EXP: 01 Date:

LVDT CHARACTERISTICS

AIM: To study the characteristics of LVDT

APPARATUS:

1. LVDT

2. Resistors 4.7KΩ - 3

3. 10KΩ POT - 1

4. DMM

5. Signal generator

COLOUR CODE:

Primary: Red and Green / Shield

Secondary: Yellow, Black and green

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

PROCEDURE:

1. Rig up the circuit as shown in figure.

2. Internally set the core of an LVDT at center position and observe the residual voltage of null position.

3. Minimize the residual voltage with external balance circuit.

4. Change the core displacement 1mm in one direction and observe the output voltage in digital multimeter.

5. Repeat the step 4 until the displacement is 10mm, and observe the corresponding output voltage for various displacements in steps of 0.5mm etc.

6. Now it is moved towards other direction and repeat step 5.

7. Draw the graph for displacement Vs output voltage.

TABULAR FORM: MODEL GRAPH:

RESULT: LVDT characteristics are observed and studied.

Displacement(mm) Output voltage (mv)

Right Left

VIVA QUESTIONS:

1. What is the principle of LVDT?

2. What is the residual voltage?

3. What are causes for residual voltage?

4. What is reason for connecting secondaries of LVDT in series opposition?

5. What are materials used for core of the LVDT?

6. What are the advantages with differential o/p of LVDT?

7. What is the range of primary excitation voltage of LVDT?

8. What is the range of frequency which is applied to primary of LVDT?

9. What are advantages of LVDT?

10. What are disadvantages of LVDT?

11. What are the applications of LVDT?

12. What are the different types of transducers used for displacement measurement

13. What is the difference between variable resistance & variable inductance displacement transducer

14. Explain about synchros & resolvers

15. Explain about LVDT basic construction and connection of secondary winding

16. List few advantages of the LVDT type of displacement sensors

17. Define the term residual voltage

18. Define the characteristics of LVDT

19. What is input voltage applied for the LVDT

20. How can you measure the angular displacement

***

Exp: 02 Date:

DC MOTOR MEASUREMENT

AIM: To measure the speed of a motor.

APPARATUS:

1. Regulated power supply (0-30) V

2. DC motor

3. Non contact type tachometer

4. Contact type tacho meter

BLOCK DIAGRAM:

PROCEDURE:

1. Connect the input of motor to the power supply.

2. Vary the input voltage of motor from 10V to 20V in steps of 1 V

3. Measure the speed of motor by using non-contact & contact type tachometers for input voltages of motor given step 2

4. Tabulate the readings of two tacho meters readings & plot a graph

voltage versus speed of the motor TABULAR FORM:

S.No Input voltage

volts (V)

Non contact type tachometer

(rpm)

Contact type tachometer

(rpm) 1 10 Volts 2 11 Volts 3 12 Volts 4 13 Volts 5 14 Volts 6 15 Volts 7 16 Volts 8 17 Volts 9 18 Volts 10 19 Volts 11 20 Volts

RESULT: Signal, which can be used for analog indication or pulses, which can

be digitally counted in terms of resolutions in unit time.

VIVA QUESTIONS:

1. Define the term speed

2. What do you mean by linear speed

3. What do you mean by angular speed

4. List out the various methods used for measurement of speed

5. What are the different types of tachometers?

6. What is the principle of mechanical tachometer

7. Tell about revolution counter

8. What is meant by tachoscope

9. What is a principle of operation of hand speed indicator

10. What are the advantages with slipping clutch tachometer

11. What is principle of centrifugal force tachometer

12. What is a principle of operation of vibrating reed tachometer

13. Classify electrical tachometer

14. Explain the construction of Drage cup tachometer

15. What is the principle of commutated capacitor tachometer

16. What are the parts of commutated capacitor tachometer

17. What are the principle of DC tachometer

18. Differentiate DC tachometer & AC tachometer

19. What are the draw backs of contact type tachometer

20. List out contact less electrical tachometer

***

Exp: 03 Date:

STRAIN MEASUREMENT

AIM: To measure strain using strain gauge set up

APPARATUS:

1. Strain gauge set up 2. DMM 3. DC power supply 4. Resistor-120Ω

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

PROCEDURE:

