ma malayalam - sdeuoc.ac.in

UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT

SCHOOL OF DISTANCE EDUCATION

MA MALAYALAM

(I SEMESTER)

Course Code: MAL1C01

190051



MA MALAYALAM

കവിത �പാചീന- മധകാല കവിത

(2020 Admission)

3

UNIVERSITY OF CALICUTSCHOOL OF DISTANCE EDUCATION

�പാചീന- മധകാല കവിത

STUDY MATERIAL

I Semester


MA MALAYALAM



Calicut University P.O. Malappuram,

Kerala, India – 673635

UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT SCHOOL OF DISTANCE EDUCATION

കവിത

STUDY MATERIAL

MA MALAYALAM


5

UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT SCHOOL OF DISTANCE EDUCATION

Study Material I Semester

MA MALAYALAM


�പാചീന- മധകാല കവിത

Prepared by:

Devan.P.K,

Head Of The Department, Department Of Malayalam,

Sree Sastha College, Edakkad,

Elankur (P.O), Malappuram.

Scrutinized By:

Prof.K.M.Narayanan Namboothiri,

Professor (Retd.)

Department Of Malayalam, Zamorin's Guruvayurappan

College, Kozhikode

6

CONTENTS

UNITS PAGE

NUMBER

1111 7777

2222 55551111

3333 111130303030

4.4.4.4. 222233333333

5.5.5.5. 333328282828

7

bqbqbqbqWWWWnnnn-- --äv þ äv þ äv þ äv þ 1111

hmhmhmhm----samsamsamsam----gngngngn----¡¡¡¡----hnhnhnhn----Xm ]mXm ]mXm ]mXm ]m----cccc----¼cyw¼cyw¼cyw¼cyw

þ ]n. sI tZ-h-³ am-kv-äÀ

a-e-bm-f-km-ln-Xy-N-cn-{X-̄ n-se B-Zy-Im-e-L-«-§-fnÂ h-

c-sam-gn-¡-hn-X-IÄ am-{X-am-Wv ]-cm-aÀ-in-¡-s -̧«n-cp-¶Xv. tZ-io-b-

hy-h-lm-c-§-fnÂ a-e-bm-f-¯n-\v H-cp {]mm-No-\-L-«-anÃ. H-cp `m-

jbp-sS ¢m-kn-¡v ]-Z-hn \nÀ-®-bn-¡p-¶-XnÂ h-msam-gn km-lnXyw

]-cn-K-Wn-t¡-−-XnÃ F-¶m-Wt{X \n-b-am-h-en-IÄ A-\p-im-kn-

¡p¶Xv!. tIh-ew F-gp-]-Xp-I-fnÂ am-{X-am-Wv tI-c-f-km-ln-Xy

B¡mZ-an hmsamgn -]-T-\-¯n-\v Xp-S-¡-an-«-Xp-Xs¶. \n-Êm-c-sa-

¶v tXm-¶p-¶ H-cp hm-sam-gn i-I-e-̄ nÂ t]mepw Hfnªpw sX-

fnªpw In-S-¡p-¶ Nn-e ‘I-m-hyi-I-e’§Ä Is−-̄ mw. I-Sw-I-

Y-bp-sS I-Y X-s¶ t\m¡q. X-\n-\m-S³ I-Sw-I-Y-I-fnÂ \n-Xy-]-cn-

Nn-Xam-b h-kv-X-¡-sf-s¡m−pw {]hÀ-̄ n-I-sf-s¡m−pw `m-h-

em-h-Wy-§Ä h-cp¯p¶-Xp Im-Wmw. DZm-l-c-W-¯n-\v ssX-cv

X-S-bp-¶-Xns\ “a-®-¼-e-¯n-se shfn-̈ -¸m-Sm-¡n”. Ie¯nÂ Xn-

cn-bp-¶ I-S-tIm-en-\v B-ß-ssN-X\yw \Â-Ip¶p. C-{]-Im-cw

ISwIY-IfnÂ ]-e-Xnepw \-½p-sS hm-sam-gn-¡-hn-X-bp-sS P-\-pÊn-

s\ Is−-̄ mw. s]m-Xp-sh hm-sam-gn-¡-hn-X-I-fn-se {][m-\ C-Xn-

hr¯w ‘ho-c-I-Ym-Km-\’§-fmWv. h-S-¡³-]m-«pIÄ, sX-¡³ ]m-

«pIÄ, N-§-\p-cm-Xn-sb-t¸m-ep-Å C-S-\m-S³ ]m«pIÄ C-h-bn-

seÃmw H-tX-\-³, B-tcmaÂ. N-§-\q-cm-Xn Xp-S§n-b ho-c-\m-b-

I-·m-cp-sS I-Y-I-fm-Wv {]-Xn-]m-Zn-¡p-¶Xv. F¶mÂ hm-sam-gn-¡-

hn-X-I-fp-sS Iq«¯nÂ ho-c-Km-\-§Ä am-{XÃ D-ÅXv. Po-hn-X-̄ n-

8

se k-akv-X ta-J-e-I-tfbpw {]-Xn-]m-Zn-¡p-¶ hm-sam-gn-¡-hn-X-

IÄ \-½p-sS \m-«nÂ {]-Nm-c-̄ n-ep-−m-bn-cp¶p. “\m-S³-]m-«p-

IÄ ]-c-¼-cm-K-Xam-b H-cp kw-kv-¡m-c-̄ n-sâ I-e-h-d-bm-

sW¶v” tUm. Fw. hn. hn-jv-Wp \¼q-Xn-cn hn-tijn-̧ n -̈Xv sh-dp-

XbÃ. B-cm-[-\m-\p-jvTm-\m-Zn-I-fp-am-bn _-Ô-s -̧«v `-{ZIm-fn-̧ m«v,

th-«-s¡m-cp-a-I³ ]m«v, A-¿-̧ ³ ]m«v, \mK-̧ m-«v Xp-S§n-b hm-

sam-gn-]m-«pIÄ, tIm-ew XpÅÂ, Xp-¼n Xp-ÅÂ Xp-S§n-b hnhn-

[ km-aq-ly k-µÀ-̀ -§-fp-am-bn _-Ô-s -̧«v H-«-\h-[n \m-S³-]m-«p-

IÄ a-e-bm-f-¡-c-bnÂ {]-Nm-c-̄ n-ep-−m-bn-cp¶p. Ncn-{Xhpw ]p-

cm-Whpw an¯pw Iq-Sn-¡-eÀ-¶ H-cp k-¦oÀ-® ta-J-e-bm-Wv hm-

sam-gn-¡-hn-I-fp-sS temIw. AXp-sIm-−pX-s¶ hmsam-gn C-Xn-

lm-k-]T-\w shdpw ]-g-a-bp-sS ]T-\-am-bn F-gp-Xn-X-tÅ-−-XnÃ.

]c¼-cm-K-X km-ln-Xy-h-gnI-sf B-kz-Zn-¡m-\pw, hn-h-cn-¡m-\pw, hn-

e-bn-cp-̄ m\pw \yq-X-\am-b ]T-\-co-Xn-Ifpw L-S-\m-hn-Úm\w,

]mT-]T-\w, A-]-\nÀ-½m-Wv XpS§n-b hn-aÀ-i-\-k-cWn-Ifpw D-]-

tbm-Kn-¡p¶-Xv hm-sam-gn-¡hn-X ]T-\w H-cp _-lp-hn-Úm-\-]T-\-

ta-J-e-bm-bn D-bÀ-̄ -s -̧Sp-¶-Xn-\v k-lm-bn-¡pw.

ImÀ-jn-I-hr-̄ n-bp-sS hy-Xy-Ø k-µÀ-̀ -§-fp-am-bn _-Ô-s -̧«

hm-sam-gn-¡hnXIÄ

IÀ-j-I-Po-hn-X-̄ n-sâ B-Ëm-Z-hp-am-bn _-Ô-s -̧«-h-bm-Wv Ir-jn-

¸m-«pIÄ. ]mS§-fnÂ IÀ-t½m-Õm-l-t¯m-sS tPm-en-sb-Sp-¡p-

¶ IÀj-I-sXm-gn-em-fn-I-fp-sS A-[zm-\-{]-lÀ-jw Xp-Ån-Xp-fp-¼p-

¶-h-bmWv Cu ]m-«pIÄ. a-g h-cp-t¼mÄ ]-Wn-bm-fÀ BÀ-̄ pÃ-

kn-¡p-¶ Nn{Xw Cu h-cn-I-fnÂ Hm-fw sh-«p¶p.

am-cn-a-g-IÄ \-\-t©... sN-dp

-h-b-ep-I-tfm-s¡ \-\t©þ

9

]q«n-sbm-cp-¡n-̧ -d-t©... sN-dp

Rm-dp-IÄ sI-«n-sb-dn-t©þ

kq-£v-a-am-bn ]cn-tim-[n-̈ mÂ \-½p-sS `m-h-Ko-X-I-hn-XI-fp-sS

XpS-¡w Cu h-cn-IfnÂ Im-Wmw. Ir-jn-bp-am-bn _-Ô-s -̧« FÃmw,

I-¶p-]q-«-epw, Rm-dp-\-S-epw, sImbv-Xv -sa-Xn-¡epw FÃmw A-hÀ-

¡p-Õ-h-amWv. F´n-s\-td I-f-]-cn-¡p-¶-Xn-\v t]mepw ]m-«p−v.

“Im-Sp-I-b-dn-¡n-S-¡p-¶ I-−w C-¶v In-f¨p. C-¶p hnX-̈ p A¶p

X-s¶ I-f-sb-Sp-̄ p XoÀ¯p-sIm-Sp-¡-W-sa-¶m-Ws{X” X-¼p-

cm-sâ Iev]\. X¼qcm³ h-b-enÂ h-cp-¶Xpw kq-cy-\p-Zn-¡pw ap-

t¼ ]-Wn-¡p hn-fn-¡p¶-Xp-saÃmw Ir-jn-̧ m-«p-I-fn-se C-Xn-hr-̄ -

amWv. sh-Åw tX-hn \\-̈ v Ir-jn-bn-Sw H-cp-¡p-¶-Xn-s\-¡p-dn-¨p

]m«v

tXhn-̄ n-cp-tX-hn-]q-t -́cn¡−w

]q-t -́cn-¡-−-̄ n-em-fp-- h-cpt¶

B-fp h-cp-t¶ Im-fm h-cp-t¶

Im...fm...... h-cp-t¶ Ie-̧ m h-cpt¶

A-[zm-\-̄ n-sâ Xm-fhpw kw-Ko-Xhpw Cu ]m-«nÂ X-§n \nÂ-

Ip¶p. X-¼q-cm³ In¶-cn-¡m³ h-cp-¶Xpw ]q-e-bn-sb kzm-[o-\n-

¡pm³ aq¶p Iq-en-Iq-«n-b-f-¡p-¶-Xp-saÃmw ]m-«p-I-fnÂ sX-fn-

bp¶p. Po-hn-X-̄ nÂ H-fn-bv-¡¶pw a-dbvv-¡m-\pw bmsXm¶p-anÃm-

¯ {Km-ao-W-hn-ip²n Cu ]m-«p-I-fnÂ X-§n \nÂ-Ip¶p.

AAAA----\\\\pppp-- --jvTmjvTmjvTmjvTm----\\\\----hphphphp----amamamam----bn _bn _bn _bn _----ÔÔÔÔ----s¸«hs¸«hs¸«hs¸«h

A\p-jvTm-\w F-¶ hm-¡v {]-[m-\-am-bpw hy-h-l-cn¨p-t]m-cp¶-Xv

ssZhn-I k-¦Â-]-̈ n-ep-Å B-Nm-c-§-sfbpw {In-b-I-sfbpw

kq-Nn-̧ n-¡p-¶-Xn-\mWv. B-[n-̀ uXn-I-X-IÄ-¡-¸p-d-̄ mbn B-Xv-a-

10

im-́ n-¡p-th-−n a-\p-jy³ sN-¿p-¶ a-{ -́hmZw, _mt[m -̈S\w Xp-

S§n-b IÀ-½-§-sf-bm-Wv A-\p-jvTm-\-IÀ-½-§Ä F-¶v

hyhlcn-¡p-¶Xv. A-Xn-{]m-No-\am-b H-cp A-\p-jvTm-\-am-Wv ‘I-f-

sa-gp-̄ pw- ]m«pw’. Ip-dp- -̧·mÀ (\m-b-·m-cnÂ H-cp hn-`mKw) `-{Z-

Im-fn-bp-sS cq-]w ]-©-hÀ-®-s¸m-Sn-sIm-−v h-c-¡p¶p. kÔy-

tbm-Sv Iq-Sn ]-©-h-À-®-s¸m-Sn sIm-−v h-c-̈ `-K-h-Xn-bpsS I-fw

]qÀ-̄ n-bm-Ipw. Xq-SÀ-¶v I-fw ]q-P, tZ-i-̀ -K-h-Xn-sb hm-gv̄ n-

sIm−pÅ I-fw ]m-«v sh-fn-̈ -̧ mSv, I-fw am-bv-¡Â Xp-S-§n-b-h

\-S-̄ -s -̧Sp¶p. Zm-co-Ih-[w ]m-«m-Wv I-f-sa-gp-̄ nÂ Ip-dp-̧ -

·mÀ ]m-SpI. “aI-sf \n-s¶ \n\bv¡p-¶-hÀ¡v, k-́ -Xn-k¼-̄ v

km-b-qPym-Zn-Isf-sIm-−v sIm-Sp-̧ m-b- a-Isf” F-¶-cp-fn sN-bv-

Xp {io a-lm-tZ-h³ Xn-cphSn [Zm-cn-I-h-[w- ]m-«v þ t^m-¡v-sem-än-

sâ ssI-h-gn-IÄ hmeyw H-¶v þ t]-Pv 74]

tXm-äw-]m«v: B-Zn-a-tKm-{X hÀ-¤-hn-̀ m-K-§-fnÂ DÄ-s¸-« ]-e k-ap-

Zm-b-¡m-cp-sSbpw B-cm[-\m k-{¼-Zm-bw A-\p-jvTm-\-I-em-{]-I-

S-\§-fpam-bn- _-Ô-s -̧«n-cn-¡p¶p. tXmäw-]m-«v A¯-cw A-\p-

jvTm-\-I-em-{]-I-S-\-§-fnÂ D-]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶ Km-\-amWv. tI-c-f-

kw-kv-¡m-c-N-cn-{X-\n-L-−p-hnÂ tPm. Fkv. sI h-k-´³ tXm-äw-

]m-«n-s\ \oÀ-h-Nn-¡p¶-Xv C-§-s\-bmWv. “tZ-h-Xm-kv-Xp-Xn-bm-bn

tXm-äw]m-«v ]m-Sm-dp−v. sX-¿w Xp-S-§p¶-Xv tXm-äw ]m-t«m-sS-bm-

Wv.” tXm-äw sNmÃÂ Xn-d-sb-¶ A\pjvTm-\-I-e-bn-se B-cm-[y-

tZ-h-X-bp-sS DÂ-]-̄ nbpw hym-]v-Xnbpw hnhcn¡p¶p.

‘]p-e-b-Pm-Xn-bnÂ P-\n-¨ Im-cn-bm-Wv ]p-en-a-dª sXm-−-̈ ³’

F-¶ t]-cnÂ Bcm-[y-tZ-h-X-bm-bXv. ]p-en a-d-ª Kp-cp-\mY-sâ

11

sX-¿-̄ n-s\ sNmÃn ]p-e-bÀ ]m-Sp-¶ tXm-äw-]m-«v Im-cn-bp-sS P-

\-\-t¯bpw A-Ûp-X-N-cn-{X-t¯bpw hn-h-cn-¡p¶p.

]tS-\n-̧ m«v: A-½-ssZ-h-k-¦Â-]w {]-_-e-am-bn-cp-¶ {]m-à-cp-sS

tKm-{X-k-aq-l-t¯m-fw ]g-¡w K-Wn-¡-s -̧Sp-¶ H-¶m-Wv a-²y-Xn-

cp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn-se A-\p-jvTm-\-Iebm-b ]-tS\n. `-K-h-Xn-t£-{X-

¯n-\p ap-¶nÂ A-̀ o-ã-kn-²n¡pw Zp-J-\n-hm-c-W-̄ n-\p-am-bn C-Xv

A-c-t§-dp¶p. t£-{X-ap-ä v̄ hr-̄ m-Im-c-̄ nÂ \nd-ªp

\nÂ¡p-¶ t{]-£-I-cp-sS \-Sp-¡v Zn-hk-§-tfm-fw \n-−p-\nÂ-

¡p-¶ H¶m-bmWv Cu A\pjvTm\-I-e A-h-X-cn-¸n-¡-s -̧Sp-¶Xv.

Hmtcm-tcm-a-etaÂ \n¶-¿-t¿m, A-¿-t¿mm

Hm-tcmtcm a-dp-X-m h-¶v A-¿ A-¿tbm

F-¶n-§-s\- X¸p hm-b-\-bp-sS Xm-f-taf-§-tfm-sS Ac-t§-

dp¶p.

hnhnhnhn-- --tttt\\\\mmmm----ZZZZ----]]]]----cccc----ambambambamb----hhhh

P\-\w ap-XÂ ac-Ww h-sc-bp-Å Po-hn-X-k-µÀ-̀ -§-fp-am-bn _-

Ô-s -̧«v [m-cm-fw ]m«p-IÄ \m-«p-ImÀ-¡n-S-bnÂ {]-Nm-c-¯n-ep−v.

“Nm-©m-Sp-®n N-cn-ªm-Sp®n, Ipgªm-Sp-®n H-¶m-Sm-Sq”,

“Nmt©m Nm-t©m Nm-©¡w” Xp-S§n-b Xm-cm-«v-]m«pIÄ,

DuªmÂ-]m-«pIÄ, Xq-bn-eq-WÀ-̄ p-]m-«pIÄ, Xp-¼n-Xp-ÅÂ-

]m-«p-IÄ FÃmw X-s¶ B-Ëm-Z-̀ -cn-Xam-b H-cp k-aq-lm-́ -co£-

s¯ kq-Nn-̧ n-¡p¶p. ssI-sIm-«n-¡-fn-̧ m-«pIÄ [bp-h--Xn-IÄ h-

«-̄ nÂ \n-¶v Np-h-Sp-sh-̈ v aq¶mw Nq-h-«nÂ apt¶m-«v I-bdn,

\memw Np-h-«nÂ \-S-¶v I-fn-̈ v Ggmw Np-h-«nÂ ]n-d-tIm-«v t]m-cp-

t¼mÄ Xm-f¯n-s\m-̄ v Ccp-ssI-IÄ sIm-−v Xm-fw sIm-«p-I-

bpw a\w-I h-cp-¶ Cu-c-Sn-IÄ ]m-Sp-Ibpw sN-¿p-¶p.]

H¶mw Ip-¶nepw Hm-c-Sn-Ip-¶nepw

12

Hm-c-Sn-I¶n-bmÀ ]m-e \-s« sX-¿w....

]m-e-¡-\oÀ-sIm-Sp-ImÀ Ipg-ensX-¿w

X-¡-an-Sp sX-¿w X-mf-anSpw sX¿w.

Xp¼n-Xp-ÅÂ ]m-«nepw {]-I-S-am-Ip¶-Xv km-aq-lyhn-t\m-Z-am-Wv.

AI-̄ -f-̄ nÂ s]¬-Ip-«n-I-fmWv Cu Xp-ÅÂ \-S-¯p-¶Xv.

“F-t´ Xp-¼n XpÅm¯p, Xp-¼n Xp-Åm-̄ p,

]q-hp t]m-cm-tªm, ]q¡pe t]m-cmtªm

B-fp t]m-cmtªm...”

“H-¶mIpw sIm-̈ p Xp-¼n

\o Iq-sS t]mcpI t]mcpI

H¶mw sIm¨n-e ]q-t¯, ]qt¯

]q-¡p-e-t]m-se s]m-gn-ªp s]m-gnªp”

F-¶n§-s\ hn-t\m-Z-]-cam-b Km-\-§-fnÂ A-[n-Ihpw {]-Ir-Xn-

bp-sS h-k´-s¯ ]m-Sn-̧ p-I-gv-̄ p-¶-h-bmWv.

{_m-Ò-Wn-̧ m«vv : ]p-jv-]-I-hÀ-¤-̄ nÂ-s -̧« kv-{XoIÄ ({_m-Ò-Wo-

amÀ) ]m-Sp-¶ ]m-«m-WoXv. `Kh-Xot£-{X-§-fn-epw. \m-bÀ Kr-l-

§-fn-epw, `-Kh-Xo tk-h kw_-Ôn-̈ pw, Xm-en-sI-«v I-eym-W-̄ n-

sâ A-h-k-c-̄ nepw ChÀ Cu ]m-«p ]mSp¶p. K-Zyhpw ]-Zyhpw

C-S-I-eÀ-¶ H-cp Bhn-jv-¡-c-W-co-Xn-bmWv Cu ]m«pIÄ-¡p-

ÅXv. th-tZm-̈ m-c-W-co-Xn-sb A-\p-I-cn-¨m-W-hÀ ]m-Sp-¶Xv.

AXp-sIm−m-bn-cn¡-Ww Ch-sc {_m-Ò-Wo-amÀ F-¶v hn-fn-¡p-

¶Xv.

“\o-e-¡mÀ-ap-InÂ am-e-b-sX¶pw

\n-d-sa-gpa-Rv-P-\-]À-Æ-X-sa¶pw

\oena tImen\ ssi-h-e-sa¶pw

13

hnja-i-c³ X³ ]q-́ -g-sb¶pw”

[a-e-bm-f-km-ln-Xy-N-cn-{X-kw-{Klwþ t]-Pv 35þ ]n. i-¦-c-\-¼ymÀ-]

{]mtZ{]mtZ{]mtZ{]mtZ----inininin-- --IIII----kwkwkwkw----kvkvkvkv-- --¡m¡m¡m¡m----cccc----hphphphp----amamamam----bn _bn _bn _bn _----ÔÔÔÔ----s¸s¸s¸s¸----« ]m« ]m« ]m« ]m----«p«p«p«p-- --IÄ IÄ IÄ IÄ ::::

h-S-¡³-]m«v: h-S-¡³-]m-«nÂ {]-Xy-£-s¸-Sp-¶ tN-tIm-·m-cnÂ

`qcn]-£w \mSphm-gn-I-fp-sSbpw {]-am-Wn h-À¤¯n-sâbpw ‘Iq-

en-b-¦’¡m-cm-bn-cp-¶p F-¶-XmWv hm-kv-Xhw. F-¶mÂ A-¦-

¯n³ sh-«n-ho-c-ac-Ww {]m-]n-¡p-¶-Xm-Wv PohnX e£yw F-¶p hn-

iz-kn-¨n-cp¶p. Cu kw-kv-¡mcn-I X\n-a Cu h-cn-I-fnÂ X-§n-

\nÂ-¡p¶p.

tN-tIm-·m-cm-bo P-\n¨p-t]m-bmÂ

hmÄ-¡-W-bnÂ tNm-dtÃm tN-tIm-·mÀ-¡v

A-¦w ]n-Sn-¡m-Xn-cp-¶p-Iq-Sm

A-¦w ]n-Sn¨mte tN-tIm-\m-Iq...

sX-¡³-]m«v: Xn-cp-h-\-́ -]q-cw ap-XÂ sX-t¡m-«p-Å {]-tZ-i-§-

fm-Wv sX-¡³-]m«p-I-fp-sS P-·-̀ qan. tNc, tNm-f, ]m-Þy cm-Pm-

¡-·m-cp-sS am-dn am-dn-bp-Å imk-\-§Ä-¡v hn-t[-bam-b Cu {]-

tZi-s¯ `m-j-bnÂ ‘X-an-gv-Np-h’ IqSpXemWv. FÃm I-Ym-Km-\-

§-fnepw I-Ym-]m-{X-§Ä k-©-cn-¡p-¶ Ø-e-§fpsS hn-i-Z-hn-

h-c-§Ä Im-Wp-¶p−v. A-Xn-\mÂ ]p-cm-X-\-Im-es¯ `q-an-

imkv{X-]-cam-b h-kv-Xp-XIÄ Cu ]m-«p-I-fnÂ \n-¶v e-̀ n-¡p¶p.

Rm-sWm-en-IfpsS kw-Ko-X-̄ nÂ ]p-f-I-a-Wn-bp-¶ ho-c-mcm-[-

Icm-b {]-tZ-i-hm-knIÄ ‘hnÃSn¨m³-]m«v’ F-¶- cq-]-¯n-eqsS-

bm-Wv ho-c-I-Y-IÄ B-e-]n-¨n-cp-¶Xv. sX-¡³-]m-«p-I-fp-sS Km-\-

am-[qcyw hnÃSn-̈ m³ ]m-«nÂ X-§n-\nÂ-¡p¶p. hn-cp¯w, ]Ãhn,

Nc-Ww F-¶ {Ia-am-Wv hnÃ-Sn-̈ m³ ]m-«p-IÄ¡v

14

C-S-\m-S³ ]m-«pIÄ: kmw-_-h-k-ap-l-̄ n-sâ kmw-kv-Imcn-I k-

¼-̄ m-Wv Ip«\m«nse N-§-\q-cm-Xn-]m-«nepw a-äv B-Xn-̧ m-«nepw

Im-Wp-¶Xv. N§\q-cmXo--bpsS sNmÂ-h-Snhpw \m-S-Io-b-kw-̀ m-j-

W-§fpw ]-cn-Øn-Xn hÀ-®-\hpw FS\m«nÂ hn-i-n-jy- Iq-«-\m-

«nÂ {]-Nm-c-̄ n-en-cp-¶ {]m-tZin-I kw-kv-Ir-Xn-bp-sS t\À-¡m-gv-N-

bmWv. A-cbpw X-ebpw ap-dp-¡n-bp-Å ]m-ep-hw s]-®n-sâ ]p-d-

¸m-Sv aäp hm-sam-gn km-ln-Xy-Ir-Xn-I-fnÂ \n-¶v hy-Xy-kvX-amWv.

sNm-hSpw N-hn-«n-b-hfpw ]m-ep-hw s]t®,

sNm-hSpw N-hp«n-b s]-t® ]m-ep-hw s]-t®

hohohoho-- --cIcIcIcI----Ym kwYm kwYm kwYm kw----____----ÔÔÔÔ----ambhambhambhambh

\mtSm-Sn-̧ m-«p-I-fn-se H-cp {][m-\ C-Xn-hr-̄ w ho-c-·m-cp-sS Po-hn-

X-I-Y-bmWv. H-cp k-ap-Zm-b-̄ nt\m hÀ-¤¯nt\m s]m-Xp-hm-bn

k-am-cm-[y-cm-b-h-cm-Wv ho-c-\m-b-I-·mÀ. k-aq-l-̄ n-se {]-am-Wn-

hÀ-¤-̄ n-¶p th-−n Po-h³ sh-Sn-bm³ th-−n H-cp-¡n \nÀ-̄ n-b-

h-cm-bn-cp¶p Cu ho-c-·m-cnÂ ]-e-cpw. A-¦-̄ nÂ i-{Xq-hn-s\ F-

Xn-cn-«v t\À-¡p-t\-sc-bp-Å bp-²-̄ nÂ a-c-W-s -̧Sp-¶Xp-t]mepw

B-ßm-̀ n-am-\-am-bn IcpXn-bn-cp¶ A½am-cp-sS ]q-{X-·mÀ. ho-c-

\m-b-I-·m-c-b-XnÂ AÛpX-anÃ.

t\-cn-« sh-«n-a-cn- -̈sX-¦nÂ

ho-t«-¡v \-sÃm-cp am-\w X-s¶

ho-cm-fn-̧ m«p-hn-Xm-\-t¯m-sS

BÀ-̄ p hn-fn-̈ v F-Sp-¸n-t¡−p.

I-®-̧ -\p-®nsb- bm-{X-bm-¡p-¶ D-Wn-bmÀ-¨ C-{Xbpw Ip-Sn ]-

dªp \nÀ-̄ p-¶p−v.

H-fn-hmfp-sIm-−v a-cn-̈ -sX-¦nÂ

15

]-t¨m-e-bnÂ sI-«n h-en-̧ n-t¡-−v...

h-S-¡³ ]m-«p-I-fnÂ {]-[m-\am-b H-¶m-Wv ]p-̄ p-cw]m«v.

]p-̄ p-cw]m«v: ]p-̄ p-cw ho-c-KmY-sb C-§n-s\ kw-{K-ln-¡mw.

]p-̄ p-cw A-Ñ³ tN-I-hÀ¡pw `m-cy¡pw aq-¶p a¡Ä. I-®¸³,

Im-am£n, tI-ihn. aq-̄ ]p-{X³ I-®¸-\v hn-hm-l-{]m-b-am-b-

t¸mÄ A-Ñ³ tN-I-hÀ \m-Sp-ap-gp-h³ tX-Sn \S-¶v D¯-abm-b H-

cp bp-h-Xn-sb I-s−¯n. tI-fn-tI-« A-¼m-Sn-t¨-Ih-sâ G-I-a-

Ifpw I-®-̧ -t -̈I-hcpw X-½n-ep-Å hn-hm-lw iq-̀ -aq-lpÀ-̄ -

¯nÂ X-s¶ \-S¶p. Ime{I-a-̄ nÂ B Zm-¼-Xy-kÃ-cn ]p-jv-]n-

¨p. Btcm-aepw A-\pP-¯n D®nbmÀ -̈bpw, D-®n-¡-®\pw ]n-

d¶p. Xn-I-ª A-̀ ym-kn-I-fm-bn A-hcpw hfÀ¶p. D®n-bmÀ- -̈

tbm-Sv ]q-Xn tXm-¶nb-Xv a-¨p-\³ N-́ p-hn-\m-bn-cp-s¶-¦nepw B-

tc-aÂ A-Xn-\v F-Xn-cv \n¶p- [-\n-I\pw ]-W-̧ -b-äp-Im-c-\pam-b

B-äp-a-W-t½Â Ip-ªn-cma-sâ `m-cy-bm-bn D-®n-bmÀ-¨. B-tcm-

aÂ tN-I-hÀ t]-cp-tI-« Xdhm-«nÂ \n¶pw Ip-©p-®p-en-sb hn-

hm-lw sN-bvXp. A-Xn-\n-sS ]-In-S-I-fn ]Tn¡m³ ‘anIhnÂ an-I-

t¨cn’ t\-c-½mh-sâ ho-«n-se¯n-b B-tcm-aÂ ]m-Xn-cm-\-£-

{Xhpw A-©p ]-©-anbpw N-XpÀ-{K-lkw-tbm-Khpw H-̄ aq-

lpÀ-̄ -̄ nÂ A½mh-sâ aIÄ Xp-t¼m-emÀ-̈ -bp-am-bn A-

Sp¯p. Im-e-{I-a-̄ nÂ D-®n-bmÀ-¨ B-tcm-a-ep-®n-tbbpw Xp-

t¼m-emÀ¨ D-®n-¡-®-t\bpw Ip-©p-®p-en I-®- -̧\p-®n-tbbpw

{]khn-̈ p. aq-hcpw an-I-̈ A-̀ ym-kn-I-fm-bn XoÀ¶p. A-Xn-\n-sS

AÃn-a-eÀ-¡m-hnÂ Iq-̄ p-Im-Wm³ X-\n-̈ p t]m-b D-®-bmÀ-

¨sb sN-\m-Zm-]p-c-̄ -§m-Sn-bnÂ sh-̈ v tPm\-IÀ X-Sªp.

]bäp-an-Ihp-sIm-−v A-hÄ tPm-\-I-̧ pf-̧ v AS-¡n. Acn-t§m-S-

cp-am-bp-Å A-¦-̄ nÂ a-¨p-\³ N-́ p-hn-sâ N-Xn-bmÂ B-tcm-

aÂ sImÃ-s¸«p. ]nÂ-¡me-̄ v B-tcm-a-ep-®nbpw I-®-̧ -\p-

16

®nbpw D-®n-¡-®\pw tNÀ-¶v N-Xn-b³ N-́ phn-t\m-sS-äp-ap«n. N-

Xnb-sâ X-e-b-dp-̄ v a-S-§n-t¸m¶p.

X-t¨m-fn-̧ m«v : \m-b-·m-cp-sS H-cp A-hm-́ -c hn-̀ m-K-am-Wv Ip-dp-̧ -

·mÀ. X-t¨m-fn-¡pdp-̧ -·mÀ h-S-I-c-¡-Sp-̄ v ]p-Xp-̧ W- v̄ X-t¨m-

fn am-Wn-t¡m-̄ v X-d-hm-«n-se AwK-§-fm-bn-cp¶p aq-̄ -a-I³

tIm-a-¡p-dp¸pw A-\p-P³ H-tX-\-\pw. C-hÀ amWnt¡m-̄ v X-d-

hm-«n-se D-̧ m-«n-b-½-¡pw, Nn-¶w ho-«nÂ X-§Ä F-¶p t]-cp-Å

hm-gp-¶-hÀ¡pw ]n-d-¶ k-́ -Xn-I-fm-bn-cp¶p. A-hÀ¡v, D-Wn-

¯ncp-X F-¶p t]cpÅ H-cp k-tlm-Z-cnbpw D-−m-bn-cp¶p.

A½tbm-Sv {Iq-c-X-Im«n-b H-cp I-®p-̧ -Ip-dp-̧ n-sâ X-ebdp-̄ v

H-tX-\³ I-¶nb-¦w Xp-S§n. I-¡m-S³ ap-̄ -Kp-cp-¡fmbncp¶

H-tX-\-sâ B-Zy-s¯ Kp-cp-\m-Y³. Ccp-ssh-\m-«-¦ I-f-cn-bnÂ

sh-̈ v Nn-−³ \¼ym-sc tXmÂ-]n- v̈ h-[n-̈ v H-tX-\³ P-\-k-½n-Xn

t\Sn. X-t¨m-fn Xdhm«n-se H-tX\-sâ k-́ -X-k-l-Nm-cn-bm-bn-cp-

¶p Nm-̧ ³. X-−-t¨cn Nm-¸³, HX-tbm-̄ v Nm-̧ ³ F-s¶Ãmw A-

bmÄ h-S-¡³ ]m-«p-I-fnÂ hn-ti-jn-̧ n-¡s¸Sp¶p−v. X-sâ am-Xm-

hn-s\ \nÀ-±m-£nWyw D-t]-£n-̈ Nn-¶w-ho-«nÂ hmgp¶hsc t\-

cnÂ Im-Wm³ \n-Ý-bn-̈ H-tX-\³ Nn-¶w-hn-«nÂ X-§-sf-¶ h-gp-

¶-h-cp-sS ap-¶nÂ-s -̈¶v A-t±-l-t¯bpw Ip-Sp-_-t¯bpw B-

t£-]n-¡p¶p, AhnsS \n-¶v tIm-]n- v̈ C-d-§n-t¸m-cp¶p. X-sâ `-

à-bm-b D-̧ m-«n-tbbpw Ip-Spw-_-t¯bpw I-ã-s -̧Sp¯n-b hm-

gp-¶h-sc X-®oÀ-¡m-hnÂ `-Kh-Xn A-h-cp-sS tZl v̄ Ib-dn

Ah-sc \m-Sp-hn«v Hm-Sn-t¸m-Im³ \nÀ-_-Ôn-¡p¶p. A§n-s\

HtX\³ ]n-Xm-hn-sâ {Iq-c-X-bv-¡v ]I-cw ho-«p¶p. X-t¨m-fn H-tX-

\³ B-Nmc-{]Im-cw Xm-en-sI-«n `m-cy-bm-¡nb-Xv Htcsbm-cp kv-

{Xo-sb-bmWv Im-hnepw Nmt¯m-̄ v No-cp-hns\. No-cp-hn-s\ H-tX-

\³ kz-́ -am-¡p-¶ I-Y c-k-I-c-am-Wv. Im-hnepw Nm-t¯mS-̄ v

17

am-tX-bn-b-½ X-sâ Htc-sbm-cp ]q-{Xn-bv-¡v th-−n Xt¨mfn X-d-

hm-«n-se-̄ n B-tem-N-\ \-S¯n. F-¶mÂ H-tX-\³ H-ä-b-Sn-¡v

Btem-N-\ \nckn-¡p-Ibpw No-cp-hn-s\ A-[n-t£-]n- v̈ kw-km-cn-

¡p-Ibpw sN-bvXp. F-¶mÂ ]n-¶n-Sv Ah-sf t\-cnÂ I-−-s¸m-

gm-Wv H-tX-\³ A-¼-c-¶Xv. kqµ-cnbm-b Ahsf kz-́ -am-¡m³

A-bmÄ {i-aw Xp-S§n. HSp-hnÂ th-j-{]-Ñ-¶-\m-bn ‘Xt¨mf-n-s]m-

«’-\mbn \-Sn- v̈ A-h-fp-sS A-́ -̧ p-c-̄ nÂ I-b-dn-̧ än No-cp-hnsâ

a\kp-am-än-sb-Sp-̄ v Ah-sf kz-́ -am¡n. a-ä-t\-Iw kv-{Xn-I-fp-am-

bn _-Ôw ]peÀ¯p-t¼mgpw H-tX\-sâ a-\-ÊnÂ No-cp-hn-\v H-cp

{]tXy-I -Øm-\w D-−m-bn-cp¶p. H-tX\-sâ kv{Xo k-¼À-¡-s¯-

¡p-dn- v̈ Fw. Sn hm-kp-tZ-h³ \m-bÀ A`n{]mbs -̧«n-cn-¡p¶-Xv C-

§n-s\-bmWv. s]¬ hn-j-b-̄ n-em-sW-¦nÂ HtX\s\-t¸m-se H-

cp ZpÀ-_e-s\ h-S-¡³-]m-«nÂ th-td I-s−-̄ m-\m-hnÃ. (Fw. Sn

hm-kp-tZ-h³ \m-bÀþ A-¦-¡-en-bp-sS Im-ewþ t]Pv 1276þ h-S-

¡³-]m-«pIÄ- k¼m-Z-I³ tUm. sI. sI {io-Ip-amÀ) Xt¨m-fn-

IY-I-fn-Â \n-d-ªp-\nÂ-Ip¶-Xv HtX-\\pw Nm-̧ -\p-am-bp-Å A-

ß-_-Ô-am-Wv. H-tX-\³ P-\n-̈ -Xv 1583 epw a-cn-̈ -Xv 1616 epw B-

W-s{X. I-Xn-cqÀ Kp-cp-¡-fp-am-bn A-¦w-sh-«n P-bn-¨p a-S-§p-

t¼mÄ A¦-̄ -«nÂ Npcn-I sh-̈ v a-d-¶ Im-cyw HmÀ-½-bnÂ h-

¶Xv. Np-cn-I-sbSp¡m-\m-bn Xn-cn-sI sN-¶ H-tX\-s\ I-Xn-cqÀ-

Kp-cp-¡-fp-sS in-jy³ am-b³-Iq«n H-fn-̈ n-cp-¶p sh-Sn-sh¨p. s\-än-

bnÂ sh-Sn-tb-ä H-tX-\³ a-cn¨p. H-tX\\v tPy-jvT\mb tIm-a-Ip-

dp¸n-t\m-Sv ]n-Xr-Xp-eyam-b kv-t\-l-am-bn-cp¶p. Npcp¡ ¯nÂ X-

t¨m-fn-̧ m-«p-I-fnÂ {]-Xy-£-s -̧Sp-¶ ho-c-\m-b-I\m-b H-tX-\³

Hcp hnhmZ ]p-cp-j-\m-bn-cp-¶-sh-¶v hyàw. B-k-¶ a-c-W\m-b

H-tX-\³ X-sâ kz¯n-sâ ]-Ip-Xnbpw Im-hnepw Nm-t¯m-̄ v Ip-

¦n-¡v \Â-Im³ B-h-iy-s¸Sp¶p−v.

18

C-c-hn-¡p-«n-̧ n-Å-t¸mcv: C-c-hn-¡p-«n-¸n-Å F-¶ ho-c-\m-bI-sâ c-

à-km-£n-Xzs¯ ASn-Øm-\-am-¡n sX-¡³ {]-tZ-i-§-fnÂ {]-

N-cn-̈ n-cp-¶ H-cp ]m-«m-Wv CXv. sImÃ-hÀ-jw 788 (AD 1613þÂ)

em-Wv C-c-hn-Ip-«n-̧ n-Å P-\n-¨Xv. amÀ-̄ mÞ³ C-c-hn-Ip-«n F-¶v

t]cv. tI-c-f-]p-cw in-h-t£-{X-̄ nsâ (X¡-e) sX¡p-]-Sn-ªm-dp-

−m-bn-cp-¶ ‘hen-b ho-Sn’em-Wv P-\\w. ]m-«n-se kq-N-\-{]-Imcw

‘D-ab-½’ F-¶m-Wv A-½-bp-sS t]cv. C-c-hn-¡p-«n-¸n-Å-bv-¡v H-cp

tPy-jvT- ktlmZc³ D-Å-Xm-bn ]m-«nÂ {]-kv-Xm-hn-¡-s -̧Sp-¶p−v.

Ip-©-c-t¡m-«p-Im-c³ Im-fn-bm-bn-cp-¶p hn-iz-kv-X\m-b A-\p-

bm-bn A-t±lw tk\m-\n-bm-bn-cn-t¡-bm-Wv Xn-cp-a-e-\m-bv¡-sâ

ssk\yw th-Wm-Sm-{I-an¨Xv. cm-a-¸¿-sâ t\-Xr-Xz-̄ nÂ h-¶ tk-

\-sb 1634þÂ C-c-hn-Ip-«n-¸n-Å I-Wn-bm-¦f-̄ v sh-̈ v t\-cn«p. F-

¶mÂ bp²¯nÂ ]-cm-Pn-X-\m-bn. cm-a-̧ ¿³. F-S-̄ -d-t¸män, C-

f-¼-bnÂ ]-−m-cw F-¶n-h-cp-am-bn KpUm-tem-N-\ \S-¯n C-c-hn-

¡p-«n-¸nÅ-sb N-Xn-bnÂ tXmÂ-]n¨p. t]män-bp-sS \m-bÀ aI-sf

hn-hm-lw sN-¿m³ X-¿m-dm-Im-Xn-cp-¶-Xm-Ws{X t]m-än-bp-sS i-

{Xp-X-bp-sS tlXp. ]n-d-InÂ \n-¶v B-bp-[-taäp ho-W C-c-hn-Ip-«n-

¸nÅbpsS inc-Êv sh-«n-sb-Sp-̄ v Xn-cp-ae-\m-bv¡-\v Im-gv-N-sh-

¡m³ cm-a¸¿³ sIm−p- t]mbn. F-¶mÂ ]n-Å-bp-sS hn-izkv-X

A-\p-bm-bn Im-fn \m-bÀ Xncpae-\m-bv¡-sâ ap-¼n-se-̄ n inc-

Êv Xn-cn-sI hm-§n D-S-enÂ tNÀ-̄ p kwkv¡-cn¨p. Cu ho-c-ar-Xyp-

hn-sâ I-Y-bm-Wv Cu-c-hn-¡p-«n-̧ n-Åt¸mcv.

sN§-\q-cmXn: ]-−p ap-X-te -tIÄ-hn-tI-« I-f-cn-bm-Wv sN-§-

¶q-¡-fcn. B Ifcn-bp-sS D-S-a-Ø-cm-bn-cp-¶ sN-§-\q-c-̧ \pw

A-½-bv¡pw Bäp-t\m-äp−m-b aI\mWv N-§-\q-cmXn. H-cn-

¡Â N-§-\q-cm-Xn I-fn-̈ p-sIm-−n-cn-¶-t¸mÄ apä-s¯ h-cn-¡-

¹m-hnÂ \n¶pw H-cp I-cn-bm-¯³ ]p-Åp Xm-tg-¡v hnWp. ]-c-n-¡v

19

]än-b ]pÅn-s\ B-Xn-ap-dn-hpW-¡n t]m-än h-fÀ¯n. B ]p-Åv

b-YmÀ-°-̄ nÂ I-cnbmw ]-Wn-¡³ F-¶ A-̀ ymk-kn tem-Iw

Np-än-¡m-Wm³ ]p-Åp-th-jw [-cn-̈ v h-¶-Xm-bn-cp¶p. I-cn-bm-]-Wn-

¡³ F-¶ B-im³ X-sâ Po-h³ c-£n-̈ B-Xnsb B-bp-[-hn-Zy-

IÄ ]Tn-̧ n-̈ v A-̀ ym-kn-bm¡n. A-£-c-hn-Zybpw B-bp-[-hn-Zybpw

Ah-s\ ]Tn-̧ n-̈ B-im³ hn-S-hm-§p-¶ k-ab-̄ v ]-Xn-s\-«v I-f-

cn-bnepw \o Pbn¡pw F-¶mÂ ]t¯m-¼-Xma-t¯ I-f-cn-bnÂ \o

t]mI-cp-Xv A-Xv \n-sâ A-´y-am-bn-cn¡pw F¶v Xm-¡n-Xv sN-bv-Xv

kz-́ w \m-«n-te-¡v t]mbn. Xp-SÀ-¶v B-Xn ]-e I-f-cn-bnepw sN-¶v

]-e B-im-·m-cp-am-bn ]-S-sh-«n Ah-sc h-[n-¡p¶p. ]pen-sam-I-\-

-̈t\bpw ]m-ephw-tIm-bn-tb-bpw, Ip-¶p-h-\-̈ -t\bpw X-sâ A-

`ym-k _-e-̄ mÂ N§-\q-cm-Xn sImÃp-¶p−v. aqh¡-t¡m-«bpw

Ip-¶p-h-³-I-f-cnbpw DÄ- -̧sS ]Xns\-«p I-f-cn-IÄ A-h³ XÃn-

t¸m-fn¨p. F-¶mÂ hnÃp-h-\ -̈sâ A-kv-{X-hn-Zy-¡p ap³-]n³ A-

h³ ]-cm-P-b-s¸«p. X-s³ Kp-cp-I-fn-bm-]-Wn-¡-\m-sW-¶v ]-d-

ªp Xo-cpw ap-t¼ I-cn-bm-]-Wn-¡³ (sN-§-\q-cm-Xn-bp-sS B-Zy

Kpcp) B-Im-i-̄ nÂ C-Swh-ew ]-d¶p. Nn-e¨p. B-Xn-Kp-cphn-t\m-

Sv £a sNmÃn Xm-g-̄ v ho-Wp a-cn¨p. Kp-cp-\mY-sâ hne-¡v ew-Ln-

¨Xp-sIm-−v B ac-Ww kw-̀ -hn¨p.

hy-Xykv-X P-\-hÀ-¤-kw-kv-Im-c-hp-am-bn _-Ô-s -̧« ]m-«pIÄ

B-Zn-hm-kn-̧ m«v: ssi-i-h-̄ n-sâ em-fn-Xyhpw \n-jv-¡-f-¦-X-bp-ap-

Å-Xm-Wv BZnhm-kp-I-fp-sS ]m-«pIÄ. cm-In-̧ -d-¡p-¶ sN-¼-cp-

´n-s\-t¸m-se Zrãn-tKm-Ncamb {]-Ir-Xn-bp-sS ]p-Xp-a-I-fm-Wv A-

h-cnÂ Im-hy-Nn-́ Df-¡n hn-Sp-¶Xv. ]qgnbnÂ \o-cm-Sn \nÂ-¡p-¶

a-Z-bm-\IÄ, ]q-¡Ä tXmdpw ]m-dn-̧ -d-¡p¶ sIm-̈ p-Xp-¼nIÄ,

hÀ-®-̀ w-Kn-bp-Å ]q-¼m-ä-IÄ, D-bÀ-¶p ]-d-¡p-¶ I-gp-I-·mÀ

20

Xp-S-§n-b-h-sbÃmw A-h-cp-sS `m-h\-sb C-f-¡n-hn«p. ]p-cm-X-\-

Ime-s¯ B-Nm-c-§Ä, hnizm-k-§Ä F-¶n-h-sbÃmw B ]m-«p-

I-fnÂ {]-Xn- -̂en-¡p-¶p−v. I-Wn-bm-·mcpsS H-cp ]m-«nÂ a-c-W-

tZ-h-Xbm-b Ime-s\ hÀ-®n-¨n-cn-¡p¶-Xv t\m-¡p-I.

