of G
mc
*bū-
‚dw
ell‘,
IE *
bhu,
rein
trodu
ced
due
to D
utch
form
boe
rbo
oty
‚plu
nder
‘bu
te M
LGbu
ten
M.D
ubr
ake
‚app
arat
us fo
r ret
ardi
ng th
e m
otio
n of
a w
heel
‘br
ake
MLG
brae
ke M
.Du
brui
n ‚c
omm
on o
r bro
wn
bear
‘br
uin
Du
‚bro
wn‘
219LOW GERMANIC LOANWORDS IN ENGLISH BORROWED IN EUROPE
Eng
lish
Low
Ger
man
Dut
chFr
is.,
Flem
.N
otes
bulw
ark
‚ram
part,
forti
ficat
ion‘
bo
lwer
k M
.Du
or M
HG
bol
wer
k ‚b
allis
ta, f
ortifi
catio
n‘bu
ng ‚a
stop
per f
or th
e op
enin
g of
a c
ask‘
bong
e M
.Du
‚sto
pper
‘bu
oy ‚m
arke
d flo
at‘
boje
, boe
i M.D
uD
utch
pro
babl
y bo
rrow
ed th
is w
ord
from
F b
oie,
bu
ie ‚c
hain
, fet
ter‘
from
whi
ch it
ent
ered
Eng
lish
corf
‚bas
ket,
(late
r) sp
ecifi
cally
for
min
ing‘
korf
MLG
korf
Du.
curl
‚to
form
into
coi
ls a
s the
hai
r‘kr
ull M
.Du
‚cur
ly‘
krul
l E.F
ris
‚lock
of h
air‘
dapp
er ‚e
lega
nt‘
dapp
er M
LG
‚bol
d, st
rong
, st
urdy
‘
dapp
er M
.Du
deck
‚pla
tform
ext
endi
ng fr
om si
de to
si
de o
f a sh
ip‘
dec,
dek
M.D
u ‚r
oof,
cove
ring‘
exci
se ‚t
oll,
tax‘
exci
js M
.Du
firki
n ‚c
ask;
qua
rter o
f a b
arre
l‘vi
erde
lkijn
M.D
u go
lf ‚a
gam
e‘co
lf, c
olve
M.D
u ‚s
tick,
clu
b, b
at‘
take
n fr
om S
cotti
sh g
ouf w
hose
sour
ce w
as D
u co
lf
groo
ve ‚m
inin
g sh
aft,
min
e‘gr
oeve
M.D
u ‚f
urro
w,
ditc
h‘gu
ilder
‚coi
n of
the
Net
herla
nds‘
guld
en D
ugu
lden
Fle
mho
ist ‚
to ra
ise‘
hiss
en, h
iese
n LG
hyss
en M
.Du;
hi
jsch
en D
u ‚to
hoi
st‘
orig
inat
ed p
rob.
from
M
.Du
hop
‚hop
pla
nt, h
umul
us lu
pus‘
hopp
e M
LGho
ppe
M.D
uho
y ‚s
mal
l sai
ling
vess
el‘
hoei
, hoe
de, h
eude
M
.Du
leak
‚to
let w
ater
in o
r out
‘le
ken
‚to d
rip, t
o le
ak‘
eith
er fr
om M
.Du
or O
N le
ka m
ight
be
an
alte
rnat
ive
sour
celo
iter ‚
idle
, lin
ger i
ndol
ently
‘ le
uter
en M
.Du
‚wag
ab
out,
leut
eren
Du
‚sha
ke, t
otte
r, da
wdl
e‘
perh
aps i
ntro
duce
d by
vag
rant
s fro
m th
e Lo
w
Cou
ntrie
s
220 ZUZANA MALÁŠKOVÁE
nglis
hL
ow G
erm
anD
utch
Fris
., Fl
em.