1. Connect the circuit as shown in circuit diagram

2. Measure the output voltage. Note down reading in tabular column

3. Theoretically,

ei eo = --------------X Rg Rb+Rg

4. Apply strain to be measured on strain gauge so that resistance of strain

gauges changes. It causes change in the output voltage & measure it

5. Theoretically calculate,

Rb.Rg deo = ei --------------------x F x E

(Rb+Rg)2

where F = gauge factor = 2

6. Calculate the unknown strain using the formula

deo (Rb+Rg)2

=---------------------- ei Rb Rg F

TABULAR COLUMN:

S.NO

THEORITICALLY

eo

PRACTICALLY

eo

THEORITICALLY

deo

PRACTICALLY

deo

STRAIN

Model Graph: RESULT: Strain is measured by using strain gauge set up

VIVA QUESTIONS

1. What is a strain gauge

2. Define transducer

3. Classify the transducers

4. What is active transducer

5. What is passive transducer

6. What is the principle of resistive transducer

7. Define the term strain

8. What is the importance of strain measurement

9. What is the working principle of strain gauge

10. Define the term gauge factor of a strain gauge

11. Give the mathematical expression for gauge factor of strain gauge

12. What is meant by Poisson’s ratio

13. What are the different types of strain gauges

14. What do you meant by bounded strain gauge

15. What are the limitations of unbounded strain gauge

16. Explain the principle of foil type strain gauge

17. What are the desirable characteristics of grid material

18. What are the different materials used for strain gauge

19. What are the different circuits used in strain measurement

20. What is a role of dummy gauge in bridge circuit

***

EXP:04

DATE:

LOAD CELL CHARACTERISTICS

AIM:TO STUDY THE CHARACTERISTICS OF A LOAD CELL

APPARATUS:

1.ITB-04-CE Trainer kit

2.Multimeter

3.Load cell sensor with setup

4.Weights(5kg)

5.Power chord

TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS:

CANTILIVER BEAM:

Material :Stainless steel

Type :Compression,Tension and universal

Strain guage :Wire wound resistance

Capacity : 5kg

Guage factor : 1.9 to 2.3

Bridge resistance :350Ω±1Ω

Safety over load :100% of rated capacity

Max.Over load :200% of rated capacity

Operating temperature :100 C-550 C

Accuracy :0.2% of full scale division

Linearity :0.2% of full scale division

Connection :Four core shielded cable

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

PROCEDURE:

1.Istall the load cell sensor and interface the 9thpin of D connector with ITB-04-CE kit. 2.Connect the multimeter in mv mode across T2 and T3 for bridge voltage measurement.

3.Switch ON the module. 4.Initially unloaded the beam and nullify the bridge voltage by using Zero adjustment pot. 5.Now apply the load to the beam, force will develop on the beam and measure the bridge voltage (mv) across T2 and T3. 6.Gradually increase the load on the beam, note down the applied load and bridge voltage(mv). 7.Tabulate the values of applied load and bridge voltage(mv). 8.Plot the graph between applied load Vs bridge voltage(mv). 9.Connect the multimeter in volts mode across T5 and GND for the output voltage measurement. 10.Initially unload the beam and nullify the display by using Zero adjustment POT.

11.Aplly the minimum load of 5kg to the beam and adjust the display to 5kg by using gain adjustment POT. 12.Now apply the load to the beam, a force will be develope on the beam and measure the output voltage (V) across T5 and GND. 13.Generally increase the load and note down the output voltage(V) and applied load. 14.Tabulate the values of displayed load, applied load and output voltage(V). 15.Plote the graph between applied load and output voltage(V).

TABULAR COLUMN 1:

S.NO APPLIED LOAD In kg

BRIDGE OUTPUT VOLTAGE In volts

TABULAR COLUMN 2:

S.NO

Applied load

(kg)

Output voltage in volts

Displayed load(kg)

%Error

MODEL GRAPH: 1.Applied load Vs Bridge voltage

2. ACTUAL LOAD Vs OUTPUT VOLTAGE 3. ACTUAL LOAD Vs %ERROR

FORMULA TO BE USED:

% of Error=Applied load – Displayed load ___________________________ X 100 Applied load RESULT:

VIVA QUESETIONS:

