12 M4ay 1972 34

Vol 176 No i403E.X5

LETTERS Air Quality Standards: A. E. Smith and B. Bloom; Aquatic Ecosystems: J. C. Briggs;T. H. Fraser; J. A. Duke; R. E. Lee; President's Science Message: A. B. Meinel;Cans: E. L. Yochelson .........................

Career Education-A New Priority: S. P. Marland .............................

ARTICLES Time Reversal: R. G. Sachs ................................................

Energetics and Pollination Ecology: B. Heinrich and P. H. Raven .................

Electromyography Comes of Age: J. V. Basmajian ..............................

On the Impact of the Computer on Society: J. Weizenbaum ......................

NEWS AND COMMENT

BOOK REVIEWS

Nonlethal Weapons: Kennedy Prods NSF into Law and Order Territory ..........

Biologics Division to Be Transferred to FDA ................................

Unionization: Scientists, Engineers, Mull Over One Alternative ..................

French University Reorganization: Voila, Thirteen Universities of Paris ........

Zealous Advocates: S. J. Gould ............................................

The Evolution of Communication: E. 0. Wilson; other review by M. Argyle ........

A. Paradigm Shift in Psychology: U. Neisser; other reviews by R. K. Lindsay,S. H. Barondes, L. Kaufman ............................................

A Central Concept in Anthropology: 1. R. Buchler; other reviews by D. W. Fiske,E. van de Walle .....................................................

A Call for Unity: C. Albritton; other reviews by D. Wolfle, P. Y. Hammond,T. R. Wessel ........................... ............................

Polluters and Regulators: R. H. Harris and D. F. Luecke; other reviews byG. D. Brewer, M. Apgar IV ............................................

The Universe: Some Facts to Go On: G. B. Field; other reviews byR. S. Shankland, D. Harker, H. Elias .....................................

B0OARD OF DIRECTORS MIPEReirNg RECaSv t a:Retifring' 0President. 0Ch:airma:ntIGLtNN T. SEABORO , -, LEONARD M. RIESERP.resident ~~~~:I~I~~~I~~ Preosident-Elect

DAVID BLACKWELLRICHARD H.0BOLT

LEWISiM. BRANSCOMOBA~RRYCOMMONER

EDITORIAL

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Mammals Presumed Most Useful: C. A. Reed; other reviews by C. H. Southwick,C. E., Oxnard, J. F. Crow, J. S. Farris, J. L. Harper ...........................656

Reef Research: W. A. Newman and T. F. Da-na; others reviews by F. R. Fosberg,E. Barham, W. B. White, A. J. Jelinek .................................... ..661

Views of Faraday: B. S. Finn; other reviews by J. M. Briggs, Jr., K. Birr,W. Coleman, J. Stannard .................................................665

Books Reviewed in Science: 14 May 1971 through 5 May 1972 ...................696Books Received........................................................ 704

REPORTs Lunar Glass: Interferometric Evidence for Low-Temperature Shock: S. Tolansky .... 671

Genetic Polymorphism of Basic Proteins from Parotid Saliva: E. A. Azen ............673

Diphasic Postsynaptic Potential: A Chemical Synapse Capable of MediatingConjoint Excitation and Inhibition: D. Gardner and E. R. Kandel ...............675

-Cholesteric Liquid Crystal-Like Structure of the Cuticle of Plusiotis gloriosa:A. Pace, Jr...........................................................678

Decremental Conduction over "Giant" Afferent Processes in an Arthropod:D. H. Paul ............................................................680

Galactonic Acid in Galactosemia: Identification in the Urine: W. R. Bergren et al. 683

Tongue Cooling during Drinking: A Regulator of Water Intake in Rats:G. Kapatos and R. M. Gold ..............................................685

Pregnancy Suppression by an Antiserum to the Sperm Specific Lactate Dehydrogenase:E. Goldberg and J. Lerum ...............................................686

Nucleotide Sequence of a Lysine Transfer Ribonucleic Acid from Bakers' Yeast:J. T. Madison, S. J. Boguslawski, G. H. Teetor ...............................687

Unilateral Increase of Auditory Sensitivy following Early Auditory Exposure:K. R. Henry ...........................................................689

Decay of Information in Short-Term Memory: A. Wingfield and D. L. Byrnes ........690Wavelength Effect on Visual Latency: F. S. Weingarten ............................692Technical Commenits: Dual Mechanisms of Ion Absorption: A. W. Atkinson, Jr.,

et al.; S. Kannan; Nucleation and Lattice Disregistry: L. F. Mondolfo;B. Vonnegut and H. Chessin............................................694

COVERWARD H. GOODENOUGH DAIL .M0YNHAWKLAMT GOLDEN WILLIAM BEVAN

CARY P.HASINSHYLIS . RKIN Trasuer xecuiveOffcerF-irst sheet of patent for the SperryGELG N EGRAPHY E BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES (FG) ATRPLG H basic gyrocompass patent (1911).