Not
eslu
ck ‚g
ood
fortu
ne, h
appi
ness
‘lu
k LG
ghel
ucke
M.D
u, g
eluk
D
upr
obab
ly o
rigin
ally
intro
duce
d as
a g
ambl
ing
term
mar
line
‚sm
all l
ine‘
mar
lijn
Du
mar
t ‚m
arke
t‘m
arct
M.D
ufr
om L
mer
catu
s ‚tra
de‘
mee
rkat
‚mon
key‘
mee
rkat
Du
‚mon
key‘
nap
‚dow
ny su
rfac
e of
clo
th‘
nopp
e M
LGno
ppe
M.D
u ‚n
ap, t
uft
of w
ool‘
prob
ably
intro
duce
d by
Fle
mis
h cl
oth-
wor
kers
orlo
p ‚th
e lo
wer
mos
t of f
our o
r mor
e de
cks a
bove
the
spac
e at
the
botto
m o
f a
hull‘
over
lōp
MLG
ov
erlo
op M
.Du
‚cov
erin
g, a
n ov
er-
leap
‘pi
ckle
‚sal
t liq
uor i
n w
hich
food
is
pres
erve
d‘pö
kel L
Gpe
kel M
.Du
‚pic
kle,
br
ine‘
päke
l E.F
ris
pill
‚med
icam
ent‘
pille
MLG
pille
M.D
upi
p ‚d
isea
se o
f bird
s‘pi
ppe
M.D
u ‚m
ucus
‘pl
acar
d ‚f
orm
al d
ocum
ent a
uthe
ntic
ated
by
an
affix
ed se
al‘
plac
ken
M.D
u ‚to
pa
tch,
to p
last
er‘
orig
. pro
b. fr
om M
F pl
acqu
ard
pum
p ‚a
ppar
atus
for f
orci
ng li
quid
or a
ir‘pu
mpe
MLG
pom
pe M
.Du
‚wat
er
cond
iut,
pipe
‘ra
ck ‚f
ram
e w
ith b
ars‘
rakk
LG
rec
M.D
u ‚f
ram
ewor
k‘se
lvag
e ‚e
dge
of w
eb o
r clo
th so
fini
shed
as
to p
reve
nt ra
velin
g‘su
lfegg
e LG
zelfk
ant D
use
lveg
ge
M.F
lem
a co
rrup
tion
of se
lf+ed
ge a
rose
as a
n an
alog
y of
M
.Fle
m se
lveg
gesl
ed ‚a
sled
ge u
sed
for t
rans
port
of h
eavy
go
ods‘
sled
de M
.Du
slip
‚nar
row
strip
‘sl
ippe
MLG
slip
pe M
.Du
‚cut
, slit
‘sm
elt ‚
to fu
se o
r mel
t (or
e)‘
smel
ten
LGsm
elte
n D
usn
ap ‚q
uick
, sud
den
bite
or c
ut‘
snap
pen
LGsn
ap(e
n) D
u st
ove
‚hea
ting‘
stov
e M
LG
‚hea
ted
room
‘st
ove
M.D
u
221LOW GERMANIC LOANWORDS IN ENGLISH BORROWED IN EUROPE
16th
Cen
tury
loan
wor
ds
Eng
lish
Low
Ger
man
Dut
chFr
is.,
Flem
.N
otes
aloo
f ‚at
a d
ista
nce,
rese
rved
‘lo
ef D
u, lo
f M.D
u ‚th
e w
eath
er si
de o
f a sh
ip‘
anke
r, al
so a
ncho
r ‚liq
uid
mea
sure
in
Nor
th S
ea a
nd B
altic
trad
e‘an
ker D
uM
.L. a
ncer
ia, a
nche
ria
‚a sm
all v
at‘
bele
ague
r ‚to
surr
ound
with
mili
tary
fo
rces
‘be
lege
ren
LG
‚to b
esie
ge‘
bele
gere
n D
ua
wor
d fr
om th
e Fl
emis
h W
ars,
spel
ling
influ
ence
d by
leag
uebl
ink
‚to o
pen
and
clos
e th
e ey
e‘bl
inke
n M
.Du
‚to g
litte
r‘of
unc
erta
in o
rigin
boom
‚a lo
ng sp
ar, fl
oatin
g tim
ber
barr
ier‘
būm
schi
p M
LG,
bum
boot
LG
bu
mbo
at D
u
boom
‚lon
g po
le‘
boom
Du
‚tree
, pol
e,
beam
‘fr
om S
cotti
sh b
oun
whi
ch w
as b
orro
wed
from
D
u br
ack
‚sal
ty, b
riny‘
brak
Du
‚wor
thle
ss‘
buck
whe
at ‚a
pla
nt, F
agop
yrum
es
cule
ntum
‘bo
ecw
eite
M.D
u ‚b
eech
w
heat
‘bu
gger
‚sod
omite
, vul
gar c
oars
e‘bo
ugre
M.D
uvi
a D
u fr
om th
e (O
)F b
ougr
e (o
rigin
in
Bul
garia
ns w
ho w
ere
cons
ider
ed to
be
here
tic
as m
embe
rs o
f Eas
tern
Orth
odox
Chr
istia
ns)
bully
‚a b
lust
erin
g, q
uarr
elso
me,
ov
erbe
arin
g pe
rson
‚ or
ig. ‚
swee
thea
rt‘bo
el D
u ‚lo
ver,
brot
her‘
bum
pkin
‚aw
kwar
d co
untry
fello
w‘
bom
mek
ijn M
.Du
‚littl
e ba
rrel
‘bu
rghe
r ‚ci
tizen
‘bu
rger
Du
burg
omas
ter ‚
chie
f mag
istra
te o
f a D
utch
or
Fle
mis
h to
wn‘
burg
emee
ster
Du
dock
‚bed
or h
ollo
w in
whi
ch a
ship
rest
s at
low
wat
erdo
cke
MLG
dock
e, d
ok M
.Du
of u
nkno
wn
orig
in
222 ZUZANA MALÁŠKOVÁE
nglis
hL
ow G
erm
anD
utch
Fris
., Fl
em.