1. What are the different methods to measure force? 2. what is the principle of elastic force meters? 3. What are the desirable properties of the materials used for constructing elastic force meters? 4. What are the different types of load cells? 5. What is the principle of Proven Ring? 6. Explain about mechanical Load cells? 7. What is the principle of hydraulic load cells? 8. What is the function of Flapper Nozzle in Pneumatic load ceel? 9. what are the features of strain gauge load cell? 10. Explain the working of strain gauge load cell? 11. How temperature compensation is provided in strain gauge load cells? 12.What are the advantages of semi conductor strain gauge? 13. What are the limitations of strain gauge load cell? 14. What is the principle of pressductor load cell? 15. What are the advantages of bonded strain gauge? 16. Explain the surface preparation techniques for mounting of straingauges? 17.What are the application of load cells? 18. Explain the principle of column type load cell? 19. What are the advantages of full bridge configuration in strain gauge signal conditioning circuits? 20.How load cell is calibrated? ***

Exp: 5 Date:

TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT USING RTD

AIM: To measure the temperature using RTD.

APPARATUS:

1. PT 100 RTD

2. Mercury thermometer

3. Multimeter

4. Water bath

5. Heating element

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

PROCEDURE:

1. Rig up the circuit as shown in figure.

2. Heat the water bath by using heating element and measure the resistance change in the RTD for every 5ºC raise in temperature, until the temperature raises to 95ºC.

3. Slowly cool down the water and measure the resistance of RTD for every 5ºC fall of temperature.

4. Calculate the error.

5. Plot the graph of resistance Vs temperature and error Vs temperature.

CALCULATIONS: Sensitivity = ∆R indicated/∆T Actual

TABULAR FORM:

Actual

temperature(ºC)

Resistance (Ω) Error

Rr-Rf(Ω) Raising(Rr) Falling (Rf)

MODEL GRAPH:

Resistance Vs Temperature: Error Vs Temperature:

RESULT:

Temperature is measured using RTD, Sensitivity = ----------------------

VIVA QUESTIONS:

1. Name different types of transducers for the measurement of temperature?

2. What is principle of RTD?

3. The temperature range that can be measured by using RTD is

4. What are materials used for RTD?

5. State the reasons for selecting platinum as RTD material?

6. What are the properties of material that can be used for RTD?

7. What is meant by positive temperature coefficient of resistance of RTD?

8. What is equation for converting Fahrenheit into Celsius?

9. One RTD is named as PT-100. What it means?

10. What are the methods to calibrate RTD?

11..Why temperature is important parameter in process Industries

12.Why RTD is less sensitive than thermistor

13.What are advantages of RTD?

14.What are the applications of RTD?

15.Why RTD needs lead wire compensation?

16.What is meant by 2 wire configuration

17.How do use RTD for measuring average temperature

18.What meant by 3 wire compensation

19.What are the advantages with 3 wire compensation

20.What meant by positive temperature coefficient of temperature

EXP:06

DATE:

TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT USING THERMO COUPLE

Aim:

To measure the temperature using the thermo couple

Apparatus:

1. Physitech make measurement of the temperature using thermo couple

2. Thermo couple.

Circuit Diagram:

Procedure:

1. Connect the power chord to 230V AC mains & the switch ON the supply.

2. Connect the thermocouple probe as mentioned on trainer kit

3. Adjust the initial reading on display to read room temperature i.e. ,27oc by varying zero adjustment potentiometer provided on the band.

4. Now place the thermocouple probe in a oven to read the temperature

5.Notice the rise temperature reading as the oven get heated.

6. you can compare the readings with any other standard temperature.

7.Take the reading & plot the graph emf Vs the temperature

Result: The temperature is measured by using thermocouple & graph is plotted for Thermo meter Vs Thermocouple reading.

TABULAR FORM:

S.No Increasing temperature

Thermometer reading(oc) Thermocouple reading(mm)

RESULT:

VIVA QUESETIONS:

1. What is the principle of thermocouple? 2. List some temperature measurement techniques for temperature greater

than 10000c? 3. Briefly explain about thermocouples? 4. List and explain about three laws of thermocouples? 5. What are the common materials used for thermocouples? 6. What is a thermocouple? 7. How can you measure the temperature in boilers? 8. What are the errors in temperature measurement? 9. How thermocouple can be used to measure the differences between two

temperatures? 10. What is meant by peltier effect? 11. What is meant by Thompson effect? 12. What is meant by cold junction compensation in thermocouple? 13. Why cold junction compensation is required in thermocouple? 14. What are the advantages of thermocouple? 15. What are the different types of thermocouple?

