lpg as an automotive fuel shell autogas. what is auto lpg ? auto lpg or liquefied petroleum gas is a...
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LPG LPG
as anas an
Automotive FuelAutomotive Fuel
Shell
AutoGas
What is Auto LPG ?What is Auto LPG ?
Auto LPG or Liquefied Petroleum Gas is a generic name for mixtures of hydrocarbons (mainly propane and butane) which exists as vapor under ambient conditions and can be changed into liquid state by applying moderate pressures.
Energy content similar to gasoline Inherently clean burning characteristics
Environmental BenefitsEnvironmental Benefits
• Lower photo-chemical smog “ozone” forming potential (which causes cancer and respiratory problems e.g. asthma, bronchitis)
• Lower Greenhouse gas emissions (primarily Carbon dioxide, Methane and Nitrogen oxide) (typically 10-20%) which affect climatic change
• Less urban pollution in – “air toxics” containing carcinogens and
compounds that affect reproductive and neurological systems
– “fine particulates” vs diesel buses and trucks (which causes cancer)
– insignificant levels of sulphur dioxide, the main cause of acid rain
Pollution EffectsPollution Effects
OzoneFormingPotential
GreenhouseEmissions
Air ToxicsEmissions
0102030405060708090
100
OzoneFormingPotential
GreenhouseEmissions
Air ToxicsEmissions
GasolineLPG
(Source : LPG as an Automotive Fuel. Anyon Report. Australia Aug 1998)
Comparative Environmental ImpactComparative Environmental Impact
Particulate Emissions Particulate Emissions (regulated)(regulated)
Diesel CNG LPG010
2030
4050
607080
90100
Diesel CNG LPG
(Source : LPG as an Automotive Fuel. Anyon Report. Australia Aug 1998)
• Principally comprise Air Toxics from motor vehiclesPrincipally comprise Air Toxics from motor vehicles
• Fine particulate matter in motor vehicle exhaust Fine particulate matter in motor vehicle exhaust absorb toxic compounds through mixing in the absorb toxic compounds through mixing in the exhaust stream & carrying them into lungsexhaust stream & carrying them into lungs
• US EPA estimates that mobile (car, truck, bus) US EPA estimates that mobile (car, truck, bus) sources of air toxics account for half of all cancers sources of air toxics account for half of all cancers attributed to outdoor sources of air toxicsattributed to outdoor sources of air toxics
• Some Illnesses caused by exposure:Some Illnesses caused by exposure: Delayed pulmonary edema, death by respiratory Delayed pulmonary edema, death by respiratory
failure, irritation to the gastrointestinal tract, liver failure, irritation to the gastrointestinal tract, liver and kidney damage, birth defects during pregnancy, and kidney damage, birth defects during pregnancy, delayed bone formation, bone marrow damage, and delayed bone formation, bone marrow damage, and decrease in red blood cells leading to anemia.decrease in red blood cells leading to anemia.
Unregulated PollutantsUnregulated Pollutants
Emissions of 1,3-ButadieneEmissions of 1,3-Butadiene
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
2D Diesel Gasoline RFG CNG LPG
mg/kw-h
(Source : LPG as an Automotive Fuel. Anyon Report. Australia Aug 1998)
2D Diesel Gasoline RFG CNG LPG0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
2D Diesel Gasoline RFG CNG LPG
mg/kw-h
(Source : LPG as an Automotive Fuel. Anyon Report. Australia Aug 1998)
Emissions of AcetaldehydeEmissions of Acetaldehyde
Emissions of FormaldehydeEmissions of Formaldehyde
2D Diesel Gasoline RFG CNG LPG0
50
100
150
200
250
300
2D Diesel Gasoline RFG CNG LPG
(Source : LPG as an Automotive Fuel. Anyon Report. Australia Aug 1998)
Emissions of Benzene (unregulated)Emissions of Benzene (unregulated)
2D Diesel Gasoline RFG CNG LPG0
10203040
5060708090
100
2D Diesel Gasoline RFG CNG LPG
mg/kw-h
(Source : LPG as an Automotive Fuel. Anyon Report. Australia Aug 1998)
• Carbon steel construction • 20 times more puncture resistant than a typical
gasoline tank.• Shut off device when the tank reaches 80% of its liquid
capacity.• Non-toxic • Leaks are easily detected because of odorant • Installed safety devices and shut-off valves that
function automatically when the fuel line ruptures.• No possibility of theft.