A-¿t¿m A-t¿m, A-t¿m, A-t¿m,

C¶-se Cu t\c-̄ v I«pw ta-te

A-¿t¿m A-t¿m, A-t¿m, At¿m

H-¶m-Iw -]-mi-̄ mÂ ho-in-\m³ Im-e³

(tI-c-f-̀ m-jm-Km-\-§Ä þ Ime³-tIm-ew þ t]-Pv 27) B-ß-m¡-

sf Im-e³ I-b-dn«p-sIm−p-t]m-Ip-¶ `o-I-c-Nn{Xw B-hn-jv-¡-cn-

¡p-I-bm-Wv H-cp A-\p-jvTm-\-I-ebm-b tIm-ew-XpÅ-enÂ. th-S-

·mÀ Kp-cp-h-µ-\-t¯m-sS-bm-Wv A-\p-jvTm-\w B-cw-̀ n-¡p¶Xv.

Btbm³ Im-enepw sXm«v-sXm-bv-Xv

I-fn-Xp-St§y Xm-\Xm-t\m....

(tI-c-f-̀ m-jm-Km-\§Äþ th-S³-]m-«pIÄþ t]-Pv 133) B-Zn-hm-kn-

k-aq-l-̄ n-se Pohn-X-̄ n-sâ t\À-¡m-gv-N-I-fm-Wv B Km-\§Ä

{Km-a-hm-kn-I-fp-sS Km-\§Ä: {Km-a-hm-kn-I-fp-sS B-Ëm-Z-Po-hn-X-

¯n-sâ B-th-i-̄ p-Sn-¸p-I-fm-Wv ]q-s¸m-en-̧ m«pI-fnÂ ap-g-§p-

¶Xv.

]q-cw h-¶-tÃm, ]q-cw h-¶tÃm

]qa-c-sam-s¡bpw ]q-h-Wn-ªtÃm

Xp-S§n-b ]q-̧ m-«p-Ifpw

I-ä I-ä I-b-dn-«p

Ibdme-©p a-S-¡o-«p

s\-än -̧«w sam-«n-«p

t\-tc hm-Xn-e-¡Â s\-bv sh-̈ p

s]m-en ]q-th s]m-en-s¡m−m

21

Xp-S§n-b ]q-s¸m-en-̧ m-«p-Ifpw {Km-a-hm-kn-bp-sS hm-gv-̄ p-̧ m-«p-

I-fmWv. H-cp am-Xr-I-Km-a-¯n-sâ Nn{Xw ]-IÀ-̄ n-sh-bv-¡p-¶

Km\w.

B-em-bmÂ X-d-th-Ww

A-Sp-s¯m-c¼-ew th-Ww

B-en-\v tNÀ-s¶m-cp

Ip-fhpw thWw.

Ip-f-̄ nÂ sN-´m-a-c th-Ww

(tI-c-f-̀ m-jm-Km-\§Äþ t]-Pv 329) tI-cfn-b {Km-a-§-fp-sS kzÑ-

X, \nÀ-½e-X, Bkv-Xn-I-hn-izm-kw C-h-sbÃmw Cu Km-\-̄ nÂ

Hm-fw sh-«p¶p.

h-tc-Wy-hÀ-¤-̄ n-sâ ]m-«pIÄ: s]m-Xp-sh ]q-s¸m-en-̧ m-«p-I-

sfÃmw h-tc-Wy-hÀ-¤-̄ n-sâ kar-²n-bp-sS kq-N-\-I-fmWv.

A-½m-h³ h¶o-e ]-̄ m-bw Xp-d¶oe

F-s -́sâ am-then Hm-Ww h-¶q

A-½m-bn h-¶nÃ s\-sÃm«pw sh-̈ o-e

F-s -́sâ am-then Hm-Ww h-¶q

F-¶n-§s\ Hm-W-¡m-e-s¯-¡p-dn-̈ v th-h-em-Xn-s -̧Sp-¶ a-cp-a-I-

fp-sS ]-cn-thZ-\w ap-XÂ

\m-gn-\n-d- -̈§p-hm-cn-Iq--«n

\m-cm-b-¡q-¼nepw Iq-«n Iq«n

F-¶n-§-s\ Xp-¼n-Xp-ÅÂ-¸m-«p h-sc B--h-tc-Wy-hÀ-¤-̄ n-sâ

BÀ-̄ n-bp-sS Nn{Xw ImWmw

C-«n-cn-¸m³ s]m³-X-Sp-¡v

C-«p-®m³ s]m³-XfnI

ssI I-gp-Im³ sIm-̈ p-In-−n

ssIXp-S-bv-¡m³ ]p-Ån]«v

22

F-¶n-§-s\-bp-Å A-Xn-Yn kÂ-¡m-c-hÀ-®-\-Ifpw h-tc-Wy-h-À-

¤-̄ n-sâ k-ar-²n-bp-sS Zr-iy-§Ä hc-̈ v Im-Wn-¡p¶p.

hmsamhmsamhmsamhmsam----gngngngn-- --¡¡¡¡----hnhnhnhn-- --XXXX----IIII----fpfpfpfp----sS khnsS khnsS khnsS khn-- --tijtijtijtij----XXXX

Km-\oßI-X: hm-sam-gn-¡-hn-X-I-fp-sS {]m-W³ A-h-bp-sS Km-\m-

ß-I-X-bmWv. Xeap-d-I-fm-bn hm-bnÂ \n¶pw hm-bn-te-¡v ]-IÀ-

¯-s -̧«v A-h \n-e-\nÂ-¡m³ Imc-Ww Xs¶ ImXnÂ \n-¶v Im-

Xn-te-¡v ]-I-cp¶ (Oral Transmission) Cu {]tXy-I-X-bmWv.

]m-«p-Im-cnÂ `pcn]£hpw A-£-cm-̀ ym-k-anÃm-̄ -h-c-bn-cn-¡pw.

]m-«n-sâ co-Xn tI-«p ]Tn v̈ HmÀ½-bnÂ kq-£n-¡m³ -k-u-I-cy-ap-

Å hn-[-̄ nÂ hm¡p-Ifpw h-cn-Ifpw ]et¸m-gpw B-hÀ-̄ n-

¡p¶p. hm-¡p-IÄ B-hÀ-¯n-̈ v _ew Iq-«p-¶ H-cp co-Xn C¯-

cw ]m-«p-I-fnÂ Im-Wmw. D-Zm-l-c-W-̄ n-\v h-S-¡³-]m-«nÂ

B-äp-a-W-t½-te / D-®n-bmÀ-̈

Du-Wp-I-g-n-ªp / D-d-¡-ambn

F-¶v ap³ ]m-«pI-cn ]m-Sp¶p.

AhÀ Cu h-cn B-hÀ-̄ n-¡p-t¼mÄ ]n³-]m-«p-ImÀ ‘B-äp-a-W-

t½te’ F-¶p IgntªS-̄ v sh-̈ v H-̧ w Iq-Sp¶p. ‘D-®n-bmÀ-¨

Du-Wp-I-gn-ªp D-d-¡-am-bn’ F¶v FÃm-hcpw tNÀ-¶v ]m-Sp¶p.

Cu ]-cn-jv-¡m-cw kw-Ko-X-kp-Jw hÀ-²n-¸n-¡p¶p. \m-S³ kw-Ko-X-

¯nÂ F-Sp-̄ p-]-d-tb-− {]-tXy-I-X hm-bv-̄ m-cn{]-tbm-K-amWv.

A-cb-ctbm............. In-§n-Wn A-cb-ctbm

\-½-¡-−w.............. Im-cI-−w

Im-cI−w............... \-«n-Sp-th

A-cb-ctbm............. In-§n-Wn A-cb-ctbm

23

A-ev-]-kz-ev-]w hy-Xymk-§-tfm-sS ]-Z-§Ä B-hÀ-¯n-¡p¶-Xv

Im-Wmw. Cu coXn tI-«p ]Tn-¡m³ k-Zm-bn-¡p-¶-XmWv.

D-Zm-lc-Ww: Xm-en-]n-en-s]-®pt−m

sN-dp-Xm-a-c-bm-tf s]-®p-t−m

Xm-eo-]o-en-s]-®nÃ

sN-dp-Xm-a-c-bm-sf s]-®nÃ.

(Xp-¼n-Xp-ÅÂ-]m-«v þ tI-c-f-̀ m-

jm-Km-\§Ä)

Po-hn-X_Ôw: “Pohn-X-̄ n-sâ A\-́ -ssh-Nn{Xw {]-Xn- -̂en-¡p-¶-

hm-bm-Wv \mS³-]m-«p-IÄ” (sX-¡³-]m-«p-IÄ ]mThpw ]T-\-hpw

þ s{]-̂ -kÀ sP. ]-Zv-a-Ipamcn þ t]-Pv 21). ]q-cm-X-\-co-Xn-Ifpw

sXm-gnepw Po-hn-X-cn-Xn-I-fp-saÃmw A-XnÂ hn-iz-k-\n-b-am-bn {]-Xy-

£-s -̧Sp¶p. Po-hn-X-̄ n-se \nÀ®m-bI-cw-K§Ä, hnPbw, ]-cm-

Pbw, P-\\w, ac-Ww A-h-sbÃmw A-XnÂ hn-iz-k\o-b-am-bn {]-

Xy-£-s¸Sp¶p. I-cp-¼-d-¼nÂ I®-sâ ]-Xn-{h-Xbm-b `m-cy-sb

]p-Xp-t¡m-tem-̄ v X¼pcm³ A-h-fp-sS C-ã-̄ n-\p hn-]-co-X-am-

bn {]m-]n-̈ -Xn-\p ]I-cw X-¼q-cm³ sIm-Sp-̄ k-½m\-§-tfms-S

X-sâ `À-̄ m-hn-s\ cm-P-sIm-«m-c-̄ n-te-bv-¡-b¡pIbpw X¼q-

cm-«nsb ]n-g-¸n-¡p-Ibpw sN-bv-Xm-Wv BÀ-̈ kw-Xr-]v-Xn--bmS-

bp¶Xv. X¼qcm³ I®-s\ I-gp-hn-te-äm³ hn-[n-̈ -t¸mÄ A-hÄ

X-¼q-cm-sâ apJ v̄ t\m¡n- -̧d-bp-I-bmWv.

BZyw ]n-g-¸n-¨p X-¼q-cm\pw

]n-s¶ ]n-g-¸n-¨p I-®-\tÃm

BZyw ]n-gb-§p XoÀ-¶p X-¶mÂ

]n-s¶¸n-g Rm\pw XoÀ-̄ p-Xcmw

F-¶n§-s\ [oc-X-tbm-sS {]-Jym-]n- v̈ C-d-§n-t¸m-cp¶p. h-S-¡³-

]m-«n-se \m-bn-I-am-cnÂ `p-cn-̀ m-Khpw Po-hn-X-̄ n-sâ \nÀ®m-bI

24

\n-an-j§-sf D-®n-bmÀ- -̈sb-t¸mse [oc-X-tbm-sS t\-cn-«-h-cmWv.

a-e-bm-fn-I-fp-sS k-ap-l-̄ n-se DÃm-k-th-f-I-fmWv HmWw. Cu

A-h-k-c-̄ nÂ \-½p-sS h-\n-IÄ ]m-Sp-¶ Km-\-§-fnÂ H-cp

kwkv¡mcn-I sFIyw sX-fn-ªp-Im-Wmw. ssI-sIm-«n-¡-fn-¸m-«p-

I-fnÂ a-[y-Xncphn-Xmw-Ip-dnÂ ]m-Sn-h-cp-¶ Cu-c-Sn-IÄ

H-¶mw-Ip-¶nepw Hm-c-Sn-¡p-¶nepw

Hm-c-Sn-¡-¶n-bmÀ ]m-e \-t« sX-¿w

Cu ]m-«v NnÃ-d hy-Xym-k-t¯m-sS a-e-_mÀ ta-J-e-bn-epw Im-

Wp¶p.

H¶mw Ip¶pw H-cp a-e-¡p-¶p-ta

H-¶Ã a-¦-amÀ ]m-e\«p

F-¶n-§s\. Xp-¼n-Xp-ÅÂ-]m-«p-I-fnÂ k-aq-l-̄ nÂ \n-e-\n-¶n-

cp¶ s]¬-hmWn`-s¯ ]-cn-l-kn-¡p-¶ h-cn-IÄ I-s−-̄ mw.

H-cp I-p-Sp-t¡ s]m¶pw X-cmw, s]m-S-thw Xcmw

s]-®n-s\ X-tczm hmWy-·m-sc

]m-h-s -̧«-h-cp-sS Po-hn-X-̄ n-se- AÃepw A-e«pw H-gn-hm-bn In-«m-

\m-Wv ]-e A\pjvTm-\ IÀ-½-§fpw \-S-̄ p-¶Xv. hnj-bw G-Xm-

bmepw A-am-\p-jn-I-i-àn-Ifp-sS i-àn k-l-mb-t¯m-sS Po-hn-

X-̄ n-se hn-j-a-L-«§-sf Xc-Ww sN-¿p-I-bmWv A-h-cp-sS e-

£yw.

sXm-gnÂ_-Ôw: P-·n-Ip-Sn-bm³ hy-h-Ø \n-e-\n-¶n-cp-¶ Im-e-L-

«-̄ nÂ ]m-h-s¸« IÀ-j-I-s¯m-gn-em-fn-IÄ hen-b Nqj-Ww A-

\p-̀ hn-t¡-−n h¶p.

t\cw s]m-sbm-cp t\-c¯pw

sImÃm-s¡me sImÃn-Wn-bm

A-c-s¯m-−v I-Åpw X-¶v

A-c-ap-dn I-cn¡pw X-¶v

25

sImÃm-s¡me sImÃnWn-b

Xp-S§n-b ]m-«p-I-fnÂ ta-em-f-·mÀ-¡v F-Xn-cm-b B-ß-tcm-jw

Xp-fp---¼p¶-Xv ImWmw. A-tX-ka-bw Irjn-tPm-en-bp-am-bn _-Ô-

s -̧« FÃm {]-hÀ-̄ n-Ifpw Ah-cp-sS IÀ-t½m-Õm-lw h-gn-

tªm-gp-Ip¶-Xv Im-Wmw.

am-cn-a-g-IÄ sNm-cn-t©

sN-dp-h-b-ep-I-tfm-s¡ \-\-t©

]q-«-nsbm-cp-¡n- -̧d-t©...

sN-dp Rm-dp-IÄ sI-«n-sb-dnt©

IÀj-I-hr-̄ nbp-sS hnhn-[ X-e-§-fp-am-bn _-Ô-s¸-«v Rm-äp-

]m«v, tX-¡p-]m«v, I-f-]-d-¡Â-]m«v, sIm-bv-Xv-]m-«v F-¶n§-s\ hn-

hn-[-L-«-§-fnÂ ]m-Sp-¶ ]m-«p-I-fp-sS F-®w X-s¶ sXm-gnepw

Km-\-§-fp-am-bp-Å _Ô-s¯ kq-Nn-¸n-¡p¶p.

hn-izm-k]c-X: A-\p-jvTm-\-§-fnÂ ]-e-Xn-epw kz-bw ad-¶v B-th-

im-hn-ã-cm-Ip-¶ IÀ-½n-I-sf-bm-Wv \mw Im-Wp-¶Xv. A-\p-jvTm-\-

k-a-b-̄ p-Å Cu kz-bw a-d-¡Â A-h-cp-sS hn-izm-k-hp-am-bn _-

Ô-s -̧«-XmWv. B-Zn-a-a-\p-jy-cnÂ ]-t©-{µo-b-§fpw a-\Êpw _p-

²nbpw H-¶ hn-I-kn-̈ p Xp-S-§n-bn-«nÃm-̄ v Ime- v̄ Po-h-_-

Ômc-Ww km-[n -̈Xv {]m-Ir-X-hm-k-\-I-fp-sS k-l-Pm-h-t_m[w

(INSTIET) sIm-−pw am-{X-amWv. {]-Ir-Xn-bnÂ \n-¶v C-¡me-

v̄ e-̀ n-̈ C-ãm\p`-h-§fpw A-\n-ãm-\p-̀ -h-§fpw a-\p-jy-a-\-

ÊnÂ B-Zn-{]-cq-]-§-fm-bn F-¡m-e¯pw \n-e-\nÂ-¡p¶p.

At_m-[-a-\-ÊnÂ ap-{Zn-X-§-fm-bn-cn-¡p-¶ C¯-cw A-\p-̀ -h-§-

fm-Wv hn-izm-k-̄ n-sâ A-Sn-Øm-\w. DZm-lc-W-̄ n\v ‘]n-Å-Xo-\n-

¡mfn’ F-¶ tZ-h-X-bp-sS tIm-ew D-−m-¡n I-cn-th-jw A-Wn-

ªv \n-W-̄ nÂ (Kp-cp-Xn-bnÂ) ap-¡n-b H-cp in-ip-cq-]w ]m-f-bn-

se-Sp-̄ v {]-th-in-¡p-¶ ]n-Å-Xn-\n-t¡m-ew KÀ-̀ -Ñn{Zw H-gn-hm-¡m-

26

\p-Å H-cp B-̀ n-Nm-c-IÀ-½-amWv. C-§n-s\ sI-«n-bm-Sn-bmÂ _m-

[ H-gn-ªp t]m-Ip-sa-¶m-Wv A-h-cp-sS hn-izmkw.

B-Nm-c_²-X: A-\p-jvTm-\w F-¶ hm-¡nÂ \n-¶m-Wv B-Nc-

Ww D-−m-Ip-¶Xv. Hmtcm B-Nm-c-̄ nepw I-e-bp-sS Aw-iw DÄ-

t¨À-¡-s¸Sp¶p. IÀ-½-̄ n-se t¢-iw e-Lp-I-cn-¡-em-Wv C-Xn-sâ

e-£yw. Np-cp-¡-̄ nÂ B-Nm-c-§-fn-seÃmw H-cp I-em-kv-]À-i-

ap−v. sX¿wX-s¶ C-Xn-sâ aIp-tSm-Zm-lc-Ww Im-hnsâtbm

tIm-«-̄ nsâtbm Xn-cp-apä- v̄ sIm-−m-S-s -̧Sp-¶ sX-¿-̄ n-sâ

XpS-¡w ap-XÂ H-Sp-¡w h-sc-bp-Å FÃm N-S-§p-I-fn-epw B-Nm-

c_-²-X Im-Wmw. apSn-sbm-cp-¡p-¶-XnÂ. apJ¯v Fgp-Xp-¶-

XnÂ, Nm-bneyw Iq-«p-¶-XnÂ, D-Sp-̄ v sI-«v i-cn-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶XnÂ

,BSbm-̀ -c-W-§Ä X-¿m-dm-¡p-¶-XnÂ F-¶v th-−-tXm-äw D-d-

bp-¶-Xnepw I-em-iw-sI-m«n B-Sp-¶-Xn-ep-saÃmw Iem-Nm-XpcX

\n-d-ªp-\nÂ-¡p¶p. aq-¯-̧ ³ hS-s¡ ae-¼m-dn-se H-cp \m-bm-

«p ssZhamWv. ap-̄ ¸-sâ tXm-äw-]m-«nÂ BZya a\p-jy-cp-sS {]-

Ir-Xn-bp-sS ]o-U-\-§Ä GÂ-t¡-−n-h-cp-¶ \n-Ê-lm-bm-h-

Øbpw {Ita-W kz-̄ _-ew sIm-−v A-Xn-s\ P-bn-¡p-¶-Xn-

sâbpw B-hn-j-v-¡c-Ww tIÄ-¡mw. Cu ]p-cm-hr¯-s¯ {I-nbm-

cq-]-̄ n-Â A-h-X-cn-̧ n-¡p¶-Xv H-cp tX-§-bnÂ A-s¼-bv-Xp

sIm-Ån¨p-sIm-−mWv. C¯-cw B-Nm-c-§-fn-eq-sS hw-i-kv-ar-Xn-

bnÂ \n-¶v DuÀ-Öw kw-̀ -cn-¡p-I-bm-Wv sN-¿p-¶Xv. tXm-äw-]m-«p-

IÄ FÃmw Xs¶ tKm-{X-Po-hn-X-̄ n-sâ B-Nm-c-_ÔnXam-b

B-hn-jv-¡m-c-§-fmWv.

`m`m`m`m----jmjmjmjm----]]]]----camb ssPcamb ssPcamb ssPcamb ssP----hnIhnIhnIhnI----XXXX

\m-S³-]m-«p-I-fp-sS ku-µcyw a-[p-cam-b Cu-W-§-fnepw N-Sp-eam-

b kw-̀ m-j-W-§fn-ep-amWv. hm-sam-gn-bmb-Xp sIm-−pX-s¶

27

A-h-bv-¡v A-Xn-tâXm-b Nn-«-h-«-§fp−v. {]mtb-W Xm-fþe-b-

s¸m-cp-̄ -§Ä Km-\-̄ n-sâ au-en-I-[À-½-ambn IW-¡m-¡n-bn-

cp¶p, B-Zn-hÀ-®-s]m-cp-¯w kq-Nn-¸n¡p¶ ‘tam-\’bpw c−mw

hÀ®-s¸m-cp-̄ w kq-Nn-̧ n-¡p¶p. ‘FXp-I’bpw (Zzn-Xo-b-£-c-

{]mkw) Km-\-§fnepw Zo-£n-̈ n-cp-¶-Xm-bn Im-Wmw, tXm-äw-]m-«p-

IÄ-¡v k-hn-ti-jam-b Hcp Cu-W-ap−v. H-tc AÀ-°-w h-cp-¶ ]-

Z-§Ä A-Sp-̄ -Sp-̄ v B-hÀ-̄ n-̈ v ]-Z-̀ wKnbpw {]m-k-̀ w-Knbpw

Iq-«p-¶ {]-tbm-K-§Ä h-S-¡³ ]m-«p-I-fnÂ Im-Wmw.

DZm: Hm-So«pw a-−o«pw t]m-b-h\pw

H-̈ D-cp-hm-«w tI-«-t\-cw

I-®m-se I-−qSmtem

I-®m-se I-−tÃm s]-®-hfpw

sX-¡³-]m-«p-IÄ hnÃ-Sn-̈ m³ ]m-«q-I-fm-bn D-]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶p.hn-cp-

¯w, ]Ãhn, NcWw F-¶-{I-a-am-Wv km-[m-c-W D-]-tbm-Kn-¡p-

¶Xv. B-kzm-Z-I-k-aq-l-̄ nÂ ho−pw ho−pw hn-kv-X-cn-¡-s¸-Sp-

¶Xp-sIm−pw {]-tbm-K-]-cnk-cw am-dn am-dn hcp¶Xp-sIm−pw

hm-sam-gn-¡-hn-X-I-Ä-¡v h-fÀ-̈ -bp-−m-Ip¶p. sN§-\q-cm-Xn-bp-

sS ssP-hn-I-h-fÀ-̈ -tb-¡p-dn-̈ v tUm. k-¡dn-b \S-̄ n \n-co-£-W-

§Ä G-Xp hmsam-gn-Ir-Xn¡pw _m-[-I-amWv. “`q-an-¡-Sn-bnÂ C-

©n h-fcp¶p. C-©n-bpsS GXp-̀ mK-̄ p \n¶pw ap-f-s¸m«pw

A-{]-h-No-\am-b co-Xn-bnÂ ap-f-s]m-«n-h-f-cp-¶ C-©n-am-Xr-I-bn-

epÅ ssP-h ]-cn-Wm-a-am-Wv hm-sam-gn-Ir-Xn-IÄ¡pw kw-̀ -hn-

¡p¶Xv” (sN-§-\o-dm-Xnþho-c-I-Ym-Km-\wþt]-Pv 10).

{]{]{]{]----tZtZtZtZ----inininin-- --IIII----kzkzkzkz----`mhw`mhw`mhw`mhw

28

\-½p-sS hmsam-gn-kmln-Xy-s¯ h-S-¡³-]m-«pIÄ, sX-¡³-]m-

«pIÄ, C-S-\m-S³-]m«p-IÄ F-¶v thÀ-Xn-cn-̈ -XpX-s¶ A-h-bp-sS

{]-tZ-in-I-kz-̀ mh-s¯ A-Sn-Øm-\-am-¡n-bm-W-tÃm. sX-¡³ ]m-

«p-I-fnÂ sX-¡³ Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dnÂ {]-N-cn-¡p-¶ \mtSm-Sn-X-an-

gm-Wv `m-j. “h-S-¡³ ]m-«nÂ D-̄ -c-tI-c-f-̄ n-se `m-j-ssi-en-

bpw” (tUm. Fw. eo-em-hXnþ A-h-Xmcn-I ]m-«p-I-hn-X-I-fp-sS km-

aq-ly-{]-k-àn). ae_m-dn-se IS¯-\mSpw ]-cn-k-c-hp-am-Wv h-S-

¡³-]m-«p-I-fpsS Cu-änÃw. h-S-¡³-]m-«p-I-fp-sS k-hn-ti-jam-b

Cu-Ww {]-N-cn-¸n-̈ Xpw Cu \m-«p-ImÀ Xs¶. Hm-tX-\³ ]-d-bp-¶

hm-¡p-I-fpsS Cu-Ww {i-²n-¡p-I.

X-t¨mfn-tbm-a-\ Ip-tªm-tX-\³

]-d-bp-¶-tÃm-a-\-Ip-tªm-tX-\³

X-t¨m-fn tIm-a-¡p-d-s -̧sâ G-«m

]-d-¼n-se sX-−v-¡v t]m-sW-\n¡v

A-tXm-sS-̧ w C-S-\m-S³ ]m-«n-epÄ-s¸-« sN-§-\q-cm-Xn-bnÂ sN-

§-\q-cm-Xn A-½-tbm-Sv B-h-iy-s -̧Sp-¶ cw-Kw t\m-¡pI.

F¶mepw tI-¡-th-Wa-t½ s]-täm-cp X-tÅ

F-\n-¡v Zmcn-{Zhpw sh-̈ p X-tÅ s]-tämcp X-tÅ

H-t¶m-fw H-cp-h-t\m-fw {]m-b-am-bn

]-Xn-s\-«p I-f-cn-sb-¶mW-t½ tI-«-d-n-thm-tÅ

\m-Sp-\S-¶v Im-W-W-sa-¶n-bv-¡p-t½ s]-ä X-tÅ

(sN-§-\q-cm-Xn -t]-Pv 66)

a-säm-cp {]-tXy-I-X h-S-¡³-]m-«p-If-nÂ D-®n-bmÀ¨sb-t]m-ep-Å

ho-cmw-K-\-am-cp-sS km-¶n-²y-ap−v. N-§-\qcm-Xn-sb t]m-ep-Å

Ip-«-\m-S³ ]m-«nepw ]m-ep-hw s]-®n-s\-t¸m-ep-Å [o-c-\m-bn-I-am-

sc Im-Wmw. sX-¡³-]m-«p-I-fnÂ t{]-aw hn-j-b-amIp¶nÃ. ho-cm-

cm-cm-[-\bpw tZ-h-tXmÂ-]-¯n-bp-am-Wv A-hÀ-¡v {]n-b-s -̧«Xv.

29

D-̄ -c-tI-c-f-̄ nse {]-kn-²cmb \m-Sp-hm-gnIÄ, ]p-¯p-cw hn-«n-

sebpw X-t¨m-fn am-Wn-t¡m- v̄ X-d-hm-«n-te-bpw B-Nm-c-co-XnIÄ,

`-£-W-k-{µ-Zm-b§Ä, tem-I-\mÀ-Imhn-sebpw X-®nÀ-¡m-«v I-m-

hn-sebpw B-−p-hn-ti-j-§Ä C-h-sbÃmw B ]m«nÂ {]-Xy-£-

s -̧Sp¶p.

]]]]----cncncncn-- --WmWmWmWm----amamamam----ßßßß----IIII----kzkzkzkz----`mhw`mhw`mhw`mhw::::

CâÀ-\m-j-\Â t^mÂ-¡v ayq-kn-¡v Iu¬-knÂ \m-S³-]m-«pI-sf

\nÀ-h-Nn-¡p-¶ k-a-b-̄ pX-s¶ A-h-bp-sS ]-cn-Wm-am-ßI-kz-̀ m-

hw sh-fn-s -̧Sp-̄ n-bn-«p−v. \m-S³-]m-«p-IÄ A-Xn-sâ kzm-̀ m-hn-I-

X-e-̄ nÂ X-s¶ I-hn-Xbpw kw-Ko-Xhpw Iq-Sn IeÀ-¶m-Wv {]-N-cn-

¨Xv. F-gp-̄ n-ep-sS-bÃ hm-sam-gn-bn-eq-sS A-Xn-\mÂ X-s¶ kaq-

l-a-\-ÊpI-tf Xr-]v-Xn-s -̧Sp¯p-¶ ]-e am-ä-§fpw A-XnÂ kw-

`hn-̈ n-«p-−m-Ipw. HmÀ-½n-¡m-\m-h-iyam-b Iq-«n-t¨À-¡-ep-Ifpw \-

S-¶n-«p-−m-hpw. hy-àn-Ifpw k-aq-lhpw X-½nÂ s]m-cp-¯-s -̧Sp-

¶-Xn\pw am-ä-§Ä h-cp¯nbn«p-−mhpw ‘F³-ssk-t¢m-̧ nUn-b

Hm-̂ v {_o-«m-\n-¡’ Nq-−n-¡m-«p-¶Xp-t]m-se {]-No-\-Im-e-̄ p-Å

\m-S³-]m-«p-IÄ k-ap-lw am-dp-¶-Xn-\-\p-k-cn-̈ v am-dn-s¡m-−n-cn-

¡p¶-Xv A-h-bp-sS kq-£v-a-]-cn-tim-[-\bnÂ hy-à-amIw. D-Zm-

l-c-W-̄ n-\v h-S-¡³-]m-«n-eqÄ-s -̧« ]p-̄ p-cw-]m-«p-IÄ-¡v X-t¨m-

fn-̧ m-«p-I-sf-¡mÄ ]-g-¡-ap−v. “`m-j-bp-sS ]-cn-hÀ¯\-L-«-

¯nse ]-g-¡-̈ p-hbpw ]p-¯p-cw-]m-«p-IÄ-¡p-Xs¶. ]m«p-I-fnÂ

]cmaÀ-in-¡p¶ B-bp-[-§fpw h-kv-{X-§fpw C-Xn-te-¡v hn-cÂ

Nq-−p-¶p−v” (t]-Pv 65þ hS-¡³-]m-«pIÄþ tUm. sI. {io-Ip-

amÀ) B-bp-[-§-fnÂ B-tcm-aÂ tN-I-h-cpw D-®n-bmÀ-̈ bpw

30

aäpw D-]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶-Xv hmfpw ]-cn-N-bp-am-sW-¦nÂ Xt¨m-fn-̧ m-

«p-I-fnÂ tXm¡pw ]o-c-¦nbp-sam-s¡ I-S-¶p-h-cp¶p.

t_mt_mt_mt_m----[[[[----\\\\----kzkzkzkz----`mhw`mhw`mhw`mhw::::

tI-cfn-b P-\Xsb ‘aq-¶p-ap-dnbm-b H-Sn-ª hnÃmbn’ tI-c-fw

In-S-¶n-cp-¶ Ime v̄ t]mepw G-Io-̀ -hn-̧ n-̈ ssN-X-\y-am-Wv hm-

sam-gn-¡-hn-XIÄ. tI-c-f-¯nse kmw-kv-¡mcn-I- sFIyw \n-e-\nÀ-

¯m³ kl-m-bn-¡p-¶ Nn-e B-i-b-§Ä ssI-sIm-«n-¡-fn-̧ m-

SnÂ Im-Wmw. a[y-Xo-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dnÂ ]m-«p-¡-fn-¡p-¶ Cu-c-Sn-

IfnÂ \n-¶v

H-¶mw-Ip-¶nepw Hm-c-Sn-¡p-¶nepw

Hm-c-Sn-¡-¶n-bmÀ ]m-e-\-t«-sX-¿w

(AÂ-]-kzÂ-]w hy-Xym-k-t¯m-sS a-e-_mÀ ta-J-e-bnepw Im-Wp-

¶p)

H¶mw Ip-¶nepw H-cp a-e-¡p-¶p-taepw

H-cp \Ã a-¦-·mÀ ]m-e \«p

F-¶n-§s\, Du-ªmÂ-̧ m-«p-I-fnÂ {]-kn-²-am-b

Ht¶-s\m-t¶w-t]mÂ,

Hm-a-\-bm-bn ]n-d-¶m-\p-®n

c-t−Â ct−-t]mÂ,

Cu c-−p ho-«nÂ h-fÀ-¶m-\p®n

F-¶n§-s\ Ip-«nI-sf F-®w ]-Tn-̧ n-¡p-¶ ]m-«v t_m-[-\ amÀ-¤-

¯nÂ k©cn¡p¶p. tbm-²m-hn-sâ B-ß-hocyw D-WÀ-̄ n-

Ah-s\ A-¦-̄ -«n-te-bv-¡v \bn-¡m³ k-lm-bn-¡p-¶ Nn-e- h-cn-

IÄ h-S-¡³ ]m-«nÂ Im-Wmw.

tN-tIm-·m-cm-bn P-\n-̈ p t]m-bmÂ

hmÄ-I-W-bnÂ tNm-dtÃm tN-tIm-·mÀ-¡v

31

A-¦w ]n-Sn-¡m-Xn-cp-¶p-Iq-Sm

A-¦w ]n-Sn¨mte tNm-Im-\mIq!

\-½p-sS {]-kn-Ôam-b Hm-W-̧ m-«p-I-fnÂ H¶m-b “am-th-en-\m-Sp-

hm-WoSpw Imew” k-a-Xz-kp-µ-cam-b H-cp Im-e-s¯-¡p-dn-¨pÅ

t_m-[-ap-−À-̄ -em-s¯-tÃm. IÅ¸dbpw sN-dp-\m-gnbpw I-Å-

¯-c-§Ä a-säm-¶p-anÃm-¯ \m-Sv F-¶ k-tµ-iw DZvt_m-[n-̧ n-

¡p-I-bm-WtÃm B hm-sam-gn-¡-hnX.

{]-Xo-ImßI-X: \m-K-̧ m-«p- tIÄ-¡p-t¼mÄ Xm-f¯n-s\m-̄ v \m-

K-¡-f-§-fn-Â Dd§p-Xp-Åp-¶ kv-{Xo-IÄ {]-Xn-Im-ß-I-am-bn \m-

K-ssZ-h§-sf B-hn-jv-¡-cn-¡p-I-bm-W.v A-hÀ A-t_m-[-a-\-

ÊnÂ kzbw \mK-§-fm-bn am-dp-Ibpw ]-e-t¸mgpw \mK¯n-sâ

tN-ã-IÄ A-\p-I-cn-¡p-Ibpw sN-¿p¶p. _-en-IÀ-a-¯n-sâ ]-

Ým-̄ e-hpw C¯-cw H-cp {]-Xn-Im-ß-I-k-¦Â-]-amWv. {]-Ir-Xn-

bn-se k-ky-Pm-e-IÄ D−m-Ip-Ibpw \-i-n-¡p-Ibpw ho−pw D-

−m-Ip-Ibpw sN-¿p-¶ A-\p`-h-w B-Zn-a-a\p-jy-cp-sS A-t_m-[-

a-\-Ên-ep-−m¡n-b {]-Xn-Im-ß-I-Nn- -́bnÂ \n-¶v DÀ-Æ-c-X¡p-th-

−n (Ferlility) ar-K-§-tfbpw a-\p-jy-sc-̄ -s¶bpw _en-

sIm-Sp-¡p-¶ ‘IcpXn’ k-¦Â-]-̄ n-ep-ÅXv. H-cp sX-¿-¡m-c³

sX-¿-am-bn am-dp-¶-Xn-sâ hnhn-[ L-«-§-fnÂ tXm-äw-]m-«p-Ifpw

ap-J-s¯-gp-̄ p-I-fp-saÃmw Xm³ {]-Xn-\m[w sN¿p¶ aqÀ-̄ n-

bp-sS kz-̀ m-h-̄ n-te-¡v A-bm-sf B-\-bn-¡p¶p. tXm-äw-]m-

«pIÄ Cu {]-Xo-I-hÂ-¡-cW-s¯ K-Wy-am-bn k-lm-bn-¡p¶p.

sh-«-̄ p-\m-«nÂ {]-Nm-c-̄ n-ep-Å `-K-h-Xn-bm-«nÂ `-K-h-Xn-sb hn-

fn-̈ p-WÀ-̄ p¶-Xv tXm-äw sIm-−m-Wv. 'sh-fn-̈ -¸mSv' F-¶ hm-

¡nÂ X-s¶ ssZ-h-̄ n-sâ km-¶n²yw {]-Xy-£-am-Ip-¶p F-¶v {]-

X-o-Im-ß-I B-i-b-am-Wv ap-¶n-«p - \nÂ¡p-¶Xv.

32

hmsamhmsamhmsamhmsam----gngngngn-- -- IIII----hnhnhnhn-- --XXXX----IIII----fnfnfnfn-- --se kmse kmse kmse km----lnlnlnln-- --XobXXobXXobXXobX::::

]ZtbmP-\: hn-Zy-m-k-¼-\cm-b B-fp-IfÃ. \m-tSm-Sn-]m-«p-I-fp-sS

\nÀ-½m-Xm¡Ä. A-Xn-\mÂ X-s¶ hm-¡pIÄ, h-cnIÄ, hÀ-®-\-

IÄ C-h-sbÃmw ]-e-t¸mgpw BhÀ-̄ n-¡p-¶-Xm-bn Im-Wmw. tI-

«p ]Tn-¡p-¶ co-Xn-bm-b-Xn-\mÂ, HmÀ-̄ p-sh¡m-\p-Å ku-I-cy-

¯n-\p-th-−n ]-Z-§Ä A-ev-]-kz-ev-]w hy-Xym-k-t¯m-sS BhÀ-

¯n-¡p¶-Xv Im-Wmw.

Xm-eo-]o-en-s]-®p-t−m?

sN-dp-Xm-a-c-bm-tf s]-®pt−m

Xm-en ]o-en s]-®nÃm

sN-dp-Xm-a-c-bm-sf s]-®nÃm... (Xp-¼n-Xp-ÅÂ-]m«v)

\m-S³-]m-«nÂ ]-Zm-´y-̄ nÂ ‘Cu-W-hpw’ D-̄ -c-]-Zm-́ y-̄ nÂ

Xm§pw Nn-e \mS³-]m-«p-I-fnÂ Im-Wmw.

am-tXiz-c P-b am-tX-iz-cm...... (CuWw)

am-tXiz-c P-b am-tXiz-c Hm-tlm...(Xm§v)

{]m-tb-W-AÀ-° hy-à-X-bnÃm-̄ hm-bv-̄ m-cn-I-fp-sS {]tbm-

Kw \m-S³-]m-«p-IfnÂ [m-cm-fw Im-Wmw.

A-cb-c-tbm.... In-§n-Wnb-c-bctbm....

\-½-I-−w....... Im-cI-−w

Im-c-I-−w...... \-«n-Sp-th

A-cb-c-tbm.... In-§n-Wnb-c-bctbm....

Cu-W-̄ n-\v {]m-[m\yw \Â-Ip-¶-Xn-\mÂ ]-e-t¸mgpw ]-Z-§Ä

Ip-dp-¡epw hen¨p- \o-«epw km-[m-c-W-amWv.

kq-cy-\p-Zn-̈ p I-t−..... Xm-cn-Xn-́ -tXmw

t\-cw ]p-eÀ¶p-t]m-tb..... Xm-cn-Xn-́ -tXmw

H-cp ]n-Sn-ªm-sd-Sp-t¯...... Xm-cn-Xn- -́tXmw

33

kw-Jym-hn-ti-j-W-§Ä tNÀ-¡p-¶ coXnIfpw ]m-«nÂ Im-Wm-hp-

¶-XmWv.

]-Xn-\m-dm-bn-cw s]m-¶p ]m\

]-Xn-\m-dm-bn-cw ]m-\ sh-Ån]m\ (]m-\-̧ m«v)

F-¶n§s\

Ae¦m-c-IÂ-]-\: C-Xn-lm-k-Im-h-§-fn-sebpw ]p-cm-hr-̄ -§-fn-

sebpw A-e-¦m-c-IÂ-]-\-I-fnÂ ]-eXpw \m-S³-]m-«p-I-fnÂ X-

s¶ _o-P-cq-]-̄ nÂ B-hn-jv-¡-cn-¡-s -̧«-Xm-bn Im-Wmw. h-S-¡³-

]m-«n-se lr-Zyam-b hÀ-®-\-Ifn-sem-¶v B-tcm-aÂ tN-I-h-sc-Ip-dn-

v̈ D-Å-XmWv.

Im-cn-cpÄ-s¡m-̄ ap-Sn-bg-Iv

]-©-an-N{µ-t\m-sSm-̄ s\-än

F-¶p Xp-S-§p-¶ B tI-im-Zn-]m-Z-hÀ-®-\ hf-sc a-t\m-l-c-

amWv. kp-µ-c-̀ m-h-§Ä Nn-{Xo-I-cn-¡p-¶-Xn-\pw, Po-hn-X-̄ n-se

\nÀ®m-b cw-K-§Ä Nn-{Xn-I-cn-¡p-¶-Xn\pw \m-S³-I-hn-X-I-fnÂ

k-Zr-i-IÂ-]-\-IÄ kzo-I-cn-¡p-¶-Xm-bn Im-Wmw.

Ip-¶-̄ v sh-̈ hn-f¡p-t]m-se

h-b-\m-S³ a-ªÄ ap-dn-̈ -t]mse

i-co-c-̀ w-Kn-bp-Å-h-cm-Ws{X h-S-¡³-]m-«n-se ho-c-\m-bn-I-amÀ. Ir-

jn-h-e-·m-cp-sS Hcp ]m-«nÂ kq-cy N-{µ-·m-sc D-gp-Ip-¶ C-cp Im-

f-I-fp-am-bn k-¦Â-]n¨p-sIm−pÅ H-cp k-Zr-i-IÂ-]-\ A-h-cp-

sS kzXzw sh-fn-s -̧Sp-̄ p¶p.

BXn-̈ ³ Im-tf he-̄ v sh¨pw

N-́ n-c³ Im-tf C-S-̄ p sh¨pw

ap-̈ m-ep -]q-«n a-dp-̈ m-ep-gph-¼w

tN-dp-I-«bp-sam-Sbpw ]-cp-h-¯nÂ

34

C¯-cw A-e-¦-mc-I-Â-]-\-IÄ h-S-¡³-]m-«nÂ [m-cm-fw {]-Xy-£-

s -̧Sp-¶p−v. {]amWn k-aq-l-̄ n-sâ kzm-[o-\w A-XnÂ {]-Xn-̂ -en-

¡p-¶p-−m-hmw.

Xmfw: Xm-f-hm-Zy-hm-Z-\-̄ nÂ h-cp-¶ ]-Z-§-fm-Wv hÃn-\hpw saÃn-

\-hpw. hÃn-\-̄ nÂ \m-Zw X-Sn-̈ -XmWv. saÃn-\-̄ nÂ t\À-̄ -Xpw.

kw-Ko-X-im-kv-{X-̄ n-se cmKm-h-X-c-W-̄ n-\p-Å Xm-gv-Nbpw D-bÀ-

¨bpw hÃn-\-saÃn-\-§-fm-bn hy-h-l-cn-¡mw. hÃn-\-saÃn-\-t -̈cp-h-

bnÃm-̄ G-Xp cm-Km-h-X-c-W-\-̄ n\pw `w-Kn-Ip-dbpw {]-]m-©n-

I-hy-h-lm-c-§-fn-seÃmw C-u -hn-]-cn-X-Zz-µ-§-fp-sS kzm-[o-\w Im-

Wmw. km-[m-c-W-bm-bn H-cp Iq-«w tNÀ-¶v B-e-]n-¡p-I-bm-Wv

\m-S³-]m-«pIÄ.

DZm: B-äpa-W-t½-te.... D-Wn-bmÀ¨

Du-Wp I-gn-ªp.... D-d-¡-ambn

F-¶v ap³-]m-«p-Im-cn ]m-Sp¶p. ho−pw aq³-]m-«p-Im-cn X-s¶ B-

hÀ-̄ n-¡p¶p. ho−pw “B-äpw-a-W-t½-te” F-¶v A-h-km-\n-¡p-

t¶S-̄ v sh-̈ v ]n³-]m-«p-ImÀ IqSp¶p. hm-bv̄ m-cn-bp-sS {]-

tbm-Kw h-©n-̧ m-«nepw a-äp \m-S³-]m-«p-I-fnepw ImWmw.

hmsam-gn-¡-hn-X-I-fn-se km-aq-ly-cm-{ão-b k-µÀ-̀ -§fpw hn-h-£-

Ifpw

Pm-Xob-X: hm-sam-gn-¡-hn-X-I-fn-se H-cp k-hn-ti-j-X, tI-c-f-̄ n-

se Pm-Xn kaql¯nÂ Hm-tcm-¶o-epw hy-Xy-kv-Xam-b B-Nm-c-

§fpw kv-t{Xm-{X-co-Xn-Ifpw ImWs -̧Sp¶p F¶XmWv. ]m-W-

·mÀ. th-e-·mÀ, Ip-dhÀ, I-Wn-bm·mÀ, ]-dbÀ, kmw-_-hÀ

XpS§n hy-Xykv-X hn-̀ m-K-§Ä-¡v am-{X-am-bn K-W-]-Xn-kv-XpXn, `-

{Z-Imfn-kv-Xp-Xn Xp-S§n-b kv-Xp-Xn-Ifpw AÂ-]-kzÂ-]w hy-Xym-

k-t¯m-sS cmam-b-Wm-Zn ]p-cm-W-§fpw Im-W-s¸-Sp¶p. DZm-l-

35

c-W-̄ n-\v th-e³ {]-hr-̄ n-sb-¡pdn¨p kq-Nn-¸n-¡p¶ th-e-·m-cp-

sS H-cp ]m-«nÂ a-lm-hn-jv-Wp-hn-\v A-kp-c-·mcnÂ \n-¶p−m-b

i{Xp-tZm-jw Xo-À-¡p-¶-Xn-\v th-e-\m-bn F-̄ nb-Xv a-tlm-iz-c-

\mb-n-cp-¶-s{X. ]mWcp-sS ]m-«p-I-fnÂ `q-cn-̀ m-Khpw ]q-cm-W-IY-

Isf B-kv-]-Z-am-¡n-bp-Å-XmWv. B-Zn{Zm hn-U hw-i-P-cm-Wv

]mWÀ. C-hÀ hn-Sp-IÄ tXmdpw ]m-Sn \S-¶v D-]-Poh-\w I-gn-¨n-cp-

¶ H-cp {]-tXy-I-hn-̀ m-K-am-sW-¶v {]m-No-\-Ir-Xn-I-fnÂ Im-Wp-¶p.