Not
esdo
ck ‚s
olid
fles
hy p
art o
f a h
orse
‘s ta
il,
crup
per‘
do
cke
(M)
LG ‚b
undl
e of
st
raw
‘
dock
e M
.Du
dok
Fris
. ‚b
unch
, bal
l (o
f tw
ine)
‘do
it ‚a
n ol
d sm
all c
oppe
r coi
n of
the
Net
herla
nds,
a bi
t or t
rifle‘
duit
M.D
u
dolla
r ‚cu
rren
cy‘
dale
r LG
from
G ta
ler,
abbr
evia
tion
of J
oach
imst
alle
r ‚g
ulde
n of
Joac
him
stal
‘do
min
eer ‚
to ru
le a
rbitr
arily
, tyr
anni
ze‘
dom
iner
en D
u ‚to
rule
‘fr
om M
.F d
omin
erel
ope
‚to ru
n of
f‘(o
nt)lo
pen
M.D
u ‚r
un
away
‘pr
obab
ly re
borr
owin
g fr
om M
.Du
filib
uste
r ‚pi
ratic
al a
dven
ture
r‘vr
ijbui
ter D
u. ‚f
ree-
boot
er‘
fitch
, fitc
hew
‚pol
ecat
and
its f
ur‘
vits
che,
vis
se, fi
sse
Du
appa
r. of
OF
orig
in fi
chea
uflu
e (o
r. flo
ow) ‚
chim
ney,
smok
e du
cts
in it
‘vl
oe M
.Du
vluw
e W
.Fle
m
fois
t ‚in
trodu
ce su
rrep
titio
usly
or
unw
arra
ntab
ly‘
vuys
ten
M.D
u ‚to
take
in
the
fist‘
forl
orn
hope
‚hop
eles
s ent
erpr
ise;
, de
sper
ate
adve
ntur
ers,
play
ers‘
verl
oren
hoo
p D
u ‚lo
st
troop
‘fre
eboo
ter ‚
pira
tical
adv
entu
rer‘
vrib
uete
r M.D
ufro
lic ‚j
oyou
s, sp
ortiv
e‘vr
olijk
(M.)D
u , v
ro
‚gla
d, jo
yous
‘ga
s ‚a
subs
tanc
e po
sses
sing
per
fect
m
olec
ular
mob
ility
‘ga
s Du
prob
. fro
m G
k kh
aos ‚
empt
y sp
ace‘
, firs
t use
d by
Fle
mis
h ch
emis
t J.B
. van
Hel
mon
tgr
ab ‚t
o se
ize
sudd
enly
or q
uick
ly‘
grab
ben
MLG
‚to
gra
b‘gr
abbe
n M
.Du
gruf
f ‚co
arse
, coa
rse-
grai
ned‘
grof
MLG
‚c
oars
e in
qu
ality
, thi
ck‘
grof
M.D
u
hack
but ‚
wea
pon‘
hāke
buss
e M
.Du
(fro
m F
ha
queb
ut)
MF
ha(r
)que
busc
h ca
me
to E
nglis
h vi
a D
utch
223LOW GERMANIC LOANWORDS IN ENGLISH BORROWED IN EUROPE
Eng
lish
Low
Ger
man
Dut
chFr
is.,
Flem
.N
otes
haw
ker ‚
itine
rant
, sel
ler‘
hoke
r, ha
c M
LG
heuk
er D
upr
ob. o
f LG
orig
inho
yden
‚a b
oist
erou
s, bo
ld, a
nd c
aref
ree
girl‘
heid
en D
u ‚r
ustic
, un
iciv
ilize
d m
an‘
of u
nkno
wn
orig
in, p
erha
ps fr
om D
u
inte
rlop
er ‚u
naut
horiz
ed tr
ader
tre
spas
sing
on
priv
ilege
s of c
harte
red
com
pani
es‘
loop
er D
u, lo
per M
.Du
‚run
ner,
rove
r‘
isin
glas
s ‚ge
latin
obt
aine
d fr
om a
ir-bl
adde
r of s
turg
eon‘
huiz
enbl
as D
u hu
ysen
‚s
turg
eon‘
+ b
las