16. What are the materials used for k-type thermocouple?

17. What are the disadvantages of thermocouple? 18. Compare thermocouple and RTD?

19. How thermocouple can be used for average temperature measurement?

20. What are the desirable characteristics of thermocouple materials?

Exp: 7 Date:

CONTROL VALVE CHARACTERISTICS

AIM: To measure the pressure variable using process station

APPARATUS:

1. Pressure station

2. Stop watch

3. 5V regulated power supply

BLOCK DIAGRAM:

V/I

CONVERTER

I/P

CONVERTER

CONTROL

VALVE

PROCESS

TANK

PRESSURE

GAUGE

AIR

COMPRESSOR

PROCEDURE:

1. Switch of all the parameters, take the input pressure with the aid of compressor

2. Regulate the supply pressure to a constant value of 20 PSI

3. apply the input signal in the form of analog voltage signal as an input to the I –V converter

4. O/P of V/I take as an input to yhe I/P converter to drive the pneumetic control valve

5. record the pressure build in the chamber w.r.t to time

MODEL OF EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS:

TIME IN Sec

SL.NO PRESSURE IN

TANK (PSI)

VOLTAGE

1.5V

VOLTAGE

2.5V

VOLTAGE

3.5V

PRESSURE

INDICATED

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

10

20

29

41

57

67

76

86

10

19

29

41

54

68

87

120

6

18

29

41

55

67

89

130

0.7 Kg/sq.cm

1.2 Kg/sq.cm

1.7 Kg/sq.cm

2.2 Kg/sq.cm

2.7 Kg/sq.cm

3.1 Kg/sq.cm

3.5 Kg/sq.cm

3.7 Kg/sq.cm

CALIBRATION:

1. Calibration of V/I converter by using ammeter 0V - 4mA and 5V – 20mA

2. Maintain the pressure gauge NO-3 to 20Psi.

3. Maintain the pressure gauge NO-1 to 30Psi.

4. Calibration of pressure indicator by using min and max position

MODEL GRAPH:

2.5v

1.5v

3.5v

prsssure in Psi

TABULAR FORM:

TIME IN Sec

SL.NO PRESSURE IN

TANK (PSI)

VOLTAGE

1.5V

VOLTAGE

2.5V

VOLTAGE

3.5V

PRESSURE

INDICATED

RESULT: Measurement & calibrations of pressurwe is done.

VIVA QUESTIONS:

1.What are the units of pressure?

2.Define difference between atmospheric pressure and absolute pressure?

3.List few applications of pressure measurement?

4.What is the difference between gauge pressure and vacuum pressure?

5.Name two instruments used to measure low pressure?

6.How an elastic diaphragm gauge is used to measure pressure?

7.What is dynamic or impact pressure?

8.How a dead weights tester is used to calibrate pressure-measuring device?

9.Define bourdon tube pressure gauge?

10.Define bellows gauge, strain gauge used to measure pressure?

11.Define the maximum pressure you can measure in your experiment?

12.What is the relation between voltage and current in your experiment?

13.Explain the relation between current and pressure in your experiment?

14.What is the average time taken to fill the pressure in PSI for 25%, 50% of control value?

15.What is the technique used for pressure measurement in your experiment?

16.How can you reduce the error between actual and indicated measurement of pressure?

17.Explain how controlling i/p voltage can control pressure in your workstation?

18.How pressure is converted into electrical signals in your workstation?

19.What is the range of pressure applying for control value from I/P converter?

20.Finally analyze your results.