]mW-·m-cp-sS H-cp {]-[m-\am-b B-Nm-c-am-Wv Xp-bn-ep-WÀ-̄ ³

Xp-bnÂ F-¶mÂ \n{Z F-¶m-WÀ°w. IÀ-¡n-S-I¯n-se D-Z-b-th-

f-I-fnÂ ]m-W-\pw ]m«n-bpw ({ioaXn) D-Sp¡p-sIm-«n {io `-K-h-Xn-

tbbpw {io-\m-cm-b-tW-t\bpw ]-Ån-bp-WÀ-̄ p-I-bm-Wv F-¶m-

Wv k-¦Â-]w. Xn-cp-h-c¦- v̄ ]m-W-\m-cpsS ({iocmKw) ]c¼-c-bm-

sW-¶mWv ]m-W-·m-cp-sS hn-izmkw. {Xn-cp-¸m¬ B-gv-hÀ F-¶

t]-cnÂ Xan-gv-\m-«p-IÀ A-]-c-a`à-s\ B-Z-cn-¡p¶p. h-S-¡³-

]m-«p-I-fnÂ ]-e k-µÀ-̀ -¯nepw ‘Pm-Xnb-X’ ]-cm-aÀ-in-¡-s -̧Sp-

¶p−v. Xo-¿-̄ nbm-b BÀ -̈sb ]pXp- tImew X-¼p-cm³ ]n-g-̧ n-

¨ I-Ybpw A-Xn-\v A-hÄ sNbv-X {]-Xn-Im-chpw I-cpw-]\-d-¼³

I-®-s\-¡p-dn-¨p-Å ]m-«nÂ hn-kv-X-cn-¡p-¶p−v. ]mW-s\ Xp-W-

Iq-«n t]m-Im³ ]-d-bp-t¼mÄ D-®n-bmÀ-̈ {]-Xn-I-cn-¡p-¶-Xn-

§s\.

]-−p-ta-R-§-fn tN-tIm-·m-cv

A-½-tbm-tc-S-̄ v t]mIpw t\-cw

AÑ-s\ Xp-W-Iq-«n t]m-bn-«p-Åp

]mW-s\ Np-W-Iq-«n t]m-bn-«nÃ.

Cu hn-[-̄ nÂ k-aq-l-̄ nÂ \n-e-\n-¶n-cp-¶ D-̈ þ\n-N-Xz-§-fpw

P-Xy-̀ n-am-\hpw hm-sam-gn-¡-hn-X-I-fnÂ {]-Xy-£-s -̧Sp-¶p−v.

36

A-[n-Imcw: km-¼-̄ n-Ihpw cm{ão-b-hp-am-bn A-[n-Im-c-ap-Å hn-

`m-K-̄ n-sâ kzm[o-\w kzm-̀ m-hn-I-ambpw Io-gm-f-hn-̀ m-K-¯n-sâ Po-

hn-X-co-Xn-I-fnepw B-Nm-c-§fnepw hn-izm-k-§-fnepw {]-Xn-̂ -en-

¡pw. \m-S³-]m-«p-I-fp-sS c-N-bn-Xm-¡-fpw Bkzm-Z-Icpw Xm-sg

X-«n-ep-Å-h-cm-bn-cp¶p. A-Xm-Xp-Ime-s¯ {]-am-Wn-hÀ-¤-̄ nsâ

kzm-[o-\-am-Wv \m-S³-]m-«p-I-fnÂ {]-Xy-£-s -̧Sp-I. C-c-hn-¡p-«n-̧ n-

Å-sb-¡p-dn-¨p-Å ]m-«nÂ A-t±-l-̄ n-sâ a-c-W-̄ n-\v Imc-Ww

C-S-̄ -d-t¸m-än F-¶ {]`p-hn-sâ hn-tZz-j-am-sW-¶v Im-Wmw. sX-

¡³-]m-«p-I-fnÂ {]-kn-²am-b h-enb X¼n þ Ip-©p-X-¼n-¡-Y-

bnÂ amÀ-̄ m-Þ-hÀ-½-bp-am-bp-Å A-[n-Im-c-a-Õ-c-am-Wv B

Zp-c- -́̄ n-\v Imc-Ww F-¶v Im-Wmw. N-cn-{X-̄ nÂ Øm\w ]nSn-

¡m-̄ amÀ¯-Þ-hÀ-½bp-sS A-[n-Im-c-s¡m-Xn-bp-sS Nn-{X-

amWv B ]m-«nÂ sX-fn-bp¶Xv. A-Sn-bm-f-hn-̀ m-K-̄ n-\p taÂ X-

¼p-cm³ þ P-·n þ \-S-̧ n-em-¡p-¶ A-[n-Imc-KÀ-Æv ]-e \m-S³-]m-«p-

I-fnepw kq-Nn-¸n-¡-s¸-Sp-¶p−v. kq-tcym-Z-b-̄ n-\p ap-¼v X-¼p-

cm³ h-¶v ]-Wn-bm-fpI-sf hn-fn-̈ n-d-¡p-¶ Hc-p ]m-«v A-[n-Im-c-i-

àn-bp-sS ZpÀ-hn\n-tbm-Kw hy-à-am-¡p¶p.

t\-cw h-f-sc-̧ p-ecpw ap-t¼

X-¼p-cm³ h-¶p hn-fn-¡p-t¶

Nn-¶-sIm-Sbpw I-d-¡n-̧ n-Sn-̈ v

X-¼p-cm³ h-¶p-hn-fn-¡pt¶

AXp-t]m-se X-s¶ ta-em-f³ hm-cw A-f-¡m³ h-cp-¶XpI-−v

hnf-hv Ip-d-ª IÀj-IÀ ]-cn-{`-an-¡p¶p. A-[n-Im-c-tIm-bv-a-sb-

¡p-dn-¨p-Å `-bw A-XnÂ X-§n-\nÂ-¡p¶p.

B-e¯-d-t]m-äo-s¶m-cp t]m-än-h-c-tW-bv

Cu-sX-§n-S-I-−-̄ n-se hm-c-̄ n-\v h-c-tWbv

37

B-Nmcw: A-\p-jvTm-\w F-¶ hm¡p-sIm-−v kq-Nn-̧ n-¡p¶-Xv

B-N-c-W-s¯bmWv. \mw \n-Xy-Po-hn-X-̄ nÂ sN-¿p-¶ IÀ-½-§-

fnÂ-]-eXpw B-Nm-c-amWv. PohnX-̄ n-sâ Xm-f-hp-am-bn _-Ô-s¸-

«p In-S-¡p-¶ B-Nm-c-§-fnÂ ]-eXn-epw Gdnbpw Ip-dªpw I-

em-wiw Im-W-s -̧Sp¶p. A-\p-ãm-\-{]-[m-\-am-Wv sX-¿-̄ nsâ

Hmtcm N-e-\hpw apSn-sbm-cp-¡p-¶-XnÂ, ap-J-s¯-gp-¯nÂ, D-Sp-

s¯m-cp-§enÂ, F¶p th− tXm-äp ap-d-bp-¶-Xnepw I-em-iw

N-hn-«p-¶-Xn-ep-saÃmw {]tXy-Iam-b B-Nm-cw \n-e-\nÂ-¡p-¶p−v.

“sX-¿-hp-am-bn _-Ô-s¸-«v A-t\-Iw B-Nm-c-§fpw {h-X-N-cy-I-

fp-ap−v” F-¶p tUm. Fw. hn hn-jv-Wp \-¼p-Xn-cn sX-¿-s¯-¡p-

dn-̈ p-Å H-cp D-]-\ym-k-̄ nÂ hn-h-cn-¡p¶p. sX-¿w D-d-bp-¶-Xn-\v

ap¼v ‘I®m-Sn-bnÂ t\m¡p-I’ F-¶ H-cp N-S-§p−v. tZ-h-X-bp-

sS {]-Xo-Iam-b th-jwþ tIm-ew þ cq]w þ tIm-e-¡m-c³ t\-cnÂ

I-−v X-·-bn-̀ mhw sIm-Åp-hm³ k-lm-bn-¡p-¶ H-cp N-S-§m-

WnXv. tI-c-f-̄ n-se ]-e ]-e Pm-Xn-IÄ-¡n-S-bnepw \n-e-\n-¶-cp-¶

H-cp BNm-c-am-Wv Xm-en-sI-«p-IÃymWw. ]-Ån-̧ m-\-bp-am-bn _-

Ô-s -̧«v ‘Ipgn¼en’ F¶ H-cm-Nm-cw D-−m-bn-cp¶p. H-cp the-s\

]-t¨m-e-bnÂ s]mXnªp sI-«n ap¶Sn Xm-gv-N-bp-Å H-cp Ip-gn-

bn-Â Cd-¡n ]e-I-sIm-−v aq-Sn ao-sX a-®n-«v aqSp¶p. aqt¶-ap-

¡mÂ \mgn-I I-gn-bp-t¼mÄ A-\p-{K-ln-¡-s¸-«v the³ ]-e-I

X«n ]pd-̄ v h-cp-¶p. C-§n-s\ hn-Nn-{Xam-b ]-e B-Nm-c-§fpw

I-Wn-bm-·mÀ, ]pe-bÀ Xp-S§n-b Pm-Xn-hn-̀ m-K-§-fnepw Im-Wmw.

{]-Ir-Xn-bm-cm[-\: DÀ-Æ-c-]p-P-bp-sS H-cp `m-K-am-Wv {]-Ir-Xn-bm-

cm[-\. tN-X-\Xzw B-tcm-]n-¡s -̧Sp-¶ `pan, shÅw, Imäv, A-án,

B-Im-iw Xp-S-§n-b-h-sbÃmw Bcm-[y-§-fmWv.

ta-em-I-m-iw Io-gv-̀ q-an-tbbpw

38

Rm-t\ D-ÅnÂ \n-d-̈ v

ta-em-I-m-iw Io-g]q-an-tbbpw

Rm-t\ h-W-§p¶p.

s]m-¦m-e, s]m¦Â, D-̈ m-c-th-e, I-ewI-cn C-h-sbÃmw {]-Ir-Xym-cm-

[-\-bnÂ DÄs -̧Sp¶p. {]-Ir-Xym-cm-[-\-bnÂ {]msb-W `uXn-I Zm-

cnZyw kq-Nn-¸n-¡-s¸-«p-¶p−v. {]m-No-\amb H-cp B-cm[-\m co-Xn-

bm-Wv hr-£m-cm[-\. _p²þssP-\-aX¡mcpw hr-£§-sf B-

cm-[n-̈ n-cp¶p. hr-£§-sf tZ-h-Xm-ßm-hm-bn I-cp-Xn-t¸m-cp¶p.

t_m-[n-hr-£w _p-²-a-X-̄ n-se H-cp k-¦Â-̧ -amWv. {]-Ir-Xym-cm-[-

\-bnÂ \n-¶m-Wv a-\p-jy-sâ _nw-_-IÂ-̧ -\-bpw cq-]-s -̧«-sX-¶v

\-c-hw-i -im-kv-{X-ÚÀ hn-iz-kn-¡p¶p. _nw-_-§-fnÂ G-ä-hpw

]g-¡w ar-K-_nw-_-§Ä-¡mWv. Imf, ]-ip Xp-S-§n-bh-sb ]-e a-

X-§-fnepw B-cm-[n-¡p¶p. Nn-d-Ip-Å Ip-Xn-c-Isf-¡p-dn-¨p-Å

k-¦Â-]w ]e tKm-{X-hn-̀ m-K-§Ä-¡n-S-bnepw Im-Wmw. `m-c-X-

¯nÂ \n-e-\n-¶n-cp-¶ A-iz-ta-[w H-cp kq-cym-cm-[\--cq-]-a-m-bn-

cp¶p- kq-cy-s\ IpXn-c-bp-sS cq-]-̄ n-Â ImÀ-jn-I-tZ-h-X-bm-bn

k-¦Â-]n-̈ n-cp¶p. C-́ y-bn-se Gähpw {]-kn-²am-b kq-cym-cm-[-\

a-{´-am-WtÃm Km-b-{Xn.

a-XmßI-X: H-cp k-aq-l-¯n-sâ a-Xm-ß-I-X, B A-h-cp-sS B-

cm[m-\ hn-izm-k-§-fn-te-¡v DZv-{K-Yn-¡-s -̧« L-SI-§-tfm-Sp-IqSn-

b A-\p-jvTm-\-§-fp-sSbpw Bßnb-X-bp-sS-bpw k-©-b-amWv.

{]-No-\-k-a-q-l-̄ nÂ \n-e-\n-¶n-cp¶ tIm-ew Xp-Å-epw, tIm-a-cw-

Xp-Å-epw, B-̀ n-Nm-c-IÀ-½-§fp-sam-s¡ a-X-k¯-¡v shfnbnem-

sW-¦nepw P-\-§-fp-sS a-X-Po-hn-X-hp-am-bn A-t`-Zy-_-Ô-am-Wp-

ÅXv. B-Zy-Im-e-k-ap-Zm-b-§-fnÂ tKm-{X-_-Ôhpw c-à-_-

Ôhpw i-à-am-bn-cp¶p. IpSp_-§sfbpw `qKm-{X-§-tfbpw

X-½n-en-W-¡p-¶ {]-[m-\-LS-Iw s]m-Xp Bcm[\bmbn-cp¶p.

39

hnhn[ tKm-{X-§-fp-sS B-cm-[-\m-co-Xn-IÄ ]cn-tim-[n-̈ mÂ

Ahs¡Ãmw s]m-Xphm-b Nn-e [À-½-§-fp-s−-¶p Im-Wmw. B-

Xy-́ n-I-am-bn a\pjy-\v B-ß-hn-izm-kw \Â-Ip-Ibpw FÃm

ssNX-\y k-¦Â-]-§fpw H-Sp-hnÂ A-ssZz-X-̄ n-tebv-¡mWv -Du-

¶Â sIm-Sp-¡p-¶-sX¶pw Im-Wmw. “aqe¡n-g-§n-\p aq-¶tÃm

h-Ån, aq-e¯n-sem-s¡ ]SÀ-¶p-Å h-Ån” F-¶p \m-S³ Km-\w

B²ymßn-I Nn-́ -bp-sS kmc-kÀ-Æ-kz¯nse-Im-Wv \-s½-

F¯n-¡p¶Xv. ln-µp-¡Ä-¡n-S-bnÂ am-{X-aÃ {In-kv-Xp-aX¯nÂ-

s -̧«- hn-izm-kn-Ifpw tI-c-f-¡-c-bnÂ ]−p-ap-XÂ X-s¶ a-X-

hntij§fpam-bn _-Ô-s -̧« ]-eX-cw Km-\-§Ä ]mSmdp−v.

‘amÀ-¤w Ifn¸m«v’ amÀ-t¯m-a C-´y-bnÂ h-¶Xpw ln-µp-IÄ

{InkvXpa-Xw kzo-I-cn-¨Xpw aäpw hÀ-®n-¡p¶p.

hnhnhnhn-- --iiii----ZZZZ----]T]T]T]T----\\\\----¯n¯n¯n¯n\\\\vvvv

1. Ip-d¯n-tXmäw: h-S-¡³ tI-c-f-̄ n-se ]p-e-b-cp-sS Ip-d¯n-

tXm-äw \n-gÂ- Ip-̄ p-I-Y {]-Xn-]m-Zn-¡p¶p. ]m-Þh-sc \-in-̧ n-

¡m³ \n-gÂ-Iq-̄ v F-¶ B-̀ n-Nm-c-IÀ½w sN-¿-W-sa-¶v Zp-tcym-

[-\³ Ip-d-h·m-tcm-Sv B-h-iy-s -̧Sp-Ibpw A-XnÂ \n¶v H-gn-

ªp-am-dm³ AhÀ {i-an- -̈t¸mÄ Zp-tcym-[-\³ B- ZpÀ-a-{´-hm-Zn-

sb h[n¡m-s\m-cp-§p-Ibpw H-Sp-hnÂ \n-gÂ-Iq-̄ n ]m-Þh-

sc tam-l-e-ky-s -̧Sp-̄ p-Ibpw Imcyw {K-ln-̈ Ip-d-¯n A-Xn-\v

{]-Xn-{In-b sN-bv-Xv \n-gÂ-Ip-̄ v am-äp-Ibpw ]m-Þ-h-·m-sc ]p-\-

cp-Önhn-̧ n-¡p-Ibpw sN-¿p-¶-Xpam-b ]p-X-hr¯w \m-S³- ]mc-

¼-cy-̄ nÂ {]-Jym-X-amWv. alm-̀ mc-Xw I-Y-bp-sS A-]-{`w-i-cq-]-

§Ä C¯-cw \m-S³-]m-«p-I-fnÂ ]e-Xnepw C-Xn-hr-¯-am-bn kzo-

I-cn-¡-s -̧«n-«p−v. ]p-e-b-cp-sS tk-hm aqÀ-̄ n-I-fnÂ H-¶m-Wv Ip-

40

d-̄ n. Cu tk-hm aqÀ-̄ -nsb A-[o-\-̄ n-em-¡n X-sâ B-Úm-

\-hÀ-̄ n-bm-¡m³ I-gn-ª Im-cn-bm-Wv ]p-en-a-dª sXm-−-

¨³ F¶ t]-cnÂ B-cm-[n-¡-s -̧Sp-¶Xv. a-{X-aqÀ-̄ n-I-fnepw B-

`n-Nm-c-IÀ-½-§-fnepw hn-izm-k-ap-Å-h-cm-bn-cp-¶ D-¯-c-tI-c-f-

¯n-se ]p-e-b-À A-Xyq-¶-c tI-c-f-̄ n-sâ kmw-kv-¡m-cn-Ihpw

km-aq-ln-Ihpw km-ap-Zm-bn-I-hpam-b Im-cy-§Ä {K-ln-¡-hm³

sX-¿-tXm-ä-§Ä k-lm-b-§-fmWv. {]-à-\ Ime-s¯ P-\-§-

fp-sS B-Nm-c§Ä. B-cm[-\m ssh-hn-[y§Ä, A-\p-jvTm-\-

§Ä Xp-S-§n-b-h-sb-¡p-dn-¨p-Å hnhc§Ä A-h \Â-Ip¶p.

2. I-cn-bm ]-Wn¡-sâ Nn-jy¯wþ sN-§-ap-cm-Xn-bn-se B-ZyJ-

Þwþ am-Wn¡w s]®v þ B-th-ZI þ a-dn-b½ tPm¬ þ I-gn-

ª H-cp Z-i-I-̄ n-\p-Ån-em-Wv Ip-«-\m-«n-se Io-gm-f-hÀ-¤-̄ n-sâ

C-S-bnÂ k-Pn-h-am-bn \n-e-\nÂ-¡p-¶ ho-tc-Xn-lm-k-§Ä ]-eXpw

P-\-{i-²-bn-se-̄ n-bXv. kmw-¼-cp-sS ]m-«p-I-sfÃmw X-s¶

]S¸m«p-I-fmWv. Ah-bnÂ G-ähpw hen-b I-Ym-Km-\-am-Wv N-§-

\q-cm-Xn-̧ m-«v Ip«\m-«n-se ]m-«p-ImÀ Gsd XÂ-]-cy-t¯m-sS ]m-Sn

tIÄ-̧ n-¡m-dpÅ-Xv Ip¶-hw s]-®n-s\bpw ]m-ep-hw s]-®n-

t\bpw sIm-−p-h-¶ I-Y-I-fmWv. I-Ym-\m-b-I\m-b B--Xn-¡v

Gäpap-t«-−n h¶-Xv k-aq-l-̄ n-se A-\n-Xn-I-tfmSpw a-äp-Å-h-cp-

sS Al½Xn-tbmSp-am-Wv. B-b-Xn-\mÂ k-aq-l-Pnhn-X-̄ nÂ \n-

¶v am-än \nÂ-̄ m-hp-¶ H¶Ã BXnbp-sS kw-̀ -h-_-lp-eam-b Pn-

hnXw. \m«p-sam-gn-bn-ep-Å Cu ho-c-I-Ym-Km-\-̄ nÂ {]-[m-\-ambpw

aq-¶p `m-K-§-fp−v. ]m«v, ho-c-N-cnXw, I-Ym-Jym-\w F-¶n-h. C-h aq-

¶n-sâ-bpw a-t\m-l-cam-b tNcp-h N-§-\q-co-Xn-bnÂ Im-Wmw.

]m«v: ]m-«n-sâ ku-µ-cyw, N-Sp-eam-b kw-̀ m-j-W-§-fnepw a-[p-c-am-

b Cu-W-§fnep-amWv. ]-−p-Im-e-§-fnÂ N-cn-{Xhpw im-kv-{X-hp-

saÃmw hm-sam-gnbn-em-bXp-sIm-−pX-s¶ A-Xn-sâ Nn-«-h-«-§Ä

41

]m-en¨p-sIm-t− F´pw ]-IÀ-¶p \Â-Im³ I-gnbq. h-àm-hn-

sâ CuWw, B-Jym-\-ssien, t{im-Xm-hn-sâ B-Jym-\-]-cnN-bw

FÃmw hm-sam-gn C-Xnlm-k hn-\n-a-b-̄ nÂ {]-[m-\-amWv. sNmÂ

h-Sn-hn-sâ NmcpX-bm-Wv \m-S³-]m-«p-I-fp-sS {][m-\ B-IÀ-

jWw. Ip«-\m-«n-se ]m-«p-Iq«mbvabp-sS ]-cn-Nn-X-hr-¯-am-Wv N-

§-\q-cm-Xn-bnÂ Im-Wp-¶Xv. I-gn-ª H-cp \päm-−m-bn tI-c-f-

¯n-se hm-sam-gn-¡-hn-X-I-sf-¡p-dn-̈ v [m-cm-fw NÀ-̈ -IÄ \-S-¶n-«p-

s−¦nepw N-§-\q-cm-Xn-bp-sS X\n-a k-an-]-Im-e-̄ m-Wv ]T-\-hn-

t[-b-am-Ip-¶Xv. hmsam-gn-km-Zn-Xy-̄ nÂ h-en-̧ w sIm−pw km-ln-

Xy-̀ wKn -sIm−pw ap-¶n-«p \nÂ¡p-¶-Xm-Wv N-§-\q-cm-Xn-bmWv.

Np-cp-¡w Nn-e hm-sam-gn-km-ln-Xy-IrXnIÄ¡v am{X-ta C-{Xbpw

th-tcm-«w Im-Wp-I-bpÅq. N-§-\q-cm-Xn-bp-sS ssPh-h-fÀ¨sb

C-©n am-Xr-I-sb-¶m-Wv tUm-ÎÀ k-¡dn-b A-̀ n-{]m-b-s -̧«p-¶Xv.

`q-an-¡-Sn-bnÂ C©n-h-fÀ¶p. C-©n-bp-sS G-Xv `mK- v̄ \n¶pw

ap-f-s]m-«mw. ‘C©n-am-Xr-I’bpsS Cu ssP-h- ]-cn-Wm-a-am-Wv C-

Xn-sâ {]-tXyI-X. hy-Xy-kv-Xcmb B th-Z-I-cn-eq-sS hy-Xykv-X

]mT-§Ä kzo-I-cn¨p-sIm-−v A-Xp h-fÀ¶p.

I-Ym-Jym\w: N-cn-{X-hpw an¯pw ]p-cm-Whpw Iq-Sn I-eÀ-¶ H-cp

k-¦oÀ-®-ta-J-e-bm-WXv. I-Ym-km-cw C-§n-s\ ]-−v ]-−p X-s¶

tIÄ-hn tI-« I-f-cn-bm-Wv sN§-\qÀ-¡-fcn. sN§-\q-c-¸\pw A-

½¡pw H-cp a-I-\p-−mbn. Ah-s\ sN-§-¶q-¡p-sª-¶v hn-

fn¨p. A-h³ H-cp Znh-kw apä-s¯ ap-−-h-cn-¹m-hn-sâ Np-h-«nÂ

Ifn¨p-sIm-−n-cp¶p. A-½bpw A-̧ \pw ‘]-Sn-h-gn-Ip-Sn-h-gn’ (X-

¼p-cm-·m-cp-sS ho-«p-]-Sn¡Â) t]m-bn-cn-¡p-I-bmWv. A-§n-s\

sN-§-\q-cm-Xn I-fn¨p-sIm-−n-cp-¶-t¸mÄ H-cp I-cn-bm-̄ ³ ]p-

Åp Xmg-̄ v ho-Wp. (hn-Zybpw ]T-\-̄ nepw acp¶n\pw a-{´-

¯n\pw hn-cp-X\m-b I-Wn-bm-]-Wn-¡-\m-bn-cp-¶p ]p-Ån-sâ th-

42

jw [-cn-̈ p h-¶-Xv. \m-«p-Np-än-¡m-Wm³ Xm³ ]Tn-¨ hn-Zybn-

sem¶m-b BÄam-dm-«w \S¯n I-cn-bm-W³ ]pÅn-sâ th-jw [-

cn-̈ p. hn-i¸pw Zm-lhpw sIm-−v £o-Wn-Xm-\m-b-Xn-\mÂ sN§-

\qÀ ap-−-¡-̧ mS-̄ v sIm-bv-̄ v I-gn-ª h-c-¼n-sâ a-d-hn-encp-

¶p hn-«n-en-t\bpw ]p-gp-hn-t\bpw sIm-̄ n-Xn¶p. I-cn-bm-̄ ³

]p-Åp ]d-¶-t]m-Ip¶-Xp I−n-cp-¶ sN-dn-bm-̄ ³ ]p-Åp ]pd-

sI Iq-Sn I-cn-bm¯-s\ \m-©n-sb-Sp-̄ v sIm¯n Xn-¶m³ h-

epXm-b h·-cw t\m-¡n sN-§-\q-s]-cp-apä-̄ v ap-−-h-cn-¡-

¹mhnÂ sIm-−p-sh-̈ v N-hn-«n-̧ n-Sn-̈ v sIm-̄ n-Xn-¶m³ Xp-S§-th

]n-Sn ]ng¨p Xmsg ho-W-Xm-Wv B-Xn-bp-sS A-Sp-¡Â ho-WI-cn-

bm-̄ ³ ]pÅv) Hm-Sn-sN-t¶-Sp-̄ v sN-§-¶q-cm-Xn A-̧ -s\-bpw

A-½-bp-sSbpw A-Sp-¡Â sIm-−p-h¶p. \ob-Xn-s\ I-f-bp-I,

]m-]w ssI-t¿-s¡-sÃ-¶v A-½ ]-dªp. C-Xp tI-«v A-h³ I-c-

bp¶-Xv I-−-t¸mÄ A-̧ ³ \o-b-Xn-s\ h-fÀ-̄ -W-sa-¶v ]-

dªp. am-{X-aÃ hnSn-en-t\bpw ]p-gp-hn-t\bpw Xo-ä -sIm-Sp-¡-W-

sa¶pw Ip-̧ -¡p-Sn-aª-fp ]dn¨p-sIm-−v Ac-̈ v ap-dn-hnÂ ]pc-«n

ap-dn-hp-W-¡-W-sa¶pw ]-dªp. A-̧ ³ ]£n-¡ncn¡m³ IqSpw

h-f-̈ p-sIm-Sp¯p. A-̧ ³ ]-d-ªXp-t]m-se B-Xn sNbvXp

\m-fp-IÄ I-gn-ª-t¸mÄ A-̧ ³ a-cn¨p. H-cn-¡Â A-½-

bp-sS A-Sp-̄ v h-¶v I-cn-bm³ ]-Wn-¡³ F-¶ I-cn-bm-¯³ ]p-

Åv ]-dªp. “Rm³ C-hn-sS h-¶n-«v Im-ew ]e-Xp I-gnªp. F-

s¶ c-£n-̈ -Xn-\p ]-I-c-am-bn Rm³ ]Tn-̈ hn-Zy-IÄ apgp-h³ sN-

§-\p-¡p-ªn-s\ ]Tn-̧ n-¡Ww. F-¶n-s«-\n-s¡-sâ \m-«n¶p-

t]mIWw. I-f-cn-sI«-−. H-ä-]p-̄ ³, Z£n-W Xc-−. B-im³

]Sn -̧Ww X-cn-Ibpw th-−. a-sämcpw A-dn-b-cp-sX-¶v am-{Xw.”

sN-§-\q-cm-Xnbpw A-½bpw A-Xv k-½-Xn¨p. B-Xn Z£n-W

h¨p. I-f-cn-]-c-tZh-sc {]mÀ-°n-̈ p ]T\w B-cw-̀ n¨p. A-£-c-hn-

43

Zybpw B-bp-[-hn-Zybpw a-cp¶pw a{´hpw FÃmw ]Tn¨p. B-Xn-

bp-sS Kp-cp Z-£n-W-kwb- v̄ B-im³ H-cp {]-tXy-I-Imcyw ]-

dªp. “]-Xn-s\-«p-I-f-cnbpw \o P-bn-¡pw, ]-s¯m-¼-Xma-s¯

I-f-cn-bnÂ \o-sâ A-́ y-ambn-cn-¡pw. AXp-sIm−v A-hn-sS \o

t]m-I-cpXv. H-cp I-f-cn-bnepw F-sâ t]-cp sNmÃ-cpXv. A-Xv \n-sâ

A-́ y-̄ n-\v Im-c-W-am-Ipw. A-¦-̄ n-\v F-s¶ a-\-ÊnÂ hn-Nm-cn-

¨mÂ ]Xnäms-f-Icn-̄ nÂ (]-̄ mÄ s]m-¡-̄ nÂ) Rm³ D-−m-

Ipw.” C§s\ ]d-ªv Bim³ Kpcp-Øm-\hpw \mÂ-In kz-

´w \m-«n\p-t]mbn.

\m-SIo-b kw-̀ m-j-W-§Ä I-Ym-Jym-\-̄ n-\v \Â-Ip-¶ N-

Sp-e-X F-Sp-̄ p ]d-tb-−-XmWv. I-cn-bm-̄ ]p-Ån-sâ th-jw [-

cn-̈ I-cnbmw ]-Wn-¡³ sN-§-¶q-cm-Xn-bp-sS A-½-tbm-Sv X-sâ

Po-hnX-I-Y hn-kv-X-cn-¡p-¶ `m-Kw {i-²n-¡p-I.

A-s½-sb-s¶-b-dntªm A-t½ sN-§-¶pA-t½

A-½-sb-s¶-b-dn-ªnÃ-t½ sN-§-¶pA-t½

Rm³ H-cp \m-em-sf-t¸m-se \-S-¶-h-\m-tW

\n-§-sf-t¸m-se Rm\pw \-S-¶-h-\mtW

XpSÀ-¶v I-cn-bmhp-tIm-«-bnÂ X-\n-¡v I-fn-cn-bp-t−-¶pw. Xm\pw

a-¡fpw a-cp-a¡fpw Ip-Spw-_-§-fp-am-bn Po-hn-¡p-¶p-sh-¶pw sh-

fn-s -̧Sp-̄ p¶p. H-cp \m-sSm-Sn-bmb hmMva-b-̄ n-sâ Nmcp-X \n-d-

ªp-\nÂ-¡p-¶-Xm-Wv ]-e ]-e k-µÀ-̀ -§-fpw. sN§-\q-c-̧ ³

sIm-̈ p-]I-s\ B-iz-kn-̧ n-¡p-¶ hm-¡p-I-fnÂ hm-Õeyw X-§n

\nÂ-¡p¶p.

F-́ p ]nW-ªp F-sâ s]m³ aI-s\

C-sXt´m F-́ m-Wp-tb-Sm s]m-¶p-aI-s\

CsX-s´m-cp ]£n-]n-dm-sh-Sm s]m³-aI-s\

C-sX-s´m-cp ]-£n-]n-dm-th-Sm s]m³-aIs\

44

\n-tj-[hpw A-Xn-sâ hn-e-¡w {]mtb-W FÃm hm-sam-gn-¡-Y-I-

tfbpw kzm-[n-\n-¡p-¶p−v. X-t¨m-fn-H-tX-\³ I-−À ta-\h-sâ

tIm-« Im-Wm³ ]p-d-s -̧Sp-t¼mÄ tIm-a- -̧Ip-dp- v̧ X-Sbp¶-¶p−v

C-hn-sS I-cnbmw ]-Wn¡³- ]-Xn-s\-«p-I-f-cn-bnepw \o P-bn¡pw F-

¶mÂ ]-s¯m-¼-Xma-s¯ I-f-cn-bnÂ t]m-I-cp-sX-¶v hn-e-

¡p¶p. B hn-e-¡n-s\ \n-tj-[n-̈ -Xm-Wv B-Xn-bp-sS Zp-c- -́Im-

cWw. I-Ym-\m-bI-sâ Pbhpw tXmÂ-hn-bp-saÃmw \n-Ý-bn-¡p¶-

Xv Kp-cp-I-Sm-£-am-sW-¶v C-Xn-lm-k-hyJym-\-amWv C-hn-sS Im-

Wp-¶Xv.

ho-c-N-cnXw: s]m-Xp-sh sX-¡³-]m-«p-I-fnepw ho-cmcm-[m-\bpw Zp-

c-́ -hp-am-Wv {][m-\ C-Xn-hr¯w, N-§-\q-cm-Xn-bp-sS c-N-\m-inÂ-

]-̄ nepw B ho-c-]-cn-th-jw Im-Wmw. A-am-\p-j-i-àn-bp-sS k-

lm-b-t¯m-sS A-sÃ-¦nÂ ho-cm-w-K-\-§-fp-sS B-ßmÀ-°am-b

]n³-Xp-W-tbm-sS Po-hn-X-¯n-se hn-j-a-L-«§-sf Xc-Ww

sN¿p¶ B-Jym-\ hn-ti-j-§-fm-Wv \m-S³-]m-«p-I-fnÂ Im-Wp-

¶Xv. ]-g-b\m-tSm-Sn-Km-\-§-fnepw I-em-{]-I-S-\-§-fnepw A-

ct§dn-b ho-c-\m-b-I-·m-cm-Wv ]nÂ-¡me¯v {io-cm-a-\pw, `o-a-

t\bp-sam-s¡-bm-bn C-Xn-lm-k-§-fnÂ Øm-\w ]n-Sn -̈Xv F-¶v H-

cp hm-Z-ap−v. sN-§-\q-cm-Xn-sb-t¸m-se Po-hn-X-̄ n-sâ H-cp {]-

[m-\-̀ m-Kw cWm-¦-W-§-fnÂ I-gn-¨p-Iq-«n-b-h-cm-Wv \-½p-sS ]qÀ-

Æ-kq-cnIÄ, AXp-sIm-−p Xs¶ I-f-cn A-¦-§fpw tXmÂ-

hnbpw hn-P-b-hp-saÃmw B B-Jym-\-̄ n-sâ {][m\-̀ m-K-am-bn

XoÀ¶p.

3. X-¼p-cm\pw ]p-e-bnbpw : IÀj-I-Po-hn-X-̄ n-sâ B-Ëm-Zhpw

B-i-ss\-cm-iy-§fpw th-Z-\-Ifpw hn-j-a-§fpw Xp-Sn-̈ p \nÂ-

Ip-¶-h-bm-Wv Ir-jn-̧ m-«pIÄ. ]-̄ p-]d¡W-̄ n-sâ X-e-̧ p-e-

bnbm-b H-cp ‘s]-®msf’ Xp-dn-¨p t\m-¡n-\nÂ-Ip-¶ X¼qcm-sâ

45

e¼-S-kz-̀ mh-s¯ ]-tcm-£-am-bn ]-cn-lm-kn-¡p-¶-Xm-Wv Cu

Km\w. Xs¶ t\m-¡n \nÂ-¡m-sX k-a-b-sa-´m-bn F-¶v t\m-¡n-

\n-Ý-bn-¡-W-sa-¶m-Wv X-¼p-cm-sâ hÃm¯ t\m-«-̄ nÂ A-k-

l-\o-b-X A-\p-̀ -h-s¸-Sp-¶ X-e-¸pe-bn Bh-iy-s¸-Sp-¶Xv. t\-cw

G-I-tZiw C-cp-«m-bn Xp-S-§n-bn-cn-¡p¶p. A-hÄ-¡v tPm-en A-

h-km-\n-̧ n-̈ v am-S-̄ n-te-bv-¡v t]m-Im-\p-Å-Xn-Sp-¡-ambn. X-s¶ X-

s¶ t\m-¡n-\nÂ-¡m-sX t\tc-tNm-tÆ- Zr-ãn-bp-d-¸n-¡m-\m-Wv A-

hÄ B-h-iy-s¸Sp¶Xv. F-¶mÂ ‘\b-\-t`m-K’-̄ nÂ Xr-]v-Xn-h-

cm¯ B sIm-̈ p-X-¼q-cmI-s« \n\¡v F-́ m-Wn-{X [r-Xn F-¶m-

Wv tNm-Zn-¡p-¶Xv. ]-̄ p-]-d-¡-W-̄ n-sâ Xe¸p-e-bn-bmb- X-\n-

¡p t\-cw ssh-Ip-I-bmWv. I-fn-X-am-i-IÄ ]-d-ªp \nÂ-¡m³

kabanÃ. tam-Sn-bp-Å Xn-cp-h-\-́ -]p-cw I-{Xn-I-sIm-−v ]p-Ibn-e

A-cn-ªv ckn¡p-bm-Wv B sIm-̈ p-X-¼p-cm³. F¶mÂ i-co-cw

ap-gp-hm³ tN-cnÂ I-fn-̈ p \nÂIp-¶ A-h-tfm-Sv tN-dp-If-ªv,

s\Ãp-Ip¯n, I-ªn-sh-̈ p X-cm-\m-Wm-h-iy-s -̧Sp-¶Xv. IÂ-]n-̈ v

Iq-«n Ah-sf X-sâ k-ao-]- v̄ \nÀ-̄ n kÃ-]n-¡m-\m-Wv X¼q-cm-

sâ B-{Klw. F-¶mÂ X-¼q-cm-sâ A[oImc-taml-s¯ t\-cn-

s«-XnÀ¡m³ I-gn-bm¯ B ]p-e-bn-s¸-®v t\-cw Ip-sd-bm-tb-¶

Imc-Ww ]d-ªv Hgn-ªp amdpI-bmWv. ^yq-UÂ ]-cm-¼-cy-

¯nÂ -can-¨p \nÂ-Ip-¶ H-cp sIm¨pX¼q-cm-sâ Im-am-k-àn-¡v

h-gn-s¸-Sm-sX X-tâ-S-t¯m-sS A-Xn-s\ FXnÀ¯p \nÂ-¡p¶p.

Hcp-X-e-̧ p-e-bn-bp-sS Nn-{Xn-I-c-W-am-Wv Cu Km\w. ]Ie´n-tbm-

fw ]-Wn-sb-Sp-̧ n-̈ v I-ã-s¸-Sp-̄ p-¶-Xn-\v ]pd-sa X-¼pcm-·m-cp-sS

amwk-Zm-l-̄ n-sâ ap³-]nÂ ]-X-dn-\nÂ-t¡-−n h-cp-¶ A-Sn-a-hÀ-

¤-̄ n-sâ t\À¡m-gv-N-bm-Wv \m-an-hn-sS Im-Wp-¶Xv.

46

Bäp-a-W-t½Â D-®n-bmÀ-¨ AÃn-a-eÀ Im-hnÂ Iq-̄ v Im-Wm³

t]m-Ip-¶ I-Yþ ]q-̄ p-cw ]m-«nÂ \n-¶v k-¼m-Z-I³ tUm. sI.

{io-Ip-amÀ

H-cp Znh-kw cm-{Xn, D-®n-bmÀ-̈ `À-̄ r-hoSm-b B-äp-a-W-

t½Â, A-̄ m-gw Ign-ªv D-d-§m³ In-S¶p. A-t¸m-gm-Wv AÃn-

a-eÀ-¡m-hn-se Iq-̄ n-s\-¡p-dn¨pw A-¿-¸³ Im-hn-se-hn-f-¡n-s\-

Ip-dn¨pw kz-]v-\w Im-Wp-¶Xv. A-Sp-̄ Znh-kw {]`mX-¯nÂ ]p-

eÀ-s¨ F-gp-t¶-äv A-Sn-X-fn-sbÃmw I-gn-ªv- \mep-sI-«n-\I-̄ v

Ib-dn G-cp-Zm-l-I-ªn-¡m-bn Ip-dnb-cn I-gp-In A-Sp-̧ -̄ n«p.

]n-s¶ Ip-ªn-cmasâ ]n-Xmhm-b A-Ñ³ In-S-¡p-¶ ap-dn-bp-sS

ap³-]nÂ sN-¶v AÑ-s\ hn-fn-̈ p-WÀ-̄ n Imcyw [-cn-¸n-¡p¶p.

B-äp-a-W-t½-en-te-¡v hn-hm-lw I-gn-̈ p sIm-−p-h¶-Xn-\p-ti-jw

C-Xph-sc A-hÄ ]p-c-hn-«v ]p-d-t¯-¡n-d-§n-bn-«nÃ. C-¶v AÃn-

aeÀ-¡m-hnÂ Iq-̄ v Im-Wm\pw A-¿-̧ ³ Im-hn-se hnf-¡v Im-

Wm\pw A-hÄ-¡v t]m-IWw. \o B-sc Iq-«n XpW-¡v s]m-Ipw?

A-Ñ³ F-XnÀ-hm-Z-sa-Sp-̄ n«p. `À¯mhm-b Ip-ªn-cma-\p ]p-

Xp-tÈ-cn-bnÂ ]-W-]-b-än-\v t]m-IWw, B-bn-cw ]W-¯nÂ ]b-äv

XpS-§n \nÀ-̄ p-t¼mÄ B-bn-c-s¯m-¶v ]-Ww In-«pw. AXp-

sIm−v Ah-\p Xp-W-bv-¡v t]m-Im³ ]-änÃ. am-{X-aÃ tPm-\-IÀ

]pf-̈ v \-S-¡p-¶ \m-K-]p-c-¯-§m-Sn-bnÂ Iq-Sn t]m-Ip¶-Xv B-]-

¯mWv. hn-ti-j¨pw \n-s¶-t¸m-se kp-µ-cn-Ifm-b kv-{XoI-sf I-

−mÂ A-hÀ tI-dn-̧ n-Sn-̈ v aq -̧sâ am-fn-Ibn-se¯n¡pw. A-Xv

tI-«-dn-ªv A-¦-̄ n-\p h-cp-¶ Ip-ªn-cma-s\ A-hÀ h-[n-¡pw.

A-§n-s\ F-\n-s¡-sâ aI-s\ \-ã-s -̧Spw. DS-s\ D-®n-bmÀ-̈ Xp-

d-¶-Sn-¡p-¶p ]p¯p-cw-ho-«n-se s]-®p-§Ä-¡v A-§n-s\ s]m-cp-

]m-c-¼-cy-anÃ! Xq-SÀ-¶v A-hÄ A-½ In-S-¡p-¶ ap-dn-bp-sS ap-

¶nepw sN-¶v bm-{Xm-\pa-Xn tX-Sp¶p. A-hn-sSbpw \n-cm-i-bm-bn-

47

cp-¶p ^ew. A-½-bp-sSbpw A-Ñ-sâbpw hn-e-¡p-IÄ h-I sh-

¡m-sX A-hÄ Ip-ªn-cma-s\ hn-fn-̈ p-WÀ¯n. ]Ãp-tX-̧ n-̈ v F-

cpZm-l I-ªn Ip-Sn-̧ n-¡p¶p. `À-̄ mhn-t\mSpw kz-]v-\-s¯-¡p-

dn-̈ v ]d-ªv A-\p-\-b-kz-c-̄ nÂ bm{Xm\pa-Xn tX-Sp-¶p.

Abmfpw H-gn-ªp-amdn.

