luke howard and the invention of clouds. luke howard: 1772-1864
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Luke HowardAnd the invention of clouds
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Luke Howard: 1772-1864
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Precursors to Howard
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1660s: Robert Hooke
“Watr’d” “Waved” “Checker’d” “Hazy” “Hairy”
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1780s: Royal Society of Manheim
• “streaky”• “milky”
Prince-Elector Karl Theodor of Manheim
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1802: LaMarck
“Hazy”
“Torn”
Height differentiation
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Enter Luke Howard
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Occupational conundrum
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An era of Natural Philosophy
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William Allen: Kindred spirit
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The Askesian Society
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Howard’s 1802 cloud classification breakthrough
"there are three simple and distinct modifications, in any one of which the aggregate of minute drops called a cloud may be formed, increase to its greatest extent, and finally decrease and disappear".
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www.cloudman.com/luke/056-lanv.jpg
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www.cloudman.com/luke1/055alt.jpg
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www.rmets.org/images/weather/howard_forms.jpg
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www.rmets.org/images/weather/howard_forms.jpg
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A paradigm shift in cloud watching
“clouds could now be read more clearly, as the visible signs of vast atmospheric processes.”
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Luke Howard’s Legacy
• Instant publication in Philosophy Magazine
• Popularized by Goethe’s poetry
• 1873 “global bureaucracy of naming”
• 1st International Meteorological Congress
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Luke Howard: 1772-1864