‚bla
dder
‘
stur
geon
s bla
dder
late
r ass
imila
ted
to ‚g
las‘
kerm
ess,
kirm
ess ‚
a lo
cal,
annu
al o
utdo
or
fair
or fe
stiv
al‘
kerm
is D
u fr
om M
.Du
kerk
-mis
se ‚c
hurc
h-m
ass‘
land
scap
e ‚p
ictu
re re
pres
entin
g na
tura
l in
land
scen
ery‘
lant
scap
M.D
u fr
om
land
‚lan
d‘ +
scap
‚-sh
ip,
cond
ition
‘; or
igin
ally
in
trodu
ced
as a
pai
nter
s te
rmlin
stoc
k ‚s
taff
to h
old
a lig
hted
mat
ch‘
lont
stok
Du
‚mat
ch st
ick‘
litm
us ‚b
lue
dye
obta
ined
from
cer
tain
lic
hens
‘lij
kmoe
s M.D
u, la
kmoe
s D
um
anik
in ‚j
oint
ed fi
gure
use
d by
arti
sts‘
man
neke
n D
u ‚li
ttle
man
‘m
argr
ave
‚gov
erno
r of a
Ger
man
bor
der
prov
ince
‘m
arcg
rave
M.D
u or
igin
ally
from
OH
G m
arcg
ravo
min
ikin
‚dar
ling‘
min
neki
jn M
.Du
min
x ‚p
et d
og, p
ert g
irl‘
min
neki
jn M
.Du
of u
ncer
tain
orig
in p
erha
ps a
shor
teni
ng o
f Du
min
ikin
‚girl
, wom
an‘
muf
f ‚w
arm
cov
erin
g fo
r the
han
ds‘
mof
Du
‚a m
uff‘
sh
orte
ned
from
M.D
u m
offe
l ‚m
itten
, muf
f‘pa
d ‚b
undl
e of
stra
w to
lie
on‘
pad
LG ‚s
ole
of
the
foot
‘pa
d D
u
pals
grav
e ‚a
cou
nt p
alat
ine‘
pals
grav
e M
.Du
pals
‚p
alac
e‘ +
gra
af ‚c
ount
‘
224 ZUZANA MALÁŠKOVÁE
nglis
hL
ow G
erm
anD
utch
Fris
., Fl
em.
Not
esqu
acks
alve
r ‚ch
arla
tan,
qua
ck d
octo
r‘kw
akza
lver
Du
rant
‚to
be u
proa
rious
ly m
erry
‘ra
nten
M.D
u ‚to
talk
fo
olis
hly,
rave
‘ra
vel ‚
to u
ntan
gle,
unw
ind‘
rave
len
M.D
u ‚to
tang
le,
fray
, unw
eave
‘re
ef (r
iff) ‚
ridge
und
erw
ater
‘ri
ffe D
upr
ob. v
ia D
u fr
om O
N ri
f ‚rid
ge‘
rix-
dolla
r ‚an
y of
var
ious
silv
er c
oins
‘ri
jksd
aler
Du
rove
r ‚se
a ro
bber
, pira
te‘
rōve
r MLG
rōve
r Du
‚rob
ber,
pred
ator
, plu
nder
er‘
scon
e ‚th
in, fl
at c
ake‘
scho
nbro
d LG
scho
on b
rood
Du
‚fine
br
ead‘
shal
lop
‚kin
d of
ligh
t boa
t‘sl
oep
Du
‚slo
op‘
orig
. F c
halo
upe
cam
e to
E v
ia D
usi
skin
‚car
duel
ine
finch
es‘
czītz
e M
LG
sijs
ken
M.D
u fr
om L
Gor
ig. f
rom
Sla
vic,
Lus
atia
n cy
ž, C
zech
číž
snap
hanc
e ‚a
sprin
g lo
ck fo
r dis
char
ging
a
firea
rm‘
snap
haan
Du
‚a g
un,
orig
inal
ly, t
he sn
appi
ng
cock
of a
gun
‘sn
ip ‚s
mal
l pie
ce o
f cut
-out
clo
th‘
snip
pen
LGsn
ippe
n D
u. ‚t
o cu
t in
smal
l pie