Xp-SÀ-¶v D-®n-bmÀ-̈ c−pw IÂ-]n-̈ v I-fn-s¨m-cp-§n ]p-

d-s -̧Sp-I-bmWv. ChnsS D-®n-bmÀ- -̈bp-sS \o-cm-«p hÀ-®-\ hf-sc

a-t\m-lc-amWv. No-sä-Ån-sâ F® X-e-bnÂ tX-̈ v C-©n-bpw C-

©-]p-fn-©n-¡ Xm-fn-bp-sa-Sp-̄ v A-hÄ Ip-f-¡Shn-se¯n. Xm-fn-

tX-̈ v sa-gp-¡nf-¡n C-© tX-̈ v hn-kv-X-cn-s¨m-cp Ipfn. Ip-fn

Ignªv, N-µ-\Ipdn-sXm-«v I-®m-Sn-bnÂ t\m-¡n Xne-Iw sXm«v,

A-RvP-\w sIm−v I-s®-gpXn, I-kv-Xq-cnbpw I-f-̀ hpw ta-\n-

bnÂ ]qin, ]-«ptNesªdn-ªpSp v̄, ap-̄ p-am-ebpw s]m-·m-

ebpw I-gp-̄ n-e-Wnªv, cm-am-b-W-h-f I¿nen«v, D-dp-an A-c-bnÂ

Np-än A-hÄ bm-{X-¡p X-¿m-dmbn. Ip-ªn-cm-a³ ]-e XS-Ê-

§fpw ]d-ªv Ah-sf hn-e¡n-t\m¡n. Nq-cÂ-t¡mep- sIm-−v

XÃpw F-¶p h-sc `o-j-Wn-s -̧Sp¯n-t\m¡n. H¶pw A-hÄ hI

sh-̈ nÃ. ]-Snbpw ]-Sn-¸p-cbpw I-S¶v, B-\-\-Sbpw I-S¶v, B-äp-a-

W-̧ p-dw C-Sbpw IS-¶v A-c-bmÂ-̄ -d-bnÂ sN¶p-I-bdn. (C-hn-

sS h-S-¡³ ]m-«p-I-fn-se t]m-Xphm-b L-S-\-sb-¡p-dn-¨p-Å Nne

k-¦Â-]§Ä HmÀ-½n-t¡-−-Xp-−v. B-{K-lwþhn-e-¡vþewL-\w

F-¶ co-Xn-bn-em-bn-cn¡pw {]m-tb-W-I-Ym-KXn. C-hn-sS D-®n-bmÀ- -̈

bp-sS kz-]v-\hpw Xp-SÀ-¶pÅ Xn-cp-am-\hpw B-{K-l-amWv. A-½-

b-Ñ-·mcpw `À-̄ mhpw B bm-{X-sb hne¡p¶-Xv I-Ym-K-Xn-sb

_m-[n-¡p¶p. Xq-SÀ-¶v A-h-cp-sS hm-¡p-I-sfÃmw ewLn-̈ v D-®n-

bmÀ-̈ ]p-d-s -̧«v t]m-Ip¶-Xp hn-e-¡n-sâ ew-L-\-hpw) AÂ-]w

Ignª-t¸mÄ B-tcm-a-en-sâ in-jy-·mÀ A-hn-sS F-̄ n Imc-

48

Ww Xn-c¡n. Xm³ AÃn-a-eÀ-Im-hn-se Iq-̄ pw, A-¿-̧ ³-Im-hn-se

hn-f-¡pw, A-Rv-P-\-¡m-hn-se ]qchpw Im-Wm³ H-cp-§n-bn-d-§n-

b-Xm-sW¶pw B-tcm-a-en-s\ Im-̄ n-cn-¡p-I-bm-sW¶pw a-dp]-Sn

\ÂIn. tPm-\-I-̧ p-fÀ-̧ pÅ B \m-«nÂ C-cn-¡p¶-Xv B-]-̄ m-

sW-¶pw, B-tcm-aÂ tN-I-hÀ I-f-cn-bnÂ \n-¶v Xn-cn-s -̈̄ m³

ssh-Ip-sa¶pw AhÀ A-dn-bn-¡p¶p. A-hÀ D-®n-bmÀ-̈ -bp-sS

Xn-cpap-¼nÂ A-¿m-bn-cw ]-Ww s]m-en-̈ v bm-{Xm-\pa-Xn hm-§n ]n-

cnªp-t]m-Ip¶p. A-Xn-\n-S-bnÂ B-äp-a-W-t½te Ip-ªn-cm-

a\pw A-½p-sSbpw A-Ñ-sâbpw A-\pa-Xn hm-§n D-®n-bmÀ¨-

sb A\p-K-an-¡p-hm³ X-¿m-dm-bn A-hn-sS F-̄ p¶p. tPm-\-I-

¸p-f-¸p-Å \m-K-]p-cw A§m-Sn-bn-eq-sS-bp-Å bm-{X A-bmfpw `-

b-s -̧Sp-¶p−v. G-Xm-bmepw \mSpw tZihpw ]n-¶n-«v A-hÀ \m-K-

]p-c-s¯¯n. Iq¶-̄ v ]q-̄ - Ip-¶v t]m-se B-ZnXy-tim-̀ bp-

Å D-®n-bmÀ¨-sb t\-cnÂ I-−v tPm-\-IÀ A-¼-c¶p. aq -̧\p

tNÀ-¶-s]®m-sW¶pw Ah-sf C-\n BÀ¡pw hn«p-sIm-Sp-̄ p-

Iq-Sm F-¶p-d-̧ n-̈ v A-hÀ aq -̧s\ hn-h-c-a-dn-bn-̈ p. aq-̧ -\mI-s« B

hn-in-ã-kp-µ-cn-¡v s]m³ ]-Whpw s]m³ hn-f¡pw sh-̈ v cm-P-Io-

bam-b H-cp kzo-Ic-Ww \Â-Im³ Ah-sc Np-a-X-e-s¸Sp¯n. D-

®n-bmÀ-¨bpw B-äp-a-W-t½-se Ip-ªn-cm-a\pw A-Xn-enS-¡v Xm-

\p-c-§m-Snbpw F-S-h-«-̄ -§m-Snbpw I-b-dn-bnd-§n Xn-cn- v̈ BÂ-

¯-d-bn-se¯n. At¸mtg¡pw tPm-\-I-Iq-«w A-hn-sS \n-e-bp-d-̧ n-

¨n-cp¶p. Ip-ªn-cm-a³ ]-c-h-i-\mbn I-f-cn-]c-¼c ssZ-h§-sf

hn-fn-̈ v Bi-¦-tbm-sS \nÂ-]mbn. D-®n-bmÀ-̈ h¶p I-b-dn-b-

t¸mÄ hn-\-b-t¯m-sS tPm-\-IÀ A-h-cp-sS B-{K-l-a-dn-bn-̈ p.

aq -̧\v tNÀ-¶ s]®m-b \n-s¶ R-§Ä sIm−p-t]m-Ip¶p. D-

®n-bmÀ-¨ A-h-cp-sS s]m³-X-fn-¡-̄ nepw s]m³-Im-gv-N-bnepw a-

b-§m-sX A-h-cp-sS B-{K-lw \-S-¡n-sÃ-¶-d-nbn¨p. am-{X-aÃ X-

49

sâ i-co-c-̄ nÂ B-sc-¦nepw ssI sh-̈ mÂ Ah-sc shdp-sX

hn-Sp-I-bn-sÃ-¶v Xm-¡nXpw sN-bvXp. ]n-Sn-̈ ]n-Sn-bm-te D-®n-bmÀ¨-

sb sIm−p-t]m-Ip-sa-¶v A-hÀ ]n-s¶bpw `oj-Wn ap-g-¡n-b-

t¸mÄ D-®n-bmÀ-¨ Acbpw X-ebpw ap-dp-¡n H-c-¦-¯n-\v X-¿m-

dmbn. BWpw s]-®p-aÃm-¯ I¿·mcm-b \n-§-fp-sS tPm-\-

¸pf-̧ v C-tXm-sS A-S-¡p-sa-¶v A-hÄ i]-Yw sNbvXp. A-¦¡-

en ]q-−v A-Sn- ap-XÂ ap-Sn h-sc hnd-̈ v D-®n-bmÀ-̈ H-c-¦-̄ n-\v

tPm-\I-sc shÃp-hn-fn¨p. ]-In-cn-Xn-cn-ªv \-\-ap-s−m-¶p hn-in

A-hÄ Ip-Xn-c-̧ m-ÃnÂ ]m-ª-t¸mÄ A-ªp-dp ap-¶qdpw ho-Wp

t]mbn. c−m-sam-sXm-¶v Xn-cn-ªv ]-Xn-s\-«m-fp-b-c-̄ nÂ D-bÀ-

¶p s]m-§n C-§n-s\ A-«-l-kn¨p. ‘F-sâ A-§-f B-tcm-a-em-

sW-¦nÂ C-¶v tPm-t\mÀ-̧ pf-̧ v s]m-Sn-̈ v sXÅpw Rm³’ B-tcm-

a-en-sâ t]-cp-tI-«-tXm-sS tPm-\-IÀ `bs¸«v Hm-Sn-s¨-¶v tPm-\-I-

aq -̧s\ hn-h-c-adnbn¨p. B-tcm-a-ensâ t\À-s]-§fm-b D-®n-bmÀ-

-̈sb-bm-Wv Xm³ kz- -́am¡m³ {i-an-t -̈X-¶-dn-ªv aq-̧ ³ t_m-

[w \-in-̈ v Xm-sg hoWp. aq -̧̄ n sh-Åw Xfn-̈ v A-bm-fp-sS t_m-

[-ap-WÀ¯n. A-bmÄ aq-̧ ¯n-tbm-Sv D-®n-bmÀ¨-sb sN-¶v I-−v

k-am-[m-\n-¸n-¡m³ B-h-iy-s¸«p. A-hÄ s]m-¶n³ X-fn-I-bnÂ ho-

cm-fn -̧«v hn-cn-̈ v sh-än-ebpw aäpw Imgv-N h-kv-Xp-I-fp-sa-Sp-̄ v

BÂ-̄ -d-bnÂ sN-¶v D-®n-bmÀ¨-sb sXm-gp-Xp-Iq-̧ n FÃmw

£-an-¡-sW-¶v B-h-iy-s¸«p. F-¶mÂ tPm-\-I-¡p-dp-¼v Ipd-t¨

Xm-\-S-§p-I-bp-Å F-¶m-bn D-®n-bmÀ-¨. Xp-SÀ-¶v tPm-\-I-aq-

¸³ B-tcm-a-en-sâ t\À N-§m-Xnbm-b \m-K-̧ ³ sN-«n-bm-sc a-

²y-Ø-\m-¡n H-̄ p-XoÀ-¸n-\p {i-an¨p. D-®n-bmÀ- -̈tbm-Sv t\-cn-«v G-

äp-ap-«m³ \m-K-̧ ³ sN-«n-bmÀ H-cp-¡-ambn-cp-¶nÃ. A-bmÄ AÃn-

a-eÀ-¡m-hn-se-̄ nb B-tcm-a-ep-sS A-Sp-¡-te-bv¡ tPm-\Isc

Hm-ebpw sIm-Sp-̄ v hn«p. A-Xn-\n-S-bv-¡v sN-«n-bmÀ D-®n-bmÀ- -̈

50

bp-sS ap-¼n-se-̄ n ho-cm-fn-̧ -«nÂ s]m-¶m-̀ -c-W-§Ä Im-gv-N-

sh¨p. tPm-\-IÀ-¡v A-dn-bm-sX ]än-b ]n-g-bm-sW¶pw A-h-tcm-

Sv £-an-¡-W-sa¶pw A-t]-£n¨p. Xm-a-kn-¡m-sX B-tcm-aepw

tPm-\-I-aq-̧ \pw BÂ-̄ -d-bn-se¯n. aq-̧ ³ D-®n-bmÀ-̈ -bp-sS

ImÂ-I-Â- ho-Wv £-a-bm-Nn¨p. H-Sp-hnÂ D-®n-bmÀ-̈ A-h-fp-sS

ap-¼nÂ sh-¨ ImgvN-h-kv-Xp-IÄ k-t´m-j-t¯m-sS kzo-I-cn-̈ v A-

§-f-bp-sS ssI-]n-Sn-̈ v BÂ-̄ -d-bnÂ \n-¶n-d§n. AÃn-a-eÀ-¡m-

hnÂ sN-¶v Iq¯pw A-¿-¸³ Im-hn-se hnf¡pw A-Rv-P-\-¡m-

hn-se th-ebpw I-−v `À-¯m-hn-sâ Iq-sS B-äp-a-W-ta-te-¡v a-

S§n. aI-s\ A-½-bp-sS k-hn-[-̄ nÂ \nÀ-̄ n X-\n-¡v In«nb

s]m-Xn-IÄ A½-sb GÂ-]n-¡p¶p. ]n-s¶ \m-ep-sI-«nÂ IS-¶v

X-sâ ap-dn-bnÂ sN-¶v sa-¿m-̀ -c-W-§Ä A-gn-̈ v sh¨p. ]-«p-h-

fbpw A-½-bv-¡v k-½m-\n¨p. s]¬-hn-P-b-̄ nsâ a-e-bm-f-̄ n-

se B-Zy-B-Jym-\-sa-¶ \n-e-bnÂ D-®n-bmÀ- -̈bpsS Cu Ncn-X-

¯n-\p N-cn-{X- {]m-[m-\y-ap−v.

51

bqWnbqWnbqWnbqWn----äväväväv þþþþ 2222

hhhh----cccc----samsamsamsam----gngngngn----¡¡¡¡----hnhnhnhn----XXXX----bpbpbpbp----sS {]msS {]msS {]msS {]m----cw`wcw`wcw`wcw`w

H-cp hy-h-lmc-̀ mj F-¶ \n-e-bn-Â a-e-bm-fw kw-L-Ime-̄ v X-

s¶ \n-e-\n-¶n-cp-¶p F-¶p kq-N-\ kw-L-I-hn-I-fp-sS sam-gn-s]-

bÀ-tZ-iw F-¶p kq-N-\-bnÂ \n¶pX-s¶ e-̀ n-¡p-¶p−v. sNmÂ

s]-bÀ-tZ-iw F-¶v A-hÀ hy-h-tÑ-Zn-¡p-¶-XnÂ \n-¶pX-s¶ A-Xn-

s\ tI-c-f-X-an-sgt¶m tI-c-f-̀ m-j-sbt¶m hn-fn-bv-¡mw. sam-gn-s]-

bÀ-tZ-iw \¶-sâ Io-gn-en-cp-¶ ]-Ýn-a-Xo-c-am-Im-\m-Wv km-²y-X.

km-ao-]-Ime v̄ sh-fn¨-̄ p h-¶ N-cn-{X-h-kv-Xp-X-IÄ ]cn-tim-[n-

¨mÂ (“a-e-bm-f-¡-c-bpsS a-dbv-¡-s¸-« N-cn-{Xw” F-¶ ]p-kv-X-I-

¯nÂ) \¶-sâ {]-tZi-̄ v kw-km-cn-¨n-cp-¶ ‘sNmÂ’ a-e-bm-f-̀ m-

j-bp-sS {]m-IrX-am-Im-\m-Wv km²y-X F-¶v h-cp¶p. \¶-sâ \m-

«n-se `m-j-sb-¡p-dn-̈ v s]-cpw-Xsse Nm-̄ -\mÀ \Ã `mjm-ssh-Z-

Kv-[y-ap-Å-hÀ t]mepw A-hn-sS {]-th-i-\-anÃ F-¶v ]p-d-\m-\q-dn-se

151þmw ]m-«nÂ hni-Zo-I-cn-¡p-¶p−v.

]-e X-cw hyh-lm-c-̀ m-j-bnÂ \n-¶v a-e-bm-fw km-h-[m-\-

¯nÂ cq-]-s -̧«p- hcp-¶-Xn-s\-bmhpw C-hn-sS kq-Nn-̧ n-¡p-¶Xv. ]-

g-w-Im-e-§-fnÂ h³-]n-¨ tXm-XnÂ {]m-tZ-in-I-̀ m-jm hy-Xym-k-

§Ä `m-j-¡p-−m-Im-Xn-cn-¡m³ X-c-anÃ. (a-e-bm-f-IhnXm km-ln-

Xy-N-cn{Xw þ Fw. eo-em-hXn, t]-Pvþ]-Xn-\m-ev). tI-c-f-N-cn-{Xhpw

kmaqly-cq-]n-I-c-Whpw F-¶ {K-Ù-̄ n-Â (t]-Pvþ129) {io-am³

sI. sI sIm-̈ v C§n-s\ A-̀ n-{]m-b-s¸-Sp-¶p−v. sam-gn-s]-bÀ-

tZ-iw F-¶v kw-L-Io-e-I-hn-IÄ kqNn-̧ n-¡p-¶, hy-Xym-kv-Xam-b

52

hm-sam-gn \n-e-\n-¶n-cp-¶ {]-tZ-i-§-fnÂ tIcfhpw DÄ-s]-«n-cn-

¡mw. hm-sam-gn-bnÂ hy-Xy-kv-X-X \n-e-\n-¶n-cp¶ B {]-tZ-i-§-

fnÂ \n-¶p-Å-h-cnÂ ]-e-cp-sS-bpw I-hn-X-IÄ \-½p-¡v A-I-\m-

\p-dnepw ]p-d-\m\p-dnepw Im-Wm³ I-gn-bpw. G-Xm-bmepw kw-L-

Im-ew I-gn-ªv H-cp \q-äm-−n-\p ti-jw G-I-tZiw AD 405

t\m-S-Sp-̄ v {Xohn-{I-a-tZ-h³ F¶ sIm-§p-tZ-i-cmPmhv ‘tI-c-

fþ]m-Þy a-ebm-f’\m-Sp-IÄ B-{I-an- -̈Xm-bn “sIm-§p-tZ-i-

Ncn{Xw” hy-à-am-¡p¶p. AXmb-Xv ‘a-e-bmfw’ F-¶v {]-tXy-Iw

hn-h-cn-¡p-¶ H-cp tZihpw a-e-bm-fw F-¶ H-cp hy-h-lm-c-`m-jbpw

A-¡m-e-am-b-t¸m-tg¡pw cq-]-s¸«n-cn-¡Ww. AD \memw i-X-I-

¯n-em-Wv sX-ep-¦vþI-¶-U-§Ä {_-an-en-]n-bnÂ \n-¶v kz-́ w en-

]n k-¼m-Zn-¨Xv. (tI-c-f-̄ -\n-a, t]-Pvþ467) Cu ]Ã-hn-en-]n-bnÂ \n-

¶m-Wv ‘B-cy-F-gp¯v’ F-¶ t]-cnÂ B-[p-\n-I- a-e-bm-f- A-£-

c-am-ebpw hfÀ¶p h-¶Xv. a-e-\m-Sv X-an-gv a-e-bm-×-bm-bn h-fÀ-¶v

a-e-bm-f-am-bn ]-cn-W-an-̈ p F-¶v tI-c-f-]m-Wn-\na-Xw G-sd-¡p-td

FÃm ]-Þn-X-·mcpw i-cn-sh-bv-¡p-¶p−v. F-¶mÂ hm-sam-gn-bm-

bn X-e-ap-d-bm-bn {]-N-cn-¡-s¸-« `m-j-bn-se G-sXm-s¡

AwK§Ä hn-ti-j-hy-h-lm-c-̀ m-j-bm-bn h-c-sam-gn-bm-bn F-̄ n-

t¨À-¶p F-¶ Imcyw Ir-Xy-am-bn ]-dbp-I h¿. AD 800 apXÂ

1325 h-sc-bp-Å Im-e-L-«-¯n-\nS-¡mWv ‘I-cn-́ -angv’ tI-c-f-̀ m-j-

bm-bn D-cp-̄ n-cnª-Xv F-¶v A-S-bm-f-s -̧Sp-̄ p-¶p−v. G-Xm-

bmepw `mj-¡v en-Jn-X-cq-]w kr-ãn-¡¯¡ Nn-e t{]-c-WIÄ Cu-

¡m-e-̄ p-−m-bn-cn-¡Ww. B \-thm-°m-\-̄ n-sâ au-en-I-LS-

Iw {_m-Ò-Wm-[n-\n-thihpw {_m-Ò-W- kw-kv-Im-c-̄ n-sâ {]-Xn-I-

hpam-b a-Wn-{]-hm-f-hp-am-bn-cn-¡p-sa¶-XnÂ XÀ-¡-anÃ. a-Wn-{]-hm-

f-sa-¶ Cu `m-jm-an-{i-Ww B-Zy-am-bn D-]-tbmKn¨p Im-Wp¶Xv

53

AD 9þmw \q-äm-−n-ep−m-b ‘P-b-[h-f’ F¶ ssP-\-{KÙ¯n-

emWv. ]Xn-s\m¶mw \q-äm-−n-se ‘ho-c-tNm-gn-bw’ F-¶ X-an-gv

{KÙhpw Cu co-Xn-sb -̧än ]-d-bp-¶p−v. eo-em- Xn-e-I-Imc-sâ a-

Wn-{]-hm-f-̄ n-t\bpw ]m-«n-t\bpw Ip-dn-̈ p-Å hy-Xy-Ø \nÀ-hN-

\w kq-Nn-̧ n-¡p¶-Xv ]m-«pw aWn-{]-hm-fhpw c-−p km-ln-Xy-im-J-

I-fm-bn B-¡m-e--am-b-t¸m-tg¡pw \nehnÂ h-¶p I-gn-ªp F-

¶XmWv. {Z-an-U-kw-Ln-Xm-£-c-an-_-Ô-taXpI tam-\-hr-̄ hn-ti-

j-bp-àw ]m-«v F-¶ Ir-Xyamb B \nÀ-h-N-\-̄ nÂ X-s¶ ]m-«v

F¶ km-ln-Xy-cq-]-̄ n-sâ FÃm {]-tXy-I-X-Ifpw kq-Nn-̧ n-¡-s¸-

«p I-gn-ªp.

]m-«p {]-Øm-\w AXp-sIm-−v X-s¶ ]m-«p-{]-Øm-\-s¯-¡p-dn-

¨p-Å hn-i-Z NÀ-̈ B-cw-̀ n-t¡−-Xv eo-em-Xne-Iw ]m-«n-\p \ÂIn-

b \nÀ-ÆN-\w kÀÆ-Ym tbmPn-¡p¶p. cm-a-N-cn-X-̄ nÂ \n-¶m-Wv.

104 ]-S-e-§-fn-embn 1614 ]Se-§-fpÅ ]m-«p-Im-hy-amWv cm-a-N-cn-

Xw {Zm-hn-U-̀ m-j-I-fp-sS s]m-Xp-kz-̄ m-Wv ]m«v. X-an-gv a-e-bm-f-

§fnÂ ]m-«v F¶pw sX-ep-¦nÂ ]m-Sp, I-¶-U-̄ nÂ lSv, ]-Sv

F¶pw G-td-¡p-sd k-Zr-iam-b H-cp kw-Úm-\maw Cu km-ln-

Xy-imJ-¡v FÃm {Zm-hn-U-̀ m-j-Ifnepap−v. eo-em-Xn-e-I-¯n-se e-

£-W-anÀ-h-N-\-a-\p-k-cn-̈ v {Zan-U-kw-Lm-Xm-£c- \n-_Ô-am-bn-

cn¡-Ww ]m«v. {Zan-U-kw-Lm-X-sa-¶v ]-d-ªmÂ 12 kz-c-§fpw 18

hy-Rv-P-\-§fpw tNÀ-¶ {Zm-hn-U-̄ n-sâ am-Xr-Im-£-cam-e ]m-

«nÂ kw-kv-Ir-X-ap-]tbm-Kn-¡mw. ]-t£ A-Xv X-Õ-a-am-bnt«m

XÂ-̀ -h-am-bnt«m am{Xw F-Xp-Ibpw tam-\bpw X-an-gv co-Xn-bv-¡p-

Å i-Ðm-e-¦m-c-§-fmWv. FXp-I H-cÀ-°-̄ nÂ Zzn-Xn-bm-£-c-

{]m-k-am-sW-¦nepw H-cp ]m-«n-se \m-ep-]m-Z-̄ n-sebpw {]-Y-am-£-

c-§-fp-sS am-{X - H-̄ p-hc-Ww -tam-\-]m--ZmÀ-²m-Zn- {]m-k-amWv.

A, B, sF, Hu F-¶n-h-bv¡pw N-X X-½nepw R-\-X-½nepw a-h

54

X-½nepw ]-c-kv]cw tam-\-bm-Imw. cm-a-N-cn-{X-̄ nÂ A-́ m-Zn-{]-

mkm-hp-ap−v. ]m-«n-sâ A-h-km-\-̄ n-ep-Å ]-Z-§Ä tImt−m

]m-Z-§Ä tImt−m A-Sp-̄ ]m-«v B-cw-̀ n-¡p-¶-Xm-Wv A-́ m-

Zn {]mkw. X-an-gv hncp-̄ -§-fm-Wv a-e-bm-f-̀ m-j-bn-se ]m-«p-IÄ

c-Nn-̈ n-cn-¡p-¶Xv. ]m-«p-I-fnÂ ]mÞy-̀ m-j-km-cq]yw Iq-Sp-X-

emWv. A-Xn-\mÂ sN-́ -an-gv Im-hy-§-fn-se-t¸m-se sN-¿pÂ-hn-Im-

c§Äþ h-en-̄ Âþsa-en¯Âþ F¶n-h ]m-«nepw Im-Wmw. ]m-«p

{]Øm-\-̄ n-se {][m-\ Im-hy-§Ä cm-a-N-cnXw. Xn-cp-\n-gÂ-am-e,

I-®-È-cm-am-bWw, I-®-È-`m-cXw, `m-c-X-am-e, `m-jm-̀ -Kh-Zv Ko-X,

in-h-cm{Xn a-lm-ßyw, cm-a-IYm-]m«v, a-lm-̀ mc-Xw ]m«v, Ir-jv-WKm-

Y F-¶n-h-bmWv.

]m]m]m]m----«n«n«n«n-- --\\\\v eov eov eov eo-- --emememem----XneXneXneXne----Iw Iw Iw Iw \\\\ÂÂÂÂ----IpIpIpIp----¶ e£Ww¶ e£Ww¶ e£Ww¶ e£Ww

a-Wn-{]-hm-fw F-¶ Im-hy-{]-Øm-\-s¯-¡p-dn-̈ v kw-kv-Ir-X-̀ m-j-

bnÂ c-Nn-¡s¸«n«p-Å e-£-W-{K-Ù-am-Wv eo-em-Xn-eIw. kq-{X-

§fpw Ah-sb tk-Zm-lc-Ww hn-h-cn-¡p-¶ hr-̄ n-amÀ-¤hpw A-

S-§n-b-XmWv Cu IrXn. e-£-Ww, i-co-c-\ncp]Ww `m-jm-k-Ôn-hn-

hc-Ww tZmjm-tem-N\w, Kp-W-\n-cq-]Ww, i-Ðm-e¦m-c hn-th-N\w,

AÀ-°m-e-¦m-c-hn-h-cWw, c-k-{]-Ic-Ww F-¶o F-«p in-ev-]-§Ä

BWv Ir-Xn-bn-ep-ÅXv.

“`m-jm-kw-kv-Ir-Xtbm Ku-a-Wn-{]-hmfw” F-¶ kq-{X-¯n-

sâ hym-Jym-\-amWv H¶mw in-ev-]-̄ nÂ. Nn-e i-Ð-§Ä C-X-c-̀ m-

jm-k-Zr-i-§-fm-sW-¶Ãm-sX CX-c-̀ m-jm-i-Ð-§Ä B-sW-¶v

I-cp-Xp¶-Xv i-cnbÃ. A-t -́hn-Ir-Xw kwkvIrXw, kw-kv-Ir-X cq-

]w F-¶ kq-{X-̄ n-sâ hn-h-c-W-̄ nÂ Ip-¦paw, ImcWw, C-Xym-

Zn-i-Ð-§-fnÂ Im-Wp-¶ A-́ yam-b a-Im-cw `m-jm-h-imÂ h-

¶Xm-sW-¶ A-t±-lw Øm-]n-¡p¶p. `m-j-bn-se FÃm i-Ð-

55

§Ä¡pw kw-kv-Ir-X-̄ nÂ ‘{]-Ir-Xn’ Du-ln-¡p¶-Xv i-cn-b-sÃ-

¶p-Å A-̀ n-{]mb-̄ n-\v D-Zm-l-Wam-bn hb-dv F-¶ `m-jm-i-Ð-

¯n-sâ DÂ¸¯n ‘sshcn’ F-¶ kw-k-Ir-X-i-Ð-̄ nÂ \n¶m-

sW-¶ B-ib-s¯ A-t±lw XÅn-¡-f-bp¶p. `m-jm-i-Ð-§-

fpsS ‘{]IrXn’ \nÀ-®-bn-¡p-¶-XnÂ kw-kv-Ir-Xw t]m-se X-s¶

{]-mIr-Xhpw \o-co-£n-¡-s -̧tS-−-Xm-sW-¶-t±-lw A-̀ n-{]m-b-s¸-

Sp¶p. hn-̀ -àn-I-sf-Ip-dn- v̈ {]-Xn-]m-Zn-¡p-¶ A²ym-b-¯nÂ A-h-

bp-sS AÀ-°-hn-Nm-cw sN-¿p-t¼mÄ `m-j-bp-sS kz-̀ m-h-̄ n-\v

tbm-Pn-¡m-̄ {]-Ir-XnI-sf Xo-sc H-gn-hm-¡-W-sa-¶v \nÀ-t±-in-

¡p¶p. “]pen-bn¦Â \n-¶p t]-Sn-̈ p.” C-Xym-Zn hne-£-W {]-tbm-

K§-sf Xo-sc H-gn-hm-¡p-W-sa¶v B-h-iy-s¸-Sp¶p. kw-kv-Ir-X-

\ym-b§-sf Xym-Py-{Km-ly- hn-th-N-\-t¯m-sS am-{X-sa `m-j-bnÂ

B-Z-cn-¡m-hp F¶pw A-t±-lw ]-d-bp¶p. “\-J-ep-kw-kv-Ir-X-\ym-

bx kÀ-tÆ-]n `mjmbmw {]-hÀ-̄ -tX”. A-t±-lw hy-à-am-¡p¶p

“XZp¯-aw `m-jm-c-k-{]-[m-t\y” F-¶ kq-{X-̄ nÂ `m-jm-]-Z-§-

fp-sS B-[n-Ir-am-Wv D-̄ -a aWn-{]-hm-f-̄ n-sâ e£-Ww F¶pw

A-t±-lw ]-d-ªp-sh-bv-¡p-¶p−v. kw-kv-IrX-̄ n-se {]m-amWn-

I {K-Ù-§-sfÃmw A-t±-l-̄ n-\v kp-]-cn-Nn-X-am-bn-cp-¶p-sh¶v

{]-kvXp-X Ir-Xn-bn-se e-£-W-hm-Iy-§fpw D-Zm-l-c-W-§fpw hy-

à-amIp¶p. {K-Ù-Im-c³ a-²y-tI-c-fo-b-\m-sW-¶v kw-i-bn-¡-

s -̧Sp¶p. kw-kv-Ir-X-̄ nÂ IrjvW-eo-em-hn-hm-Z-sa-¶ t]-cnÂ hym-

I-c-W-Imhyw \nÀ-½n- v̈ Ir-jv-W-eoem-ipI-sâ Ir-Xn-bn-Im\pw hn-

tcm-[-anÃ. (AD 13þmw \q-äm−v) 1220 þ 1300 F¶v D-ÅqÀ A-̀ n-

{]m-b-s -̧Sp¶p. ]m-«p `m-j-bp-sS ]-cn-Wm-ahpw en-]n-N-cn-{X-hp-

ambp-Å _Ôw, a-e-bm-f-̀ m-j-bn-se B-Zy-Ir-Xn-bm-b cm-a-N-cn-Xw

eo-em-Xn-e-I-̄ nse e-£-W-\nÀ-h-N-\-t¯m-Sv ]qÀ-®-ambpw tbm-

56

Pn-¡p-¶-XmWv. kw-kv-Ir-X-¯nse, sN-́ -angntem ]m-Þn-Xy-anÃm-

¯, ‘Du-gn-bnÂ sN-dn-b-hÀ-¡p’ th-−n-bmWv Imhyw c-Nn-̈ -cn-¡p-

¶-sX-¶v I-hn-bp-sS {]-kv-Xm-h-\-bnÂ \n-¶pX-s¶ cm-a-N-cn-Xw

km-[m-c-W-¡m-sc e-£y-am-¡n-bp-Å Im-hy-am-sW-¶v hy-àw.

F-¶mÂ eo-em-Xn-e-Im-c\pw cm-a-N-cn-Xw F-¶ IrXn I-

−Xm-bn kqN\bnÃ. Np-cp-¡-̄ nÂ cm-a-N-cn-X-Ime-s¯ km-am-

\y-hyh-lm-c`m-j {Z-hn-U-kw--Lm-Xm-£-c \n-_n-U-amWv. “X-c-X-ew-

Xm-\-f-́ m-]n-f´m” F-¶p Xp-S-§p-¶ ]m«m-Wv en-em-XneIw ]m-«n-

\p e-£-W-am-bn sIm-Sp-¯n-«p-ÅXv. A-XnÂ \n¶pw Xs¶

kam\amb c-N-\-IÄ A-¡me-̄ v {]-N-cn-̈ ncp-¶p-sh-¶v hyàw.

F-¶mÂ cm-a-NcnXw Xs¶ e-£-W-bp-àam-b H-cp ]m-«p-Im-hy-

am-sW-¦nÂ IqSn A-¡me v̄ Xs¶ a-e-bm-f-̀ m-j-bnÂ kw-kv-Ir-

X-kzm-[n-\w h-fÀ-¶p h-cp-¶-Xm-bn ImWmw. {][m-\-ambpw {Z-hn-U-

kw-Lm-X-£-c-\n-_-Ô-Xbpw ]m-Þy-̀ m-jym-km-cq-]y-hp-am-Wv ]m-

«p-̀ m-j-bp-sS {]-tXy-I-XIÄ. F-¶mÂ a-e-bm-f-̄ n-se ]m-«p-̀ m-j-

bv-¡v B \n-e-bnÂ X-s¶ A-[n-I-Im-ew Xp-S-cm³ I-gn-bm-̄ hn-

[w a-Wn-{]-hm-f`m-j kz-[o-\w sNe¯p-¶p-−m-bn-cp¶p. “cm-a-N-cn-

X-̄ n-se `m-jbpw a-Wn-{]-hm-fw X-s¶ F¶mWv F-sâ ]£w”

F-¶v F³. hn Ir-jv-W-hm-cn-bÀ A-̀ n-{]m-b-s -̧Sp-¶p. (t]Pv 169,

kw-kv-Ir-X-kzm-[n-\w {Z-hn-U-̀ m-j-I-fnÂ) hn-̀ -ày-́ kw-kv-Ir-X-

]Z§Ä hn`-àn s]m-cp-¯w Zn-£n-̈ {]-tbm-Kn-¨ hn-ti-j-W-hn-

ti-jy-§fpw AXnÂ I-s−-̄ mw. a-Wn-{]-hm-f-̄ n-\pw ]m-«n\pw

C-S-bv-¡p-Å `m-jm-]-cam. sshPmXyw I-gn-bp-¶Xpw CÃm-Xm-¡-

\m-Wv \nc-Ww I-hnI-sf t]m-ep-Å I-hn-IÄ {i-an-̈ Xv. AhÀ ‘\o-

P-̀ m-j’bn-se-gpXn-b Ir-XnIsf “`m-jm an-{i-an-sXsân IgmsX”

F-¶p ]-d-bp¶-Xv {i-t²-b-amWv. F-gp-̄ -Ñ-sâ-Xm-bn tI-c-f-]m-

57

Wn-\n ]oTn-IbnÂ F-®n-¸d-bp-¶ \m-ep-Im-cy§Ä; 1) kw-kv-Ir-X-

hn-̀ -àn-I-fp-sS {]tbmKw 2) B-cy- F-gp-̄ v \-S-¸m¡Â 3) kw-kv-

Ir-X-hn-̀ -àn-IÄ-¡v a-e-bm-f-hn`àn-¡p-d-n -tNÀ¡Â 4) hÀ-®-am-

{Xm-\n-b-ahn-t[-b-am-¡n In-fn-̧ m-«p-hr-̄ -§Ä krãn-¡Â C-h-

sbÃmw X-s¶ I-®-È-·mÀ A-h-cp-sS ]m-«p-I-fnÂ ap³-]pX-s¶

\S-̧ m-¡n-bn-cp-¶p. tUm. ]p-Xp-tÈ-cn cm-a-N-{µ³ A-t±-l-̄ n-sâ

I-®-È cm-a-b-W-]T-\-̄ nÂ kq-Nn-¸n-¡p¶p. cm-a-N-cn-̄ n-se

`mj tUm. Kp-−À-«v H-cn-¡Â Np-−n-¡m-Wn¨ t]m-se X-an-gv þ a-e-

bm-f-§-fp-sS A-XnÀ-̄ n tc-J-s -̧Sp¯p-I {]-bm-k-ambn-cp-s¶-

¦nÂ I-®-È cm-am-b-W-am-b-t¸m-sg¡pw `mj-¡v hen-b ]-cn-W-aw-

kw`hn-̈ p I-gn-ªn-cp¶p. A-Xmb-Xv I-®È-sâ Im-e-am-b-t¸m-

tg¡pw Xm-e-hym-tZiw, kz-c-kw-h-cWw, A-\p-\m-kn-Im-Xn-{]k-cw

F-¶n-hbn-eq-sS ]m-«p-̀ m-j-bv-¡v Im-Xem-b am-äw kw-̀ -hn-̈ n-cp¶p.

a-e-bm-f-̀ m-jm-]-cn-jv-I-c-W-¯nÂ F-gp-̄ -Ñ³ sNbv-X kw`m-h\

]pXn-sbm-cp Im-hy`m-j \n-e-hm-c-s -̧Sp-̄ p-I-bmWv. (Standard

is Salion) sX-¡p-̀ m-K-¯p-Å I-®-È-·m-cp-sS h-S-¡p-̀ m-K-

¯p-Å sN-dp-tÈ-cn-bpsSbpw Im-hy`m-jI-sf a-[y-tI-c-f-̄ n-ep-

Å h-Åp-h-\m-S³ `m-j-bp-am-bn GtIm]n-̧ n¨p.

]m]m]m]m----«p«p«p«p-- --`m`m`m`m----jjjj----bpbpbpbp----sS ]sS ]sS ]sS ]----cncncncn-- --WmWmWmWm----ahpwahpwahpwahpw enenenen-- --]n]n]n]n-- --NNNN----cncncncn-- --{X{X{X{X----hphphphp----amamamam----bpbpbpbp----Å _Å _Å _Å _----ÔhpwÔhpwÔhpwÔhpw

tI-c-f-̄ nÂ H³-]-Xp- ap-XÂ ]-{ -́−p h-sc-bp-Å i-X-

I-§-fnÂ {Zm-hn-U-hÀ®-am-e-bnse 30 A-£-c-§-fn-se-Xp-§p-

¶- h-s«gp v̄ en-]n-I-fn-em-Wv cm-P-imk-\-§fpw aäpw F-gp-Xn-bn-

cp-¶Xv. F-¶mÂ kw-kv-Ir-X-]Z-§tfm ssh-tZ-in-I A£c-

§tfm F-gp-tX-−n h-cp-¶ k-ab-̄ v Ah-sb {Z-hn-Um-£-c-am-e-

bnÂ H-Xp-¡m³ th-−n cq-]m-́ -c-§Ä h-cp-̄ n-bn-cp¶p. A-§n-

s\-bm-Wv ta-L-\m-Z³ C-Sn-¡p-c-e\ybpw i-X-Lv\n, \qäp-sImÃn-

58

bmbpw cq-]-́ m-c-s -̧«Xv. im-k-\-§-fn-emI-s« kwkv-Ir-Xm-£-c-

§Ä {K-Ù-en-]n D-]-tbm-Kn- v̈ A-Xn-J-c arZp-tLm-jm-£-c-§fpw

Du-jv-am-¡fpw D-]-tbm-Kn-̈ v F-gp-Xp-Ibpw sN-bv-Xp. hm-g-̧ n-Ån cm-

P-ti-J-c-im-k-\-t¯m-sS-bmWv, A-XmbXv AD 832 þÂ (sImÃ-

hÀjw 7þ\v) a-e-bm-f-̀ m-j-bp-sS enJn-X-]m-c-¼cyw B-cw-̀ n-¡p-

¶Xv. D-Zm-lcWw “\aÈn-hm-bx {io-cm-Pm-[ncm-P ]ctaiz-c `-«m-c-

I................. Xr-s¡ ¡o-gv ssh-¯p sNbv-X I-¨w”. Z-£n-tW-́ y-bnÂ

\n-¶p I-s−-Sp-̄ v cm-P-im-k-\-§-fnÂ h-s«-gp¯v, X-angv, {K-Ù-

en-]n-IÄ F¶n-h aq¶pw D-]-tbm-Kn- -̈Xm-bn Im-Wmw. h-s«-gp-̄ n-

\v sX-¡³ a-e-bmfw, tNcþ]m-Þy F-gp v̄, \m\w-tam-\w F-

¶n§-s\ ]e t]-cp-I-fp-ap−v. G-gmw \qäm−n-ap ap³]v Cu en-

]nam-e D-Zv-̀ -hn¨p. C-Xn-se FÃm en-]n-Ifpw CS-̄ v \n¶v h-e-t¯m-

«v D-Å H-ä-h-c-bnÂ \nÀ-½n-X-am-bn-cp¶p. an-¡-hm-dpw C-S-t¯m-«v

Nmª-Xp-amWv. A-tim-I-im-k-\-§-fn-se {_-Òn-en-]n-bnÂ \n-¶v

X-angv, sX-ep-¦v F-¶o en-]n-I-sf-t¸m-se D-−m-b-Xm-Wv h-s«-gp-

s¯-¶v tKm-]n\m-Y dm-hp A-̀ n-{]mb-s -̧Sp¶p. ]nÂ-¡me v̄ Cu

en-]n ]-cn-W-an-̈ m-Wv tIm-se-gp-̄ v D-−m-b-Xv. Z£n-W-̀ m-c-X-̄ n-

se kÀ-Æ km-[m-c-Wam-b te-J-\-k-{¼Z-bw aqÀ- -̈bp-Å hÃ

tImep-tIm-t−m (F-gp-̄ Wn) aqÀ-̈ -bp-Å Dfn-tbm, Np-än-Itbm

D-]-tbm-Kn- v̈ sIm¯n-bp-−m-¡p-Itbm B-Wv sN-bv-Xn-cp-¶Xv.

{Ita-W Cu co-Xn-¡v 'sh-s«-gp v̄' F-¶v A-Xn-sâ P-·-cq-]-̄ nÂ

\n-¶v t]-cv kn-²n¨p. H-cp Ime-̄ v tI-c-f-̄ n-ep-S-\o-fw {]-Nm-c-̄ n-

ep-−m-bn-cp-¶ h-s«-gp-̄ v en-]n-IÄ-¡v F-gp-̄ p--Im-cp-sS A-\-h-

[m-\-X aq-ehpw Hm-e-bnÂ \m-cm-bw sIm-−p-Å F-gp-¯n-sâ F-

fp-̧ w aqehpw ]-e ]-cn-Wma-§fpw kw-̀ -hn¨p. cq]-t`Z-§-tfm-sS-

bm-sW-¦nepw h-s«-gp-̄ n-\v 18þmw \q-äm-−ph-sc tI-c-f-̄ nÂ

59

{]-Nm-c-ap-−m-bn-cp¶p. ]n-¶o-Sv A-Xn-sâ Øm\w ‘B-cy F-gp v̄’

I-¿-S¡n. {_m-Ònþ h-s«-gp- v̄þ tImse-gp-̄ vþ aebm×þ B-cy

F-gp-̄ v F-¶n-§-s\-bm-Wv \-½p-sS en-]o-]-cn-Wm-a§Ä. tI-c-f-

¯nÂ H-cp en-]n hy-h-Ø am-{X-am-bn Im-Wp-¶nÃ. ]-e en-]o-hy-h-

Ø-Ifpw k-am-́ -c-ambpw Iq-«n-¡p-g¨pw F-gp-Xn-bn-cp¶p. G-Xm-

bmepw ]nÂ-¡me-̄ v {K-Ùm-£-c-§-fn-eq-sS cq-]-s -̧«p h-¶

‘B-cy-e-n]n’ ]c-s¡ Aw-Ko-I-cn-¡-s -̧Sp-Ibpw B-[p-\n-I-a-e-bm-f-

en]n-bm-bn cq-]-m- -́c-s¸-Sp-Ibpw sN-bvXp.

XXXX----anananan-- --gvþkwgvþkwgvþkwgvþkw----kvkvkvkv-- --IrIrIrIr-- --XXXX----`m`m`m`m----jjjj----IIII----fpfpfpfp----sS kzmsS kzmsS kzmsS kzm----[o[o[o[o-- --\\\\w w w w

X-an-gv _-Ôtam kw-kv-Ir-X-kzm-[o\tam CÃm-̄ a-e-bm-fw G-sX-

¦nepw Ime-̄ v D-−m-bn-cp-¶-Xm-bn k-¦Â-]n¡m-\m-hnÃ. tI-c-f-

]m-Wn-\n-bp-sS I-cn- -́an-gv Imew AD 800 apXÂ 1326 h-sc-

bmWv I-W-¡m-¡n-bn-cn-¡p-¶Xv. I-cn- -́an-gv Im-e-̄ n-sâ A-h-

km-\-ap−m-b IrXnbm-Wv cm-a-N-cn-X-sa-¶v tI-c-f-]m-Wn-\n A-̀ n-

{]m-b-s -̧«n-«p−v. AD 800 apXÂ 1325 h-sc tI-c-f-]m-Wn-\n IÂ-

]n-¡p-¶ I-cn- -́an-gv L-«w tI-c-f-̀ m-j-bp-sS hyànXzw D-cp-̄ n-cn-

bp-¶ Im-eL-«w Iq-Sn-bmWv. `m-j-bv-¡v {]-map-Jy-ap-Å G-I-tZ-iw

C-cp-\q-dnÂ -̧cw tc-JIÄ Cu Im-e-L-«-̄ n-te-Xmbn k-am-l-cn-

¡m³ Ignªn-«p-ap-s−-¶v tUm. \-Sph-«w tKm-]m-e-Ir-jvW³

(t]-Pv 12, cmaN-cn-X-]T-\-¯n-t\m-cm-apJw) X-sâ ]p-kv-X-I-̄ nÂ

A-h-Im-i-s -̧Sp¶p. tI-c-f-`m-j-sb-¶v ]qÀ®am-tbm Xan-sg-¶v

`m-Kn-Iamtbm ]-d-bm-\m-hm-¯ `m-j. tUm. Kp-−À-«v A`n{]m-b-

s -̧Sp¶ t]m-se X-an-gn-sâbpw a-e-bm-f-̄ n-sâbpw A-XnÀ-̄ n-

IÄ Xncn -̈dn-b-s¸-Sm-̄ Ah-Ø. en-em-Xn-e-Imc³ kq-Nn-̧ n-¨n«p-

Å tI-c-f-]m-Wn-\n Xncn¨-dn-ª-Xpam-b `m-jm-\-b-§-fp-sS {]-

60

hÀ¯-\w {I-a-am-bn `m-j-bnÂ kw-̀ -hn-¡p¶Xv Cu Im-e-L-̄ n-

se tc-J-IÄ ]cn-tim-[n- -̈dn-bmw. B-cy-hÀ-¤-¡m-cp-sS {]Ir-tXm-

¨cW co-Xn a-e-\m-«p `m-j-bp-sS D-Ñm-c-W-̄ nÂ t{]-c-W sN-ep-

¯n-b-XmWv X-eh-«w tZ-iw, kz-c-kw-h-cWw, A-\p-\m-kn-Im-Xn-

{]k-cw Xp-S§n-b ]cnWm-a-§Ä-¡n-S-bm-¡n-b-Xv F¶m-Wv `m-j-

im-k-v{X-Ú-cp-sS A-̀ n-{]m-bmw. aWn-{]hmfhpw \m-tSm-Sn-bp-aÃm-

¯ `m-j-bn-se \n-e-hm-c-s -̧« ]-Zy-km-ln-Xy-̄ n-\v _Ôw Im-

Wp¶-Xp X-an-gn-se \m-b-\mÀ-am-cp-sS tX-hm-c-t¯mSpw B-gvhm-À-

a-cp-sS Znhy-{]_-Ô-t¯mSpw a-äp-amWv. C¶-s¯ a-e-bm-fw cq-]-

s -̧Sp-¶-Xn-\v ap³-]v Ipeti-J-c B-gvh-sc t¸m-se-bp-Å tI-c-fo-

bÀ c-Nn¨ ‘s]m-cp-amÄ Xn-cp-samgn’ t]m-se-bp-Å {K-Ù-§fpw

`m-jm-K-th-j-W-̄ nÂ th-− hn-[w D-]-tbm-K-s -̧Sp-¯n-bn-«nÃ.

aebm-f-̄ n-\v {]-No-\þa-²y-Im-e- X-an-gp-am-bp-Å _-Ô-

s¯-¡p-dn-¨p-Å FÂ. hn cm-a-kzm-an A-¿-cp-sS \n-K-a-\-§fpw \o-

cn-£n-¡-s -̧sS-−-XmWv. a-e-bm-f-̀ m-j-bnse cq-]-L-S-\-bp-sS hn-

\ym-kw F¶ X-sâ ]p-kv-X-I-̄ nÂ (Evolution of Malayalam

Morphology) {]No-\ a-²y-Im-e X-an-gp-am-bm-Wv a-e-bm-f-¯n-\v L-S-

\-]-c-am-bn Gähpw _-Ô-ap-Å-sX¶pw Cu X-an-gv `m-jm cq-]-

¯nÂ \n-¶m-Wv a-e-bm-fw cq]w-sIm-−-sX¶pw A-t±-lw B ]p-

kv-X-I-̄ n-se G-gm-a-²ym-b-¯nÂ hm-Zn-¡p-¶p−v. B-Zy-Im-e-§-

fnÂ \-½p-sS hy-h-lm-c-̀ m-jbpw ‘X-angv’ F-¶ t]-cn-em-W-d-n-b-

s¸«ncp¶Xv. km-ln-Xy-kw-kv-Im-cw B-Zy-am-bn B-cw-̀ n -̈Xv X-an-gn-

em-bn-cp-¶-tÃm. X-an-gn-se G-ähpw {]m-No-\am-b Ir-Xn-I-sf-¶v hn-ti-

jn-̧ n-¡-s¸-Sp-¶ kw-L-km-ln-Xy-§-fnÂ-t¸mepw tI-c-fo-bcm-b

'A-½p-h-\m-sc't¸m-se-bp-Å I-hn-I-fp-sS c-N-\-IÄ Im-Wp-

¶p−v.

61

Np-cp-¡-̄ nÂ G-I-tZ-iw {In-kv-Xp-hÀ-jw ]¯mw iX-

Iw h-sc X-an-gnÂ \n¶v `n-¶am-b H-cp `m-j-bm-Wv X-§Ä kw-

km-cn-¡p-¶-sX-¶ t_m-[w a-e-bm-fn-IÄ-¡p-−m-bn-cp-¶nÃ. a-e-bm-

f-¡-c-bn-se km-ln-Xy-Im-c-·mÀ H-¶pInÂ kw-kv-IrX¯ntem A-

sÃ-¦nÂ X-angntem X-§-fp-sS c-N-\-IÄ \nÀ-Æ-ln¨p-t]m¶p.

\mSp-hm-gn-I-fmI-s« P-\-§-tfm-Sv kw-km-cn-¨n-cp¶-Xv {]m-tZ-in-I-

¨p-h-bp-Å Xangnepw c-N-\-\-S-̄ n-bncp¶-Xv X-angv\m-«nÂ {]-Nm-c-

¯n-ep-−m-bn-cp-¶ h-s«-gp-¯n-ep-am-bn-cp¶p. AD 974þÂ D−m-

b h-Ã`³ tIm-X-bp-sS am-¼-Ån-]-«-b-̄ nÂ C-Sw F¶ hm¡v

‘FSw’ F¶pw ssh-̄ p F-¶ hm-¡v ssh-̈ p F¶pw Im-Wp-¶-

Xn-\mÂ A-\p-\m-kn-I-{]k-cw `mj-sb kzm-[o-\n-¡m³ XpS-§n

F-¶ h-kvXp-X shfn-s -̧Sp¶p. C-hn-sS {i-²n-¡-s -̧tS-− H-cp h-

kvXp-X X-an-gpam-b \-½p-sS `m-j h-gn-]n-cn-bp-¶ L-«-¯nÂ X-

s¶ a-Wn-{]-hm-f-̄ n-eq-sS \mw kw-kv-Ir-X-̄ n-sâ kzm-[o-\-̄ nÂ

{]-th-in-¨p I-gn-ªp F-¶mWv.

kw-kvIr-X kzm-[n-\w:þ kw-kv-Ir-X-̀ m-j-bp-am-bp-Å _Ô-s¯

A-̀ n-am-\-]qÀÆw HmÀ-½n-¡p-¶-h-cm-Wv {]mNo-\ X-an-gv ]-ÞnXÀ.