Safety Benefits of AutogasSafety Benefits of Autogas
Crash tested LPG tanks
LPG cut off in accident
Excess flow valve on tank
If LPG runs out system switches to petrol
Full crash testing
Tank venting
Safety Benefits of AutogasSafety Benefits of Autogas
LPG Efficiency Index : vs Mogas ~ ( 15-25 ) % , vs Diesel ~ ( 70-100 ) %
Auto LPG ManufacturersAuto LPG Manufacturers
• Volvo• Nissan• Ford• Renault• Vauxhall• General Motors
Auto LPG Material BenefitsAuto LPG Material Benefits
Reduced wear during cold starting (Petrol engines need fuel enrichment for cold starting. Excess fuel accumulates on the cylinder wall “washing” away oil and thereby accelerating wear)
Extended engine life due to absence of carbon deposits
Drivability similar to gasoline w/ negligible effect on acceleration and top speed
Reduced soot formation, reduced abrasion & chemical degradation of the oil
• Higher octane number• No annoying odor
0
3
6
9
12
15
18
21
Jan-
00
Feb-
00
Mar
-00
Apr
-00
May
-00
Jun-
00
Jul-0
0
Aug
-00
Sep-
00
Oct
-00
Nov
-00
Dec
-00
Jan-
01
Feb-
01
Mar
-01
Apr
-01
May
-01
Jun-
01
Jul-
01 Aug
-01
Sep-
01
Oct
-01
Nov
-01
Dec
-01
Jan-
02
Feb-
02
Mar
-02
Unleaded
LPG
Peso per liter
ULG / LPG Delta = 26% ave.
Price ComparisonPrice Comparison
ULG vs LPG 2000 to 2002
100
150
200
167 kms. On Unleaded
194 Kms. On Autogas
Average distance a car will travel on P300 of fuel Average distance a car will travel on P300 of fuel (2002)(2002)
Auto LPG Material BenefitsAuto LPG Material Benefits
Auto LPG Financial BenefitsAuto LPG Financial Benefits
Maintenance ItemsMaintenance ItemsGasoline Gasoline
(kms.)(kms.)LPGLPG
(kms.)(kms.)
Oil ChangeOil Change
Oil FilterOil Filter
Engine OverhaulEngine Overhaul
10,000 20,000-30,000
10,000 20,000-30,000
200,000 400,000
18,000Spark Plug ReplacementSpark Plug Replacement 75,000
PESO SavingsPESO Savings(Php per unit/mo.)(Php per unit/mo.)
104.00
32.5
162.50
60.38
Additional CostsAdditional Costs
naFilter KitFilter Kit 110,000 62.50
Net Maintenance SavingsNet Maintenance Savings 296.88
Auto LPG Financial BenefitsAuto LPG Financial Benefits
Cebu CaseCebu Case Unleaded GasolineAutogas
Delta
Conversion Kit Cost
Monthly Savings per car
Payback in years
FuelFuel W/ MaintenanceW/ Maintenance
21.24
16.3230%
1,264.83967.95
15,177.97
18,000.00
Annual Savings per car 11,615.43
18,000.00
1.55 1.19
Distance per day 250 kms
Days in a month 26 days
Petrol Consumption 11.00 ltrs/100 kmsAutogas Consumption 12.65 ltrs./100 kms.