ces‘
spat
ter ‚
to sc
atte
r or d
ash
in sm
all
parti
cles
or d
rops
‘sp
atte
n LG
spat
ten
Du
‚to b
urst
, sp
out‘
splic
e ‚to
join
toge
ther
, to
unite
‘sp
lisse
n M
.Du
‚to sp
lice‘
split
‚to
divi
de, s
epar
ate‘
split
ten
M.D
usp
lita
OFr
is,
split
te F
risst
iver
‚nic
kle
coin
of t
he N
ethe
rland
s, th
e sm
alle
st p
ossi
ble
amou
nt‘
stui
ver D
u
sutle
r ‚pe
rson
who
follo
ws a
n ar
my
to
sell
food
to so
ldie
rs‘
sute
ler,
sude
ler
MLG
‚per
son
who
per
form
s di
rty ta
sks‘
soet
eler
M.D
u ‚s
mal
l tra
desm
an‘,
zoet
elaa
r Du
swab
from
swab
ber ‚
mop
mad
e of
rope
or
yar
n‘zw
abbe
r Du
swab
ber
W.F
ris ‚m
op‘
225LOW GERMANIC LOANWORDS IN ENGLISH BORROWED IN EUROPE
Eng
lish
Low
Ger
man
Dut
chFr
is.,
Flem
.N
otes
upro
ar ‚i
nsur
rect
ion,
tum
ult‘
opro
er D
u ‚tu
mul
t, rio
t‘w
aggo
n ‚w
heel
ed v
ehic
le‘
wag
en D
uit
cam
e in
to E
ng. d
ue to
Fle
mis
h im
mig
ratio
n,
Dut
ch tr
ade
or th
e C
ontin
enta
l war
sw
isea
cre
‚wis
e pe
rson
‘w
ijs-s
egge
r M.D
u fr
om
MH
G w
eis-
sage
rya
cht ‚
a lig
ht, f
ast-s
ailin
g sh
ip‘
jach
t MLG
ja
cht D
uin
to E
ng. v
ia M
LG fr
om th
e N
orw.
jagh
tyo
unke
r ‚yo
ung
nobl
eman
‘jo
nker
Du,
jonc
kher
M
.Du
17th
Cen
tury
loan
wor
ds
Eng
lish
Low
Ger
man
Dut
chFr
is.,
Flem
.N
otes
abel
e ‚th
e w
hite
pop
lar t
ree‘
abee
l Du
via
Dut
ch fr
om o
rig. O
F ab
el, a
ubel
avas
t ‚a
naut
ical
inte
rject
ion
„hol
d!,
stop
!“‘
houd
vas
t Du
‚hol
d fa
st‘
blun
derb
uss ‚
shor
t gun
with
larg
e bo
re‘
dund
erbu
s Du
bran
dy (e
arlie
r bra
ndw
ine)
bran
dew
ijn D
uco
mm
odor
e or
ig. c
omm
ando
re ‚s
enio
r ca
ptai
n in
the
navy
‘ko
man
deur
Du
prob
. fro
m D
u ko
man
deur
whi
ch c
ame
orig
inal
ly
from
F c
omm
ande
ur O
F co
man
deor
cope
r ‚se
ller o
f hor
ses‘
cope
r ‚m
erch
ant‘
M.D
ucr
imp
‚to p
ress
into
smal
l reg
ular
fold
s, to
cur
l‘kr
impe
n LG
‚to
shrin
k, c
rimp‘
crim
pen
M.D
u
crui
se ‚t
o sa
il, tr
avel
aro
und‘
krui
sen
Du
‚to c
ross
, sa
il to
and
fro‘
deco
y ‚p
ool w
ith n
ette
d ap
proa
ches
for
the
capt
ure
of w
ildfo
wl‘
kaue
MLG
de k
ooi D
u ‚c
age‘
perh
. bac
k to
L. c
avea
‚cag
e‘
Dop
per ‚
Bap
tist‘
doop
er E
MD
u
226 ZUZANA MALÁŠKOVÁE
nglis
hL
ow G
erm
anD
utch
Fris
., Fl
em.