***

EXP:08 DATE:

MEASUREMENT AND CALIBRATION OF PRESSURE

AIM: To measure the pressure variable using process station

APPARATUS:

4. Pressure station

5. Stop watch

6. 5V regulated power supply

BLOCK DIAGRAM:

V/I

CONVERTER

I/P

CONVERTER

CONTROL

VALVE

PROCESS

TANK

PRESSURE

GAUGE

AIR

COMPRESSOR

PROCEDURE:

6. Switch of all the parameters, take the input pressure with the aid of compressor

7. Regulate the supply pressure to a constant value of 20 PSI

8. apply the input signal in the form of analog voltage signal as an input to the I –V converter

9. O/P of V/I take as an input to yhe I/P converter to drive the pneumetic control valve

10. record the pressure build in the chamber w.r.t to time

MODEL OF EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS:

TIME IN Sec

SL.NO PRESSURE IN

TANK (PSI)

VOLTAGE

1.5V

VOLTAGE

2.5V

VOLTAGE

3.5V

PRESSURE

INDICATED

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

10

20

29

41

57

67

76

86

10

19

29

41

54

68

87

120

6

18

29

41

55

67

89

130

0.7 Kg/sq.cm

1.2 Kg/sq.cm

1.7 Kg/sq.cm

2.2 Kg/sq.cm

2.7 Kg/sq.cm

3.1 Kg/sq.cm

3.5 Kg/sq.cm

3.7 Kg/sq.cm

CALIBRATION:

5. Calibration of V/I converter by using ammeter 0V - 4mA and 5V – 20mA

6. Maintain the pressure gauge NO-3 to 20Psi.

7. Maintain the pressure gauge NO-1 to 30Psi.

8. Calibration of pressure indicator by using min and max position

MODEL GRAPH:

2.5v

1.5v

3.5v

prsssure in Psi

TABULAR FORM:

TIME IN Sec

SL.NO PRESSURE IN

TANK (PSI)

VOLTAGE

1.5V

VOLTAGE

2.5V

VOLTAGE

3.5V

PRESSURE

INDICATED

RESULT: Measurement & calibrations of pressurwe is done.

VIVA QUESTIONS:

1. What are the units of pressure?

2. Define difference between atmospheric pressure and absolute pressure?

3. List few applications of pressure measurement?

4. What is the difference between gauge

5. How an elastic diaphragm gauge is used to measure pressure?

6. What is dynamic or impact pressure?

7. How a dead weights tester is used to calibrate pressure-measuring device?

8. Define bourdon tube pressure gauge?

9. Define bellows gauge, strain gauge used to measure pressure?

10. Define the maximum pressure you can measure in your experiment?

11. What is the relation between voltage and current in your experiment?

12. Explain the relation between current and pressure in your experiment?

13. What is the average time taken to fill the pressure in PSI for 25%, 50% of control value?

14. What is the technique used for pressure measurement in your experiment?

15. How can you reduce the error between actual and indicated measurement of pressure?

16. Explain how controlling i/p voltage can control pressure in your workstation?

17. How pressure is converted into electrical signals in your workstation?

18. What is the range of pressure applying for control value from I/P converter? 19.Name two instruments used to measure low pressure?

20. Finally analyze your results?

EXP:09 DATE: MEASUREMENT OF pH AIM: To calibrate the PH meter and to measure the PH values of different buffer solutions. APPARATUS: 1 .PH Electrodes 2. Electro stand

3 .Distilled water 4. Buffer 5. Digital PH meter 335

THEORY: PH is measure of hydrogen ion concentration in solution it is an important parameter to determine the quality of water. The PH value is expressed as PH =1/(logc

10) Where c=concentration of H+ ions in a solution.

The concentration of H+ and OH- ions is called as PH.The PH of the solution is defined as the negative logarithm of H+ ions.PH refers to the presence of H+ ions in a given solution. Depending on the PH values the solutions are classified into acidic, basic and neutral. If the PH value is<7 gives the acidic nature of the solution and PH value >7 gives the basic nature of the solution. APPLICATIONS:

1. In chemical industries to get satisfactory output the PH of the chemical

solution must be maintained at the required level and in the process

industries the acidity of the liquid plays a vital role in the corrosion of the

metal bodies like condensers and pipelines in the industries. So the PH of the

liquid solution be measured before sending through pipes.

2. PH measurement is also used in manufacturing of paints. Because to decrease

the damage of bricks, metals from acid rains.

3. In medical field also some standard PH solutions are used as medicines.

The PH of solution can be measured by using electrodes. There is

one standard electrode and other electrode is used as reference electrode.

CIRCUIT DIAGARM :

PROCEDURE:

1. Take the distilled water in a 100ml glass beaker.

2. Prepare buffer solution using given buffer solution tablets (capsules)

using distilled water.