A-K-kv-Xy-ap-\n-bm-Wv A-h-cp-sS ]c-am-Nm-cy³. kw-L-I-hn-I-fnÂ

]-e-cpw (I-]neÀ) {_m-Ò-W-cm-bn-cp¶p. a-Wn-{]hm-fw F-¶ km-ln-

Xy-k-{¼Z-bw ssP-\-cp-sS kw-̀ m-h-\-bm-sW-¶m-Wv ]-ecpw Icp-

Xp-¶Xv. ‘P-b-[h-f’ F¶ ssP-\-{K-Ù-̄ nÂ kw-kv-Ir-X-̄ nepw

{]m-Ir-X-̄ nep-ap-Å hm-Iy-§Ä Iq-Sn-I-eÀ-̄ n {]-tbm-Kn-̈ -Xn-s\

a-Wn-{]-hm-fw F-¶mW-hÀ hnti-jn-̧ n-¡p-¶Xv. ]nÂ-¡me-̄ v kw-

kv-Ir-X-̄ n-tebpw {]m-Ir-X-¯n-tebpw ]-Z-§Ä H-tc hm-Iy-̄ nÂ

X-s¶ C-S-I-eÀ-̄ n D-]-tbm-Kn-¡m³ Xp-S§n. AD 988þse cm-P-

cmP-sâ H-cp in-em-im-k-\-¯nÂ H-cp a-Wn-{]hm-f tÇm-Iw Im-

Wp-¶-Xn-\mÂ 10þmw i-X-I-am-b-t¸-mtg-¡pw- a-Wn-{]-hm-f-ssi-en

62

{]-Nm-c-̄ n-em-bn-cp-¶p-sh-¶ I-cp-Xmw. C-hn-sS ]-cn-K-Wn-¡-s -̧sS-

− H-cp h-kvXp-X X-an-gnÂ kw-kv-Ir-X-kzm-[o-\w `mj-sb K-Wy-am-

bn hn-I-kn-̧ n-s -̈¦nepw au-en-I-am-bn cq-]m-́ c-Ww hcp-̄ p-I-bp-

−m-bnÃ. F-¶mÂ I-¶Uw, a-e-bm-fw Xp-S§n-b `m-j-I-fnÂ

kwkvIr-X-kzm-[o\w (a-Wn-{]-hmfw) `m-j-bp-sS Ae-Iw ]n-Snbpw

amän. ]nÂ¡me a-Wn-{]-hm-f-Ir-Xn-I-fnÂ kw-kv-Ir-X-co-Xn-bn-ep-Å

ZoÀ-L-k-am-k-§Ä Im-W-s -̧Sp¶p. kw-kv-Ir-X-hn-̀ -ày-́ - ]-Z-

§Ä t]m-se kw-kv-Ir-X-hn-`-àn-IÄ L-Sn-̧ n-̈ {Zm-hn-U-]-Z-§fpw

C-h-bnÂ kp-e-̀ a-s{X. ssh-in-I-X-{´§Ä-t]m-ep-Å B-Zy-Im-e -

a-Wn-{]-hm-f-Ir-Xn-I-fnÂ D-ÅXn-t\m-¡mÄ kw-kv-Ir-X-kzm-[o-\hpw

kwkv-Ir-X-]-Z-_m-lp-e-Xbpw N-¼p-¡-sf-t¸m-ep-Å ]nÂ-¡m-e-Ir-

Xn-I-fnÂ Is−¯mw. Im-e-{I-a-̄ nÂ kw-kv-Ir-X-]-Z-k-ap- -̈b-

¯nÂ \n-¶v G-sd-¡p-sd \n]m-X-§fpw \m-a-§fpw ]qÀ-®-am-bn

a-e-bm-f-̄ nÂ kzo-I-cn-¡-s¸«p. X-an-gvþ aebm-f-§Ä-¡v s]m-Xp-

sh D-−m-bn-cp-¶ hÀ-®-am-e-bp-sS Øm\-̄ v kw-kv-Ir-X-

hÀ®ame-sb A-§n-s\ X-s¶ kzo-I-cn-¡p-I-bm-Wv a-e-bm-fw

sN-bv-XXv. Cu kwkv-Ir-X-hÀ-®am-e A-hn-I-e-am-bn F-gp-Xp-¶-Xn-

\p-th-−n kw-kv-Ir-Xw FgpXphm³ {Zm-hn-UÀ D-]-tbm-Kn-̈ n-cp¶

{K-Ùm-£-c-en-]n-bp-sS {]-tZ-in-I-cq-]w hfÀ-̄ n-sb-Sp¯p. C¶-

s¯ a-e-bm-f-en-]n-bm-bn cq-]m -́cw {]m-]n¨Xv Cu en-]n-bm-bn-

cp¶p. km-[m-c-W B-h-iy-§Ä-¡v aebm-fw F-gp-Xp¶Xv Cu en-

]n D-]-tbmKn-̈ v B-b-tXm-sS X-an-gnÂ \n¶pw kw-kv-Ir-X-̄ nÂ

\n-¶pw `n-¶am-b H-cp `mj-bm-Wv a-e-bm-f-sa-¶ [m-c-W G-sd-¡p-

td Øn-Xn-I-cn-¡-s -̧«p I-gnªp. tI-c-f-̄ n-se kw-̀ m-j-W-̀ m-j-

bnÂ a-Wn-{]-hm-f-kzm-[o-\w km-h-[m-\-̄ n-em-bn-cn¡-Ww F-¶mÂ

km-ln-Xy-̀ m-j-bnÂ a-Wn-{]-hm-f-km-ln-Xy-k¦e\w t_m-[-]qÀ-

Æam-b Hcp C-S-s]-S-en-sâ -̂e-am-Im-\m-Wv km-²y-X.

63

]m]m]m]m----«p«p«p«p-- --{]{]{]{]----ØmØmØmØm----\\\\----¯n¯n¯n¯n----se kmwse kmwse kmwse kmw----kvkvkvkv-- --¡mcn¡mcn¡mcn¡mcn-- --I anI anI anI an-- --{iWw{iWw{iWw{iWw

tI-c-f-̄ n-se B-Zy-]m-«v Ir-Xnbm-b cm-a-NcnX-̄ nÂ X-

s¶ kw-kv-Ir-X-̀ m-j-bp-sSbpw kw-kv-¡m-c-̄ n-sâbpw kzm-[o-\w

{]-I-S-amWv. cm-a-N-cn-Xw H-cp a-Wn-{]hm-f-Ir-Xn-bm-sW¶p-t]mepw

kw-i-bn-¡-̄ -¡ hn[-̄ nÂ A-XnÂ {_m-Ò-W-kw-kv-Im-c-̄ n-

sâ kzm-[o-\w hy-à-am-bn-cp¶p. a-Wn-{]-hm-f-Ir-Xn-Ifm-b D-®n-

¨ncptXhn, D®nb-̈ o Xp-S§n-b Ir-Xn-I-fn-se \m-bn-I-hÀ-®-\-bv-

¡pw, cm-a-N-cn-X-̄ n-se ko-Xm-h-À®-\-bv-¡p-ap-Å kmayw s{]m. ]n.

hn Ir-jv-W³ \m-bÀ A-t±-l-̄ n-sâ ]T-\-̄ nÂ Nq-−n-¡m-«n-bn-

«p−v. H-cÀ-°-̄ nÂ cm-a-N-cn-X-̄ n-se C-Xn-hr-̄ -̄ n-sâ kz-̀ m-

hw {Zm-hn-tU-X-chpw B-Jym-\w {Z-hn-U-ss]-Xr-I-ap-Å-Xp-am-Wv

F¶p ]-d-ªmÂ sX-änÃ. ‘]m-Þy-̀ m-jm-kz-cq-]y’sa-¶v eo-em-Xne-

Iw e£-Ww sN-bv-Xn-«p-Å hn-[w kw-kv-Ir-X-]-Z-§Ä {Z-hn-U-kw-

Lm-Xm-£-c- \n-_-Ô-am-¡p-hm³ I-hn-{i-an-¡p¶-Xv Im-Wmw. A-

§n-s\-bm-Wv ta-L-\m-Z³ C-Sn-¡p-c-e-\pw, iXLv\n \q-äpw-

sImÃnbpw a-äp-am-bn am-dp-¶Xv. ]Xn-s\mt¶m ]-{´t−m kw-Jy-

IÄ DÄ-s¡m-Åp-¶ hn-cp-¯-§-fn-em-bn-«m-Wv C-Xn-hr-¯w \n-_-

Ôn-̈ n-cn-¡p-¶Xv. A-§ns\ 164 hn-cp-̄ -§Ä X-an-gv ]m-c-¼-cy-a-

\p-k-cn- v̈ {]-[m-\-ap-ÅXp-sIm−mbncn¡Ww ‘cm-h-W-h[w’

\qdmw hn-cp-̄ -̄ nÂ \nÀ-Æ-ln-̈ n-cn-¡p-¶Xv. cma-N-cn-X-¯n-se hn-

\m-b-I-kv-Xp-Xnbpw X-an-gv ]m-c-¼-cy-̄ nsâ kq-N-\mWv. 7þmw i-X-

I-̄ nÂ Nm-ep-Iy-cp-sS B-K-a-\-t¯m-sS-bm-Wv hn-\m-b-I ]q-P

X-an-gI-̄ v thtcm-Sp-¶Xv.

kw-kv-Ir-X-kw-kv-¡m-c-̄ n-sâ {]-Xo-I-§fm-b Iq¯pw

Iq-Sn-bm-«hpw No-cm-a-I-hn-sb kzm-[n-\n-̈ n-«p−v. i-àn-`-{Z-³ F-¶

64

a-e-bm-f-I-hn-bp-sS kw-kv-Ir-X-\m-S-Iam-b ‘B-Ý-cy-Nq-Uma-

Wn’bnÂ \n¶pw Nn-e IÂ-]-\-IÄ cm-a-N-cn-X-Im-c³ kzoIcn-̈ n-

«p−v. ‘ko-Xm-]-l-cWw’ No-{Xn-I-cn-¡p-¶-XnÂ No-cm-a³ {]-[m-\-

ambpw D]-Po-hn¨-Xv i-àn-̀ -{Z-sâ ‘B-Ý-cy-Nq-Uma-Wn’sb-

bmWv. ap-\n-amÀ sIm-Sp-̄ NqUm-a-Wnbpw Aw-Kp-en-bhpw I-h-

Nhpw e-£v-a-W³ {io-cma-sâ ap-¶nÂ sh-̈ -Xm-bn-«m-Wv i-àn-̀ -{Z-

sâ IÂ]-\. Aw-Kp-en-bw {io-cm-a³ kz-bw ho-c-enÂ C-«-Xn-\v ti-

jw Nq-Uma-Wn ko-X-bv¡pw Ih-Nw e-£-a-W\pw sIm-Sp-̄ p-sh-

¶v No-cm-a-Ihn. 136þmw ]-S-e-¯nse 2,3,4,5 hn-cp-̄ -§-fn-em-bn hn-

h-cn-¡p¶p. Cu IÂ-]-\ hmÂ-an-In cm-am-b-W¯ntem A-²ym-ß-

cm-am-b-W¯ntem CÃ... AXp-t]m-se koX-bp-sS B-t£-]-

§Ä tI-«v sN-hn s]m-̄ n-b-Xm-bn No-cm-a³ ]-d-bp¶p. CXpw B-

Ý-cy-Nq-Um-a-Wn-bn-se am-bm ko-Xm-¦-̄ nÂ \n-¶v F-Sp-¯-XmWv.

]m-«p-Ir-XnIsf kw-kv-Ir-X-Ir-Xn-I-sf-t¸m-se X-an-gv km-ln-Xy-hpw

kzm-[o-\-n¨n-cp¶p.

I¼cm-am-b-W-s¯-¡mÄ {]m-No-\hpw tI-c-fo-bam-b

“s]-cp-amÄ Xncp-samgn” (Ip-e-tiJ-c B-gv-hmÀ) tbm-SmWv `m-j-

bp-sS Im-cy-̄ n-epw {]-tNm-Z-\-̄ nsâ h-gn-bnepw cm-a-N-cn-X-̄ n-

\p I-S-̧ m-Sv ]m-«v {]-Øm-\-¯n-se A\-́ -c IrXnbm-b ‘I-®-È-

cm-am-bWw’ H-cÀ-°-̄ nÂ hmÂ-an-In cm-am-b-W-̄ n-sâ Im-̈ n-

Ip-dp¡n-b k-̄ mWv. C-hn-sS {i-t²-bam-b H-cp Imcyw cm-a-N-cn-

X-Im-c³ {]-I-Sn-̧ n-¡p-¶ kz-mX{´yw hmÂ-an-In cm-am-bW-s¯

A-\p-k-Ôm-\w sN-¿p-¶-XnÂ I®È³ {]-I-Sn-̧ n-¡p-¶nÃ. hmÂ-

an-In cm-am-bW-s¯ D-]-Pn-hn-s -̈gpXn-b IrXn-bmWv I-®-È-cm-am-

bWw. A-tX-kw-bw t`mP³, cm-P-ti-J-c³, X-an-gv I-hnbm-b

I¼À F-¶n-h-cp-sS kzm-[o-\w I-®-È-Ir-Xn-bn-ep−v. kw-kv-Ir-X-̀ m-

65

j-bp-sSbpw kwkv-¡m-c-¯n-sâbpw kzm-[o-\-̄ nÂ `m-jm-an-{i-

sa-¶ H-cp k-¼À-¡m-ß-I-cnXnbpw kzo-I-cn-¡p-I-bp-−mbn. kw-

kv-Ir-X-{]-Ir-XnI-sf `m-j-bnÂ hn-e-bn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xn-sâ `m-K-am-bn

kw-kv-Ir-X-hÀ-®am-e A-¸m-sS kzo-I-cn¨p. B-bqÀ-hZw,

tPymXnjw Xp-S§n-b hn-j-b-§Ä ]Tn-¡p-¶-Xn-\p th-−n-bm-bn-

cn¡-Ww `m-jm-an{i-Ww B-cw-̀ n-̈ Xv. `m-j-an-{i-W-̄ n-sâ Xp-SÀ-̈ -

bm-bn-«m-bn-cn¡-Ww A-\p-\m-knIm-Xn-{]-kcw, Xm-e-hym-tZiw, kz-

c-kw-hc-Ww F-¶o hÀ-®-]-cn-Wm-a-§Ä `mj-bnÂ kw-`-hn-̈ -Xv. D-

¨m-c-W-̄ nse Cu am-ä-§Ä-¡v {]m-Ir-X-̀ m-j-bp-sS kzm[o-\w

hen-b ]-¦p-h-ln-¨p. ImcWw; Cu h-À-®-]-cn-Wm-a-§Ä kzm-̀ m-hn-

I-amsW-¶v h-¶-tXm-sS ]m-«p-km-ln-Xy-̄ nepw A-Xn-sâ kw-kv-

¡m-cw kzm-[o-\n¨p. Iq-Sn-bm-«-̄ nepw Iq-̄ nepw Cu `m-jm-an-{i-

W-co-Xn hn-Zq-jI-sâ \m«p-sam-gn-bneqsS hym-]-I-am-bn {]-N-cn-¡-

s¸«p. [m-cm-fw H-ä-tÇm-I-§fpw Cu `m-jm-an-{i-W-co-Xn-bn-ep-−m-

bn-«p−v.

XmÄ ]q-«-b-́ n-X-Icm- x

Idn-sIm-bv-X-tijm x

a-−-́ n-]m-Ù-\n-h-l x

]-Sn-_-Ô-t]-Sym x

Xp-S-§n-b-h D-Z-m-l-cWw. Cu ]-Ým-̄ -e-̄ nÂ th-Ww F-gp-

¯Ñ-sâ `m-jm-]cnjv-¡-c-W-̄ n-sâ ta-· hn-e-bn-cp-¯m³. F-gp-

¯Ñ-sâ ]qÀ-Æn-Icm-b `m-jm-IhnIÄ-¡v \nc-Ww I-hn-I-fS-¡w

th-−{X P-\-k-½n-Xn e-̀ n-¡m-sX-t¸mb-Xv Ahcn-se `m-j-bn-se

A-hy-h-Øn-XXzw Im-c-W-am-bn-cn-¡-Ww. C-h-cp-sS Iq«¯nÂ H-

c]-hm-Z-am-bn Im-Wp-s -̧Sp¶-Xv sN-dp-tÈ-cn-bp-sS Ir-jv-WKm-Y

AY-hm Ir-jv-W-]m-«mWv. Xm-c-X-tay-\ a-[p-c-a-Wn-{]-hm-f-̄ n-sâ

FÃm- e-£-W-§fpw XnIª Ir-Xn-bm-Wv Ir-jv-W-̧ m«v. AÂ-]w

66

Nn-e h-S¡³ `mjbpw co-Xn-Ifpw Ds−-¦nÂ-t¸mepw tI-c-fo-b-sa-

¶v Xn-I-̈ pw A-̀ n-am-\n-¡m-hp-¶ Ir-Xn-bm-WXp. kw-kv-Ir-X-̀ m-j-

bn-ep-Å Z-Þn-bpsS ‘Im-hym-ZÀ-i’¯n-ep-Å Im-hy-e-£-W§-

sf DÅnÂ sh¨p-sIm-−v AXn-s\m-̧ n-̈ v `m-Kh-Xw Z-i-a-kvI-

Þw a-lm-Im-hy-cq-]-̄ n-em-h-X-cn-¸n-¡p-I-bm-Wv sN-dp-tÈ-cn sN-

bv-XXv. A-{X-t¯m-fw kw-kv-Ir-X-kw-kv-¡mcw A-XnÂ sX-fn-

ªp Im-W-p¶p-ap−v. kw-kv-Ir-X-̄ n-se A-\p-I-c-Wm-ß-I

alm-Im-hy-§-fp-sS am-\-§Ä X-\n-¡p-−m-I-W-sa-t¶ sN-dp-tÈ-

cn B-{K-ln-¨n«pÅp. a-lm-Im-hy-e-£-W-§Ä H-̧ n-¡m-\p-Å hr-{K-

X-bnÂ ]-e Ir-{Xn-aam-b hÀ®-\-Ifpw k-¦oÀ-®-X-I-fpw \-ap-¡-

XnÂ Im-Wmw. Nq-cp-¡-¯nÂ kw-kv-Ir-X-Imhy-§-fp-sS a-qi-

bnÂ hm-À¡-s -̧« a-Wn-{]-hm-f-Im-hy-am-Wv Ir-jv-W-Km-Y.

`m-jm-]n-Xm-sh-¶v \mw hn-ti-jn-¸n-¡p-¶ Xp©-̄ v B-

Nm-cy-\n-em-Wv. `mjbpw kw-kv-IrXhpw C-W-¡n-tNÀ-¡p-¶-Xn-sâ

a-lm¯m-b am-Xr-I\mw Im-Wp-¶pXv. h-mkv-X-h-̄ nÂ A-t±-lw

X-sâ km-ln-Xy-k]-cy B-cw-̀ n-¡p¶Xv AD 14þmw i-X-IXn-t\m-S-

Sp-̄ p−m-b A-²ym-ß-cm-am-b-W-sa-¶ Ir-Xn-̀ m-jm- -́c-s¸-Sp-

¯n-bmWv. cmas\ Cu-iz-cm-h-X-c-am-bn- A-h-X-cn-¸n-¡p-¶p F-¶

B-i-b-am-bn-cn¡Ww A-t±-l-̄ n-\v B Ir-Xn kzo-Im-cy-am-bn Xo-

cm³ Im-cWw. am-Xr-Im- aebm-f-̄ n-sâ D-]-Úm-Xm-hm-bn \mw

I-cp-Xp-¶ F-gp-̄ -Ñ-\nÂ D-̄ am kwkvIr-X-an-{i-W-¯n-sâ am-

Xr-Ibpw \-ap-¡v I-s−-̄ mw.

]m]m]m]m----«p km«p km«p km«p km----lnlnlnln-- --XyXyXyXy-- --¯n¯n¯n¯n----\\\\v `mv `mv `mv `m-- --cXocXocXocXo-- --b Cb Cb Cb C----XnXnXnXn-- --lmlmlmlm----kkkk----§§§§----fpfpfpfp----amamamam----bpbpbpbp----Å _Å _Å _Å _----ÔwÔwÔwÔw

C-́ y-bn-se FÃm `m-j-I-fp-sSbpw A-Sn-̄ d ssh-Zn-I-

kw-kv-Ir-Xhpw AXnsâ {]mIr-X cq-]-§-fp-amWv. Z-£n-tW-́ y-

bn-se G-ä-hpw ]-g-¡-ap-Å `m-j Xan-gm-Ip¶p. B `m-j-bp-sS h-

67

fÀ-̈ -bv-¡p X-s¶ B-cy-̀ m-jm-̀ m-jn-IÄ K-Wyam-b kw-`m-h-\ \Â-

In-«p−v. X-an-g-cp-sS ]-c-am-Nm-cy\m-b A-K-kv-Xy-ap\n (A-I-

¯nb³) bpw A-h-cp-sS hym-I-c-W-{K-Ùam-b ‘s-XmÂ Im-̧ n-

b’hpw kw-kv-Ir-X-]-Ým-¯-e-ap-Å-hcm-Wv P-\-Z-án-bp-sS ]p-

{X\pw ]-c-ip-cma-k-tlm-Z-c-\p-am-Wv sXmÂ Im-̧ n-bÀ F¶v Hcp

sF-Xn-ly-ap−v. a-e-bmfw, sX-ep¦v, I-¶-U `m-j-IÄ B-i-b-hn-\n-

a-b-̄ n-\p-Å ti-jn t\-Sp-¶-XpX-s¶ cm-am-b-W-̀ m-c-Xm-Zn C-Xn-

lm-k-§-fp-sS hnhÀ¯-\-̄ n-eq-sS-bmWv. sX-ep-¦nÂ km-

lnXyw B-cw-̀ n-¡p¶-Xv \-¶-¿-bp-sS alm-̀ m-c-Xhn-hÀ-̄ -\-̄ n-

eq-sS-bmWv. I-¶-U-bn-se {]m-No-\ Ir-Xn-Ifm-b N-¼p-¡fp-sS

hnj-bw kw-k-vIr-X-̄ n-tebpw {]m-IrX-̄ n-se-bpw CXn-lm-k-Im-

hy-§fmWv. X-an-gv kw-L-km-ln-Xy-Ir-Xn-I-fnepw kw-kv-Ir-X-̄ n-

sâ kzm-[o-\w ImWmw. Np-cp-¡-̄ nÂ tUm. Fw. Pn. F-Êv \m-cm-

b-W³ A-̀ n-{]m-b-s -̧«Xp-t]mse (am-Xr-̀ q-an B-gv-N-̧ -Xn-̧ vþ 2019

Pq¬ 9 e¡w) “]-e- \qäm-−q-I-tfm-fw `mcXo-b ]p-cm-tW-Xn-lm-

k-§-fp-sS A-\p-hm-Z-§-tfm kw-{Kl-§tfm AÃm-̄ Ku-c-

ham-b kz-X-{´-Ir-Xn-I-tfm¶pw Cu {Zm-hn-U-̀ m-j-I-fnÂ H-¶nepw

D-−m-bnÃ” Cu ]-Ým-̄ -e-̄ nÂ th-Ww a-e-bmf-¯n-se B-

ZyIm-e hc-sam-gn km-ln-Xy-IrXn-Ifm-b ]m-«p-Ir-Xn-I-fn-se `m-c-Xm-

Zn-]p-cm-W -C-Xn-lm-k-§-fp-sS kzm-[o-\w hne-bn-cp-̄ m³. a-e-bm-

f-̄ n-se G-ähpw {]m-No-\-Xaam-b cm-a-N-cn-Xw hm-ßn-In cmam-b-

W¯-se bp-²-IÞ-s¯ A-Sn-Øm-\-am-¡n c-Nn-̈ n-«p-f-f-XmWv.

hmÂ-an-In cm-am-b-W-̄ n-se bp-²-I-Þ-s¯-bm-Wv tI-{µ-{]-ta-

b-am-¡n-bn-«p-Å-sX-¦nepw cm-a-I-Y-bp-sS aÀ-½-§-sfÃmw kv-]À-

in¨p-sIm-−v cm-a-IY-¡v k-a{K-X \Â-Im-\m-Wv Ihn {i-an-¨n-«p-

ÅXv. _m-e-ImÞw, A-tbm-²y-ImÞw, B-c-Wy-Im-Þw

68

XpS§nb Im-Þ-§-fn-se I-Ym-kq-N-\-IÄ ]-e ]-S-e-§-fnÂ

Im-hy-̄ nÂ hn\ykn-̈ n-«p−v. Iq v̄, Iq-Sn-bm-«w Xp-S§n-b Zr-iy-

I-e-I-fnÂ B-hn-jv-¡-cn-¡-s¸Sp-¶ C-Xn-lm-k-I-Y-I-fp-sS kzm-[o-

\hpw cm-a-N-cn-X-̄ nÂ Im-Wp-¶p-−v. XpSÀ¶p−m-b a-säm-cp

{]-[m-\-Ir-Xnbm-b I-®-È-cm-am-b-Whp-w hm-ßn-In cmambW-

s¯ A-Sn-Øm-\-am-¡n-bn-«p-Å-XmWv. I-Ym-L-S-\-bnÂ hen-b

amä-§sfm¶pw Iq-SmsX Hmtcm Im-Þ-̄ nepw hm-ßn-In cm-am-

bW-s¯ kw-{K-ln-¡pI-bm-Wv sN-bv-Xn-«p-ÅXv. \n-cW-̄ v cm-a-

-̧Wn-¡Â F-¶ I-®-È-cm-am-b-W IÀ¯m-hv, hmÂ-an-In-cm-am-b-

W-t¯m-sSm-̧ w X-s¶ kw-kv-Ir-X-̄ n-epÅ t`m-P-N¼p-hn-t\bpw

]-e-bn-S¯pw B-{i-bn-¡p-¶p−v. kzm-̀ -hn-I-ambpw kw-kv-Ir-X-

¯n-ep-Å H-cp C-Xn-lm-k-Imhyw `m-j-bn-te-¡v hn-hÀ¯-\w sN-

¿p-t¼mÄ ]pXn-b kwkv-IrX-]-Z-§Ä `m-j-bnÂ {]-tbm-K-̄ nÂ

h-cpw. bmKw, cm-Py-̀ -cWw, bp-²-hÀ-®\, ZÀ-i-\-§Ä F-¶n-h-

sb-¡p-dn-̈ v ]-c-aÀ-in-¡p-t¼mÄ a-e-bm-f-̀ mj-¡v ]pXn-b ]Z§Ä

kw-̀ m-h-\ sN-¿p-I-bm-Wv hn-hÀ-̄ -IÀ sN-¿p-¶Xv. \nc-Ww I-hn-

Ifn-semcmfm-b sh-Åm-§ÃqÀ i-¦-c-̧ -Wn-¡-cp-sS Ir-Xn-bm-Wv

`m-c-X-am-e. _rl¯mb `m-c-X-C-Xn-lm-k-̄ n-sâ kw-{K-l-W-hn-Zy-

bnÂ F-gp-̄ Ñ-\v amÀ-¤-ZÀi-\w \ÂIn-b Ir-Xn-bmWv ‘`m-c-

Xame’. a-e-b³ In-gp-Im-c\m-b am-[-h-̧ -Wn-¡-tcbpw \nc-Ww I-

hn-I-fp-sS Iq-«-̄ n-em-Wv DÄ-s -̧Sp-̄ n-bn-«p-ÅXv. A-t±-l-̄ n-sâ

Ir-Xnbm-b `m-jm-̀ -K-h-XvKo-X a-e-bm-f-̀ m-j-bn-se H-¶ma-s¯ ZmÀ-

i-\n-I-{K-Ù-amWv. G-Xm-bmepw cm-am-b-W-̀ m-c-tX-Zn-C-Xn-lm-k-

§Ä kw-kv-Ir-X-a-dn-bm-̄ km[m-c-W-¡mÀ-¡v ]-cn-N-b-s -̧Sp-̄ n

sIm-Sp-¡p-¶-XnÂ B-kq-{Xn-X-am-bn ]-cn-{ian-̈ -h-cm-Wv \nc-Ww I-

hnIÄ. sN-dp-tÈ-cn-bp-sS Ir-jv-W-̧ m-«v a-e-bm-f-̄ n-se a-säm-cp ]m-

«p-Im-hy-amWv. kw-kv-Ir-X-̀ m-j-bn-ep-Å `m-Kh-Xw F-¶ C-Xn-lm-k-

69

Im-hy-̄ nse Z-i-a-kv-¡Ô-s¯ a-lm-Im-hy-e-£-W-§Ä H-̧ n-̈ v

]-cn-̀ m-j-s -̧Sp-̄ p-I-bmWv sN-dp-tÈ-cn sN-bv-XXv. A-t±-lw C-Xn-

lm-k-Ir-Xn-sb-¡mÄ kw-kv-Ir-X-̀ m-j-bn-se a-lm-Im-hy-§-sf-bm-

Wv X-sâ Ir-Xn-¡v am-\-Z-Þ-am-bn kzo-I-cn-̈ n-cn¡p¶Xv.

kw-kv-Ir-X-̀ m-j-bnÂ c-Nn-¡-s -̧« A-²ym-ß-cm-a-b-W-¯n-

sâ hn-hÀ-̄ -\-̄ neq-sS Xp©-̄ v F-gp-̄ -Ñ³ km-ln-Xy-cwK-

v̄ {]-Xy-£-s -̧Sp-¶Xv. F. Un ]Xn-\memw i-X-I-t¯m-S-Sp-̄ v

kw-kv-Ir-X-̄ n-ep−m-b A-²ym-ß-cm-amb-Ww {iocma-s\ hn-jv-

Wp-hn-sâ A-h-Xm-c-]p-cp-j-\m-bn A-h-Xn-cn-̧ n-¡p¶p. Cu

{]tXyI-X-bm-bn-cp-¶p F-gp-¯Ñ-s\ A-²ym-ß-cm-amb-Ww In-fn-

¸m-«m-bn ]-cn-̀ m-j-s -̧Sp-̄ p-¶-Xn-\v t{]-c-W- \Â-In-bn-cn-¡p-I. kw-

kv-Ir-X-̄ n-se A-²ym-ß-cm-am-bW-Ir-Xn-sb Ir-Xy-am-bn hn-hÀ¯-

\w sN-¿p-I-bÃ \-ho-I-cn-¡p-I-bm-Wv F-gp-̄ -Ñ³ sN-bv-XXv.

]m-«p-km-ln-Xy-̄ nÂ C-Xn-lm-k-Im-hy-§-fp-sS kzm-[o-\w

]-cm-aÀ-in-¡p-t¼mÄ H-gohm-¡m³ ]-äm-̄ Ir-Xn-bm-Wv am-hmc-Xw

]m«v. C-Xn-lm-k-I-Y-I-sf-¡pdn-̈ p-Å tI-«-dn-hp-I-fnÂ \n-¶v km-

[m-c-¡m-c\m-b H-cp I-hn k-¦Â-]n-̈ p-−m-¡n-b-Xm-Wv B ]m-«v

Ip-cp-\m-«nse ‘Im´m-cn’ (Km-Ôm-cn) bp-sS Ip-©p-tX-hn-bp-

sSbpw A-h-cp-sS A-©p-a-¡fm-b ]m-Þ-h-cp-sS-bpw I-Y-bm-

WXv. C-Xn-lm-k-I-Y-IÄ k-ap-Zm-b-̄ n-sâ A-Sn-̄ -«nÂ h-sc F-

¯n-bn-cp-¶-Xn-\p-Zm-l-c-W-amWv Cu IrXn

{_m-Ò-Wm-[n-\n-th-i-̄ n-sâ km-¶n²yw ]m-«p-km-ln-Xy-¯nÂ: ]m-

«p-Ir-Xn-I-fp-sS ]m-cm-b-W-¯nÂ {_m-Ò-Wm-[n-]-Xy-¯n-sâ km-

¶n²yw {]Xy-£-am-bn A\p`hs¸Sp-¶ k-µÀ-̀ -§Ä {]m-tb-W-

hn-c-f-amWv. BZy ]m-«p-Ir-Xnbm-b cm-a-NcnX-̄ nÂ H-cn-S¯pw

{_m-Ò-Whµ-\tam ]-cm-aÀ-itam Im-Wp-¶nÃ. 164þmw ]Se-̄ n-

70

se ]¯mw hn-hÀ-̄ -\-̄ nÂ cm-a-I-Y-bp-sS ]m-cm-b-W-a-lXzw

hn-h-cn-¡p¶-XnÂ ‘I\n-hv th-Xn-b-cnÂ’ (th-Z-Ú-cnÂ `-àn-bp-

−m-Ipw) F-¶v B-iw-kn-¡p-¶p−v. AXv ]-tcm-£-am-bn H-cp

{_m-Ò-W-km-¶n²yw kq-Nn-̧ n-¡p-¶-Xm-bn hym-Jym-\n-¡mw. F-

¶mÂ s]m-Xp-sh No-cm-aI-hn {_m-ÒW-sc A-h-K-Wn-¡p-¶-Xmbn-

«m-Wv A-\p-̀ -h-s -̧Sp-I. bp-²-hÀ-®\-¡v {]m-apJyw \Â-Ip-¶ Ir-

Xn c-Nn-̈ n-cn-¡p¶-Xv B-bp-[m-̀ ym-k-]-cnN-bw t\-Sn-bn-cp¶ B

¡me-s¯ Nm-̄ n-c-{_m-Ò-W-cnÂ H-cm-fm-bn-cn-¡m³ km-²y-X-

bp−v. ‘No’ F-¶ A-ssS-sam-gn Nm-̄ nc-sc kqNn¸n-¡p-¶-Xm-

Imw. sN-bv F-¶ X-an-gv ]-Z-¯n-\v Ip-am-c³ AY-hm -a-I³ F¶À-

°-ap−v. sN-bv C-cm-a-\mImw No-cm-a³ B-bXv. tI-c-f-`mj-sb H-

cp kzX{ -́̀ m-j-bm-bn ]-cn-W-an-¸n-¡p-¶-XnÂ A-¡me-s¯ {_m-

Ò-W-k-aq-l-̄ n-\p-Å XmÂ-]-cyw ‘a-Wn-{]hm-f’¯n-\v e-£-W-sa-

gpXn-b eo-em-Xn-e-Im-c³ X-s¶ kqNn-̧ n-¡p-¶p-−v. {_m-Ò-Wm-[n-]-

Xy-̄ n-sâ t_m-[-]qÀ-Æam-b H-cp C-S-s]-SÂ aWn-{]-hm-f-km-ln-

Xy-̄ nÂ hy-à-amWv. Cu ]-Ým-̄ -e-̄ nÂ {Zm-hn-U-co-Xn-bnÂ c-

Nn-¡-s -̧« cm-a-N-cn-X-̄ nÂ sX-fn-ªp Im-Wp-¶ a-Wn-{]-hm-f-kw-

kv-¡m-cw XÂIÀ¯m-hv Hcp- {_mÒWt\m A-h-tcm-Sv A-Sp-̧ -ap-

Å H-cp km-bp-[ kwL-̄ nÂ-s -̧« Btfm Bhmw F-¶ \n-K-a\-

s¯ km-[q-I-cn-¡p¶p. a-Wn-{]hmf-kzm-[o-\w {]-I-S-am-bn Im-

Wp¶ B ]m-«p-Ir-Xn ]nÂ-¡m-e-̄ p−m-b 'A¨oIm-hy'§-fp-sS

kw-kv-¡m-cw \n-g-en-¡p-¶p-ap-−v. B-c-W-cp-sS km-¶n²yw BZy-

am-bn A-S-bm-f-s -̧Sp¯p-¶ ]m-«p-Ir-Xn I-®-È-cm-am-b-W-amWv.

ap\n-thm-S- Al¦m-cm-Zn-I-sfÃmw D-ä-hn-Nm-cw sIm-−v

If-tª I\n-shm-Sv iaZ-a k-t´m-jm-Zn-IÄ sI-s¡m-− a-cÂ-

¸m-ccm-b A-\p-]-a-·mcm-b `q-tZ-h-·m-chtc aa ssZh-Xw F-

71

¶n§-s\ D-̄ -a-·mcm-b {_m-ÒW-sc A-t±-lw hµn¡p¶p. I-

®-È-·mÀ {_m-ÒmWm-{in-X-cm-sW-¶v kq-Nn-¸n-¡p-¶ Hcp

sFXnlyw {ioam³ ]p-X-tÈ-cn cm-a-N-{µ³ A-t±-l-̄ n-sâ IÀ-®-

È-cm-am-b-W-s¯-¡p-dn-¨p-Å ]T-\-̄ nÂ kq-Nn-̧ n-¡p-¶p−v.

Abn-cm-Wn¡p-fw t£-{X-¯n-se H-cp inem-en-Jn-X-¯nÂ Xn-cp-

hÃ {Km-a-t¯bpw A-bn-cm-Wn-¡p-fw {Km-a-t¯bpw G-I-{Km-a-hy-

h-Ø-bnÂ _-Ô-¸n-¡p-¶-Xn-s\-¡p-dn-̈ v hn-h-cn-¡p-−-s{X. Cu

ssih ssh-jv-W-{Km-a-§-fp-sS kw-tbm-P-\-t¯m-S-\p _-Ôn-̈ v

I-®-È-Ip-Spw-_w ssh-Åm-§Ãp-cnÂ \n-¶v Xn-cp-hÃ-bn-te-¡v Ip-

Sn-tb-dn ]mÀ-̄ -Xm-bn-cn-¡m-sa¶v At±lw Du-ln-¡p¶p. \qäm-

−p-IÄ-¡n-¸p-dw F-gp-̄ Ñ-sâ In-fn-̧ m-«p-Ir-Xn-I-fnÂ \mw Im-

Wp-¶ {_mÒWm-[-n-\n-th-i-km-¶n²yw G-Xm-−v tIc-fw ap-g-p-h³

hy-m]n-̈ H-cp A-[o-i-i-àn-bp-sS {]-Jym-]-\-amWv. {_m-Ò-Wm\p-{K-

lw ]m-Z-P\m-b X-sâ Ir-Xn-I-fp-sS hnP-b-̄ n\-\p-t]-£-Wn-b-

am-sW-¶-t±-lw A-²ym-ß-cm-am-b-W-̄ nÂ FSp¯p-]dbp¶p.

“Im-c-W-̀ q-X-·mcpw {_m-Ò-W-cq-sS N-cþ

Wm-cp¶mw _p-P-eo-\-]m-w-kp-k-©bpw a-aþ

tN-tXm-ZÀ- -̧W-̄ nsâ a-m-eo-\y-saÃmw XoÀ-̄ p

tim-[-\-sN-bv-Xo-Sp-hm-\-thm-fw h-µn-¡p-t¶³

B-[m-cw \m-\m-PK-·m-b\mw `-K-hm\pw

th-Z-sa-¶tÃm Kp-cp-\m-Y³ -X-m\-cpÄ sN-bv-Xp

thZ--̄ n-\m-[m-c- Zp-X-·m-cn-¡mWm-sbm-cp

`qtZ-h {]-c-·mÀ”

F-¶n§-s\ A-t±-lw {_m-ÒW-sc ap-àI-WvTw {]-iw-kn-

¡p¶p. A-h-cp-sS ]m-Z-tk-h-I\m-b Zm-k-\m-Wv Xm-s¶-¶v kz-bw

{]-Jym-]n-¡p-Ibpw sN-¿p¶p. A-tX-ka-bw kq-£v-a-hm-b-\-bnÂ

{_m-lm-a-Wm-[n-\n-th-i-t¯m-Sp-Å F-gp-̄ Ñ-sâ hn{]-Xn]-̄ n ]-

72

e k-µÀ-̀ -§-fnepw {]-Xy-£-s -̧Sp-¶p−v. hym-tkmÂ-]-̄ n-bn-se

(a-l-̀ m-cXw) t\m-¡p-I.

“F-́ n-\p ]-d-bp-¶p sh-dp-sX _-lp-hn-[w

_-Ô-tam-£-§-fp-sS t`-Zw I-t−m-cp ap-\n

\-sÃm-cp XoÀ-°-Zq-X-bm-bp-Å- bap-\bnþ

seÃmcpw Ip-fn-̈ q-̄ p k-Ôy-sb h-µn-¡p-t¼mÄ

a-Õy-K-Ôn-\nbmb ssI-hÀ-¯ I-\yX-sb

a-Õy-tI-X-\-i-c-ta-äp ]qÂ-In- \m³”

C¯-cw {_m-Ò-W-hn-aÀ-i-\-§Ä ]-e-bn-S-̄ pw ImWmw

{]-tZ-in-I-kw-kv-¡m-cw ]m-«p km-ln-Xy-̄ nÂ

s{]m-̂ -kÀ ]n. hn Ir-jv-W³ \m-bÀ ‘cm-a-N-cn-Xw H-cp hn-

aÀ-i-\m-ß-I-]T\w’ F-¶ Ir-Xn-bnÂ cm-a-N-cn-Xw D-¯-c-tI-c-f-

¯n-se H-cp Ir-Xn-bm-sW¶pw cma-N-cn-X-c-N-bn-Xm-hv H-cp a-Wn-bm-

Wn-\m-bcm-Im\pw km-²y-X-bp-s−¶pw {]-kv-Xm-hn¨p. Ir-jv-W-

Km-Y-bn-se `m-j-tbm-Sm-Wv cm-a-N-cn-X-̄ n-\v Iq-Sp-XÂ A-Sp-̧ -sa-

¶pw. Ir-jv-W-Km-Ysb-t¸m-se B Ir-Xn-bp-sSbpw P-·-tZ-iw h-S-

¡³ tI-c-f-am-sW¶v 1974þÂ tI-c-f-kÀ-Æ-I-em-im-e-bn-se `m-

jm im-kv-{X-hn-̀ m-Kw \-S¯n-b `m-jm-tZ-i-kÀ-tÆ hy-àam-Ip-I-

bp-−mbn. cma-N-cn-Xw D-]-Pn-hn-̈ -tXm, cm-a-N-cnX-s¯ D-]-Pnhn-

¨tXm Bb Ir-Xn-I-fnÂ A[n-Ihpw hS-s¡ a-e_m-dn-ep-−m-b-

Xm-sW-¶ s{]m -̂k-dpsS A`n-{]m-bhpw {it²-b-amWv. am-{XaÃ,

cm-a-N-cn-X-̄ n-sâ ]-Xn-\m-dnÂ -̧cw I-s¿Sp-̄ v {]-Xn-IÄ I-s−-

¯n-b-XnÂ ]¯pw h-S-t¡-a-e-_m-dnÂ \n-¶v I-s−-Sp-¯-h-bmWv.

h-S-s¡-ae-_m-dn-se a-Wn-bm-Wn-\m-b-·mÀ-¡n-S-bnÂ cm-a-N-cn-Xw \n-

Xy-]m-cm-b-W-̄ n-\v kao]-Im-ew h-sc D-]-tbm-Kn-̈ n-cp¶p.

73

\nc-Ww I-hn-IÄ F¶pw I-®-È-·mÀ F¶pw hn--ti-jn-¸n-

¡m-dp-Å I-®-È-cm-am-b-W I-À-̄ mhm-b cm-a- -̧Wn-¡-c-S-¡-ap-Å-

h-cp-sS P-·-tZ-iw Xn-cp-hÃ-¡-Sp-̄ pÅ \n-c-W-amWv. I-®-È-Ip-

Spw-_-̄ n-se Ip-e-Kp-cphmb I-®È³ “hm-\p-e-In-\v k-aam-b \n-

c-W-a-lm-tZ-ti h-¶p-fp\m-bm³” F-¶v B-Wv cm-ambW-IÀ-

¯m-hv hntijn-̧ n-¡p-¶Xv. I-®-È-cm-am-b-W-IÀ-̄ mhm-b cm-a-̧ -

Wn¡À, `m-jm-̀ -Kh-Xv KoX-c-Nn-̈ a-e-b³-Io-gv-am-[h³, ‘`m-c-X-am-e’

c-Nn-̈ sh-Åm-§ÃqÀ i-¦-c³ F-¶o I-hn-{X-b-§-sf-bm-Wv \nc-

Ww I-hn-IÄ F-¶v hn-ti-jn-̧ n-¡p-¶Xv. C-hÀ H-tc IpSpw-_-¡m-

cm-sW-¶v D-d-̧ n-sÃ-¦nepw H-tc {]-tZ-i-̄ p-Imcpw H-tc co-Xn-bnÂ

Imhyc-N-\ \-S-̄ n-b-h-cp-amWv. \nc-Ww F-¶ {]-tZ-i-¯n-sâ t]-

cn-em-Wv kmlnXy-N-cn-{X-§-fnÂ C-hÀ A-dn-b-s¸-Sp-¶Xv.

Ir-jv-W-¸m-«n-sâ c-N-bn-Xmhmb sN-dp-tÈ-cn Xm³ tIme-

v̄ \m-«n-se cm-Pm-hnsâ B-{in-X-\m-sW-¶v Im-hy-¯nÂ X-s¶

hy-à-am-¡p-¶p−v.

]m-em-gn-am-Xp-Xm³ ]m-en-̈ v t]m-cp¶

tIm-em-[n-\m-Y-\p-cp-¶p- Z-b-hÀ-½³

B-Ú-sb-s -̈bv-I-bmeÚ-\m-bp-Å Rm³

{]m-Ú-s\-¶n-§n-s\ `m-hn-¨n-t¸mÄ

F-¶v I-Y-bp-sS {]m-cw-̀ -Im-e-L-«-̄ nepw

B-Úbm-tIm-e-̀ p]-ky

{]m-Ú-tkm-Z-b hÀ-½W

Ir-Xmbmw Ir-jv-W-Km-Ymbmw

F-¶n§s\ Hmtcm L-«-̄ n-sâ A-h-km-\-̄ nepw Im-Wp-¶-Xn-

\mÂ Ir-Xn-bp-sS h-S-¡³ kz-̀ m-h-̄ nÂ kw-i-b-anÃ. h-S-¡³ ]m-

«p-I-fnepw aäpw Im-Wp-¶ ip-²-a-e-bm-f-̄ n-sâ em-fn-Xy-hpw `w-

74

Knbpw Ir-jv-W-Km-Y-bp-sS {]m-tZ-in-I-hy-àn-Xz-̄ n-sâ kzm-[n-\-̂ -

e-amWv.

a-säm-cp ]m-«p-Ir-Xnbm-b ‘X-n-cp-\n-gÂ-am-e’ B-d-·p-f-b -̧

sâ am-lm-ßy-{]InÀ¯-\-amWv. B-d·p-f {Km-a-̄ n-se A-©p -a-

lm-t£-{X-§-sf-¡p-dn- v̈ C-XnÂ {]Xn-]m-Zn-¡p¶p. tKm-hn-µ³ F-

¶m-Wv I-hn-bp-sS t]cv. tI-c-f-N-cn-{X-hp-ambn _Ôs¸-« ]-e-hn-h-c-

§fpw tN-c-cm-Pywþ\m-ep-Xfn, A-cp-]-̄ n-\m-ep {Km-a-§Ä F¶n-

h-sb¡p-dn-̈ v {]-Xn-]m-Zn-¡p¶p. a-e-bÀ AÀ-̧ n-¡p-¶ _-en-sb-¡p-

dn-̈ p-Å hni-Z-hÀ-®-\bpw C-Xn-ep−v. Ccp sh¬-s]me -\m-Sp-I-

sf-¡p-dn-¨pw ]-¶n-bqÀ ipI-]p-cw {Km-a-¡m-cp-sS A-t\ym-\y I-e-

l-s¯-¡p-dn-̈ pw, am-am-¦-th-e-sb-¡pdn¨pw a-äpw {]-Xn-]m-Zn-¡p-¶-

Xn-\mÂ tI-c-f-N-cn-{X-s¯-¡p-dn- v̈ ]Tn-¡p-¶-hÀ-¡v C-Xv H-cm-aq-ey-

Ir-Xn-bmWv.