Not
esdr
ill ‚b
ore
a ho
le; t
rain
in m
ilita
ry
evol
utio
ns‘
drill
en M
LG
‚rol
l, tu
rn‘
drill
en E
MD
u ‚b
ore,
tu
rn in
a c
ircle
, br
andi
sh‘
duck
‚stro
ng fa
bric
use
d fo
r sai
ls a
nd
sailo
rs‘
doec
k D
u ‚li
nen
clot
h‘, d
oec
M.D
udu
ffle,
duf
fel ‚
coar
se w
oolle
n cl
oth
with
a
thic
k na
p‘D
uffe
l Du
tow
n in
B
raba
nt‚to
wn
in B
raba
nt w
here
the
clot
hes w
as o
rigin
ally
so
ld‘
ease
l ‚st
andi
ng fr
ame
to su
ppor
t a
pict
ure‘
ezel
Du
furl
ough
‚mili
tary
a v
acat
ion
or le
ave,
te
mpo
rary
layo
ff fr
om w
ork‘
verl
of M
.Du
ver-
‚c
ompl
etel
y, fo
r‘ +
laf,
lof ‚
perm
issi
onga
rboa
rd ‚fi
rst r
ange
of p
lank
s or p
late
s la
id o
n th
e ke
el‘
geer
boor
d D
u
gher
kin
‚sm
all c
ucum
ber u
sed
for
pick
ling‘
gurk
en E
MD
u. ‚s
mal
l pi
ckle
d cu
cum
ber‘
augu
rk
E.Fr
is
‚cuc
umbe
r‘ha
nker
‚lin
ker,
loite
r‘hu
nker
en D
u ‚to
ha
nker
‘ha
nker
en
Flem
of
unk
now
n or
igin
, pro
b. fr
om F
lem
., re
late
d to
Du
hols
ter ‚
leat
her c
ase
for a
pis
tol‘
hols
ter M
.Du
prob
. OE
heol
ster
, hel
ustr
‚con
ceal
men
t, hi
ding
pl
ace‘
rein
forc
ed b
y D
u ho
lste
rho
witz
er ‚a
can
non‘
houw
itser
Du
via
Dut
ch fr
om B
ohem
ian
houf
nice
‚a c
atap
ult‘
hust
le ‚s
hake
to a
nd fr
o, p
ush
abou
t ro
ughl
y‘hu
tsel
en (M
.)Du
huss
elen
, hut
sele
n ‚to
sh
ake,
to to
ss‘
the
stem
s hot
-, hu
t- ap
pear
in b
oth
HG
and
LG
‚a
shak
ing
mov
emen
t‘
jib (v
aria
nt o
f gyb
e) ‚t
riang
ular
stay
sail‘
gijb
en D
u re
late
d to
gi
jk ‚b
oom
or s
par o
f a
saili
ng sh
ip‘
keel
haul
‚to
haul
und
er th
e ke
el‘
kiel
hale
n D
uki
nk ‚t
wis
t or c
url‘
kink
Du
‚twis
t in
a ro
pe‘
227LOW GERMANIC LOANWORDS IN ENGLISH BORROWED IN EUROPE
Eng
lish
Low
Ger
man
Dut
chFr
is.,
Flem
.N
otes
knap
sack
‚bag
for c
loth
es a
nd o
ther
su
pplie
s‘kn
apsa
ck
knap
zak
Du
orig
in in
MLG
laym
an ‚l
ay fi
gure
, non
-exp
ert‘
leem
an D
u m
aels
trom
‚whi
rlpoo
l off
the
north
wes
t co
ast o
f Nor
way
‘M
aels
trom
Du
‚grin
ding
-stre
am‘
orig
. fro
m D
an m
alst
røm
mau
lstic
k ‚li
ght s
tick
used
by
pain
ters
to
supp
ort t
he p
aint
ing
hand
‘m
aals
tok
Du
from
m
alle
n ‚to
pai
nt‘+
st
ock
‚stic
k‘m
oras
s ‚w
et, s
wam
py tr
act‘
mor
eas D
u ‚m
arsh
, fe
n‘
orig
. fro
m O
F m
arai
s ‚m
arsh
‘
onsl
augh
t ‚an
ons
et, a
ssau
lt‘aa
nsla
g D
u ‚a
ttack
‘ou
tland
er ‚a
fore
igne
r, an
out
side
r‘ui
tland
er D
upa
troon
‚mas
ter o
f a sh
ip‘
patro
on D
upl
ug ‚a
pie
ce u
sed
to st
op u
p a
hole
‘pl
uck
MLG
plug
Du,
plu
gge
M.D
u ‚b
ung,
stop
per‘
pold
er ‚l
ow-ly
ing
land
recl
aim
ed fr
om
the
sea‘
polre
M.D
u
sham
ble
‚to w
alk
with
a sh
uffli
ng g
ait‘
scha
mpe
len
M.D
u sk
ate
‚ice
skat
e or
rolle
r ska
te‘
shak
e LG
‚leg
‘sc
haat
s Du,
scha
etse
M
.Du
it w
as b
roug
ht to
Eng
land
afte
r the
Res
tora
tion
by e
xile
d fo
llow
ers o
f Cha
rles I
I who
had
take
n re
fuge
in H
olla
nd, o
rig. f
rom
F e
scac
he ‚a
stilt
, tre
stle
‘sk
etch
‚rou
gh d
raw
ing
inte
nded
to se
rve
as th
e ba
ses f
or a
fini
shed
pic
ture
‘sc
hets
Du
(a lo
anw
ord
from
It sc
hizz
o)
sloo
p ‚a
sing
le-m
aste
d sa
iling
ves
sel‘
sloe
p D
u ‚s
loop
‘ pr
ob. f
rom
F c
halo
upe
slur
‚del
iber
ate
slig
ht‘
slur
en M
LG ‚t
o tra
il in
mud
‘sl
oren
M.D
u‘to
dr
aggl
e‘sl
uren
E.F
ris
‚to g
o ab
out
care
less
ly‘
from
ME
slor
e, c
ogna
te w
ith M
LG,M
.DU
and
E.