3. Properly clear the electrodes with distilled water and smoothly clear

the electrode using a soft cloth.

4. Immerse the electrodes in the distilled water both standard and

reference electrodes. Connect the electrodes to the digital PH meter

needs a display valve, from digital display.

5. The valve should be PH=7.0 at room temperature. The room

temperature can be adjusted using a knob.

6. If the PH is not showing 7.0.Calibrate the PH meter using calibrate knob

on the front panel of the PH meter until it reaches PH =7.0.This

completes the process of calibration.

MEASUREMENT:

1. Take three or more buffer solutions of different PH and measure the PH

values by using PH meter.

2. Keep the push button of the front panel of the PH meter in milli volts

range and note down the millivolts output corresponding to PH values

of the buffer solution.

3. Tabulate PH and millivolt readings and draw a graph between

measured PH and standard PH.

Calibration:

S.No PH value Measured PH value

Measurement:

S.No PH buffer solution measurement PH Output(mV)

RESULT:

The PH meter is calibrated and a PH value of different buffer solutions is measured

Exp:10 Date:

COLOUR INTENSITY MEASUREMENT AIM: To measure the light intensity and find the dark current using photodiode. APPARATUS:

1.DC Regulated power supply:0-30 Volts 2.Photo diode :TIL84-1 no 3.Resistor :1kΩ 4.DC Ammeter :(0-500)µA 5.DC voltmeter 0-20)volts

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM :

THEORY: If a reverse biased p-n junction is illuminated, the current varies almost linearly with the light flux. This effect is exploited in the semiconductor photo diode. This device consists of a p-n junction embedded in a clear plastic. Radiation is allowed to fall upon one surface across the junction. The remaining sides of the plastic are either painted black or enclosed in a metallic case.The entire unit is extremely small compared with a photo tube. The photo diode has dimensions of the order of the tenths of an inch. If the reverse voltage in excess of a few tenths of a volt is applied, an almost constant current is obtained. The dark current corresponds to thr reverse saturation current due to the thermally generated minority carriers. These minority carriers fall down the potential till at the junction where as these barriers does not allow the majority carriers to cross the junction. Now if light falls upon the surface, additional electron hole pair are formed since the concentration of majority carriers greatly exceeds that of majority carriers is much smaller. Then the percent increases in majority, minority carriers. Hence it is justifiable to ignore the increase in majority density and to consider the radiation solely as a minority carrier injector. PROCEDURE:

1. Connect the circuit as shown in the figure.

2. Close the photodiode entirely to obstruct any light falling on it.

3. Vary the supply voltage in steps of 1volt and note down the reading of

voltmeter and ammeter in tabular form. This gives the dark current through

the diode with variation in the voltage across it.

4. Now allow some light to fall on the photodiode and repeat the procedure

specified in step2.

5. Repeat the above procedure in step 4 different intensities of light on the

diode.

6. Draw the graph for the different intensities of light by taking voltage across

the diode on abscissa and current through the diode in the ordinate.

TABULAR COLUMN:

S.No Intensity 1 Intensity 2 Intensity 3

VR(V) IR(µA) VR(V) IR(µA) VR(V) IR(µA)

Model Graph:

RESULT: Light intensity is measured and dark current is obtained by using

photodiode.

VIVA QUESTIONS:

1. Draw the schematic symbol of photo diode?

2. Explain the principle of photoconduction?

3. Define dark current?

4. What are the applications of photo diode?

5. In what sense does the photo diode differs from a rectifier diode?

6. An increase in the amount of light energy produces --------.

7. Photo diode can also be used as variable resistance.(true/false) support your answer.

8. How much will be the dark current for this particular devise?

9. Photo diode is one of the fastest diode. (True/False).

10. In which region does the photo diode?

11. Draw the basic arrangement of biasing of a photodiode?

12. Why photo diode works in reverse bias condition only?

13. What are the materials used for the fabrication of diode ?

14. What is dark resistance in photo diode?

15. What are the Difference between photo diode and phototransistor?

16. Can we use the photo diode for AM generation?

17. Does photo diode works in forward bias condition?

18. Can we replace photo diode with ordinary diode?

19. Differentiate between Photo diode and LED?

20. What is the principle behind photoemission?

EXP:NO:11

Date:

MEASUREMENT OF FLOW

AIM: To measure the flow water

APPARATUS: Flow setup, Regulated power supply

BLOCK DIAGRAM:

RPS

SIGNAL

CONDITIONING

I/P CONVERTER

AIR SUPPLY

TANK RESORVOIR

MOTOR

CONTROL VALVE

ROTAMETER

PROCESS TANK

TANK RESERVOIR

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM :

PROCEDURE:

1. Close all the valves of the station fill the water to half of the tank of the reservoir

2. Open the hand valve of the process tank to drain out the water.

3. Now slowly open the hand valve of the air pressure so that the reading gage 1 is 50 Psi.

4. Now with the help of air pressure to 20 Psi

5. Set the RPS reading to 0 V before connecting it to the signal corresponding equipment

6. Now switch on the power supply to signal conditioning circuit and to the motor

7. Turn the motor hand valve to half of one rotation. Slowly increase the supply voltage so that the output of the I/P converter shows 7.5 Psi.

8. Note down the corresponding supply voltage and the flow rate of the water.

9. Keep the motor valve in the same position and in the steps of 0.5 Psi note down corresponding supply voltages.

10. Draw the graph between the flow rate of water and I/P converter O/P

A) MODEL OF EXPRIMENTAL RESULTS:

S.NO RPS READING

IN VOLTS

I/P CONVERTER

OUTPUT

ROTAMETER

READING

1 0.5 5 0

2 1.0 6 0

3 1.5 7.5 460

4 2.0 8.5 680

5 2.5 9.5 880

6 3.0 11 940

7 3.5 12 960

8 4.0 13.5 980

9 4.5 15 1000

10 5.0 15 1000

CALIBRATION:

1. Calibration of V/I converter by using mill ammeter adjusts knob at 0V=4mA and 5V=20mA.

2. Adjustment of pressure gauge NO-3 to 20Psi.

3. Maintain the pressure gauge NO-1 to 30Psi.

MODEL GRAPH:

OBSERVATION TABLE:

RPS reading I/P converter o/p Rota meter

Result:

VIVA QUESTIONS:

1. List the different types of flow measurement techniques?

2. What are the various types of head type of flow measurement techniques?

3. What are the different types of electrical flow measurement techniques?

4. What are the advantages of electro magnetic flow measurement techniques?

5. Explain the principle of constant current flow measurement techniques?

6. Give the examples for variable area flow measurement techniques?

7. What is the flow measurement technique used in petrol bunks?

8. Explain the working principle of turbine meter flow measurement technique?

9. What are the advantages of venturi tube over than orifice?

10. Explain the working principle of magnetic flow meter?

11. Define volume flow rate?

12. Define Reynolds’s number?

13. What is the significance of Reynolds’s number?

14. Give the mathematical expression for the head type flow measurement technique?

15. How do you measure the blood flow?

16. What is the flow meter used to measure the high viscosity fluids?

17. What is the application of positive displacement flow meter?

18. What is anemometer?

19. Explain the principle of ultrasonic flow meter?

20. Give the mathematical expression for transmission type flow meter?

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Exp: 12 Date:

TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT USING THERMISTOR

AIM: To study the characteristics of Thermistor and plot the graph of output voltage Vs Temperature.

APPARATUS:

1. Thermistor

2. Pot 10KΩ

3. Regulated power supply

4. Multimeter

5. Thermometer

6. Water bath

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

PROCEDURE:

1. Rig up the circuit as shown in the figure.

2. Balance the POT such that the output voltage is equal to 5V at room temperature.

3. Place the thermistor to the outer walls of the heater with the help of tape.

4. Ensure the thermistor and temperature indicator at the same contact point.

5. Switch on the circuit and measure the output voltage for very 5˚C raise in temperature up to 80˚C.

6. Note the output voltage for corresponding fall of temperature.

7. Calculate the difference in output voltage for corresponding temperature.

8. Plot graph between temperature Vs output voltage and error Vs Temperature.

CALCULATIONS:

Sensitivity = ∆V indicated/∆T indicated

TABULAR FORM:

Room temperature=------------- Output voltage=----------------------

Temperature

indicated (ºC)

Output voltage (volts) Error (V)

Vr-Vf Raising(Vr) Falling (Vf)

MODEL GRAPH:

RESULT: The characteristics of thermistor are studied and the graph is plotted.