Frank C. Whitmore Ian Sussex Richard N., AdamsKe:2gyowelcs;1,arnWilliam E. Benso icadJ.Gs Anthony'LeedsENGINEERING (M) ~ MEDICAL.SCIENCES ~(N) DENTISTRY (Nd) ring; 17, phantom; 18, suspension orNewman A. Hesll Robert W. Berineiooeph1wirnrRRbrLDnob F oga LWrason' Jloseoh Perie toriowre 19, gimbal ring; 21, hori-

zontal pivots; 27, compass card; 28INFORMATION AND. STTITCS() ATMOSPHERIC AND HYDROSPHERIC ad2,gasdie ysroooCOMMUNICTIN1) W Duane Evans SCIENCESrdivn(W)eromto

Andre'w A. Aloes EzraGlsrJohn A. Knauss (not shown); 31, trolley; 32, contacts;Scot AdasLuis . Baten49, bail; 49b, yielding connection.From Elmer Sperry: Inventor andEngineer, reviewed on page 668.

12 May 1972, Volume 176, Numbe

AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FORTHE ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE

Science serves its readers as a forum for thepresentation and discussion of important issuesrelated to the advancement of science, includingthe presentation of minority or conflicting pointsof view, rather than by publishing only materialon which a consensus has been reached. Accord-ingly, all articles published in Science-includingeditorials, news and comment, and book reviews-are signed and reflect the individual views of theauthors and not official points of view adopted bythe AAAS or the institutions with which the authorsare affiliated.

Editorial Board1972

ALFRED BROWN FRA.NK PRESSJAMBS F. CROW FRANK W. PUTNAMTHOMAs KUHN WALTER 0. ROBERTSELLIOTT W. MONTROLL

1973H. S. GUTOWSKYARTHUR D. HASLERRUDOLF KOMPFNERDANIEL E. KOSHLAND, JR.

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r 4035 SCIE:NCE

Career Education-A New PriorityMost of us who read Science have found our careers to be a central

and important source of satisfaction and meaning in our lives. But oureducational system has not made available to many of our young peoplethe sense of dignity and achievement of a meaningful career.Too often, young men and women find their work by chance, rather

than after an assessment of their own abilities and interests and of theopportunities that are available to them. In a simpler age, young peoplesaw their parents and other adults at work and often worked beside them,developing skills and an understanding of the world of work. But today,our homes and schools are separated from our places of work. Young.people have little knowledge of the world of work. Formal educationmust therefore do a better job of preparing and informing students forthe choices they face.We need, too, greater flexibility about the timing of various phases of

our education. Educational opportunity should not be artificially con-fined to the first third of one's life. It should, instead, be accessible tomen and women as they want and need it to allow growth and changethroughout their lives.The key to reform in contemporary American education lies, I believe,

in the concept of "career education." In the primary grades, childrenshould learn more about the world of work and the various roles theymight play in it. In the middle grades hands-on experience and practicalobservation of career areas that are of most interest should be provided.In high school and postsecondary education, children need the opportu-nity to learn specific skills to lead them to meaningful employment. Fur-ther, career education means the opportunity for an individual to returnfor further formal learning as it is needed and wanted.

Perhaps most immediately we see career education as a new source ofmotivation in the lives of all young people as they move up the educationladder. The development of career education has been made a Presi-dential priority, and, in the U.S. Office of Education, I have made it ourfirst priority.To move career education from the realm of ideas into the world, we

are working in several ways simultaneously. The concept itself needs fur-ther refinement and debate, and for this we are using both the talentson our own staff in the Department of Health, Education, and Welfareand also enlisting the critical abilities of scholars and practitioners in anumber of relevant fields.At the same time, we are developing a series of models to explore

what career education could be like in practice. Six school districts acrossthe country are cooperating in the development and testing of curriculuminnovations for career education. These efforts will continue through thenext school year. An "employer-based" model is also being designed totest the possibility of basing the education of some young people outsideof traditional schools. We are also working on models to bring careereducation to those who are cut off from the usual institutional sourcesof education, in homes and in special arrangements for isolated ormigrant families. Most of the states are also developing their own pro-grams and centers to begin providing career education for many youngpeople.The path of change is never smooth or clear. But we believe that the

basic concept of career education holds promise for major and neededreform.-SIDNEY P. MARLAND, JR., U.S. Commissioner of Education