1 Year 6 mos 1 Year 2 mos
Auto LPG Financial BenefitsAuto LPG Financial Benefits
Without taxWithout tax Unleaded GasolineAutogas
Delta
Conversion Kit Cost
Monthly Savings per car
Payback in years
FuelFuel W/ MaintenanceW/ Maintenance
21.24
14.64
45.02%
2,643.742,346.87
31,724.32
18,000.00
Annual Savings per car 28,162.39
18,000.00
0.64 0.57
Distance per day 250 kms
Days in a month 26 days
Petrol Consumption 11.00 ltrs/100 kmsAutogas Consumption 12.65 ltrs./100 kms.
7 mos 6 mos
LPG Efficiency Index : vs Mogas ~ ( 15-25 ) % , vs Diesel ~ ( 70-100 ) %
Fuel Price Comparative AnalysisFuel Price Comparative Analysis
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6
HK
Australia
Turkey
Sri Lanka
Italy
NZ
Greece
Philippines
lpg
diesel
uld
+ 412 %+ 212 %
+ 151 %
+ 148 %
+197%+ 118%
+126 %- 17 %
+104%%+61%%
+79% +8% %
+72%%
+41%%
+ 30%
+ 8%Updated 2002 figures
• Through 3rd generation on vehicle fuel injection systems LPG performance can match or better conventional fuels
• No sluggishness or reduction in power with cold starts as for petrol & diesel
• Higher octane (e.g. typically ULG has 92, propane 104) leads to higher engine power output.
• Higher octane also gives smoother combustion. No additives required to improve performance
• Proven technology & track record and experience as a transport fuel e.g. >40 years in Netherlands & Italy
Performance / Track RecordPerformance / Track Record
Source: 1999 WLGPA Published Autogas Statistics
Hong Kong
Sri Lanka
China
India
Australia
New Zealand
USA
Mexico
Malaysia
South Africa
Turkey S KoreaJapan
Paraguay
Thailand
CanadaRussia
AlgeriaTunisia Iran
UK
France
SpainPortugal
Italy
Greece
SwedenFinland
Norway
Belgium
HollandPoland
Czech
RomaniaBulgariaHungary
DenmarkIreland
Germany
Auto LPG UseAuto LPG Use
Used in > 40 countries
LPG has a lot of advantages over CNG
Source : Automotive LPGas Report by the World LPGas Assoc. 1998
Gasoline Gasoline LPGLPG
Weight of Fuel and Tank (kg)Weight of Fuel and Tank (kg)
Fuel Volume (liters)Fuel Volume (liters)
Storing Pressure (psig)Storing Pressure (psig)
25%
70
75 102
120
100%Vehicle RangeVehicle Range
CNGCNG
288
302
3,000
74%
Refilling Site Investment (Php)Refilling Site Investment (Php) 1.5M 5M
90
Refuelling Time (mins)Refuelling Time (mins) 3 10
Fuel Comparative AnalysisFuel Comparative Analysis
EquipmentEquipment Tank, Pump, Dispenser
Tank, Pump, Dispenser
Supply pipeline access, high pressure compressor, dispenser
Technology proven and available conversion kits available for OEM and
secondary market
Why Auto LPG?Why Auto LPG?
LPG supply infrastructure in place
more than 150 supply points natiowide
excess storage capacity and long on supply
fuel supply infrastructure can readily support AutoLPG
LA UNIONPetron : 700Shell : 900
CEBUPetron : 1,350 Shell : 380 (Pryce +900 by 2001)
BATAANPetron : 3,160 Liquigaz : 12,500
ZAMBOANGAPetron : 190 Pryce : 500
SO. LUZON COASTPetron : 3,160Caltex : 3,160SGE : 45,000 (w/ 15% Total)Nation : 600 +1000 this yr.