Sensitivity=----------------------

VIVA QUESTIONS:

1. Define temperature.

2. List different types of temperature transducers.

3. What is a thermistor, how is it used for temperature measurement.

4. What are the limitations of thermistor?

5. Briefly explain about thermocouples.

6. List and explain about three laws of thermocouples.

7. What are the common materials used for thermocouples.

8. What is a thermopile?

9. How can you measure the temperature in boilers?

11.What is the resistance of your thermistor at room temperature.

12.How you have placed a thermistor on your water tab.

13.How can you set the minimum voltage or temperature in your circuit diagram?

14.Explain how you can adjust the maximum voltage in your circuit diagram.

15.How many iteration it has taken for calibration.

16.Explain in what way you reduced your water temperature.

17.What are the advantages of thermistor?

18.What are the disadvantages of thermistor?

19.What are the applications of thermistor?

20.How do you use thermistor as temperature compensating element in bridge circuits?

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Exp: 13 Date:

LEVEL MEASUREMENT

AIM: To measure the liquid level in the process tank.

APPARATUS:

1. Level controller setup

2. Stop watch

3. Regulated power supply

4. Air compressor BLOCK DIAGRAM:

THEORY:

Level measurement is one of the oldest measurements. The level of the

liquids may affect both the pressure and the rate of flow in and out of the tank or

vessel. Hence the quantity may be affected.

Float operated indicator is used to measure liquid levels in tank in which

float is transmitted to a pointer through a suitable mechanism which indicates the

level on a calibrated scale. Various types of floats are used such as hallow metal

and disk shaped floats. With float operated type mechanism in the liquid level can

be transmitted to distant place using a hydraulic transmission system. It consists of

four bellows two in the transmitter and two in the receiver. Bellows are

hydraulically connected through pipes filled with a coil when the float moves up

and down which accounts to change in level its position is transmitted by a lowest

arm to the bellows when the level rises and other compressed. This causing the

pipe of flow.

The bellows are balanced so that its movement at the transmitter and is

reproduce in the reverse mode at the receiving and that acts on the compensating

link pivoted on the pointer in the same directions and will rotate the power is

proportional to the level valve.

PROCEDURE:

1. Switch off all the parameters, drain out water from the process tank and close the drain valve.

2. Take the input pressure by using air compressor.

3. By using air regulator adjust the 2Kg/Cm2 at pressure gauge – 1 and 20-25 Psi at pressure gauge – 2.

4. Switch on the motor and adjust the flow rate at 300Lph by using rotameter.

5. Switch on the DC regulated power supply

6. Take the readings of level with respect to time. Plot the graph level in Cm Vs time in Sec.

7. Repeat the above steps at different floe rates i.e; 400 Lph and 500 Lph.

8. Plot a graph of Level Vs Tome for the three different flow rates i.e; 300 Lph, 400 Lph and 500 Lph.

TABULAR FORM:

Flow rate = 300 Lph Flow rate = 400Lph Flow rate = 500 Lph

Level (Cm)

Time (Sec)

Level (Cm)

Time (Sec)

Level (Cm)

Time (Sec)

MODEL GRAPH:

RESULT: The liquid level is measured in the process tank for different flow rates and graph is plotted.

VIVA QUESTIONS:

1. What is importance of level measurement in process Industries?

2. Name different techniques for in direct method of level measurement?

3. What are advantages of slight glass method of level measurement?

4. What are disadvantages of float type level indicator?

5. What is principle of displacer level indicator?

6. What are different types of displacer level detectors?

7. Name the level indicator based indirect method?

8. What is the principle of Hydrostatic type level indicator?

9. What are the advantages of Electrical type lvel indicators?

10. What is Air purge system?

11. What is another name for bubbler tube?

12. What are the advantages of radiation level detectors?

13. define difference between diredt & indirect liquid level measuring devices

14. How can gamma rays be used to measure liquid level

15. Explain the principle behind electric liquid level sensors

16. What are the sensors used to measure liquid levels in metal & non-metallic tanks

17. How can you measure the liquid level in conductive & non-conductive liquids

18. What are different liquid level sensors

19. How hydrostatic pressure can be used for measuring liquid level

20. What are the differences between bubbler & purge system

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