Fris
form
s
slur
p ‚to
inge
st w
ith lo
ud su
ckin
g no
ises
‘sl
urpe
n D
usm
ack
‚sin
gle-
mas
ted
sailb
oat‘
smak
LG
‚s
ailb
oat‘
smac
ke M
.Du
228 ZUZANA MALÁŠKOVÁE
nglis
hL
ow G
erm
anD
utch
Fris
., Fl
em.
Not
essm
uggl
er ‚t
o tra
nspo
rt (g
oods
) ille
gally
‘sm
ugge
ln L
Gsm
okke
len
Du
snic
ker ‚
to la
ugh
in a
hal
f-su
ppre
ssed
m
anne
r‘sn
ikke
n D
u ‚to
gas
p,
sob‘
poss
ibly
of i
mita
tive
orig
in
snuf
f ‚po
wde
red
toba
cco
to b
e in
hale
d‘sn
uffe
n M
.Du
snuf
Fle
m
‚sho
rtene
d fo
rm o
f snu
ftaba
k‘
span
cel ‚
a no
osed
rope
with
whi
ch to
ho
bble
an
anim
al‘
span
sel L
G
deriv
ativ
e of
sp
anne
n ‚to
st
retc
h‘
span
sel M
.Du
spel
ter ‚
zinc
, esp
ecia
lly in
the
form
of
ingo
ts‘
spia
lter L
Gsp
eaut
er M
.Du
of u
ncer
tain
orig
in, b
ut a
kin
to M
.Du
and
LG
still
life
‚pai
ntin
g of
inan
imat
e ob
ject
s‘st
illev
en D
ust
ippl
e ‚to
pai
nt, e
ngra
ve b
y m
eans
of
dots
or s
mal
l tou
ches
‘st
ippe
len
Du
‚to m
ake
poin
ts‘
stok
e ‚to
feed
and
stir
up a
fire
in a
fir
epla
ce‘
stok
en D
u ‚to
stok
e‘
from
stok
en M
.Du
‚to
poke
, thr
ust‘
stri
pe ‚a
line
or b
and
in c
loth
‘st
ripe
MLG
‚s
tripe
, stre
ak‘
stri
pe M
.Du
stum
‚unf
erm
ente
d gr
ape
juic
e‘st
om D
u, st
amer
en
M.D
usw
amp
‚a tr
act o
f wet
, spo
ngy
land
‘su
mp
MLG
‚s
wam
p‘so
mp
M.D
u
tatto
o ‚s
igna
l cal
ling
sold
iers
or s
ailo
rs to
qu
arte
rs a
t nig
ht‘
tapt
oe D
u ‚f
auce
t of
a ca
sk‘
trig
ger ‚
caus
e, in
itiat
e‘tre
kker
Du
‚trig
ger‘
fr
om tr
ekke
n ‚to
pul
l‘w
alru
s ‚a
larg
e m
arin
e m
amm
al‘
wal
rus D
u, p
rob.
folk
et
ymol
ogy
wal
vis
‚wha
le‘ a
nd ro
s ‚h
orse
‘
229LOW GERMANIC LOANWORDS IN ENGLISH BORROWED IN EUROPE
Eng
lish
Low
Ger
man
Dut
chFr
is.,
Flem
.N
otes
yaw
l ‚ty
pe o
f shi
p‘jo
lle M
LG ‚a
Ju
tland
boa
t‘jo
l Du
of u
nkno
wn
orig
in
18th
Cen
tury
loan
wor
ds
Eng
lish
Low
Ger
man
Dut
chFr
is.,
Flem
.N
otes
gene
va (s
horte
r gin
) ‚sp
irit fl
avou
red
with
th
e ju
ice
of ju
nipe
r ber
ries‘
jene
ver,
gebe
ver D
u fr
om O
F ge
nevr
e as
sim
ilate
d to
the
nam
e of
G
enev
a in
Sw
itzer
land
colz
a ‚c
oles
eed‘
kōls
āt L
Gko
olza
ad D
ude
lftw
are
Del
ft ‚to
wn
in H
olla
nd w
here
the
glaz
ed e
arth
enw
are
was
mad
e‘ro
ster
‚lis
t, ro
ll or
regi
ster
‘ro
oste
r Du
‚tabl
e, li
st
hale
‚dra
g, su
mm
on‘
hale
n O
.Du
spill
ikin
‚a ja
ckst
raw
‘sp
elle
ken
M.D
uca
boos
e ‚c
ook-
hous
e (g
alle
y) o
f a sh
ip‘
kabh
use
MLG
‚w
oode
n ca
bin
on sh
ip‘s
dec
k‘
cabū
se, c
ombū
se
EMod
.Du
, kab
uis D
upr
obab
ly a
com
poun
d w
hose
ele
men
ts c
orre
spon
d to
Eng
lish
cabi
n an