`m-j-bn-se a-säm-cp _r-l¯m-b ]m-«p-Im-hy-am-Wv cma--I-

Y-̧ m«v. B-bn-cn-̄ n \m-\q-dm-a-t−m-Sp-Iq-Sn tIm-hf-̄ v Po-hn-̈ n-cp-

¶ A-¿n-̧ n-Å B-im³ N-cn-̈ cm-a-I-Y-̧ m-«v B-Wv a-e-bm-f-̄ n-

se B-Zy-s¯ ]qÀ-®-cm-am-b-W-IrXn. kw-Ko-X-am-[qcy-t¯mSp

Iq-Sn cma-I-Y A-kz-Zn-̧ n-¡p-I-bm-Wv {]-[m-\- e-£yw. {Zm-hn-U-hy-

¯-§fnepw Km-\-co-Xn-I-fn-ep-am-bn C-XnÂ 279 hn-̀ m-K-§-fp−v.

N-{µ-hf-bw F-¶ kwKo-X D-]-I-c-W-̄ n-sâ klm-b-t¯m-sS

sX-¡³ Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dnse t£-{X-§-fnÂ cm-a-I-Y-¸m-«v ]m-Sn-h-

cp¶p. kw-kv-Ir-Xhpw \m-«p-X-angpw ]m-Þy-X-angpw Iq«n-t¨À-¶

H-cp an-{i-̀ m-jm-Ir-Xn-bm-W-sX¶v ‘ssI-c-fn-bp-sS I-Y’bnÂ Ir-jv-

W-]nÅ Nq-−n-Im-Wn-¡p-¶p−v.

]m-«p-km-ln-Xy-̄ n-se kp-{]-[m-\-Ir-Xn-Ifm-b A-²ym-ß-

cm-am-b-Whpw a-lm-̀ m-c-Xhpw F-gp-̄ -Ñ-s\-¡p-dns¨m A-t±-l-

¯n-sâ P-·-tZ-i-s¯-¡p-dnt¨m Imcyamb kq-N\-I-tfm¶pw

75

\Â-Ip-¶nÃ. Xo-cpÀ Xr-¡-−n-bq-cn-se Xp-©³-]d¼pw No-äpÀ

tim-I-\m-in-\n-̧ p-g-bp-sS Xo-c-̄ p-Å Kp-cp-aThpw A-t±-l-̄ n-

sâ Po-hn-X-hp-am-bn _-Ô-s -̧« Ø-e-§-fm-sW-¶v tI-c-fo-bÀ hn-

iz-kn-¡p¶p. Iq«nIsf Xn-cqÀ Xp-©³-]-d-¼nÂ sIm−p-t]m-bn

F-gp-̄ n-\n-cp--̄ p¶-Xv B Øe-hp-am-bn F-gp-̄ -Ñ-\p-Å ]-c-¼-

cm-K-X _-Ôw D-d-̧ n-¡p-¶-XmWv. No-äpÀ Xp©³ aT-¯n-em-Wv

A-t±-l-̄ n-sâ k-am-[n-sb¶pw P-\-§Ä hn-iz-kn-¡p¶p. HcÀ-

°-̄ nÂ a-e-bm-f-̀ m-j-bp-sS am-Xr-I-I-hnbmbn ]-cn-K-Wn-¡p-¶

A-t±-l-̄ nsâ hy-ànXzw tI-c-f-̄ n-ep-S-\o-fw hym-]n-¨p In-S-¡p-

¶-Xn-\mÂ {]m-tZ-in-Iamb k-¦-Nn-XXzw A-t±-l-̄ nÂ B-tcm-]n-

¡p¶-Xv A-{]-k-à-am-Ipw.

a-e-bm-f-̄ n-se ]m-«p-km-ln-Xy-{]-Øm-\-̄ n-sâ X-e-ap-d-bn-se hn-

\o-X-\pw km-Xzn-I-\p-am-b Im-hn-bm-Wv ]q-́ m-\w \-¼q-Xncn. s]-cn-

´Â-a-® Xm-eq-¡nÂ In-gm-äqÀ ]©m-b-̄ nÂ ]q-´m-\w F-¶

{]-tZ-i-̄ m-Wv A-t±-l¯-sâ CÃw. ]q-́ m-\w F¶ I-hn-bp-sS

CÃ-t -̧cv ]nÂ-¡me-̄ v B {]-tZ-i-̄ n-sâ Xsâ \m-a-am-bn

XoÀ¶p- A-t±-l-̄ n-sâ Pn-hn-X-Imew AD 1547 þ 1640 \-pw C-S-

bn-emWv F¶v Ncn-{X-Im-c-·mÀ A-S-bm-f-s¸-Sp-̄ p¶p. ]q-́ m-\-

¯n-sâ Kpcp-\m-Y³ \o-e-I-WvT³ F-¶p t]-cp-Å H-cp ]-Þn-X-

\m-bn-cp-¶p F-¶v A-t±-lw {io-\o-e-I-WvT³ Kp-cp-\mY-sâ þ ]m-Z-

§fpw hm-gvI-hn ti-jn¨pw F\vv k-´m-\-tKm-]m-ew ]m-\-bp-sS

{]m-cw-̀ -̄ n-ep-Å h-cn-I-fn-eq-sS hy-à-am-¡p¶p. a-Wn-{]-hm-f-Ime-

v̄ ]-̈ -a-e-bm-f-̄ nÂ Im-hyc-N-\ \-S¯n-b ]q-́ m-\w kz-k-ap-l-

¯n-se B-Vy a-t\m-̀ m-hm-t¯mSv I-e-ln-̈ n-cp-¶-Xm-bn I-hn-X-

IÄ hy-à-am-¡p¶p. “{_m-ÒWyw sIm-−v Ip´n-̈ v Ip-́ n v̈” \-

S-¡p-¶ \-¼q-Xn-cn P-·nI-sf A-t±-lw \n-in-X-am-bn hn-aÀ-in-¡p-

¶p−v. ]q-́ m-\-̄ n-sâ Po-h-N-cn-{X-hp-am-bn A-t`-Zyam-b _-Ô-

76

s -̧«p \nÂ¡p¶ Ø-e-§-fm-Wv Kq-cp-hm-bqcpw Xn-cp-am-Ômw-Ip-

¶v F-¶ A-§m-Sn-¸pdhpw. ip-²-̀ -àn-bp-sS-bpw k-c-f-X-bp-

sSbpw A-Sn-Øm-\-̄ nÂ A-t±l-s¯ lnµn-bn-se kqÀ-Zmkn-

t\m-Sv Xm-c-X-ay-s¸-Sp-̄ m-dq−v. “]q-́ m-\w ]m-Sp¶-Xv P-\-§fp-

sS `m-j-bn-emWv. F-¶n§-s\ th-W-sa-¦nepw \o-«n-]m-Sm-hp-¶ ]m-

\mb-Wv ]q-´m-\-̄ n-sâ hr-̄ w” (]n. Sn `m-kv-¡-c-]-Wn-¡À, k-

´m-\-tKm-]m-ew, ]q´m\w kv-am-c-I-k-an-Xn {]-kn-²o-I-cWw)

]m]m]m]m----«p«p«p«p-- --kmkmkmkm----lnlnlnln-- --XyXyXyXy-- --¯n¯n¯n¯n----se {]se {]se {]se {]----[m[m[m[m----\\\\ -- --ImImImIm----hy§Ähy§Ähy§Ähy§Ä

cm-a-N-cnXw:þ hmÂ-an-In cm-am-b-W-̄ n-se bp-²-ImÞ-s¯ A-

Sn-Øm-\-am-¡n IYbp-sS aÀ-½-§-sfÃmw kv-]-À-in¨p-sIm-−v

sI-«nepw a-«nepw H-cp ]p-Xp-cmambWw kr-ãn-¨n-cn-¡p-I-bm-Wv No-

cma³. tI-{µ-{]-ta-b-̄ n-sâ D-]m-hym-\-§fmbn _mew, A-

tbm²y, B-c-Wyw, kpµ-cw F-¶o Im-Þ-§-fn-se I-Ym-kqN\-

IÄ \Â-In cm-a-I-Y-sb k-a-{K-am-bn A-hn-jv-¡-cn-¡p-¶p-−-

t±lw, _m-e-ImÞ-̄ n-se hn-izm-an{X, bm-Kc-£. Xm-S-Im-h[w,

A-l-eym-tamjw, ssi-h-Nm]`RvP\w, ko-Xm-kz-bw-hcw, ]-c-iq-

cm-a-ZÀ -̧lc-Ww F-¶n-h-bp-sS kq-N-\IÄ 7,16, 75, 78, 104 F-¶o

]-S-e-§-fnÂ Im-Wmw.

]-S-ew 7 hn-̀ n-j-W-sâbpw 16 þÂ {in-P-S-bp-sS-bpw, 75

þÂ ko-X-bp-sS-bpw, 78 þÂ cm-£-kn-I-fp-sSbpw, 104 þÂ- a-

tÞm-Z-cn-bp-sSbpw ]qÀ-Æ-I-Y-IÄ kq-Nn-̧ n-¡-s -̧«n-cn-¡p¶p.

]Sew 16, 61, 75, 125 F¶o-h A-tbm-²ym-Im-Þ-̄ n-se

I-Y-IÄ kq-Nn-¸n-¡-s -̧«n-cn¡p¶p. cm-am-̀ n-tj-I-hn-Lv-\w 16þmw ]-S-

e-̄ n-epw, 61þmw ]-S-̄ nepw kqNn-̧ n-¡-s -̧«n-cn-¡p¶p. cm-a-]m-Z-p-

I-§Ä `-c-X³ kzo-I-cn-̈ Imcyw 125þmw ]-S-e-̄ n-ep−v. 128, 129

]-S-e-§-fn-eq-sS A-tbm-²ym-Im-Þ-̄ n-se ]qÀ-Æ-I-Ym-

77

hnkvXmcw Im-Wmw. In-jv-In-Ô-Im-Þ-̄ n-te-bpw kpµ-c-Im-

Þ-̄ n-sebpw kw`h-§Ä kq-Nn-¸n- v̈ t]m-Ip-t¶-bpÅp. cm-a-N-

cn-X-̄ nse 136þmw ]-S-̄ nÂ iàn-̀ -{Zsâ BÝ-cy-N-Um-a-Wn-bp-

sS B-[-aÀ-Wyw Im-Wmw.

Xn-cp-\n-gÂam-e:þ 1981 P-\p-h-cn-bnÂ tIm-gn-t¡m-Sv bq-Wn-th-gv-kn-

än-bn-se tUm. Fw. Fw ]pcp-t£m-̄ -a³ \m-b-cmWv Cu Ir-Xn-

bp-sS kw-tim-[n-X-]-Xn- v̧ Cd¡nbXv. Xn-cp-hm-d³ ap-f-b -̧sâ am-

lm-ßy-{]-IoÀ-̄ -\-am-Wv Ir-Xn-bp-sS DÅS¡w. tZh-sâ Xn-cp-\n-

gÂ sIm-−m-Sp-¶-Xn-sâ hÀ®-\w aq¶p `m-K-§-fm-bn Xn-cn-̈ n-cn-

¡p¶p. H¶mw `m-K-̄ nÂ tZ-h-Xm-kv-Xp-Xn-I-fpw, `m-c-X-JÞw,

tIctfmÂ-̧ ¯n, tN-c-cm-Pyw. Xm-ep-Xfn, F-¬-aÀ km-a´À, A-dp-

]-̄ n-\m-ep {Kma§Ä, B-d³-ap-Å {Km-aw F-¶n-h-bp-sS hÀ-®-\-

bmWv. c−mw `m-K-̄ nÂ Xqh-ep-gn-bepw \m-Iqdpw hn-h-cn-

¡p¶p. tZ-h-·mÀ C-cp `m-K- v̄ \n¶pw ‘Xp-h-epgn’bp¶p. aq¶mw

`m-K-̄ nÂ a-e-bÀ AÀ-̧ n-¡p-¶ _-en-bm-Wv {]-[m\w. a-e-bcmWv

ap-Jy-ImÀ-½n-IÄ F-¶ h-kvXp-X {i-t²-b-amWv. c-−p sh-¼-e

\m-Sp-I-sf-̧ -än-bpw, ]-̄ n-bqÀ ip-I-]q-cw {Km-a-¡m-cp-sS A-t\ym-

\y i-{Xp-X-sb-̧ -änbpw am-am-¦w the-sb Ip-dn¨pw aäpw {]-Xn-]m-Zn-

¡p-¶-Xn-\mÂ tI-c-f-N-cn-{X-w ]Tn-¡p-¶-hÀ¡v A-aq-ey-\n-[n-bmWv.

I-®qÀ PnÃ-bn-se sh-Åp-cn-se am-am-¦-Im-hv t£-{X-¯nÂ \n-¶v

I-s−¯n-b aebm-f-en-]n-bnep-Å {KÙw. A-bn-cqÀ tN-cn-bn-

epÅ tKm-hn-tµ³ B-Wv cNbnXmhv.

I-®-È-cm-amb-Ww:þ “hn-in-ãhpw hn-izm-IÀ-j-I-hp-am-b {]-_-Ô-

sa¶v” ‘D-ÅqÀ’ I®-È-cm-am-bW-s¯ {]-IoÀ-̄ n-¡p¶p. “Im-

¨n-¡p-dn¡n-b hmÂ-an-In cm-am-b-W-sa-¶v” ]p-Xp-tÈ-cn cm-a-N-{µ³

hn-ti-jn-̧ n-¡p¶p. 24000 (C-cp-]-̄ n-\m-em-bncw) hcp-¶ kw-kv-Ir-

78

X-̄ n-ep-Å hm-ßn-In-bp-sS cm-am-bW-s¯ I-®-È\m-b cm-a-

¸Wn¡À 3059 ]m-«p-I-fnÂ H-Xp¡n. F-¶mÂ Im-hy-̀ w-Kn A-ti-

jw tNmÀ¶p-t]mbn-«nÃ. a-e-bm-f-̄ n-sâ k-hn-ti-j-X-bmbn ‘Im-e-

hÀ-j’s¯-¡p-dn-̈ p-Å At±l-̄ n-sâ h-cn-IÄ B I-hn-Xz-̀ m-h-

\-bp-sS am-lßyw hy-à-am-¡p¶p.

C-Sn-bm-In-\-angm-shm-en-bm-ep-S-t\-hÀ¡pw

]-cn-Xm-]w I-f-hm³

Np-S-tc-dpw an-¶Â-̧ n-W-dm-In-\-Xp-bÂ hnf-¡v

sIm-gp-̄ n-hn-ti-jmÂ

hSn-t]mepw h-cn-h-−p-IÄ a-bq-cm-Zn-IÄ

a-In-gv-s]¿pw h®w

\-S-\mIn-b ImÀ-Im-ew h-s¶m-cp

\m-S-I-amSpw s]m-en hn-Xp ]mcm

I-®-È-cm-am-b-W-̄ n-sâ I-hn-Xz-̀ w-Kn ]nÂ-¡me-̄ v F-gp-̄ Ñ-

s\ B-IÀ-jn-¡pIbpw A-t±-lw cm-a-̧ -Wn-¡-cp-sS ]-e B-i-b-

§fpw kzo-I-cn-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp.

\-c-]m-e-IÀ Nn-e-c-Xn-\v hn-d-¨mÀ

\-e-sam-Sp Pm\-In k-t´m-jn-̈ mÄ

A-c-hm-Zn-IÄ `-b-an-Sp-an-S-n [z-\n-bmÂ

a-bn-em-\-µn- -̧Xp-t]mse

F¶v ko-Xmkz-bw-h-c-̄ n-se Nm-]-Z-Ú-\-hÀ-®-\ F-gp-̄ Ñ-s\

kzm-[n-\n-̈ -Xnsâ D-Zm-l-c-W-am-Wv

C-Sn-sh-«nSpw h-®w-hnÂ

ap-dn-sªm-̈ -tIm-«p

\-Sp-§n-cm-Pm-¡-·m-cp-

c-K-§-sf-t¸m-se

79

ssa-Yn-en a-bnÂ-t -̧S-t¸m-se

k-t´mjw ]q-−mÄ

A-²ym-ß-cm-am-bW-̄ nse Cu h-cnIÄ.

I-em-L-S-\-bnÂ h-en-b-amä-§-sfm¶pw h-cp-̄ m-sX hmÂ-an-In-

sb ]n³-Xp-S-cp-I-bmWv Ihn. hmÂ-an-In cm-am-b-W-̄ n-\v ]pd-sa

cma-I-Y {]-Xn-]m-Zn-¡p-¶ ‘tZmPN¼p’hn-s\-t¸m-ep-Å Im-hy-§-

tfbpw A-t±-lw D]-Pn-hn-¡p-¶p−v. `m-jm-]cn-jv-¡c-W-̄ nepw

I-®-È-cm-amb-Ww hen-b ]-¦p-h-ln-¨n-«p−v. \nc-Ww I-hn-IfnÂ

F-ähpw {]-ap-J³ I-®-È\pw {]-ap-J-Ir-Xn cm-am-b-W-hp-am-sW-¶-

XnÂ ktµ-l-anÃ. C-ã-tZ-h-Xm-h-µ-\-̄ nepw hn-\-b-{]-I-S-\-

¯nepw aäpw I-®-È-I-hn-cma-N-cn-X-¡mc-s\ ]n³-Xp-S-cp-¶p−v. I-

®È-sâ kw-t£]-W-ss\-]p-Wy-am-Wv H-cp {]-tXyI-X [À-½-

Ú³. Ir-XÚ³, k-Xyhm¡v, Zr-U-hr-X³ F-¶n§-s\ hmÂ-an-

In cma-sâ Kp-W-K-W-§-sf-sbÃmw F-Sp-s¯-Sp-̄ v ]-d-bp-

t¼mÄ I-®-È-\mIs« ‘k-I-e-Kp-W-§-fp-ap-f-fh³’ F-¶v H-Xp-

¡p¶p. au-en-Iam-b kÀ-¤i-àn B-kw-t£-]-W-̄ n-eq-S-\o-fw

ImWmw

I-®-È-̀ mc-Xw:þ I-®-È-̀ m-c-X-̄ n-se

C-fIn-b km-K-chn-No-IÄ ta-t·þ

en-X-sam-Sp-h-¶p-f-h-bXpt]m

A-f-hn-bn-em-X-Xn-kp-µ-c-hm-Wn-IÄ

kX-Xw a-a h-cp-hm-\-cp-tfWw

F-¶ h-cn-I-fp-sS Bi-bw X-s¶bmWv;

hm-cn-[n X-¶nÂ Xn-c-am-e-I-sf-¶-t]m-se

`m-c-Xn-]-Zn-hen-tXm-t¶-Ww Im-te Imte

F-gp-̄ Ñ-sâ `mc-Xw In-fn-¸m-«nepw \mw Im-Wp-¶Xv. F-¶mÂ I-

®-È-̀ mc-Xw \ncWw I-hn-I-fnÂ X-s¶ H-cmfm-b i-¦-c-I-hn-bpsS

80

‘`m-c-Xame’t]m-se Im-hy-̀ wKn-bp-ÅXÃ. `m-c-X-am-e-bp-tSXp-t]m-

se hn-in-ãam-b H-cp kw-t£]-W-tam, t{ijvTam-b H-cp Imhy-tam-

H¶paÃ. I-®-È-cm-am-b-W-IÀ-̄ m-hn-sâ X-s¶ Ir-Xn-bmsW-¶

[m-c-W X-s¶ bp-àn-¡v \n-c-¡p-¶XÃ. \nc-Ww I-hn-I-fp-sS ]-c-

¼-c-bnÂ-s -̧« H-cmÄ `m-c-Xam-e c-Nn-̈ Øn-Xn¡v, A-t±-l-̄ n-sâ

A-\-́ nc-h-t\m ASp-̄ _Ôpthm B-b a-säm-cmÄ `m-cX-c-

N\-¡v H-cp-§p-sa-¶v tXm-¶p-¶nÃ. Nqcp-¡-̄ nÂ I-®-È-̀ mc-Xw

Im-hy-Kp-W-§-fp-sS Im-cy-¯nÂ I-®-È-cm-am-b-W-s¯-¡mÄ G-

sd Xm-sg-bm-sW-¶v s{]m-^. F³. Ir-jv-W-]n-Å-bp-sS \n-Ka-\w

km[p-hmWv.

I-®-È-̀ m-Kh-Xw:þ \n-c-W-cm-a-̧ -Wn-bv-¡-cp-sS a-säm-cp Ir-Xn-bm-Wv

I-®-i-̀ mKhXw. \nc-Ww Ir-Xn-IÄ-¡v s]m-Xp-shbp-Å Nn-e kz-

`m-h-hn-ti-j§Ä, AssZz-X-a-X-t¯m-Sp-Å A-Sp¸w, ]p-cm-W-I-

Ym-{]-Xn-]¯n, kmw-kv-¡m-cn-I-XmÂ]cyw F-¶n-hbpw C-XnÂ \n-g-

en-¡p-¶p−v. X-sâ ]qÀ-Æn-I\m-b sh-Åm-§ÃqÀ i-¦-c- -̧Wn-

¡cp-sS ‘`m-c-Xam-e’bp-sS XpS-¡w `m-Kh-Xw Z-i-a-kv-¡-Ô-¡n-

sâ kw-{K-l-t¯m-sS-bmWv. A-Xn-sâ Nph-Sp ]n-Sn-̈ p sIm-

−mIpw cm-a- -̧Wn-¡À I®È`m-Kh-Xw cNn¡m-s\m-cp-§n-bXv.

cm-am-bWw, `m-cXw, `m-Kh-Xw Xp-S§n-b ]q-Wy-{K-Ù§Ä, kw-

kv-Ir-X`m-j A-dn-bm-̄ a-e-bm-fn-IÄ-¡v ]-cn-N-b-s -̧Sp-¯n sIm-

Sp¯-Xv \ncWw Ir-Xn-I-fmWv. A-hÀ shdpw hn-jv-Wp-`-àn-{]-Nm-

c-IÀ am-{X-ambn-cp-¶nÃ. kw-kv-Ir-X-̀ m-jm {]-Nm-c-IÀ Iq-Sn-bm-bn-

cp¶p. cm-am-b-W-̀ m-c-Xm-Zn-IÄ `m-j-bn-te¡p hn-hÀ¯-\w sNbv-

X cm-a-̧ -Wn-¡À G-ähpw ZoÀ-Lamb Im-e-bfhnÂ I-hn-IÀ-½w H-

cp X-]Êp-t]m-se A-\p-jvTn-̈ hy-àn-bmWv. Im-hy-KpW¯n-sâ

Im-cy-̄ nÂ I-®-È-̀ m-c-X-hpw, `m-K-h-Xhpw hen-b ta-· A-h-Im-

i-s¸Sm-hp-¶-h-b-sÃ-¦nepw C-Xn-lm-k-Ir-Xn-I-fp-sS ]-cn-̀ m-j-sb-

81

¶ \n-e-bnÂ `-àn-km-ln-Xy-¯n-\pw, A-²ymßn-I Nn-́ -IÄ¡pw

XpS-¡w Ip-dn- -̈h-sc-¶ \n-e-bnÂ A-hÀ F-gp-̄ Ñ-sâ amÀ-¤-ZÀ-

in-I-fm-bn-cp¶p.

`m-c-Xame:þ I-®-È-cm-ambW IÀ-̄ mhm-b cm-a- -̧Wn¡À, D-̄ -

c Im-Þ-̄ nsâ- D-]-kw-lm-c-am-bn aq-¶v ]m-«p-I-fnÂ X-sâ hw-

imh-en tc-J-s -̧Sp-̄ n-bn-«p−v. Cu hw-i-]-c-¼-c-bn-epÄ-s -̧«v A-

½m-h-·m-cm-Wv i-¦-c- -̧Wn-¡-cpw, am-[-h-̧ -Wn-¡cpw F¶v D-ÅqÀ

Xp-S§n-b K-th-j-I-·mÀ A-̀ n-{]m-b-s¸-Sp¶p. hn-Zym-[n-]À F-¶v

I®-È-I-hn-{]-iw-kn-¡p-¶ A-½m-a-·m-cnÂ H-cmfm-b \n-cW-̄ v

i-¦-c- -̧Wn-¡-cp-sS c-N-\-bmWv ‘`m-c-Xame’. a-e-bm-f-¯n-se H-

¶ma-s¯ `m-c-X-kw-{Klw. H-cp e£¯n, C-cp-]-¯-¿m-bn-cw

tÇm-I-§-fnÂ ]c¶p In-S-¡p-¶ hym-k-̀ m-cX-s¯ A-t±lw

1363 io-ep-I-fnÂ kw-{K-ln¨p. a-lm-̀ mc-Xw In-fn-̧ m-«n-sâ cN-\-

bnÂ Fgp-̄ -Ñ³ C-t±l-s¯ B-bn-cn¡-Ww am-Xr-I-bm-¡nb-Xv

hn-hÀ-̄ -\-̄ n-\v Nn-e tÇm-I-§-Ä am{Xw Xn-c-sª-Sp-̄ -Xnepw

]e tÇm-I-§-fnÂ ]c-¶p In-S-¡p-¶ Bi-b-§Ä H-ä tÇm-

I¯n-sem-Xp-¡p-¶-Xnepw i-¦-cI-hn X-s¶-bm-bn-cn¡pw

Fgp¯Ñ-\v {]-amWw; Nn-e kz-X-{´m-i-b-§-fnÂ t]mepw F-gp-

¯-Ñ³ Ct±ls¯ ]tZ ]-tZ ]n³Xp-S-cp-¶n-\p-Zm-l-c-W-am-Wv

IÀ-®-]À-Æ-̄ nse ‘]mÀ°-kmcYn’ hÀ-®-\ F-Sp v̄ Im-«mw. “D-

cp-th I-t−-\-t¯À-sa-se-¶pÅnencp-¶-cpfpw t]mse” F-¶ h-

cn-I-fm-Wv

“lr-Z-bw -́¶n-e-§n-cn-¡pw-t¼m-se-bþ

½-Wnc-Yw X-¶ne-Iw I-fqÀ¡-th

aWn-hÀ-®³ X-s¶ sX-fn-ªp I-−p Rm³”

82

F-¶v F-gp-̄ -Ñ³ hn-I-kn-¸n-¡p-¶Xv. ]m-©m-en kz-bw-h-c-h-À-®-

\-bnÂ {_m-Ò-W-cp-sS t{]c-W-tbm-sS th-j-{]-Ñ-\\m-b AÀ-

Öp\³ ‘e-£y-th[w’ \-S-¯p-¶Xpw hÀ-®n-¡p-¶nS- v̄ Iq-̄ -

c-§n-sâ kzm-[o-\w Im-Wmw.

`m-jm-̀ -K-h-XvKoX:þ \oc-Ww I-hn-Ifn-sem-cmfm-b a-e-bn³Io-gv -am-

[-h-̧ -Wn-¡-cp-sS c-N-\-bm-Wv `m-jm-̀ -K-h-Xv-Ko-X. `-K-h-Xv-Ko-X-bn-se

AÀ-°-km-{µamb 700 tÇmI§Ä 328 ]m-«p-I-fn-em-bn kw-{K-

ln-̈ n-cn-¡p¶p. Ko-X-bp-sS km-cm-iw At±lw kz-Ir-Xn-bnÂ A-

Xn-i-b-I-camw hn-[w kw-t£-]n-¨n-cp¶p. kw-kv-Ir-Xw t]m-se k-¼-

¶am-b H-cp `m-j-bn-se ZmÀ-i-\n-Im-i-b§-sf h-fÀ- -̈sb-̄ m-

¯ aebm-×-bn-te-¡v ]-IÀ-̄ n-sh¡p-I \n-Êm-cam-b H-cp Im-

cyaÃ. A-aq-eyam-b cXv\w s]m-¶nÂ sN-̧ n-eÃ, ]m-gvh-kv-{X-̄ nÂ

s]m-Xn-ªmepw A-Xnsâ ‘a-ln-a’ t]m-Ip-I-bn-sÃ-¶-Xm-Wv A-t±-

l-̄ n-sâ bp-àn. Úm-\m-ar-X- a-g -hÀ-jn-¡p-¶ ImÀ-hÀ-®\m-

b {io-Ir-jvW-sâ N-n{Xw hf-sc a-t\m-l-c-amWv.

H-cp-\mÄ h-¶p ]n-d¡pw

]n-s¶-bp-SÂ h-fcpw

_m-e-{]m-bw t]mwþ sX-cp

sX-sc ap-äpw, tX-bpw, ambpw

tX-dp-In-emdpw tZ-l-{]-Ir-XnIÄ

F-¶n-§-s\-bp-Å hn-hÀ¯-\w am-[-h-̧ -Wn-¡-cp-sS Kl-\m-Xva-

Iam-b cN\m-ssie-hn¡v am-Xr-I-bmWv.

in-h-cm{Xn a-lmßyw:þ I-®-È -cm-a-̧ -Wn-¡-cp-sS a-säm-cp Ir-Xn-bm-

Wv in-h-cm{Xn a-lm-ßyw. ssi-h-̀ -àn-bp-am-bn _-Ô-s¸-« H-cp kz-

X-{´-Ir-Xn-bm-WXv. 150 io-ep-I-fp-Å H-cp Ir-Xn. CXnÂ {]-Xn-]m-Zn-

¡p¶-Xv [mÀ-an-I-ambpw km--·mÀ-¤n-Iambpw A-[-x]-Xn-¨p t]m-b

83

H-cp {_m-Ò-W³ in-h-̀ -àn-bmÂ k-Zv-Kp-W-\m-bn Xocp¶

IYbmWv kz-Ñ-cpam-b a-Wn-{]-hm-f-ssi-en-bm-Wv C-XnÂ Im-Wp-

¶Xv. D-Zm-lc-Ww;

B-b-X-_m-lp-N-Xpã-b-tim-̀ n-Xþ

cm-b-Xn-\nÀ-½-e `kv-tamXv [p-fn-Xþ

Im-b-cp-am-tb NÀ-½mw-¼-cm-bv

Im-am-́ -I k-a-hn-{I-a-cmtb

\nc-Ww I-hn-I-fp-sS Ime- v̄ km-·m-À-¤n-I-Im-cy-§-fnÂ A-[:]-

Xn-̈ {_m-Ò-W-hÀ¤-̄ n-sâ XpS¡w Cu Ir-Xn kq-Nn-¸n-¡p¶p.

cm-am-b-W-Ir-Xn-bp-sS Xp-S-¡-̄ nÂ D-̄ -a-{_m-ÒWÀ 'a-a-ssZ-h-

X'am-sW-¶v hn-fw¼-cw sNbv-X I-hn-bp-sS H-cp D-]-tZ-i-I-Y-bmbn

Cu Ir-Xn-sb I-W-¡m-¡mw.

cm-a-I-Y-̧ m-«v:þ sX-¡³ Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dnÂ {]-Nm-c-¯n-ep-−m-bn-

cp-¶ _r-l¯m-b H-cp P-\-In-b-Im-hy-amWv 'cm-a-I-Y-¸m«v'

"]-c³-IX-sb I-¼À ]-´o-cm-bn-c-̄ mÂ

]-IÀ¶-I-ssX-I-®-È-\nÂ ]m-Xn-bm-bv"

F-¶ h-cn-I-fnÂ \n-¶p X-s¶ I-¼-cm-am-b-W-̄ n\pw I-®-È-cm-

am-b-W-̄ n\pw tij-ap−m-b -Ir-Xn-bm-sW-¶v hyàw. 14þmw am-

−nÂ (14þmw i-XIw) tIm-h-f-̄ n-\-Sp v̄ Hu-Æm-Sv Xp-d-bnÂ Po-hn-

¨n-cp-¶ A-¿n-¸n-Å B-im-\m-Wv cm-a-I-Y-¸m-«v c-Nn-̈ n-cn-¡p-¶Xv. a-

e-bm-f-̄ nÂ I-®-È-cm-am-b-W-̄ n-\p-]pd-sa I-−p-In«n-b

kw]qÀ-®- cm-am-b-W-am-Wn-Xv. bp-²-I-Y-IÄ hm-bn-¡m\pw c-kn-

84

¡m-\p-ap-Å km[mc-W- P-\-§-fp-sS XmÂ-]-cy-am-bn¡Ww Cu

Ir-Xn-bn-se aq¶n-sem-cp `m-Kw bp-²-hÀ-®-\-¡m-bn \o-¡n-sh-bv-

¡m-\n-S-bm-¡n-bXv. {Zm-hn-U-hr-̄ -§-fnepw Km\§-fn-ep-ambn 279

hn-̀ m-K-§-fn-embn 3163 io-ep-IÄ cm-a-I-Y-̧ m-«n-se {io-cma-\v am-\p-

jn-I-̀ m-h-am-Wv Iq-Sp-XÂ s{]m-̂ : F³. Ir-jv-W-̧ n-Å-bp-sS A-̀ n-

{]m-b-̄ nÂ sX-¡³- Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dnÂ {]-Nm-c-̄ n-ep-−m-bn-cp-

¶ a-e-\m-«p X-an-gpw, kwkv-Ir-X-hpw, ]mÞy-tNm-f-tZ-i-¯nÂ {]-

N-cn-̈ n-cp-¶ X-angpw Iq-Sn-t¨À-¶v H-cp an-{i-̀ m-j-bn-em-Wv cN-\.

C¯-cw H-cp an-{i-̀ m-j Cu {]-tZ-i-§-fnÂ \n-e-hnep-−mbn-cp-¶-

Xn-\mÂ Im-e-̧ g-¡w \nÀ-®-bn-¡m-\m-hp-I-bnÃ. hn-cp-¯hpw ]m-

«p-ambn«m-Wv cN-\. hn-cp-̄ -¯n-se `m-j-bv-¡v Nn-e-bn-S-§-fnÂ cm-

a-N-cn-X-̄ n-se `mj-bp-am-bn k-Zr-i-X-bp−v. `-àn-{]-N-c-W-am-Wv

Im-hy-e£yw F-¶v tXm¶p¶nÃ. IYm c-kw ]-IÀ-¶p sIm-Sp-¡-en-

\m-Wv ap³-KW\. Cu Ir-Xn-bp-sS H-cp {][m\ {]tXy-I-X B-Ir-

Xnam-b h-tNm-hn-em-k-am-Wv. ‘F-Xp-I’bpw ‘tam\’bpw A-́ y-{]m-

k-hpsaÃmw A-\m-bm-k-am-bn H-̄ p-tN-cpw. Zn-hy-k-\ym-kn-bp-sS

]-¡Â \n-¶v e-̀ n-¨ h-m-g -̧gw `-£n-̈ -Xn-\m-emWv Cu hm-Kzn-em-k-

¯n-\v Imc-W-sa-¶p {]iw-k G-äp-hm-§-̄ -¡-hn-[w a-t\m-l-c-

am-bn-cp¶ B ]-Z-hn\ymkw. _r-l¯m-b Cu c-N-\-bnÂ ]-e {Zm-

hn-U-hr-̄ -§fpw ]-cn-£n-¡-s¸«ncn-¡p¶p. kw-kv-Ir-X-̄ nepw X-

an-gnepw Hcp-t]m-se ]m-Þn-Xy-ap-Å H-cp D`b-̀ m-jm-]-Þn-X-\m-

Wv A-¿n-̧ n-Å B-im-s\-¶v tUm-. ]n. sI \m-cm-b-W-]n-Å A-t±-

l-̄ n-sâ ‘`m-j-m]cn-afw’ F-¶ ]T-\-{K-Ù-̄ nÂ ]-d-bp¶p.

`m-c-XKm-Y AY-hm a-l-̀ m-c-Xw-]m-«v:þ sN-dp-tÈ-cn-bp-sS Ir-jv-W-

Km-Y-bp-sS Ime v̄ X-s¶ D-̄ -c-tI-c-f-̄ n-ep−m-b H-cp Ir-Xn-

bm-Wv `m-c-X-Km-Y. Xr-jv-W-KmY-bp-sSbpw `m-c-X-Km-Y-bp-sSbpw

IÀ-̄ m-¡Ä H-cm-fm-Im³ h-gn-bnÃ. `m-c-X-KmYbpw tIm-e-̄ n-cn-

85

cm-Pm-hn-sâ IÂ-]-\-{]-Im-cw c-Nn-¡-s¸-SpXm\m-sW-¶ ]-cm-

aÀiw A-XnÂ Im-Wmw. F-¶mÂ Ir-jv-W-Km-Y-bp-sS H-cp ZpÀ-_-

e A-\p-I-c-W-amWv `m-c-X-Km-Y. Zn-hm-I-c-_nw-_-̄ n\pw Zn-\-Zo-]-

¯n\pw X-½n-ep-Å {]Imim´cw C-cp Ir-Xn-IÄ-¡p-ap-−v F-¶v

D-ÅqÀ A-̀ n-{]m-b-s -̧Sp¶p. Kp-W-iq\y-hpw, tZm-j-]qÀ-®-hpam-b

Xm-W-\n-e-hm-c-̄ n-ep-Å I-hn-Xz-am-Wv A-XnÂ ImWp-¶-sX-¶v

s{]m. F³. Ir-jv-W-¸nÅ.

Ir-jv-W-KmY:þ Ir-jv-W-Km-Y-bp-sS B-Zy-Ir-Xn c-Nn¨Xv AD 1527

em-sW-¶v DÅqÀ \n-cn-£n-¡p¶p. tIe-̄ v \m-Sp `-cn-¨n-cp-¶ H-cp

D-Z-b-hÀ½-sâ B{inX\mb sN-dp-tÈ-cn \-¼q-Xn-cn c-Nn-̈ Ir-Xn-

bm-sW-¶v

]m-em-gn-am-Xp-Xm³ ]m-en¨p-t]m-cp¶

tIm-em-[n-\m-Y-\p-̀ -b-hÀ-½³

B-Ú-sb-s -̈bv-Im-e-Ú-\m-bp-Å Rm³

{]m-Ú-s\-¶n§-s\ `m-hn-¨n-t¸mÄ

Km-Y-bp-sS {]m-cw-̀ -L-«-̄ nÂ X-s¶ sh-fn-s¸-Sp-̄ p-¶p−v. Iq-

Sm-sX C-tX Bibw B-hÀ-̄ n-¡p-¶p-ap−v. Ir-jv-W-Km-Y-bp-sS

IÀ-̄ r-Xz-s¯-¡p-dn- v̈ kwibm-Xn-cp-am-bn sh-fn-s¸Sp-¶ kXyw

C-Xp am-{X-amWv. D-̄ -c-tI-c-f-̄ n-se Nne {K-Ù-§-fnÂ ‘s]m-\-

¯nÂ i-¦-c³ \-¼nSn’ c-Nn-¨ Ir-jv-W-¸m-«v F-¶v ImWp¶p-s−-

¦nepw `m-jm-]-Þn-X-·mÀ G-sd-¡psd ‘sN-dp-tÈ-cn’bp-sS Ir-Xn

F¶m-Wv I-W-¡m-¡n-bn-«p-ÅXv. k-lr-Z-b-cp-sS lr-Z-b-¯n-se-¡n-

d-§n-sN-¿p-¶ Xm-fm-ß-I-io-ep-I-fn-em-Wv Ir-jv-W-I-Y A-t±-lw

]m-Sp-¶Xv. A-Xn-sâ em-fn-Xyhpw k-c-fyhpw ]-Þn-X-·m-cp-sS-bn-e-

bn-ep-−m¡nb ssh-ap-Jy-amWv “sN-dptÈ-cn-bp-sS F-cn-tÈ-cn-bnÂ

I-jv-W-anÃ” F-¶n-§-s\-bp-Å B-t£-]-lm-ky-§Ä-¡n-S-

86

bm¡nbXv. `m-jm-̀ -K-h-Zv-Ko-X, `m-cX-am-e, I-®-È-cm-amb-Ww Xp-

S§n-b Ir-Xn-I-fnÂ Im-Wp-¶-ZmÀ-i-\n-I-Kuc-hw Ir-jv-W-Km-Y-bv-

¡nÃ F-¶v k-½-Xn-t¨ Xocp. a-Wn-{]hm-f-kzm-[o-\w `m-j-bnepw hÀ-

®-\-bnepw sX-fn-ªv Im-Wmw. kw-kv-Ir-X-̀ m-j-bnse Imfn-Zm-

tk-X-c-Im-hy-§-fm-Wv A-t±-l-̄ n-sâ am-XrI. ‘Im-hym-

ZÀi’¯nÂ ZÞn-\Â-In-bn-cn-¡p-¶ a-lm-Im-hy-e-£-W-§Ä a-

\-ÊnÂ-sh¨p-sIm-−v A-Xn-\-\pk-cn-̈ v `m-Kh-Xw Z-i-a-kv-¡-Ô-

¯n-se Ir-jvW-I-Y A-h-X-cn-¸n-¡p-I-bm-Wv sNdp-tÈ-cn sN-bv-

XXv. kw-̀ -h-_-lp-eam-b Ir-jvWI-Y ‘D-Zym-\-en-eÀ¯p’ F-¶p

Xp-S-§p-¶ FÃm a-lm-Im-hy-e-£-W-§fpw H-̧ n-bv-¡m³ [m-cm-fw

A-h-k-c-§Ä A-t±-l-̄ n-\v \Â-Ip-Ibpw sN-bvXp. A-e-¦m-c-

\n-]p-W-\m-Wv sN-dp-tÈ-cn F-¶p ]d-ªmÂ sX-änÃ. km-taym-àn-

bp-sS hn-hn-[-cq-]§Ä, D]-a, DÂ-t{]-£, cq]-Iw Xp-S-§n-b-h am-

än am-än {]-tbm-Kn-¡p¶-Xv Im-hy-̄ n-ep-S-\o-fw Im-Wmw. F-¶mÂ

am\pjn-I `m-h§-sf X-·-b-Xz-t¯m-sS B-hn-jv-¡-cn-¡p-hm³

Cu ¢m-Ên-¡v ]mc¼cyw A-t±-l-̄ n-\v X-S-Ê-am-Ip-¶nÃ. I®-sâ

Ip-kr-Xn-IÄ k-ln-bv-¡- h¿msX, Ah-s\ ]m-iw sIm-−v _-Ôn-

v̈ th-Z-\n-̧ n-̈ I-Y ]p-{X-h-Õ-ebm-b btim-Z HmÀ-¡p-I-bmWv.

Xn-®w h-en-¨p ap-dp-¡n Rm³ \n-ev-¡-bmÂ

D-®n-̧ p-ta-\n-bnÂ ]p-®nÃÃn

F-¶n§-s\ hÀ-j-§Ä-¡p-ti-j-ap-Å B- am-Xy-]n-Xr-kwK-aw

B-̀ y-́ w lr-Z-b-kv]À-in-bmWv. {io-Ir-jvW-sâ _m-e-eo-e-I-fp-sS

hÀ®-\w I-hn-bn-se _m-ey-IuXpI-s¯ hy-Ú-̧ n-¡p-¶-XmWv.

H-cp I-¿nÂ sh-® sh-̈ mÂ a-tä I-¿v tIgpw F-¶n§-s\ sh-®-

bv-¡v sI-©p-¶ D-®n-¡-®³,

“I-Å-I®³ A-̈ n-am-cm-fp-¶ ho-Sp-tXmdpw \Ãþ

87

]m-t¨m-dpw, sh-®-bpw, Im-Ny-]mepw

cm-̧ -IÂ sN-¶p I-hÀ-¶p \n-¶-§s\”

sN¿pw Ip-kr-Xn-IÄ FÃmw B _m-ey-Im-e-hÀ-®\-sb N-Sp-e-am-

¡p¶p. a-säm-¶v sN-dp-tÈ-cn-bp-sS -̂en-X-t_m-[-am-Wv. Btem-

Nn¡pw tXmdpw Du-cn-bq-dn Nn-cn-¡m³ h-I \Â-Ip-¶-Xm-Wv sN-dp-

tÈ-cn-bp-sS -̂en-X-§Ä

Xo¡pwX-¶p-Ån-te tXm-¶n-¯p-S-§n-tX

Xo-¡m-b-th-W-sa-\n-¡p-sa¶v

F-¶n-§-s\ h-cnIÄ HmÀ-¡p-I. Ir-jv-W-Km-Y- B-Jym-\-I-hn-X-bp-

sS km-am-\y-co-Xn-bm-Wv ]n³-Xp-S-cp-¶Xv.

]m«p-km-ln-Xy-̄ n-sâ ]-cn-Wmaw

C-Xn-hr-̄ w:-- ]m-«p-km-ln-Xy-¯n-se {]-Y-a-Ir-Xnbm-b cm-a-N-cn-{X-

¯nse C-Xn-hr¯w Hä-hm-¡nÂ ]-d-ªmÂ hmÂ-ao-In-cm-am-b-W-

¯nse ‘bp-²-Im-Þ-am-Wv’. hmÂ-ao-In-cm-am-b-W-¯nÂ G-I-

tZiw 23,420 tÇm-I-§-fn-em-bn- hn-h-cn-¡p-¶ bp-²-Im-Þw 164

]-S-e-§-fn-em-bn kw-{K-ln-¨n-cn-¡p-I-bm-Wv No-cm-aI-hn ]Xn-

s\mt¶m ]{´t−m ]m-«p-I-fpÅ 164 hr-̄ -§-fn-em-bn sam¯w

1874 ]m-«p-IÄ cm-a-N-cn-X-¯nse Cu hn-cp-̄ -§Ä¡v (hr¯w)

X-an-gv ]m-c-¼cyw sh-̈ v t\m-¡p-t¼mÄ ]-e {]-tXy-I-X-I-fp-ap-Å-Xm-

bn Im-Wmw. \q-sd-¶ kw-Jy A-hÀ-¡v hf-sc {]m-[m-\y-apÅ-Xp

sIm-−mhmw cm-h-Wh-[w \qdmw hn-cp-̄ -̄ nÂ \n-_-Ôn-̈ n-«p-

ÅXv. {]tabw kw-kv-Ir-X-¯n-ep-Å-Xm-sW-¦nepw A-Xn-sâ Im-hy-

cq-]w {Zm-hn-U-am-Wv F¶p ]-d-bmw. bp-²-hÀ-®-\-bnepw X-an-gv ]m-

c-¼-cy-am-Wv \n-e-\nÀ-̄ n-bn-cn-¡p-¶Xv. D-Nn-Xam-b IÂ-]-\-I-fn-eq-

sS bp-²-cw-Kw b-YmÀ-Y-am-¡p-¶ kw-L-I-hn-IfpsS ]m-c-¼-cy-am-

Wv cm-a-N-cn-Xw A-\p-hÀ-¯n-¡p-¶Xv. I-f-thÄ-hn F-¶ X-an-gv

88

kln-Xy-Ir-Xn-bp-sS kzm-[o-\w bp-²-cw-K-§-fp-sS òI-c-X hÀ-®n-

¡p-¶-XnÂ kzm-[o-\w sNe-̄ n-b-Xm-bn Im-Wmw. AXp-t]m-se X-

s¶ X-an-gn-se D-̄ -a-cm-am-b-Wam-b I¼-cm-am-b-Whpw A-t±l-

s¯ kzm-[o-\n-̈ n-«p−v. cma-s\ A-h-Xm-c-]p-cp-j-\m-bn D-bÀ-̄ n-

¡m-«p-¶-Xnepw `-àn-bp-sS A-́ -co-£w kr-ãn-¡p-¶-Xnepw I-¼-

cmambWw cm-a-N-cnX-s¯ kzm-[o-\n-̈ n-cn-¡p¶p. cm-a-N-cn-X-̄ n-

sâ B-cw-̀ -̄ n-epÅ hn-\m-b-I-kv-Xp-Xnbpw X-an-gv ]m-c-¼cyw A-

\p-k-cn-¨p Xs¶. “Im-\-\-¦fnec³ I-fn-dp-ambv, I-cn-Wn-bm-bv þ

ImÀ-s\-Sp-¦®p-a X-½nÂ” F-¶p Xp-S-§p-¶ H¶mw ]m-«v K-W-]-

Xn-kv-Xp-Xn-bm-W-tÃm. cm-a-N-cn-X-̄ nse 16 hn-cp-̄ -§Ä {][m\a-

mbpw X-an-gn-se I-en hn-cp¯-̄ nepw Ip«n-ssf-I-en¯p-d hn-cp-

¯-̄ nepw DÄs -̧Sp¶p. ]m-Þy-̀ m-jm-km-cq]yw _m-lp-tey-\-]m-

«nÂ F-¶ eo-em-Xn-e-I-e£Ww cm-a-N-cn-̄ nÂ hy-à-amWv.