PANAY ISLANDSShell : 700Petron : 260 Pryce : 900
NEGROS ISLANDShell : 800 Petron : 280Pryce : 900
AROUND Metro Manila:Shell Pandacan : 2000Petron Pasig : 760 Caltex Pasig : 540 Petron Cavite : 1120 BICOL
Petron : 390
LEYTE ISLANDPetron : 240Pryce : 900Shell : 500
NORTH MINDANAOPryce Balingasag : 2,000Shell Villanueva : 300+1,000Petron : 640Petronas Iligan: 2,000DAVAO
Shell : 580+500 Petron : 430 Pryce : 2,500
GEN. SANTOSPetron : 320
Shell Petron Caltex Pryce Liquigaz Petronas Total Gas Nation
PALAWANPetron : 190
Why Auto Gas?Why Auto Gas?LPG major terminals & filling plants>150 sites nationwide
Conversion Kit DiagramConversion Kit Diagram
Conversion Kit Diagram - EFIConversion Kit Diagram - EFI
A u t o L P G r e - f u e l l i n gA n L P G r e - f u e l l i n g p o i n t c a n b e a s s i m p l e a s
t h i s
L P G T a n k
f i l l i n g h o s e
s a f e t y v a l v e
m e t e r
4 5 . 8 0 l i t r e s
p u m p
c r a s h b a r r i e r
Why Auto LPG?Why Auto LPG?
Italy
Australia
South Korea
Netherlands
Poland
Japan
USA
Mexico
Canada
exUSSR
Others
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
Italy
Australia
South Korea
Netherlands
Poland
Japan
USA
Mexico
Canada
exUSSR
Others
97 x 1000
source : World LPGas Assoc. Report 1998
Largest Auto LPG Markets - VehiclesLargest Auto LPG Markets - Vehicles
0 500 1000 1500 2000
S.Korea
Japan
Australia
Italy
USA
Netherlands
Canada
Mexico
ex USSR
Poland
Others
97 KT
source : World LPGas Assoc. Report 1998
Largest Auto LPG Markets - Largest Auto LPG Markets - GasGas
500,000 vehicles
18,000 taxis, diesel powered and SAR Government legislates all
taxis to convert to Auto LPG by 2006
2001 SAR Government initiating Auto LPG trials on buses and
minibuses
Other Case StudiesOther Case Studies
20 million people, 10 million vehicles 4-5% vehicles on autogas (= 0.5mn) In 1999 worth 1.2mn tonnes or 2000 mn litres 3,300 Autogas filling sites 97% all taxis already on autogas
Hongkong
Australia
1975 1985 1992 1994 19960
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1975 1985 1992 1994 1996
Annualconsump.x 1000 tonnes
(Source : LPG as an Automotive Fuel. Anyon Report. Australia Aug 1998)
Other Case StudiesOther Case Studies
Australia Auto LPG Volume
Removal of P1.63/liter autogas tax Zero or low duty on conversion kits
Government LobbyingGovernment Lobbying
= Lower Auto LPG pump prices/ lower conversion invesment= Faster Conversion Payback= More Conversions and cleaner air
Added ServicesAdded Services
Mechanic/ car-care shorttraining program Occupational and Health Hazards
training seminar Product Knowledge, handling and safety
seminar
Government LobbyingGovernment Lobbying
Some Initiatives:• Tricycle Conversion Program Initiated by Clean Air
Manila• Autogas for LPG fleets initiated by Shell• Conversion of buses and jeepneys to Autogas
instead of rebuilding• Norkis Autogas program• Baguio project to convert Cars to Autogas• Approaching OEM manufacturers (Nissan, Toyota)
Liquified Petroleum Gas as an Automotive Fuel- An Environmental and Technical Perspective. The Peter Anyon Report, Australia, August 1998
Automotive LPGas, Today’s Fuel for a Cleaner Tomorrow, World LPGas Association, France, 1998
Automotive LPG- Today’s Fuel For a Cleaner Tomorrow, World LPG Forum, France, 1995
Auto LPG: Engine & Equipment Developments. Presentation by Shell International, 23 May 1995 Hong Kong
www.alpga.asn.au www.autogas.co.uk www.autogaschallenge.com.au
Information SourcesInformation Sources
Useful WebsitesUseful Websites