d ho
use
wen
tletr
ap ‚e
pito
nii‘
wen
teltr
ap D
u ‚s
pira
l st
airc
ase‘
etch
ing,
etc
h ‚th
e ar
t of e
ngra
ving
‘et
sen
Du
iceb
erg
‚a la
rge
float
ing
mas
s of i
ce‘
ijsbe
rg D
u lit
. ‚ic
e m
ount
ain‘
parti
al lo
an-tr
ansl
atio
n of
Du
scow
‚lar
ge fl
at-b
otto
med
boa
t‘sc
houw
Du
‚a fe
rry
boat
, pun
t‘, sc
ouw
e M
.Du
cam
‚mac
hine
ry, d
isc
havi
ng a
n irr
egul
ar
form
‘ca
m D
u ‚c
og o
f a
whe
el‘
dune
‚san
d hi
ll on
the
sea-
coas
t‘dū
ne M
.Du,
dui
n D
u
230 ZUZANA MALÁŠKOVÁtr
ass ‚
a lig
ht-c
olou
red
type
of v
olca
nic
tuff‘
tras
Du
via
Du
from
the
It te
rraz
za
ahoy
‚nau
tical
, int
erje
ctio
n‘ho
i Du
‚hi,
hello
‘
19th
Cen
tury
loan
wor
ds
Eng
lish
Low
Ger
man
Dut
chfle
nch,
flen
se ‚c
ut u
p th
e fa
t of a
wha
le, s
kin
a se
al‘
flenc
h, fl
inch
Du
hook
y ‚u
njus
tifiab
le a
bsen
ce fr
om sc
hool
, wor
k‘ho
ekje
Du
‚hid
e an
d se
ek‘
mol
ly ‚m
olly
maw
k, a
sea
bird
‘m
alle
mok
Du
(mal
‚foo
lish‘
+ m
ok ‚g
ull‘)
pink
ie ‚t
he li
ttle
finge
r‘pi
nkje
Du.
pit ‚
hard
seed
‘pi
t Du
‚ker
nel,
seed
, mar
row
‘po
ppyc
ock
‚rub
bish
, non
sens
e‘pa
ppek
ak D
u, p
appe
M.D
u ‚s
oft d
ung‘
schi
pper
ke ‚a
Bel
gian
bre
ed o
f sm
all d
og‘
skip
perk
in D
u ‚li
ttle
boat
man
‘sp
ecst
ione
er ‚t
he c
hief
har
poon
er‘
spek
-sni
jer D
usp
ook
‚a g
host
‘sp
ook
Du,
spoo
c M
.Du
‚spo
ok, g
host
‘w
affle
‚a b
atte
r cak
e‘w
afel
MLG
waf
el D
uw
itloo
f ‚en
dive
‘w
itloo
f Du
lit ‚w
hite
folia
ge, w
hite
leaf
‘
20th
Cen
tury
loan
wor
dsE
nglis
hD
utch
Stijl
‚a g
roup
of D
utch
arti
sts‘
De
Stijl
Du
bazo
oka
‚met
al tu
be ro
cket
laun
cher
‘ba
zuin
Du
‚trum
pet‘
231LOW GERMANIC LOANWORDS IN ENGLISH BORROWED IN EUROPE
DOLNONĚMECKÉ VÝPŮJČKY V ANGLIČTINĚ PŘEVZATÉ V RÁMCI VZÁJEMNÉHO KONTAKTU V EVROPĚ
Tento článek předkládá seznam anglických výpůjček, které do angličtiny pronikly z dolnoněmčiny (v širším smyslu) díky kontaktu v evropském prostoru, tedy z holandštiny, dolnoněmčiny, vlámštiny a fríštiny. Výpůjčky jsou rozděleny podle století, ve kterém byl jejich výskyt v angličtině poprvé zaznamenán. Součástí jednotlivých hesel je definice anglického lexému, pravděpodobné slovo zdrojového jazyka/jazyků a v případě potřeby heslo doplní krátký komentář. Další analýza zahr-nující vývoj procesu přejímání výpůjček a jejich počet a rozdělení podle jednotlivých variet, stejně jako základní informace o jejich sémantické povaze, tvoří úvodní část.
Zuzana MaláškováÚstav jazykovědy a baltistikyFilosofická fakulta Masarykovy universityArna Nováka 1602 00 BrnoČeská republikae-mail: [email protected]