]m-«p-{]-Øm-\-̄ n-se A-Sp-̄ Ir-Xnbm-b ‘\n-cp-\n-

gÂam-e’ ]-eXp-sIm−pw hy-Xy-kv-Xam-b H-cp Ir-Xn-bmWv. Xn-cp-

hm-d-·p-f-b¸sâ ‘Xn-cp-\ngÂ’ sIm-−m-Sp-¶-Xn-sâ hÀ-®-\-bm-

WXv. H-cp ]p-cm-tW-X-cam-b C-Xn-hr¯w. aq-¶p-̀ m-K-§-fm-bn

Xncn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶ Ir-Xn-bp-sS H¶mw `m-K-̄ nÂ tZ-h-Xm-kv-XpXn, `m-

c-X-JÞw, Adp]-̄ n-\m-ep {Km-a§Ä, B-d³ap-f {Km-aw F-

¶n§-s\ tZ-i-N-cn-{X-hp-am-bn _Ô-s¸-«-XmWv. c−mw `m-K-

¯nÂ Xq-heq-gn-bepw (\m-hq-dv) \m-Iq-dp-am-Wv {][m\w.. tZ-hm-[n-

tZ-h-I-sfÃmw A-c-s§m-cp-¡m³ h-s¶-̄ p-¶-Xm-bm-Wv

k¦Â]w. aq¶mw `m-K-̄ nÂ ae-b³ ap-Jy-ImÀ-½n-I-\m-Ip-¶ _-

en-bp-sS hÀ-®-\-bmWv. Xq-bn-ep-WÀ¯Â, Ip-d-̄ n-bm«w, ]m-\

Xp-S-§n-b-h-bp-sS hÀ-®-\-Ifp-ap−v. Ip-d-̄ n-½-¡-pÅ-Ip-f-aq-«p

_-en-bp-sS hÀ-®-\-bnÂ H-cp ò-I-cam-b Aćo£w kr-ãn-¡-s¸-

89

Sp¶p. B-I-̧ m-sS H-cp In-gm-f-]m-c-¼-cy¯-sâ kw-kv-¡mcw \n-g-

en-Ip-¶ Ir-Xn t£-{X-§-enepw Im-hp-I-fn-ep-ap-Å B-cm-[m-\-bp-

sSbpw A-\p-jvT-\-§-fp-sSbpw kw-tÇ-j-W-cq-]-̄ n-ep-Å Nn-e

k-hn-ti-j-XIÄ Cu IrXn-bnÂ ZÀ-in-¡mw. ]m-«p-Ir-Xn-I-fn-se

Hcp ]-cn-Wm-a-L-«-̄ n-ep-Å Ir-Xn-sb-¶ \n-e-bnÂ A-\p-\m-kn-Im-

Xn-{]-kcw, kz-c-kw-h-cWw. Xm-e-hy-tZ-iw Xp-S§n-b ]cnjv-Ir-X cq-

]-§Ä A-hn-S-hn-sS {]-Xy-£-s -̧Sp-¶p−v. ]-IÀ-s¯-gp-̄ p-Im-

cp-sS kzm-[o-\-am-Imw C-Xn-\v Im-cWw. H-cp k-Ôy-bp-sSbpw a-

²ym-Ó¯n-sâbpw hÀ®\-bm-Wv km-ln-Xy-Zr-ãym-{iÙ-bm-IÀ-jn-

¡p-¶Xv. AD 1200 \pw 1300 \pw C-S-bn-ep-Å Ir-Xn-bm-sW-¶v {]-

km-[-I\m-b ]pcp-tjm-̄ -a³ \m-bÀ A-h-Im-i-s¸Sp¶p.

]m-«p-km-ln-Xy-̄ n-se ]-cn-Wm-a-ZÀ-i-bn-se A-Sp-̄ L-

«w \nc-Ww I-hn-I-fn-eq-sS-bmWv {]Xy-£-s¸«Xv. Iq-«-̄ nÂ ap-

Jyam-b I-®-È-cm-amb-Ww Im-̈ n-¡p-dp-¡n-b hmÂ-ao-In cm-am-b-

W-sa-¶v hn-ti-jn-¸n-¡-s¸-Sm-dp−v. F-¦nepw A-Xv H-cp tIh-e- hn-

hÀ-̄ \aÃ. kw-kv-Ir-X-̄ n-se t`mP-sâ N-¼p-cm-amb-Ww t]m-ep-

Å ]e-Ir-Xn-Itfbpw I-®-È-I-hn-am-Xr-I-bm-¡n-bn-cp¶p. hÀ-jm-K-

a-hÀ®-\-t]mse-bpÅ Nn-e-L-«-§-fnÂ I-hn-bp-sS kz-X-{´-̀ m-h-

\bpw sX-fn-ªv Im-Wmw. C-Xn-lmk-kzoIcW-̄ nepw B-²-y-

ßn-I-X-Xz§Ä. I-Ym-K-Xn-bnÂ C-W-¡n-tNÀ-¡p-¶-Xnepw khn-ti-

jam-b H-cp hy-ànXzw A-hÀ kzo-I-cn-¡p-¶p−v. A-ssZz-X-t¯m-

Sp-Å ASp-̧ w, `-àn-{]-IÀ-jw ]p-cm-W-Im-hy-̧ -Xn-]¯n, kmw-kv-

¡m-cn-I-XmÂ-̧ cyw XpS§n-b k-am-\-[À-½-§Ä I-®-È-cm-am-

bWw, I-®-È-̀ m-c-Xw, `m-c-X-am-e, `m-jm-̀ K-h-XvKo-X Xp-S§n-b Ir-

Xn-I-fn-seÃmw Im-Wmw. Cu cn-Xn-bn-ep-Å C-Xn-hr-̄ -kam-\-X Iq-

Sn H-cp ]-t£ Ch-sc \nc-Ww {]-Øm-\-¡mÀ F-¶p hn-ti-jn-̧ n-

¡p¶-Xn-\v k-lm-bn-̈ n-«p-−m-IWw. `m-c-X-I-Y-bp-sS a-e-bm-f-̄ n-

90

se B-Zy-s¯ kw-{K-l-amWv. \nc-Ww i-¦-c- -̧Wn-¡-cp-sS `m-c-X-

am-e B-kw-t£]-Ww ]nÂ-¡me v̄ F-gp-̄ -Ñ\p-t]mepw am-Xr-

I-bm-bn-«p−v. `-K-h-Xv-Ko-X-bn-se AÀ-°-km{µamb 700 tÇm-

I§Ä 328 ]m-«p-I-fn-em-bn kw-{K-ln-̈ -Xm-Wv \n-cW- v̄ am[h-̧ -

Wn-¡-cpsS `mj`K-h-Xv-KoX. I®È-cm-am-b-W IÀ-¯m-hn-sâ H-

cp kz-X-́ C-Xn-hr-̄ -am-Wv in-h-cm{Xn a-lm-ßy-̄ nÂ Im-Wp-

¶Xv. in-h-̀ àn-sIm-−v k·mÀ¤-t_m-[w hos−-Sp-¡p-¶ H-cp

`à-sâ IY

cm-a-I-Y-̧ m-«v F-¶ A-¿n-¸n-Å B-im-sâ Ir-Xn hmÂ-ao-In

cm-am-bW-s¯ A-Sn-Øm-\-am-¡p-t¼mÄ X-s¶ bp-²-hÀ-®-\-

IÄ¡pw I-Ym-c-k-̄ n-\p-am-Wv {]m[m\yw \Â-In-bn-cn-¡p¶-Xv hn-

cp¯w, ]Ãhn, N-c-Ww F-¶n-§-s\ Km-am-ß-I-ambn, N-{µ-hf-bw

F-¶ hm-tZym-]-I-c-W-̄ n-sâ k-lm-b-t¯m-sS ]m-Sp-¶ cm-a-I-Y-

¸m-«v P-\-§-fp-sS kw-Ko-X-am-[p-cn D-WÀ-̄ m³ k-lm-bn-¡p-¶

coXn-bn-em-Wv ]m-I-s¸-Sp-¯n-bn-«p-ÅXv. K-W-\obam-b co-Xn-bnÂ

hm-ßn-In-bp-sS IYm-̀ m-K-§Ä ]n³-Xp-S-cp-¶p F-¶v h-cn-Inepw

A-¿n-̧ n-Å B-im-sâ kz-X-{´-IÂ]-\-Ifpw A-̀ n-{]m-b-§fpw

Ir-Xn-bnÂ Im-W-s -̧Sp-¶p−v. ]-e-t¸mgpw X-sâ {]Xn`-sb D-Pz-en-

¸n-¡p-¶ H-cp D-±o-]-\-am-bm-Wv B-im-³ hm-ßn-In-sb

ImWp¶pÅp. D-Zm-l-c-W-¯n-\v iqÀ¸-W-J {iocma-s\ Im-Wp-

¶ cw-Kw hmÂ-an-In-bp-sS hn-ti-j-W-§-fp-sS ]pd-sI t]mhm-sX

kz-X-{ -́§fpw A-Xn-h-\n-]p-W-§fpw B-b hn-ti-j-W-§Ä D-

]-tbm-Kn¨v at\m-l-c-am-¡n-bn-cn-¡p-¶p. hmÂ-an-In-bp-sS I-Ym-a-i-

§fpw Im-hymw-i-§fpw D-t]-£n-¡p-¶-Xnepw B-im³ Im-Wn-

¡m¯ H-cp Nn-XyZo-£ A-\ym-Zr-iw Xs¶. Np-cp-¡-̄ nÂ aq-e-Ir-

Xn-bnÂ \n¶pw km-cam-b hy-Xn-bm-\-§Ä h-cp-¯-n-bm-Wv

Bim³ cm-a-I-Y-̧ m-«v c-Nn-̈ n-cn-¡p-¶Xv.

91

am-hm-c-Xw]m-«v:þ a-lm-̀ m-c-X-I-Y-bp-sS A-]-{Zw-i-§-fnÂ ap-

Jyamb H-¶m-Wv amhmcXw-]m«v. aq-e-Ir-Xn-bnÂ \n-¶v hy-Xy-kv-Xam-

b H-cp C-Xn-hr-¯-am-Wv C-XnÂ kzo-I-cn-̈ n-cn-¡p-¶Xv. tI-c-f-̄ n-

sâ \m-\-̀ m-K-§-fnepw ]mT-t`Z-§-tfm-sS C-Xv \ne-hn-ep−v. Ip-

cp-\m-sS¶pw I-cp-\m-sS¶pw c-−p-\m-SpIÄ. Im-́ m-cn Ip-cp-\m-«n-

se dm-Wn-bmWv. Ip-cp-\m-«n-se Ip-©p-tX-hn-bp-sS a-¡-fm-Wv ]m-

Þ-h-·mÀ. A-Xn³ C-f-b-h³ Ip-©p-̀ o-a-\mWv. C-t±-l-am-Wv ]m-

Þ-h-·m-sc X-IÀ-¡m-\p-Å {i-a§-sf CÃm-Xm-¡p-¶-Xv. `o-a³ H-

cp \m-K I-\yI-sb hn-hm-lw I-gn-¡p-¶-Xpw, I-pcp-\m-«nÂ Xn-cn-s¨-

¯p-¶Xpw A-c-¡nÃ-̄ nÂ \n-¶v c-£-s¸-Sp-¶-Xp-saÃmw am-hmc-

Xw ]m«nep−v.

sN-dp-tÈ-cn-bp-sS Ir-jv-W-̧ m-«v {]-[m-\-ambpw `m-Kh-Xw Z-

i-a-kv-¡-Ô-s¯ A-Sn-Øm-\-am¡n-b c-N-\-bmWv. F-¶mÂ ku-

`{ZnI-IY t]m-se-bp-Å Nn-e `m-K-§-fnÂ A-t±-lw a-lm-̀ m-c-X-

s¯-bm-Wv ]n³-Xp-S-cp-¶Xv. DZm-l-c-W-̄ n\v a-lm-̀ mc-X-̄ n-se

kp-̀ -{Zm-l-c-W-]À-Æw, 11 A-²y-b-§-fn-embn 500 tÇm-I-§-fn-em-

bn hn-kv-Xn-̈ v hn-h-cn-̈ n-cn-¡p¶p. AXm-Wv A-t±-lw kzo-I-cn-̈ n-cn-

¡p-¶Xpw sN-dp-tÈcn-¡v {io-Ir-jv-W-Po-h-N-cn{Xw [m-cm-fw hÀ-®-\-

IÄ-¡pw, Ae¦m-c-§Ä¡pw A-hk-cw \Â-Ip¶p. \-Kcw, AÀ-

®hw, ssiew. E-Xp¡Ä, Nt{µm-Zbw, AÀ-t¡m-Zbw, C-Zym-\-{Io-

U, k-en-e-{In-U F-¶n§-s\ a-lm-Im-hy-̄ nÂ hÀ-®n-t¡-−

FÃm h-kv-Xp-¡-fp-sSbpw hn-i-Zam-b hÀ-®-\-IÄ sN-dp-tÈ-cn C-

Xn-hr-̄ -t¯m-Sv CW-¡n-t¨À-̄ n-cn-¡p¶p. C-h-sbÃmw Ir-jv-W-I-

Y-bn-se kzm`m-hn-I-cw-K-§-fm-bn C-W-§n-t¨À-¶Xp- sIm-−pX-

s¶ I-hn C-h-sbÃmw t_m[-]qÀ-Æw A-kq-{X-Ww sN-bv-X-Xm-

sW-¶ IY t]mepw k-lr-Z-bÀ h-nkv-a-cn-¨p t]m-Ipw. E-Xp-¡-sf-

sbÃmw am-dn am-dn hÀ-®n-¨ A-t±l-s¯ E-Xp-¡-fp-sS I-hn

92

F¶pw hn-ti-jn-̧ n-¡m-dp−v. C-Xn-lm-k-c-N-\-bnÂ G-ähpw A-ew-

Im-cw D-]-tbmKn¨ I-hnbpw A-t±-lw Xs¶.

LS-\: þ cm-a-N-cn-X-̄ n-se {]-[m-\-{]-ta-bw hmÂ-an-In-bp-sS bp-²-

Im-Þ-am-W-tÃm. F-¶mÂ cm-a-I-Y-bp-sS aÀ-½-§-sfÃmw A-hn-S-

hn-sS DNn-X-am-bn L-Sn-¸n-¡p-¶ coXn-bm-Wv cm-a-N-cn-X-Im-c³ kzo-I-

cn-̈ n-cn-¡p-¶Xp. _m-e-Im-Þ¯n-e hn-izm-an-{X c-£, Xm-S-Im-h[w,

A-l-eym-tam£w, ssi-h-Nm-]-Z-Rv-P\w, ]-c-ip-cm-a-ZÀ- -̧ia-\w F-

¶n-h-bp-sS kq-N-\-IÄ b-Ym-{Iaw 7, 16, 75, 78, 104 ]-S-e-§-fnÂ

Im-Wmw. Atbm-²ym-ImÞIY 16, 61, 75, 125 ]-S-e-§-fn-em-bn

{XnP-S, e-£v-aW³. ko-X. `-c-Zzm-P³ F-¶n-hÀ kq-Nn-̧ n-¡p¶p. cm-

am-̀ n-tj-I-hn-Lv\w 16þmw ]-S-e-̄ nepw 61þmw ]-S-e-¯n-epw Im-

Wp¶p. cm-a-]m-Zp-I-§Ä `-c-X³ kzo-I-cn-̈ Imcyw 125þmw ]-S-e-

¯n-ep−v. 128, 129 ]-S-e-§-fnÂ B-c-Wy-ImÞ-I-Y B-cWyw

ap-XÂ cm-h-Wh-[w h-sc-bp-Å I-Ym-Im-ew l-\p-a-Zvhm-¡p-I-fnÂ

ImWmw hmÂ-an-In-cm-am-b-W-am-Wv B-[m-c-sa-¦nepw Nn-e Zn-¡nÂ

kw-t£-]n-̈ pw Nn-e Z-n-¡nÂ hn-kv-X-cn¨pw IYmK-Xn \nÀ-®-bn-¡p-

¶-XnÂ A-km-[m-c-W-an-Sp-¡v Im-Wn-¡p-¶p No-cm-a-Ihn.

I-®-È-cm-am-b-W-̄ nÂ I-Ym-K-Xn-bnÂ hen-b am-ä-

sam¶pw h-cp-̄ m-sX ImÞw {]-Xn hmÂ-an-In-cm-am-b-Ws¯-

kw-{K-ln-̈ n-cn-¡p-I-bm-Wv Xn-cW-̄ v cma -̧®n¡À. hmÂ-an-In cm-

am-b-W-̄ n-\p-]pd-sa t`m-P-cm-am-b-W N-¼pþI-¼-cmambWw, cm-

a-N-cn-Xw Xp-S-§n-b kw-£n-]v-Xam-b {K-Ù-§fpw A-t±-lw B-

{i-bn-̈ n-«p−v. a-e-bm-f-̄ nÂ D-̄ -c-cm-amb-Ww DÄ -̧sS FÃm

Im-Þ-§fpw kw-{K-ln v̈ B-hn-jv-¡-cn-̈ n-«p-Å B-Zy-s¯ k-

¼qÀ-®-cm-amb-Ww I-®-È-cm-am-b-W-amWv. hmÂ-ao-In-bpsS

24000 tÇm-I-§-sf-bm-Wv A-t±lw 3059 ]m-«nÂ DÄ-s¡m-Ån-

¨n«pÅXv. _m-e-Im-Þ-̄ nÂ 77 kÀ-¤-§-fn-em-bn hym-]n-̈ p-In-S-

93

¡p¶ 2274 tÇmI§sf 326 ]m-«p-I-fm-bn kw-{K-ln-̈ n-cn-¡p¶p.

A-tbm-²ym-Im-Þ-̄ nse 4214 tÇm-I§Ä 334 ]m-«p-I-fm-bpw

B-c-Wy-Im-Þ-̄ nse 2471 tÇm-I§Ä 274 ]m-«p-I-fmbpw kw-

{K-ln-¨n-cn-¡p¶p. hmÂ-an-In cm-am-b-W-̄ n-se In-jv-¡n-Ô-ImÞ-

¯n-se 2466 tÇm-I-§Ä I-®-i-\nÂ 344 ]m-«p-I-fmbn H-Xp-

§p¶p. kpµc-Im-Þ-̄ n-se 2850 tÇm-I-§Ä 305 ]m-«p-I-fm-

bn I-®-È-cm-am-b-W-̄ nÂ kw-{K-ln-¨n-cn-¡p¶p. bp-²-Im-Þ-

¯n-se 5690 tÇm-I-§Ä I-®-È-cm-am-b-̄ nÂ tIhew 705 ]m-

«p-I-fmWv. D-̄ -c-Im-Þ-¯n-se 3455 tÇm-I-§Ä 771 ]m-«p-

IfmWv I-®-È-cm-am-b-W-¯nÂ. Ir-Xy-am-bn¸-d-ªmÂ hmÂ-ao-

In cm-am-b-̄ nse 23,400 tÇm-I-§-fn-sS C-Xn-hr-̄ -am-Wv km-

cmw-iw tNmÀ¶p- t]m-Im-sX I-®È³ 3059 ]m-«p-I-fnÂ kw-{K-

ln-̈ n-cn-¡p-¶Xv. kw-{K-l-W-¯n-sâ Im-cy-̄ nÂ \nc-Ww I-hn-I-fn-

epÄ-s -̧« ‘`m-c-X-am-e’ IÀ-¯mhm-b i-¦-c-̧ -Wn-¡cpw \n-]p-W-

\mWv. Fgp¯Ñ-sâ `mc-Xw In-fn-̧ m-«n-\v H-cp Un-ssk-\pw, k-

vsI¨pw D-−m¡n-sImSp¯Xv \n-cW-̄ v i-¦-c-I-hn-bm-sW¶v

‘ssI-c-fn-bp-sS I-Y’ bnÂ s{]m-̂ : F³. Ir-jv-W-]n-Å Nq-−n-¡m-

Wn-¡p-¶p−v. A-²ym-b-§-fnÂ Nne-Xv hn-«p-I-f-bp-¶-Xn-epw, Nn-e

A-²ym-b-§-fnÂ \n-¶v Nn-e tÇm-I-§Ä am{Xw Xn-c-sª-Sp-

¡p¶Xn-epw, ]-e tÇm-I-§-fn-se Bi-bw H-cp-an-¸n-¡p-¶-Xnepw

F-gp-̄ Ñ-\v Ct±lw am-Xr-I-bm-bn-«p-s−-¶v Im-Wmw. `m-jm-̀ -

Kh-Xv Ko-X-bnepw \nc-Ww I-hn-Ifn-sem-cmfm-b am-[-h- -̧Wn-¡cpw

k-Pm-Xn-bam-b km-aÀ°yw {]-I-Sn-̧ n-¡p¶p−v. `-K-h-Xv-Ko-Xn-se

\m-\mÀ°-tZym-X-I-§fmb 700 tÇm-I-§-sf-bmWv 328 ]m-«-I-

fnÂ A-t±-lw e-fn-X-am-bn kw-{K-ln-̈ n-cn-¡p-¶Xv. kw-kv-Ir-Xw t]m-

se k¼¶amb H-cp `m-j-bn-se X-Xz-Nn-́ m-]-cam-b tÇm-I-§Ä

94

hf-sc k-c-fam-b aebm-f-¯nÂ ]q\À-\nÀ-½n-¡p-¶-Xn-sâ `wKn

Cu h-cn-I-fnÂ sX-fn-ªv Im-Wmw.

H-cp \mÄ h-¶p ]n-d¡pw

]n-s¶-bp-SÂ h-fcpw

_m-e-{]m-bw t]mw

F-¶n§-s\ ]-cn-̀ m-j-s -̧Sp-¯n-bn-cn-¡p-¶p A-t±-lw

{io-Ir-jv-W-IY-sb H-cp a-lm-Im-hy-am-bn \nÀ-½n-¡p-¶-

XnÂ sN-dp-tÈ-cn ImWn-¡p-¶ L-S\m-ssh-inãyw FSp-̄ p ]-d-

tb-−-XmWv. Ir-jv-WI-Y-tbm-SnW¡n tNÀ-̄ v a-lm-Im-hy-e-£-

W-§-sfÃmw k-aÀ-°-am-bn A-t±-lw kw-L-Sn-̧ n¨n-cn-¡p¶p. kw-

kv-Ir-X-Im-hy-§-fp-am-bn ]-cn-N-b-s -̧«n-«nÃm-̄ a-e-bm-fn-IÄ-¡v hn-

ti-jn¨pw kv-{Xo-IÄ-¡v Xn-cn- -̈dn-bm³ I-gn-bm-̄ hn-[-am-Wv Im-hy-

e-£-W-§Ä A-t±-lw I-Y-bnÂ hnf-¡n tNÀ-̄ n-«p-ÅXv.

ap-̧ -Xn-\m-bn-c-t¯m-fw h-cn-I-fp-Å cm-a-I-Y-¸m-«n-sâ L-S-

\-bnÂ Xn-I-ª {Zmhn-Um- -́cn-£-am-Wv \n-e-\nÀ-̄ n-bn-cn-¡p¶-Xv

F-¶v Im-Wmw. 273 hn-cp-̄ -§fpw 3163 io-ep-I-fp-ap-Å cm-a-I-Y-

¸m-«v I-®-È-cm-am-b-W-s¯-¡mÄ _r-l¯mb IrXn-bmWv. {Zm-hn-

U-hr-̄ -§fpw \m-tSm-Sn-Km-\-co-Xn-Ifpw A-Sn-Øm-\-am-¡n H-cp P-

\In-b Km-\-Imhyw \nÀ-½n-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p A-¿n-̧ n-Å B-im-

sâ e-£yw. Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn-se t£-{X-§-fnÂ N-{µ-hf-bw F-¶

kw-Ko-X-D-]-I-c-W-̄ n-sâ klmb-t¯m-sS D-Õ-h-th-f-I-fnÂ cm-

a-I-Y-̧ m-«v A-h-X-cn-̧ n-¨n-cp¶p. cm-a-I-Y-̧ m«nsâ cq-]w ]cn-tim-[n-

¨mÂ A-Xv a-e-bm-f-̄ n-se hr-̄ -{]-Øm-\-̄ n-sâ IqSØ-Ir-Xn-

bm-sW-¶v ]-d-bmw. Hmtcm hn-̀ m-K-t¯bpw A-t±-lw hn-cp-̄ w

F¶mWv \nÀ-t±-in-¡p-¶Xv. Ip-d¯n, X-cw-KnWn, Im-Ifn, Xm-cm-«v

Xp-S§n-b \tSmSn-hr-̄ -§-fp-]-tbm-Kn-̈ v H-cp P-\Io-b Km-\-a-lm-

Im-hyw Xs¶-bm-Wv A¿n¸n-Å B-im³ \nÀ-½n-¨n-cn-¡p-¶Xv.

95

k-ao]-\w:þ cm-a-N-cn-X-Im-c³ C-Xn-hr-̄ -t¯m-Sp-Å k-ao]\w “C-

cm-a-N-cn-X¯n-sem-cv sXÃv þ Du-gn-bnÂ sN-dn-b-hÀ-¡-dn-bq-amdp-c

sN-bvXv” F-¶v Xp-S-¡-̄ nÂ Xs¶ {]-Jym-]n-̈ n-«p-−-tÃm. bp-²-

Im-Þw am-{X-ta hn-k-X-cn-¡p-¶p-Åp-sh¶pw cN-\ km-[m-c-W-

¡mÀ-¡v th-−n-bm-sW¶pw hyàw. F-¶mÂ `-àn-bp-sS

Imcy¯nÂ hmÂ-an-In-cm-am-b-W-̄ nÂ \n-¶v hy-Xy-kv-Xam-b H-cp

\n-e-]m-Sm-Wv At±-lw kzo-I-cn-̈ n-cn-¡p-¶Xv. a-lm-hn-jv-Wp-hn-sâ

A-h-Xm-c-am-Wv cm-a-s\-¶pw, ko-X e£v-an-bp-sS-bpw, e-£v-a-W³

A-\-́ -sâbpw Aw-im-h-Xm-c-am-sW¶pw At±lw I-cp-Xp¶p.

ssZ-h-a-lXzw IoÀ-̄ n-¡p-¶-Xm-Wv X-sâ Im-hy-e-£y-sa¶pw A-

t±-lw kq-Nn-̧ n-¡p-¶p−v. cm-a-a-lXzw A-dn-bp-¶-hÀ¡pw A-Xv

IoÀ-̄ n-¡p-¶-hÀ¡pw FÃm t{i-b-Êp-Ifpw ssI-h-cp-sa-¶v Ihn

164þmw ]-S-e-̄ n-se ]¯mw ]m-«nÂ D-d-̧ p-\Â-Ip-¶p−v. “C-S-

tcXp-samcp-s]m-Xp-a-W-bm” (Zpx-Jw H-cn-¡epw D−m-I-bnÃ) F-

¶v I-hn Dd-̧ p \Â-Ip¶p. bp-²-h-c-®-\-¡p-Å XmÂ-]cyw

sIm−m-Wv bp-²-Im-Þw kzo-I-cn-̈ -sX¶pw ho-c-c-k-̄ n-sâ

B-hn-jv-¡m-c-am-Wv No-cm-a-Ihn e£yw sh-̈ n-cn-¡p-¶-sX¶pw ]-

Þn-X-·mÀ B k-an-]\-s¯ hnebncp-̄ p¶p.

A-ssZz-X-k-ao-]-\-̄ n-e-Sn-bpd-̈ v hn-iz-kn-¡p-¶ I-®-È-I-

hn-sb kw-_-Ôn-¨n-S-t¯m-fw I-Ym-\m-b-I\m-b cm-a³ A-h-Xm-c-

]p-cp-j\pw ]-c-a]p-cp-j-\p-amWv.

B-c-W-Im-c-W-am-b-dn-hm-\-cp-Xm

b-gn-bm-h-Snhm, sbm-cp-\m-fpw

]q-c-W\m-b ]q-am-\-Jn-e-̄ n-\v

`q-Xn-h-cpw-]-Sn-am-b-bn-\m-se

]m-cn-XnÂ a-t\m-l-\m-bp-sf-\mb

96

]-c³-]p-cp-j³ {io-cma-³ Xn-cphSn

C¯-cw co-Xn-bÂ X-Xz-Nn-¯m-̀ -camb Hcp Kmw-̀ o-cw B Ir-Xn-bp-

S-\o-f-ap−v. `àn-tIm-h-eam-b k-¦nÀ-̄ -\-̄ n-te-¡v h-gp-Xn-ho-

gp¶-Xv A-]qÀ-Æ-amWv. \nc-Ww I-hn-I-fp-sS k-ao-]-\-¯n-se G-

ähpw hen-b {]-tXy-I-X A-hÀ `m-c-Xm-Zn C-Xn-lm-k§-sf F-§n-

s\ D-]-tbm-Kn-̈ p F-¶-Xn-emWv. aq-ey-{]-Jym]-\w ap-Jy-am-bn I-−

I-hn-I-fm-Wv ChÀ. km-[m-c-W-¡mcm-b a-e-bm-fn-I-fp-sS a-\-Ên-te-

¡v kw-kv-Ir-X-̀ m-jbn-ep-Å cm-am-b-W-̀ m-c-Xm-Zn C-Xn-lm-k§-sf

]-cn-N-b-s¸-Sp-̄ p-Isb-¶ {i-a-I-cam-b Zu-Xy-am-Wv A-hÀ G-sä-

Sp-̄ Xv. \nc-Ww I-hn-I-fp-sS `-K-h-Xv-Ko-X-bpw, `mcX-am-e-bpw, I-

®-È-cm-am-b-Whpw kq-£v-a-am-bn ]Tn-¡m-\nS-bm-Ip-¶-hÀ

Fgp¯Ñ-\v amÀ-¤-ZÀ-j-I-cm-bn-cp¶p Cu I-hn-I-sf-¶v \n-K-a-\-

¯n-se-̄ pw. tI-c-f-̄ n-ep-S-\o-fw `-àn-{]-Øm-\-̄ n-\v H-cp D-d-̈

A-Sn-Øm-\-ap-−m-¡nb-Xv I-®-È Ihn-I-fmWv. kw-kv-Ir-X-̀ m-j-

bn-se B-²ym-ßn-I-hpw, B-[n-̀ u-Xn-I-hp-am-b Bib§-sf e-fn-

Xam-b `m-j-bnÂ ]-IÀ-̄ n-sh-̈ Cu I-hn-I-fp-sS tkh-\w Ahn-

kv-a-c-Wo-b-amWv.

Ir-jv-WKmY tIm-e-̀ p]-sâ A-Ú-b-\p-k-cn-̈ v c-Nn-̈ -Xm-

sW-¶ {]-kv-Xm-h-\-bnÂ \n-¶pX-s¶ D-±o-]v-Xam-b `àntbm A-

\p-̀ pXntbm AÃ I-hn-sb t{]-cn-¸n- -̈sX-¶v hyàw. {]-Xn-]m-Z-\-

¯nepw \o-cn-£-W-̄ nepw H-cp I-\-¡pd-hv h¶Xv Cu Imc-Ww

sIm-−v Xs¶. I-®-i\pw F-gp-̄ -Ñ\pw aäpw ]p-eÀ¯n-b ZÀ-

i-\-Kuc-hw sN-dp-tÈ-cn-bp-sS Ir-Xn-bnÂ Im-Wp-¶nÃ. “sN-dp-tÈ-cn-

bp-sS F-cn-tÈ-cn-bnÂ I-jv-W-anÃ” F-¶v ]-cn-lm-k-̄ nÂ sX-änÃ.

X-sâ k-ao-]-\-̄ n-sâ em-L-h-s¯-¡p-dn-̈ v -̂en-X-cqt]-W A-t±-

lw X-s¶ ]-cm-aÀ-in-¡p-¶p−v.

kw-km-c-tam-£-̄ n³ Im-c-W-amb-Xv

97

ssh-cm-Ky-sa-¶tÃm sNmÃn tIÄ-̧ q

F-¶-Xp-X-s¶ h-cp-̄ n-\n-¶n-Sp-hm

\n-¶n-XpX-s¶ Rm³ \nÀ-½n-¡p-¶p

\nÀ-Kp-W-am-bp-tÅm-co-is\-sIm-−-tÃm

\nÀ-Kp-W-amb-Xp tN-cp-an-t¸mÄ

Np-cp-¡-̄ nÂ A-hn-S-hn-sS-bp-Å Nn-e IoÀ-̄ -\-§Ä Im-Wm-sa-

¦nepw Ku-c-ham-b H-cp ]q-cm-W-Ir-Xn c-Nn-¡p-¶-Xn-s\-¡mÄ a-lm-

Im-hy-e£-W-sam-̧ n-̈ p-sIm-−p-Å Hcp ‘a-[p-c-Im-hyw’ c-Nn-¡p-I-

bm-Wv sN-dp-tÈ-cn sN-bv-XXv.

I-Ym-c-k-̄ n-\pw Km\m-ß-I-X¡pw ap³K-W-\ \Â-In

sIm−v cm-a-I-Y-sb k-ao-]n-¡p-I-bm-Wv A-¿n-̧ n-Å Bim³ sN-

bv-XXv. cm-a-I-Y-]m-«n-sâ au-en-Iam-b Hcp {]-tXy-I-X A-XnÂ D-S-

\o-fw Im-Wp-¶ {Zm-hn-Um- -́co-£-amWv. sX-¡³ Xn-cp-hn-XmwIq-dn-

se a-e-\m«p Xangpw a-e-bm-fhpw tNÀ-¶ H-cp an-{i-̀ m-j-bn-em-Wv

AXnsâ cN-\. `àntbm cm-P-{]nXntbm AÃ A-t±-l-̄ n-\v e-

£yw. {]-Xn-]m-Z-\-̄ n-epw B-im³ hmÂ-ao-In-sb A-Ô-am-bn A-

\p-I-cn-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp-¶nÃ. H-cÀ-°-̄ nÂ hmÂ-ao-In-bp-sS cm-am-

b-W-̄ n-\v H-cp ]pXn-b `mjyw N-a-¡p-I-bm-Wv cm-a-I-Y-̧ m«nÂ

A-t±-lw sN-bv-XXv. hmÂ-ao-In-bp-sS I-Ym-]m-{X§-sf kz-{]-Xn-̀ -

bnÂ ]p-\-cp-Ön-hn-¸n-̈ v cm-am-b-W-IY-¡v H-cp P-\-Io-bhpw \m-S-

Io-bhpw Km-\m-ß-I-hpam-b `mjyw N-a-bv-¡p-I-bm-Wv A-t±-lw

sNbv-XXv.

`mj:þ a-säm-cp {K-Ù-̄ nepw Im-Wm-̄ b-{X X-an-gv ]-Z-§Ä cm-

a-N-cn-X-̄ n-ep−v. A-Xn-\p-Å {][m-\ Imc-Ww {Zm-hn-U-kw-Lm-

Xm-£-c-\n-_-²am-b c-N-\-bmbXp-sIm-−mWv. ]m-Þy-̀ m-jm- k-

cq-]y-am-Wv ]m-«n-sâ ap-J-ap-{Z-bm-bn en-em-Xne-Iw IW-¡m-¡p-¶Xv.

98

A-Xmb-Xv X-an-gv co-Xn-¡p-Å {]-tbm-K-§Ä ]m-«n-ep-−m-bn-cn-

¡sa-¶v kmcw

1) k-Ôn-I-fnÂ (D-Zm-l-c-W-¯n--\v ta + ev = äv taäcw) Im-e-{]-Xy-b-

§-fnÂ, hn-̀ -àn-I-fnÂ FÃmw ]m-Þy-̀ m-j-km-cq]yw Im-Wmw.

2) Xm-e-hym-tZ-iw h-cm-̄ cq-]-§Ä [m-cm-f-am-bn ImWmw

3) A-\p-\m-kn-Im-Xn-{]k-cw h-cm-̄ cq-]-§Ä [m-cm-f-am-bn Im-

Wmw.

4) `m-jm kz-̀ m-h-a-\p-k-cn¨v ‘¶’ h-tc-− Ø-e-§-fnÂ ‘sâ’ Im-

Wmw.

5) Nn-e kw-kv-Ir-X-cq-]-§-fp-sS Im-cy-̄ nÂ ‘XÂ-̀ -ho-I-cWw’ hn-

«v ]m-Þy-̀ m-jm-km-cq-]y-̄ n-\v A\p-tcm-[-am-bn ]-cn-hÀ-¯-\-co-Xn

kzo-I-cn-¡p¶p.

D-Z: ta-L-\m-Z³ þ C-Sp-¡p-d-e³, i-X-Lv-\n þ \qäp-sImÃn.

6) B-cn-b¨n-ssX-hv cq-]-§Ä [m-cm-f-am-bn I-hn-X-bnÂ Im-Wmw.

A-Xn-h-c-arZp-tLm-j-hÀ-®-§-fp-Å kw-kv-Ir-X-]-Z§-sf XÂ-̀ -h-

am-¡n {]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶-Xn-s\-bm-Wv B-cob-̈ n ssX-hv F-¶v ]-d-bp-

¶Xv.

cm-a-N-cn-X-̄ n-se ]m-Þy-̀ m-jm-km-cq]yw A-Xv H-cp sN-

-́ao-gv Ir-Xn-bm-sW¶v kwi-bw h-sc Nn-e-cnÂ D-−m-¡n-bn-cp¶p.

cm-a-N-cn-Xw H-cp h-S-¡³ IrXnbm-Wv F-¶v Nn-e- \ocq-]-I-cp-sS a-

Xw km-[p-I-cn-¡p-¶ hn-[w Ir-jv-W-Km-Y-bn-se `m-j-bp-am-bn cm-a-

N-cn-X-̄ n-\p-Å km-Zr-iw tI-c-f-kÀ-Æ-I-em-im-e-bnÂ t\Xr-Xz-

¯nÂ \S-¶ ‘`m-jm-t`-Z-kÀtÆ’sX-fn-bn¨n-«p−v.

]m-«n-sâ hn-j-b-̄ nepw hr-¯¯nepw {Zm-hn-U-k-{_-Zm-

bw \n-e-\nÀ-̄ p-Ibpw `m-jm-kz-̀ m-h-̄ nÂ a-Wn-{]-hm-fw kzo-I-cn-

¡p-I-bp-am-Wv \nc-Ww I-hn-IÄ sNbvXXv. hr-¯-kzo-I-c-W-

99

¯nÂ A-hÀ kzo-I-cn-̈ \n-e-]m-Sv H-cp ZoÀ-L-hr-̄ w (ZoÀ-L-X-cw-Kn-

Wn) I-hn-X-bp-ep-]-tbm-Kn- -̈XmWv. Cu Ir-Xn-IÄ-¡v H-cp C-Xn-lm-

k-am-\w \Â-In-bn-«p−v. H-cp hi-̄ v ]m-«v ]m-c-¼-cyhpw a-dp-hi-

v̄ a-Wn-{]-hm-f-̀ m-j-coXnbpw Iq-«n I-eÀ-̄ p-I-bm-W-hÀ sN-bv-

XXv. F-gp-̄ -Ñ³ ]nÂ-¡me-̄ v cq-]w \ÂIn-b amXr-Im a-ebm-

f `mj bpsS {]mKv-cq-]w \-ap-¡v \nc-Ww Ir-Xn-I-fnÂ ImWm³

I-gn-bpw. a-Wn-{]-hm-f-I-hnI-sf t]mse ‘kw-kv-Ir-X-hn-̀ -ày-́ ’]-Z-

§Ä A-hÀ [m-cm-f-am-bn D-]-tbm-Kn¨p. “]p-jv-¡-c-]{X-a-t\m-l-c-

t\t{X ]qÀ-®-i-im-¦ \n`m\\-c-tay” F-¶n§-s\ kw-kv-IrX-]-Z

_-lp-eam-b an-{i-̀ m-jm-co-Xn-bp-sS {]tbm-K-̄ nepw a-Wn-{]-hm-f-I-

hn-IÄ hnP-bw t\-Snb-Xv H-cp ]-t£ C-hÀ¡v DuÀÖw ]-IÀ-¶n-

cn-¡mw. a-Wn-{]-hm-f-Ir-Xn-I-fn-ep-ÅXp-t]m-se {Zm-hn-P-hÀ-®-§Ä-

¡-̧ pd-sa `q-cn-̀ m-Kw kw-kv-Ir-X-hÀ-®-§fpw, k-Ôy-£-c-§-fpw,

XÂ-̀ hþ XÂk-a-hn-̀ -ày- -́§fpw hn-ti-jW þ hn-ti-jy s]m-

cp-̄ -§fpw DÄ-s¡m-Åp-¶ H-cp ]-Z-L-S-\m-co-Xn-bm-Wv I-®-È-

·mÀ kzo-I-cn-¨Xv. Nq-cp-¡-¯nÂ `q-an-P-kw-Lm-Xm-£-c-\n_-Ôw

F-¶ cm-a-N-cn-X-̀ m-j-bnÂ \n-¶v A-hÀ Ip-td ap-t¶m-«v t]mbn. ]-

Zm-cw-̀ -̄ nÂ Iq-«-£c-§Ä CÃm-̄ v {Zm-hn-U-̀ m-jm-co-Xn am-c-N-cn-

X-Im-c³ IÀ¡i-am-bn ]n³-Xp-S-cp-t¼mÄ I-®-È-·mÀ B hy-h-

Ø D-t]-£n- v̈ ]-Zm-cw-̀ -̄ nÂ X-s¶ kw-kv-Ir-X-]-Z§Ä ({]-bm-

Y, {Z-hyw, [z-\n Xp-S§n) [m-cm-fw kzoIcn¨p-. kq-£v-a-am-bn ]-cn-

tim-[n-̈ mÂ hym-I-c-Ww, ]-Z-k-ap-¨bw, {]-tbm-K-coXn, hÀ-®-hy-h-

Ø k-Ôn-\n-b-a§Ä, ssien Xp-S-§n-b-h-sbÃmw \nc-Ww IrXn-

IÄ H-cp an-{i-̀ m-jm-hy-h-Ø-bm-Wv kzo-I-cn-̈ n-«p-ÅXv.

cm-a-I-Y-̧ m-«n-se `m-j- i-cnbm-b a-e-bm-f-a-sÃ-¶m-Wv D-

ÅqÀ A-̀ n-{]m-b-s¸«ncn-¡p-¶Xv. ‘{]m-No-\-a-e-bm-f-amXr-I’ F-¶

100

]q-kv-X-I-̄ n-sâ A-h-Xm-cn-I-bnÂ A-t±-lw C-§n-s\ F-gp-Xn-

bn-cn-¡p¶p. “cm-a-I-Y IÀ-̄ m-hn-\p X-sâ Km-\-cq-]am-b \n-

_Ô-\w \m-tSmSn (tZiy) `m-j-bn-se-gp-X-W-sa-¶p am-{X-ta D-t±-i-

ap-−m-bncp¶pÅq. Xo-cp-h-\-́ -]p-c-̄ n-\p sX-¡p-Å {]-tZ-i-§-

fnÂ \Ã a-e-bm-f-̄ n-sâ B-hnÀ-̀ m-hw I-gn-ªn-«v Im-ew A-[n-I-

am-bn-«nÃ-b C¶pw X-an-gn-sâ H-cp Np-h Xt±i-hm-kn-I-fp-sS hm-

sam-gn-bnÂ H-gn- v̈ Iq-Sm-sX Im-Wp-¶p−v. Cu hm-sam-gn-bpsS

{]m-No-\-cq-]-am-Wv cm-a-I-Y-¸m-«n-se `mj” Cu A-̀ n-{]mb-s¯ A-

\p-Iq-en-̈ v sIm-−v C-fw-Ip-fhpw C§-s\ td-J-s -̧Sp¯n. “16þmw

\q-äm−nÂ hn-gn-ªw {]tZi-§-fnÂ \m-b-·mÀ k-w-km-cn-̈ n-cp-¶

‘X-an-gv’ IeÀ-¶ tZ-iy `m-j-bn-em-Wv AXv (cm-a-I-Y-̧ m«v) c-Nn-

¨nc-n-¡p-¶-Xv” (N-cn-{X-̄ n-sâ ]-Ým-̄ -e-̄ nÂ þ ]qdw 77).

‘ssI-c-fn-bp-sS I-Y’bnÂ s{]m-̂ : F³. Ir-jv-W-¸n-Å-bp-w A-̀ n-

{]m-b-s -̧Sp-¶-Xn-§-s\-bmWv. Hcp Zzn`m-j {]-tZi-s¯ an-{i-̀ m-j-

bnÂ kw-kv-Ir-Xhpw IeÀ-¯n-bm-Wv A-Xv F-gp-Xn-bn-cn-¡p-¶-Xv.

F-¶mÂ cm-a-I-Y-¸m-«n-sâ hym-Jym-Xmhm-b tUm. ]n. sI \m-cm-b-

W-]n-Å (`m-jm-]-cn-afw) A-̀ n-{]m-b-s¸-Sp-¶-Xn-§n-s\-bmWv. “a-e-

bm-f-̄ n-se ]m-«v {]-Øm-\-¯nÂ D-S-se-Sp-̄ Im-hy-kp-µ-cam-b

H-cp ssi-en hn-ti-j-am-Wv cm-a-I-Y-̧ m-«n-ep-ÅXv. kw-kv-Ir-Xw [m-

cm-f-ambpw X-an-gv A-ev-]-ambpw ]-−v a-Wn-{]-hm-f-km-ln-Xy-̄ nÂ

ssi-en cq-]-s¸-«-Xn-\v k-am- -́c-am-bn ]m-«p kmln-Xy-¯n-Â X-an-gv

A-[n-I-ambpw kw-kv-Ir-Xw AÂ-]-ambpw H-cp ssi-en cq-]-s¸«p.

B Im-hy-hn-ti-j-am-Wv cm-a-I-Y-]m-«n-s\ lr-Zyhpw Im-hym-ß-I-hp-

am-bn XoÀ-¡p-¶-Xv.”

a-e-bm-f-̄ n-se B-Zy-s¯ a-lm-Im-hy-am-b ‘Ir-jv-W-̧ m«v’

A-¡me-̄ v hS¡³ tI-c-f-̄ nÂ {]-Nm-c-̄ n-ep-−m-bn-cp-¶ \m-

101

S³ io-ep-I-fp-sS am-Xr-I-bnÂ cNn-¡-s -̧« Ir-Xn-bmWv. (B ‘D-

´p´p’ I-Y A-Xm-WtÃm kq-Nn-̧ n-¡p-¶Xv) km[m-c-W-¡m-c³

a-\-Ên-em-Im³ ]-äp-¶ X-c-¯n-ep-Å e-fn-Xhpw ip-²-hpam-b Hcp

a-Wn-{]-hm-f-ssi-en A-t±-lw kzo-I-cn¨p. Ir-jv-W-Km-Y-bn-se \-®p-

I, am³]v, tX-dp-I, hm-cmsX, HmÀ-̈ Xp-S§n-b ]-Z-§Ä A-

¡me-s¯ \m-tSm-Sn hm-§v-a-b-̄ nÂ {]-tbm-Kn-̈ v Im-WWw.

‘Rmbw’ tNÀ-̄ `q-XIm-e {]-tbm-K-§fpw hyhlm-c-̀ m-j-bnÂ

\n¶pw h-¶-Xm-Im-\m-Wv hgn. A-tX ka-bw a-Wn-{]-hm-f-

ssienbp-sS kzm-[o-\-ap-Å Po-hÂ-̀ m-j-bnse Cu-Sp-d-̧ p-−m-Ip-w

F-¶v A-t±-lw a\Ên-em¡n- FÃm ssi-en hn-ti-j-§fpw X-sâ

Ir-Xn-bnÂ DÄ-s¡m-Ån-¡m³ At±-lw {i-an-¨n-«p−v.

Nm-S-bn -h-¶m-\m- Zm-\-h-s\-¦nepw

Nm-Sm-bn-h -¶o-em-ta-\n -X-¶nÂ

Hm-Sm-bn h-¶p \p-dp§n\m-s\-¦nepw

Hm-Sm-bn- h¶oe sImÃw t\-cw

F-¶n§-s\ tÇ-j-\n-ã-§fm-b Dàn-ssh-Nn-Xy-§Ä a-Wn-{]-hm-f-

kw-kv-¡m-c-̄ nsâ kzm-[o-\-̂ -e-am-bn-cp¶p. Ir-jv-W-Km-Y-bn-se

`m-j-bpw \nc-Ww Ir-Xn-Ifnse `m-jbpw X-½nÂ hen-b A-́ -c-ap-

−v. A-Xn-s\ tIh-ew tZ-i-t`-Zw F-¶ t]-cnÂ am{Xw \ym-bn-I-cn-

¡m-hp-¶XÃ. Ir-jv-W-Km-Y-bn-ep-sS sN-dp-tÈ-cn cq-]-s¸Sp¯n-b

\m-S³ ]-Z-§Ä-¡v {]-tbm-Khpw Aw-Ko-Im-chpw e-̀ n-̈ n-cp-s¶-¦nÂ

A\y-̀ m-jm-]-Z-§-fnÂ A-̀ n-c-an-¡p-¶ C¶-s¯ a-e-bm-f-̄ n-sâ

Øm\-̄ v FÃpd¸p-Å H-cp am-Xr`m-j \-½p-¡v D-−m-cp-am-bn-

cp¶p. A-tXm-sSm-̧ w h-S-¡³-]m«p-I-fn-se a-[p-c-a-e-bm-f-̄ n-sâ

kzm-̀ m-hn-Iam-b ]-cn-Wm-a-am-bn-cp-¶ Ir-jv-W-̧ m«n-se `m-j F-¶

102

Xn-cn-̈ -dnhpw D-−m-bn-cp-s¶-¦nÂ F-gp-̄ Ñ-s\ `m-jm-]nXmhmbn

{]-Xn-jvTn-¡p-¶ {]-h-W-Xbpw Akv-X-an-¡-am-bn-cp¶p.

cm-a-I-Ym-Jym-\-̄ n-sâ ssh-hn-[yhpw ]-cn-Wm-ahpw

tIc-f-̄ n-se cm-a-I-Ym-Jym-\w N-cn-{X-]-c-am-bn ]cn-tim-[n-

¨mÂ kw-kv-Ir-X-̀ m-j-bnÂ c-Nn-¡-s¸«, AD 1020þÂ F-¶v Im-e-

\nÀ®-bw sN-bv-Xn-«p-Å aqjnIhwiw F-¶ Im-hy-̄ n-em-Wv Xp-S-

§p-¶Xv. am-Xmhm-b cm-Ún X-sâ ]p{X\m-b cma-sâ apJ-̄ v

t\m-¡p-t¼mÄ “B-tem-Iy-cm-aw k-l-km-kv-ac-´n cmaky Zn-am-\r-

Xn km-l-km-\n” []q-{X\m-b Ca-sâ apJ-̄ v t\m-¡p-t¼mÄ

(ZicY-]p-{X-\m-b) cma-sâ km-l-k-]-cm-{I-a§Ä HmÀ-½n¨p-]

F-¶m-Wv cm-a-I-Y-sb-¡p-dn-¨p-Å ]-cm-aÀ-iw. ]o-¶nSpw kw-kv-Ir-X-

Ir-Xn-I-fnÂ ]-e-Xnepw cm-a-I-Y-bpsS ]-cm-aÀ-i-§Ä Xp-SÀ¶pw D-

−m-bn-«p−v. {io i-¦-c-̀ -Kh-Zv ]m-Z-cq-sS {iocma`q-Pw-K-{]-bmXw,

{io-IÀ-®-IÀ-Wm-arXw, B-Ý-cy-Nq-Uma-Wn Xp-S-§n-b-h cm-a-I-

Ym-]-cm-aÀ-i-§Ä \-S-̄ p-¶p-−v. a-e-bm-f-̀ m-j-bn-se B-Zy Ir-Xn

No-cm-a-I-hn-bpsS cm-a-N-cn-Xw BWv. A-t±-lw kw-kv-Ir-X-̄ n-ep-

Å hmÂ-ao-In-cm-am-b-W-̄ n-se bp-²-Im-Þw A-Sn-Øm-\-am-¡n

cma-I-Y H-cp ho-c-N-cn-X-am-bn ]p-\x-kr-ãn-¡pI-bm-Wv sN-bv-XXv.

F-¶mÂ ]-e k-µÀ-̀ -§-fn-ep-am-bn I-Ym-]m-{X-§-fp-sS kw`m-j-

W-§-fn-eq-sS cma-I-Y k-a-{K-am-bn hn-h-cn-¡m³ A-t±-lw {i-an-¨n-

«p-−v. `mj-bn-se B-Zy-s¯ k-¼qÀ-® cm-amb-Ww I-®-È-cm-am-

b-W-am-Wv. hmÂ-an-In Nqcp-¡w Nn-e-bn-S-§-fnÂ am-{X-am-Wv {io-

cma\v Cu-iz-c-̀ m-hw \Â-Ip-¶pÅp. At±l-s¯ kw-_-Ôn-̈ n-S-

t¯m-fw cma³ ‘]pcp-tjm-̄ -a’\m-b B-ZÀ-i-]p-cp-j-\mWv. F-

¶mÂ Im-e-{I-a-̄ nÂ B-ZÀ-i-c-Y-]p-{X³ H-cp A-h-Xm-c-]p-cp-j-

103

\m-bn amdn. Z-£n-tW-́ y-bn-emWv Cu {]-{In-b B-cw-̀ n- -̈sX-¶v N-

cn-{X-¡m-c-·mÀ Nq-−n-Im-«p¶p. ssh-jv-W-h-Ir-Xn-I-fn-epw I-¼-cm-

am-b-W-̄ nepw a-äp-amWv Cu {]h-W-X XpS-¡w Ip-dn-̈ -sX¶pw

]nÂ-¡me v̄ Cu ssZ-ho-I-c-W-̄ n-sâ kzm-[o-\-am-Wv Xpf-kn-Zm-

k-cm-am-b-Ww t]m-ep-Å Hu-̄ -cm-l Ir-Xn-I-fnÂ Im-Wp-¶-

sX¶pw kÀZmÀ sI. Fw. ]Wn¡-sc t]m-ep-Å ]-Þn-X-·mÀ

Nq-−n-Im-Wn-¡p¶p. tI-c-f-¡-c-bnÂ BZyap−m-b cm-a-I-Ym-]-

cm-aÀ-iw X-an-gnÂ c-Nn-¡-s -̧«v Ip-e-ti-J-c Bgvhm-cpsS ‘s]-cp-

amÄ Xncp-sam-gn’bn-em-Wv. ‘{io-cm-am-b-W-Nq-cp¡w’ F-¶ A-h-

km\-s¯ ]¯nÂ A-t±-lw cma-I-Y k-aÀ-°-am-bn kw-{K-ln-̈ n-

cn-¡p¶p. a-e-bm-f-̄ n-ep−mb {][m-\ cm-a-I-Ym-Jym-\-§Ä ap³-

]v ]-cm-aÀ-in-̈ cm-a-N-cnXw, I-®-È-cmambWw, cmam-b-W N¼p,

cm-a-I-Y-̧ m«v, A-²ym-ß-cm-am-bWw, tI-c-f-hÀ-½-bp-sS hmÂ-ao-In

cm-amb-Ww In-fn-̧ m«v, h-Å-t¯m-fn-sâ hmÂ-an-In cm-amb-Ww

F¶nhbmWv.

cm-a-N-cn-Xw:þ hmÂ-ao-In-cm-am-b-W-̄ n-se bp-²-Im-Þw tI-{µ-{]-

ta-b-am-¡n cm-a-IY-bp-sS aÀ-½-§-sfÃmw kv-]À-in¨p-sIm-−v

sI-«nepw a-«nepw H-cp ]p-Xn-b cmamb-Ww kr-ãn-¡p-I-bm-Wv No-cm-

aI-hn sN-bv-Xn-cn-¡p-¶Xv. tI-{µ C-Xn-hr-̄ -̄ nsâ D-]m-Jym-\-§-

fm-bn _mew, A-tbm²y, B-c-Wyw, kpµ-cw F-¶o Im-Þ-§-fn-

se I-Ym kq-N-\-IÄ I-Ym-]m-{X-§-fp-sS kw-̀ m-j-W-¯n-eq-sS

B-hn-jv-¡cn¨p-sIm-−v cm-a-IY-¡v H-cp k-a{K-X \Â-Im³ A-t±-

lw {i-an-̈ n-«p−v. Z£ntW-́ y-bn-se a-äp cm-a-I-Ym-Jym-\-§Ä

t]m-se cm-a³ hn-jv-Wp-hn-sâ AhXm-c-am-Wv F-¶ B-i-b-am-Wv

No-c-a-I-hnbpw kzo-I-cn-̈ n-cn-¡p-¶Xv. cma-alXzw IoÀ-¯n-¡p-¶-Xp

X-sâ Im-hy-e-£y-am-bn I-hn Im-Wp¶p. am-{X-aÃ cm-a-alXzw A-

dn-bp-¶-hÀ¡pw ,A-Xv IoÀ-¯n-Ip-¶-hÀ¡pw A-Xv ]m-cmb-Ww

104

sN-¿p-¶-hÀ¡pw C-S-tcXp-samcp-s]m-Xp-a-Wmb-m........ Zpx-Jw D-−m-

hp-I-bn-sÃ-¶-t±-lw Dd-̈ v hn-iz-kn-¡p¶p. F-¶mÂ No-cm-a-I-hn-bp-

sS `-àn A-²y-ßn-I-Nn- -́bnÂ ASnbpd¨p \nÂ-¡p-¶nÃ. cm-a-N-

cn-X-̄ nÂ C-S-bv-¡n-sS k-¦oÀ-̄ -\-§Ä BgvhmÀ kv-t{Xm-{X-

§-sf-bmWv HmÀ-½n-̧ n¡p-¶Xv. ho-c-c-k-{]-[m-\am-b H-cp `-à-

Imhy-sa-¶v th-W-sa-¦nÂ A-Xn-s\ hn-ti-jn-̧ n-¡mw. h-À-®-\m-co-Xn-

I-fnepw aäpw A-Xn-\v aWn{]-hm-f-Ir-Xn-I-tfm-Sm-Wv A-Sp¸w.

I-®-È-cm-amb-Ww:þ I-®-È-cm-ambWw Hmtcm Im-Þ-̄ nepw

hmÂ-an-In cmambW-s¯ ]n³-Xp-S-cp-¶ Ir-Xn-bmWv. 24000 tÇm-

I-§-fn-eq-sS hmÂ-an-In hnkvX-cn-¡p-¶ cm-am-b-WI-Y, L-S-\-

bnepw hÀ-®-bnepw Nn-e am-ä-§Ä h-cp¯n, Nn-e-bnS- v̄ kw-{K-ln-

¨pw, Nn-e-bnS-̄ v kz-X-{ -́IÂ-]-\-IÄ Iq-«n-t¨À¯pw tIhew

3059 io-ep-I-fn-em-¡n ]q-\x-kr-ãn-¨n-cn-¡p-I-bm-Wv I-®-È-Ihn.

hmÂ-an-In-cm-am-b-W-̄ nÂ \n-¶p-Å H-cp auen-Iam-b ]mT-t`Zw,

A-t±-l-̄ n-sâ kr-ãn-bnÂ {io-cm-a³ Xn-cp-hSn, B-c-W-Im-c-W-

\m-b, A-f-h-ä am-lm-ßy-ap-Å ]-c³-]p-cp-j³ Xs¶-bmWv.

B-cmepw Nn-́ n-̈ m-e-dn-hm³

A-cp-XmIn-b ]-c-am-\-µ P-b

F-¶p Xp-S-§p-¶ _m-e-Im-Þ-̄ nse IoÀ¯-\w H-¶pa-Xn I-

®È-\v cm-a-t\mSpÅ k-ao]-\w hy-à-am-Im³. I-®-È-cm-am-b-W-

apÄ-s¸-sS \nc-Ww Ir-Xn-I-fn-seÃmw A-²ym-ßn-Ihpw A-sX Zz-

Xm-̀ n-ap-Jy-hp-ap-Å H-cp Nn-´m ]-²-Xn Im-Wm³ I-gn-bpw.

cm-a-b-WN-¼p:þ cm-a-I-Ym-Jym-\-hp-am-bn _-Ô-s -̧« A-Sp-̄ a-e-

bm-f-Ir-XnbmWv ]p-\w X-¼qXn-cn-bp-sS `m-jm-cm-a-b-W-N¼p. ]q-

\w \-¼q-Xn-cn-bp-sS cm-am-b-W-N¼phn-\v A-Sn-Øm-\w hmÂ-ao-In

cm-amb-Ww X-s¶ F-¶mÂ A-Xn-\p ]pd-sa A\À-L-cm-L-hpw,

t`m-P-N¼p, c-Lp-hwiw, _m-e-cm-am-bWw, cm-am-b-W- a-Rv-Pcn, D-

105

¯-c-cm-a-N-cnXw, B-Ý-cy-Nq-Um-aWn, lp-\pa-Zv \m-SIw, Iq-µp-am-

e, c-Lp-ho-c-NcnXw Xp-S-§n H-«-\h-[n kw-kv-Ir-X-Ir-XnI-sf N-¼p-

Im-c³ D-]-Po-hn-¡p-¶p−v. kwkv-Ir-X-Ir-Xn-I-fnÂ \n-¶v a-tXz-l-c-

`m-K-§Ä F-Sp-̄ v tNÀ-¯pw, I-hn-Xm-̀ m-K-§Ä ]-cn-̀ m-j-s -̧Sp-

¯n-bpw, B-i-b-§Ä kzo-I-cn¨pw Øq-eam-b H-cp cq-]w Ir-Xn-

bv-¡v \Â-In-bn-cn-¡p¶p. Cu Øq-e-̀ m-K-§Ä H-gp-hm¡n, IÀ-

¯m-hn-sâ kz-́ am-b B-i-b-§-fp-sS A-Sn-Øm-\-̄ nÂ hn-e-bn-

cp-̄ n-bmepw Cu Ir-Xn H-cp a-lm-Im-hy-amW-s¶ \n-Ê-wi-bw ]-d-

bmw. 1879 tÇm-I-§fpw 99 K-Zy-̀ m-K-§fpw D-Å H-cp _rl-Xv Ir-

Xn-bm-Wv cm-am-b-W N¼p. B-sI C-cp]-Xv J-Þ-§-fm-Wv C-Xn-

epÅXv. cm-h-tWm-Zv-̀ hw, cm-am-h-Xmcw, Xm-S-Im-h[w, A-_-eym-

tam£w, ko-Xm-kzbw-hcw, ]-c-iq-cm-a-hn-Pbw, hn-Ñn-¶m-`n-tjIw, J-

c-h[w, kp-{Kn-h-k-Jyw, _m-en-h[w, D-Zym-\-{]-thiw, Aw-Kp-en-bm¦w,

e-¦m-{]-thiw, cm-h-W-h[w, A-án-{]thiw, A-tbm-²y-{]-thiw, ]-

«m-̀ n-tjIw, ko-Xm-]-cn-XymKw, A-iz-ta[w, kzÀ¤m-tcml-Ww F-

¶n§-s\ cm-a-I-Y-bp-sS aÀ-½-§-sfÃmw I-hn hn-«p-Ifbp¶nÃ. ]-

cnan-X hn-̀ -h-·m-cm-b B-kzm-Z-I-tcbpw \n-cq-]-I-tcbpw A-¼-cn-̧ n-

¡p¶ Hcp A-Ûp-X-Ir-Xn-bm-WnXv. a-Wn-{]-hm-f-km-ln-Xy-]-cm-¼-cy-

¯nÂ \n-¶v Hcp hyXnbm-\-am-bn-cp-¶p ]q-\w X-¼q-Xn-cn-bp-sS `m-

jm-cm-am-b-W-N¼p.

cm-a-\m-«w:þ cm-a-\m-«w F-¶ `r-iy-Iem-cq-]w sIm-«mc-¡-c X-¼q-

cm\pw km-aq-Xn-cn-bp-am-bp−m-b ]n-W-¡-̄ nÂ \n-¶v D-Zv-̀ -hn-̈ -

Xm-sW-¶m-Wv tI-«p-tIÄhn. GXmbmepw s]-«p¶-s\ H-cp Znh-

kw sIm-−v B-hn-jv-¡-cn-¡-s -̧« H-cp I-em-cq]aÃ cm-a-\m-«-sa-¶v

]-Þn-X-·m-cp-sS hn-e-bn-cp-¯mÂ. Zm-cn-I-h[w, ]-S-b-Wn XpS§n-

b Zr-iy-I-em-cq-]-§-fnÂ \n¶pw Iq-Sn-bm-«-̄ nÂ \n¶pw Ir-jv-W-

\m-«-̄ nÂ \n-¶p-sam-s¡ bp-àw t]m-se Nn-e Aw-i§Ä

106

Iq«n-t¨À-̄ v sIm-«mc-¡-c X-¼q-cm³ Nn-«-s -̧Sp-̄ n-b-Xm-bn-cn-¡p-

sa-¶v D-ÅqÀ Du-ln-¡p¶p. H-cp ]-t£ AXn\v ap³-]v cma-I-Y

{]mIr-X \m-S-I-cq-]-̄ nÂ {]-N-cn-̈ n-cp-¶n-cn-¡mw. cm-a-IY-sb D-]-

Po-hn-̈ v sIm-«mc-¡-c X-¼q-cm³ F-«v B-«-¡-Y-IÄ D-−m¡n. ]q-

{X-Im-taãn, ko-Xm-kz-bw-hcw, hn-Ño-¶m-̀ n-tjIw, J-c-h[w, _m-en-

h[w, tXm-c-W-bp²w, tk-Xp-_-Ô\w, bp-²w F-¶n-h. F-́ m-bm-

epw cm-a-\m-«-̄ n-\v- A-h-ew-_-am-bn-cp-¶ Cu B-«-¡-Y-IÄ km-ln-

Xy-]-c-am-bn an-I-̈ -Xm-bn-cp-¶nÃ. _m-en-h[w, ko-Xm-kzbw-hcw, tXm-

c-W-bp-²w F-\¶n-h am-{X-sa B-«-¡-Y-sb-¶ \n-e-bnÂ {]-Nm-cw

t\-Sn-bpÅp. F-¶mÂ cm-a-\m-«-̄ nÂ \n-¶m-Wv ]nÂ-¡me-̄ v ]-

cn-jv-¡-cn-¡-s¸-« I-YI-fn F¶ tem-I-{]-kn-²am-b Zr-iy-cq-]-hpw,

D-®m-bn-hm-cn-bÀ, C-c-bn-½³ X¼n, tIm«-bw I-Y-IÄ Xp-S§n-b

an-I-¨ B-«-¡-Ym-c-N-bn-Xm¡-fpw B-«-¡-Y-Ifpw D-−mb-Xv F-¶

h-kvXp-X hn-kv-a-cn-¨p IqSm.

A-²ym-ß-cm-am-b-Ww:þ AD 14þmw i-X-I-t¯m-S-Sp-¸n- v̈ kw-kv-Ir-

X-̄ nÂ D-−m-b-Ir-Xn-bm-Wv A-²ym-ß-cm-am-bWw. hn-jv-Wp-̀ -

àn-{]-N-c-W-̄ n-\v DX-Iw a-«nÂ cmambW-I-Y ]-d-bp-I-bm-Wv C-

Xn-sâ e-£yw. F-gp-̄ -Ñ-s\ {]-[m-\-ambpw BIÀjn-¨n-«p-−mhp-

I Cu {]-tXy-I-X-bm-bn-cn-¡Ww. km-ln-Xy-Kp-W-̄ n-sâ Imcy-

¯nÂ hmÂ-an-In-cm-am-b-W-s¯-¡mÄ F{Xtbm Xm-sg \nÂ-¡p-

¶ Cu Ir-Xn hn-hÀ¯-\w sN-bv-Xm-Wv F-gp-̄ -Ñ³ a-e-bm-f-km-

ln-Xy-̄ nÂ Øn-c-{]-Xn-ã-t\-Sn-bXv. tI-c-f-̄ n-se cm-{ão-b-km-aq-

ly-]-cn-Øn-Xn-IÄ `-àn-amÀ-¤-̄ n-eq-sS-bp-Å Hcp \-thm-°m-\w

B-k-¶-am-bXp-sIm-−m-bn-cn¡-Ww cmas\ Cuiz-cm-h-Xm-c-

ambn Im-Wn-¡p¶ Cu Ir-Xn Xn-c-sª-Sp-̄ Xv. H-cp cq-]tc-J F-

¶-XnÂ I-hn-ªv A-t±-lw aq-e-Ir-Xn-sb Ir-Xy-am-bn hn-hÀ¯-\w

sN-¿p-I-bÃ sN-bv-Xn-cn-¡p-¶Xv. Hcp-Zm-lc-Ww, aq-e-Ir-Xn-bn-ep-Å

107

“tZm-l-e-¦m-a-Jn-ew km-«-{]m-km-Z-tXm-c-Wmw” F¶ iq-jv-¡n-̈ h-

cn-I-fmWv “A-\-e-in-Jn-I-fp-a\n-e kp-X-lr-Z-bhpw sX-fn-ªm-l-

´ hn-jv-Wp ]-Zw-K-an-̈ p-XZm” F-¶ hn-h-c-W-̄ nÂ XpS§n “`q-

Xn ]-cn-]qÀ-®-am-bp-Å e-¦-bpw, `q-Xn-]-cn-]qÀ-®-am-bv h¶-XZv̀ q-

Xw” F-¶ B-iv-N-cy-hÀ-®-\-bnÂ Iem-in-¡p-¶Xv. a-e-bm-fn-sb

kw-_-Ôn-¨n-S-t¯m-fw ‘cm-am-bWw’ F-¶v ]dªmÂ ‘A-²ym-

ß-cm-am-b-W’hpw `-àn-km-£m-Xv-¡m-c-̄ n-sâ am-Xr-I-bn -amdnb-

Xv Xp©-̄ v B-N-m-cy-sâ Xq-en-I-bn-eq-sS cma-I-Y hmÀ-¶p-ho-W-

-̧gmWv.

cm-a-I-Y-̧ m-«v:þ sX-¡³ Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dnÂ D-Õh-§-tfm-S-\p-_-

Ôn v̈ ‘N-{µ-hfbw’ F¶ kwKo-X D-]-I-c-W-̄ n-sâ k-lm-b-

t¯m-sS ]m-Sn-bn-cp-¶ cm-a-I-Y-bp-sS H-cp P-\Io-b Km-am-hn-jv-¡m-

c-amWv ‘cm-a-I-Y-¸m-«v’. A-¿n-̧ n-Å B-im-sâ Hcp _rl-Xv Im-

hyam-b cm-a-I-Y-]m-«m-Wv A-Xn-\v A-h-ew_w. \m-tSm-Sn-hr-̄ -

§fm-b Ip-d¯n, X-cw-Kn-Wn Xm-cm«v, ImI-fn Xq-S§n-b {Zm-hn-U-

io-ep-Ifpw hn-cp-̄ -§fpw D-]-tbm-Kn-¨m-Wv A-Xn-sâ cN-\. cm-a-

I-Y-̧ m-«v hmÂ-an-In-cm-am-b-W-s¯-bm-Wv A-Sn-Øm-\-am¡n-bn-«p-

Å-sX-¦nepw A-Xv tI-h-eam-b H-cp hn-hÀ-̄ -\aÃ. cm-a-IY-sb

ASnØm-\-am-¡n-bp-Å H-cp k-am-́ -c-kr-ãn-bm-W-sX-¶v ]-d-bmw.

HuNn-Xy-Zo£tbm-sS hmÂ-an-In-cm-am-b-W-̄ n-se I-Ymw-i-§-

tfbpw Im-hymw-i-§tfbpw DÄ-s¡m−pw Dt]-£n¨pw H-cp kz-

X-{´-Ir-Xn c-Nn-̈ n-cn-¡p-I-bm-Wv A¿n-̧ n-Å Bim³. kÀ-tÆm-]-cn

bp-²-hÀ-®-\-bv¡pw I-Ym-c-k-̄ n-\p-am-Wv Bim³ {]m[m\yw

\Â-In-bn-cn-¡p-¶Xv. `-àn-a-bam-b H-cp Im-hym-́ -co-£w krãn-

¡p-¶-Xn-s\-¡mÄ {Zm-hn-Um-´co£w \n-e-\nÀ-̄ p-¶-Xn-\m-Wv B-

im³ {ian¨n-«p-ÅXv.

108

tI-c-f-hÀ-½ cm-amb-Ww In-fn-̧ m-«v:þ Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn-se D-a-b-½

dm-Wn-bp-sSbpw k-lm-bnbpw ]p-dh-gn \m-«n-se (h-S-¡³ tIm-

«bw) D-am-tZ-hn F-¶ dm-Wn-bp-sS ]q{X-\p-am-bn-cp-¶ tI-c-f-hÀ½

þ 1645 þ 1659 Im-e-§-fnÂ Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn-sâ kw-c-£-I-\m-bn-

cp¶p. C-t±-lw c-Nn-̈ Ir-Xn-bm-Wv tI-c-f-hÀ-½ cm-am-bWw.

thWm-«nÂ Po-hn-̈ n-cp-¶ Ime-̄ v ]m-Xm-f-cm-am-bWw, _m-W-bp-

²w Xp-S§n-b H«\h-[n c-N-\-IÄ \-S-̄ n-bn-«p−v. km-ln-Xy-Kp-

Ww sIm-−v Iq-«-̄ nÂ anI-̈ Xv hmÂ-ao-In cm-amb-Ww In-fn-¸m-

«p- Xs¶. hmÂ-ao-In cm-am-b-W-̄ n-\v a-e-bm-f-̄ n-ep−m-b B-Zy

k-¼qÀ-® hn-hÀ-̄ -\-am-WnXv.

a-e-bm-f-̄ n-se cm-a-I-Ym-Jym-\-§-sf-¡p-dn-̈ v ]-cm-aÀ-in-

¡p-t¼mÄ a-lmI-hn h-Å-t¯m-fn-sâ hmÂ-an-In cm-am-b-W-hn-hÀ-

¯-\-hpw ]-cn-K-Wn-¡-s -̧tS-−-Xp−v. 1905 þÂ XpS§n

1907þÂ A-h-km-\n-̧ n-̈ hn-hÀ¯-\w G-Xm−v 700 Znh-kw sIm-

−v ]qÀ-̄ n-bmbn. 1909þÂ ]pkv-X-I-cq-]-̄ nÂ h-¶ A-Xn-\v

]pXn-b ]-Xn-̧ v B-h-iy-am-b-t¸mÄ ]¯p-sImÃw I-gn-ª-t¸mÄ

]-g-b-Xp-sh-«n-Xn-cp-̄ n H-cp ]pXnb-]-Xn- v̧ X-s¶ {]-kn-²n-I-cn¨p.

I-hn-{X-b-̄ n-sâ Iq-«-̄ nÂ Iq-am-c-\m-im-\m-Wv cma-I-Y

]-cm-aÀ-in-̈ n asämcp Ihn. 1916þÂ A-t±-lw Iq-«n-IÄ-¡p-th-−n

_m-e-cm-amb-Ww F-gpXn. 1919þemWv ‘Nn-´m-hn-ãbm-b ko-X’ F-

gp-̄ p-¶Xv. `m-j-bnÂ {i-²n-t¡-− H-cp cm-am-b-W hn-aÀ-i-\-am-

bn-cp-¶p AXv. H-cp hi- v̄ ko-X \-S-̄ p-¶ cm-a-hn--aÀ-i-\hpw a-

dp-h-i-̄ n-Å cm-a-{]-IoÀ-¯-\hpw cm-am-b-W-I-Y-bp-sS \ym-bm-

\ym-b-§n-te¡v Bkzm-ZI-sc sIm−p-t]m-bn. B-im-s\ A-\p-

Iq-en¨pw {]-Xn-Iq-en¨pw D−m-b hn-aÀ-i-\-§-fn-eq-sS cm-amb-Ww

Iq-Sp-XÂ hn-aÀ-i-\-̄ n-\pw K-th-j-W-̄ n\pw hgn-sbm-cp¡n.

109

a-e-bm-f-̄ n-se cma-I-Y ]mT-§-fnÂ F´p-sIm−pw hy-

Xy-kv-X-X -]p-eÀ-̄ p-¶-Xm-Wv cm-a-IY-sb A-Sn-Øm-\-s -̧Sp-̄ n

kn. F³ {io-I-WvT³-\m-bÀ c-Nn-̈ \m-S-I-{X-bw þ km-tIXw, e-

¦m-e-£v-an, Im-©-\ko-X F-¶n-h. cm-a-sâ-bpw cmhW-sâbpw Z-

i-c-Y-sâbpw aäpw A-am-\pjn-I ]-cn-th-jw A-gn-¨p-sh-̧ n-̈ v

am\pjn-I ]-cn-k-c-̄ nÂ Ah-sc A-h-X-cn-̧ n-¡p-I-bm-Wv Cu \m-

S-I-§Ä. ‘kmtIXw’ cma-sâ A-b-\-̄ n-sâ B-cw-̀ -amWv. Im-

©-\ko-X A-Xn-sâ A-́ y-L«-hpw. a-²y-J-Ôam-b e-¦m-e-£v-an-

bnÂ cm-hW-sâ I-Y-bm-Wv C-XÄ-hn-cn-bp¶Xv. XXzw _-en I-gn-̈ v

hy-àn-bm-Im³ {i-an-¡p-¶ Z-i-cY-sâ Zp-c- -́am-Wv kmtI-X-

¯nÂ. Im-©-\-ko-X-bn-emI-s« hy-ànXzw _-en I-gn- v̈ X-Xz-am-

Im³ {ian-¡p-¶ cma-sâ Zp-c-́ -hpw. A-\n-hm-cyam-b Zp-c-́ -̄ n-

te-¡v [oc-X-tbm-sS \S¶-Sp-¡p-¶ cm-£-k-N-{I-hÀ-¯n-bm-Wv e-

¦m-e-£v-an-bn-se cm-hW³.

H-«-\h-[n ]mT _-lp-eX-¡v C-S-bm-¡n-b-Xm-Wv cma-sâ C-

Xn-hr¯w. aebmf-̄ nÂ Z-£n-W-]qÀ-th-jy³ cm-Py-§fm-b Pm-

h, _men, Iw-t_m-Untb, Xm-bv-em³-Uv Xp-S§n-b cm-Py-§-fnÂ

cma-I-Y {]-N-cn-¨n-cp¶p. koX-sb cm-hW-sâ Im-an-\n-bmbpw Zi-c-

Y ]q-{Xn-bmbpw aäpw Nn-{Xn-I-cn-¡p-¶ cm-a-]mT-§Ä D-−m-

bncp¶p. ]m-Xm-f-cm-am-bWw, i-X-ap-JsS cm-amb-Ww XpS-§n

hmÂ-ao-In ]-d-bm-̄ cm-a-I-Y-Ifpw {]-Nm-c-̄ n-ep-−m-bn-cp¶p.

`m-cXn-b `m-j-I-fnÂ ln-µn-bn-se XpfknZm-k cm-am-bWw, sX-ep-

¦n-se cw-K\m-Y cm-am-bWw, X-an-gn-se I-¼À cmamb-Ww Xq-S-§n-

b-h A-XnÂ Nn-e-XmWv.

hm-sam-gn cm-am-b-Ww:þ cm-amb-Ww I-Y am{Xw {]-X-n-]m-Zn-¡p-¶ H-

cp Zr-iy-{im-hy-I-em-cq-]-am-Wv tXmÂ-̧ m-h-Iq-̄ v; CXn-se A-Sn-

Øm-\-km-lnXyw I-¼-cm-am-b-W-amWv. cm-am-b-W-̄ n-se FÃm I-

110

Ym-]m-{X-§-sfbpw {]-Xn-\o-[n-I-cn-¡p-¶ ]m-h-IÄ D−v. Iq-̄ p-

am-S-̄ n-sâ Xq-d-¶ ap³ `mK-̄ v h-en- v̈ sI-«n-bn-«p-Å sh-Å-̧ p-S-

h-bnÂ ]m-hI-sf Xq-¡n-bn-Sp¶p. \Ã {]-Im-iw ]n-¶nÂ \n-¶v sh-

Å-̧ p-S-h-bnÂ Zriy-am-Ip¶p. \n-gÂ-\m-S-I-̄ n-se-¶-t]m-se ]m-h-

IÄ N-en-̧ n-¡-s -̧Sp¶p. 41 Znhkw sIm-−m-Wv cm-am-bW-I-Y A-

h-X-cn-¸n-¡-s¸-Sp-¶Xv. cm-am-h-Xm-cw ap-XÂ {io-cm-a-]-«m-`n-tj-Iw h-

sc-bp-Å kw-̀ -h-§Ä A-h-X-cn-¸n-¡-s¸-Sp¶p. I-Y ]-d-bp-¶-Xn-

s\ Iq-̄ p-I-hn-]m-SÂ F-¶m-Wv ]-d-bp-¶Xv. Iq-̄ p-I-hn sNmÃp-

¶ Bsf ‘]pehÀ’ F-¶v ]-d-bp¶p. Xan-gm-Wv ap-Jy-̀ m-j. I-¼-cm-

am-b-W-̄ nÂ \n-¶v aÀ-½- {]-[m-\am-b `m-K-§Ä DÄ-s¡m-Ån-̈ v

]m-I-s -̧Sp-̄ n-b-Xm-Wv sXmÂ-̧ m-h-Iq-̄ n-sâ km-ln-Xyw. `-{Z-Im-

fn-t£-{X-§-fn-em-Wv tXmÂ-¸m-h-Iq-̄ v A-h-X-cn-¸n-¡p-¶Xv.

h-b-\m-S³ cm-am-b-Ww:þ kz-́ w \m-«n-Â X-s¶ ]-s−t¶m A-c-

t§dn-b N-cn-{X-kw-̀ -h-§-fm-bn-«m-Wv C-Xn-lm-k-I-YI-sf h-b-\m-

«n-se tKm-{XP-\-X k-¦Â-]n-¨Xv. tI-«p ]Tn-¨ ]p-cm-W-I-YI-sf ]-

cn-Nn-Xam-b kz-́ w ]-cn-k-c-§-fnÂ ]q-\x-kr-ãn- v̈ Ah-sb Xm-

YmÀ-°y-h-Xv-¡-cn-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p AhÀ. A-Xn-lm-k-I-Y-I-fp-

am-bn hb-\m-«n-s\ _-Ô-s -̧Sp-̄ n \n-e-\nÂ-¡p-¶ an-¯p-I-fp-sS

]-Ým¯-ew C-XmWv. cm-am-b-W-̄ n-se ko-X-bp-sS t]-cn-ep-Å C-

´y-bn-se X-s¶ hn-c-en-se-®m-hp-¶ t£-{X-§-fnÂ H-¶m-Wv ]pÂ-

-̧Ån-bn-epÅ-Xv aq-¶v \p-äm-t−m-fw ]-g-¡-ap-Å-Xm-Wv ko-Xm-tZ-hn-

t£-{Xw. cm-am-b-W-IÀ-̄ mhm-b hmÂ-ao-In-bp-sSbpw {io-cm-a-

sâbpw ko-X-bp-sSbpw Pn-hn-X-I-Y-bp-sS ]-Ým-̄ -e-am-bn Nq-−n-

Im-Wn-¡p-s -̧Sp-¶ \nch[n h-b-\m-S³ {]-tZ-i-§-fp−v. ]q-cm-

W§-sf kzmw-io-I-cn- v̈ kz-́ -am-¡m\pÅ XmÂ-]-cy-̄ nÂ \n-

¶m-Wv ]pÂ-̧ -Ån-bn-se ko-Xm-tZ-hn-t£-{X-hpw; hmÂaoIn-X-]-Ên-

cp-¶ ]q-Xm-Sn-¡m-«n-se Kp-l-bpw, ap-\n-Ip-am-c-·mcm-b e-h\pw

111

Ipi\pw A-iz-s¯ _-Ôn-¨ i-in-a-e-bpw, ko-Xm tZ-hn Zpx-J-̀ m-c-

¯mÂ G-Im-In\nbm-b I-®oÀ hmÀ-̄ ap-̄ -§-bn-se s]m³-

Ip-gn-X-Sm-I-hpw, ko-X-bp-sS {]hmk-Im-e-Ø-eam-b kn-Xm-e-b-

hpw (C¶-s¯ sN-X-ebw) h-b-\m-«p-Im-cp-sS ]pcm-hr-¯-kv-ar-Xn-

bnÂ k-Pn-h-am-bn \n-e-\nÂ-¡p-¶Xv. ]pÂ -̧Ån i-in-a-e-bv-¡v B

t]-cp-−m-b-XpX-s¶ in-ip-a-e-bnÂ \n-¶m-W-s{X. ko-Xm-tZ-hn-sb

h-b-\m-«p-ImÀ tN-S-än-e-½-sb¶pw ap-\n-Ip-am-c-·m-sc ap-\n-I-·m-

sc-¶p-am-Wv hn-fn-̈ n-cp-¶Xv. hmÂ-an-In-bp-sS B-{i-aw D-−m-bn-cp-

¶ Ø-e v̄-X ‘h-cn-s\Ãv’h-f-cm-dp-−m-bn-cp-¶-s{X. h-b-\m-S³ ]q-

cm-hr-̄ am-b cm-a-I-Y-bp-sS {i-t²-bam-b H-cp {]-tXy-I-X D-̄ -c-

cm-am-b-W-hp-am-bn _-Ô-s -̧«v Ø-e-§fpw kv-ar-Xn-I-fpam-Wv A-

XnÂ Im-W-s -̧Sp-¶-Xv F-¶-XmWv. h-b-\m-«n-se {]m-à-\am-b kw-

kv-Ir-Xn-bp-am-bn-«m-cn¡Ww Cu cma-I-Y {]m-N-c-̄ nÂ h-¶-ncn-

¡pI.

hni-Z-]-T\-̄ n\v

a-tÞm-Z-cn-hn-em-]w:þ hmÂ-an-In-cm-amb-Ww bp-²-Im-Þ-̄ nse

114þmw kÀ-¤-̄ nÂ G-I-tZiw 26 Hm-fw tÇm-I-§-fnembn

atÞm-Z-cn hn-em-]-a hn-k-X-cn-¡p-¶p−v. cm-a-N-cn-X-Imc³ Cu hn-

em]s¯ 104, 105, 106 ]-S-e-§-fn-em-bn hn-i-Z-ambn X-s¶ ]-cn-̀ m-

j-s -̧Sp-̄ n-bn-cn-¡p¶p. 50 ]m-«p-I-fn-em-bn \o-−p-In-S-¡p-¶ Cu

hn-em]-s¯ G-sd-¡p-sd A-tX]-Sn X-s¶ \n-e-\nÀ-¯n-bn-«p−v.

{io-cma³ Cu-iz-cm-h-Xm-c-am-sW-¶ a-tÞm-Z-cn-bp-sS sh-fn-s -̧Sp-

¯Â hn-jv-Wp-̀ -à\m-b Ihn-¡v XmÂ-]cyw P-\n-̈ n-«p-−m-Ipw.

A-Xv̀ q-Xm-ßmhm-b {io-cm-a-\Â h-[n-¡-s -̧«v bp-²-̀ q-an-

bnÂ In-S-¡p-¶ cmhW-s\ I−v atÞm-Z-cn C-{]-Im-cw hn-e-

]n¨p.

112

“AÃtbm a-lm-̀ m-K\m-b A-hn-Sq-¶v tIm-]n-̈ mÂ a-tl-

iz-c\p-t]mepw FXnÀ-̄ v \nÂ-¡m³ t]-Sn-bmWv. k-\ym-kn-amÀ,

{_m-ÒWÀ- K-ÔÀ-Æm-Zn-IÄ Xp-S-§n-b-h-scÃmw A§-sb `-b-

s -̧«p. A-§n-s\-bp-Å A-§v shdpw a-\p-jy\m-b cm-a-t\m-Sv ]-

cm-P-b-s¸«-Xv e-ÖmI-cw Xs¶. a-\p-jyÀ-¡v ZpÀ-¤-a-am-b temI-

−-fnÂ k-©-cn-¡p-¶ A-hn-Sp-¶p {io-cm-a-\mÂ h-[n-¡-s¸«-Xv A-

Ûp-Xw Xs¶. Ah³ A-hn-Sp-s¯ k-tlm-Z-c\m-b J-c-s\

sImÃp-I-bpw, BÀ¡pw {]-th-in-¡m³ I-gn-bm¯ Cu e-¦-bnÂ

Ah-sâ Zp-X³ {]-th-in- -̈Xpw, I-S-enÂ tk-Xp-_-Ôn-̈ Xpw

FÃmw sN-bv-X-t¸mÄ X-s¶ A-h³ shdpw H-cp a-\p-jy-\-sÃ-¶v

F-\n-¡p a\-Ên-em-bn-cp¶p. H-cp ]-t£ Im-e³ cma-sâ th-j-

¯nÂ h-¶v am-b Im-Wn-¡p-¶-Xmhpw A-sÃ-¦nÂ C-{µ-\mÂ t{]-

cn-¡-s¸-Sp h-¶-Xm-hpw. bp-²-̄ nÂ A-§sb tXmÂ-]n-¡m-\n-{µ-

\m-hnÃ-tÃm. F-¶mÂ Cu Im-cy-̄ nÂ kw-i-bn-t¡-−. B-Zy-́ -c-

ln-X-\pw, hn-[m-Xm-hn-s\-¡mÄ a-lm-\p-am-b, iw-J-N-{I-K-Zm-[m-cn-

bm-b, {io-h-Õm-¦n-X\m-b a-l-mhn-jvWp, a-\p-jy-cq-]w kzo-I-cn-̈ p

h-¶-Xm-hpw cm-a³, tZ-h-IÄ hm\-cm-Zn-I-fmbpw ]n-d¶p. C-{µ-s\

tXmÂ-]n-̈ v aq-¶v tem-Ihpw ssI-h-i-s -̧Sp¯nb A-§v C-t¸m-gn-

Xm kz-´w C-{µn-b-§Ä sIm-−pX-s¶ tXmÂ-]n-¡-s -̧«n-cn-¡p-

¶p. cm-a-t\m-Sv ssh-cw A-cp-sX-¶v Rm³ ]-d-ª-t¸mÄ A-hn-Sp-

¶v Iq-«m-¡n-bnÃ. ko-X-tbm-Sp-Å Im-a-am-Wo Ip-g-̧ -§Ä-¡v

FÃmw Im-cWw. A-hÄ A-cp-ÔXn, tcmln-Wn Xp-S§n-b ]-Xn-{h-

Xm c-Xv-\-§-sf-t¸m-se ]-Xn-{h-Xbpw £-am-im-en-\n-bp-am-bn-cp¶p.

kp-aw-K-enbm-b Ah-sf _-emÂ-¡-tc-W, hym-Pw ]d-ªv Iq«n-

sIm-−p-h-¶v Im-aw ]qÀ-¯n-h-cp-̄ m-\p-Å \n-sâ {i-a-am-Wv A-

h-fp-sS ]-Xn-{h-Xm-án-bnÂ sh´p-t]m-bXv. ]m-]w sN-bv-X-Xn-\mÂ

\o ]m-]-̄ n-sâ ^-ew A-\p-̀ -hn-bv-¡p¶p. \n\-¡v ac-Ww kw-̀ -hn-

113

-̈Xv ko-X-\n-an-̄ -am-Wv. ku-µcyw sIm-t−m, hn-Zy tImt−m, Ip-

ew tImt−m AhÄ F-\n-¡v Xp-ey-bÃ. Ct¸m-gn-Xm A-hÄ cm-a-

t\m-sSm-̄ v kp-Jn-¡m³ t]m-Ip¶p. \nÀ-̀ m-Kybm-b Rmt\m \o

\n-an-̄ w Zpx-J-k-ap-{Z-̄ nÂ ]-Xn-̈ pw t]mbn. ssIemkw, a-µcw,

ta-cp Xp-S§n-b ]À-Æ-X-§-fn-epw, kzÀ-¤-̄ n-se D-Zym-\-¯nepw \n-

t¶m-sSm-̧ w k-©-cn-¡m³ `m-Ky-ap-−mb ChÄ, hnNn-{X-am-ey-§-f-

Wn-ªv ]p-jv-]-I-hn-am-\-¯nÂ ]-e-tZ-i-§-fnepw Np-än-\-S¶p.

\nsâ ac-Ww \n-an-̄ w B-k-u-̀ m-Ky-§-fnÂ \n-s¶Ãmw Xy-Pn-¡-

s -̧«-h-fm-bn. DPze c-Xv-\-Io-cn-S-§-fmepw N{µ-tim-̀ -bmepw tim-̀ n-

¨ \n-sâ i-co-cw tX-P-Ê-ä-Xmbn. cm-a-_m-W-ta-äv c-àw Noän, X-e-

t¨mÀ Nn-Xdn, \o shdpw a-®nÂ InS¡p¶p. _p-²n-lo-\am-b C-

hÄ H-cn-¡-epw C¯-c-sam-cp Zp-tcymKw HmÀ-̄ n-cp-¶nÃ. cm-£-k-

\m-Y\m-b ]n-Xmhv, cm-£-k-cm-Pmhm-b `À-̄ mhv, ]-cm-{I-anbm-b

]p{X³ C-{µ-Pn v̄, FÃmw sIm−pw kp-c-£n-X-bm-sW-¶v Rm-

\-l-¦-cn¨p. a-lm-]ÀÆ-Xw t]m-ep-Å \nsâ i-co-cw A-kv-{X-§-

fnÂ ap-dn-ªv H-cp B-enw-K-\-̄ n-ev t]mepw km-²y-aÃm-¯ hn-[w

hnIr-X-am-bn-cn-¡p¶p. Im-e\p-t]mepw Im-e-\mb-\o a-c-W-̄ n-\v

Io-gv-s¸-«-tXmsS, ap-̧ m-cn-s\ P-bn-¨h³, KÀ-Æn-X-·m-sc A-S-¡n-

bh³, i-{Xq¡-sf D-²-Xam-b hm-¡pI-sf sIm-−v X-fÀ-̄ p-

¶h³, bm-Kkw-c-£I³, e¦m-c-£I³, R-§Ä-¡v kptJ-t`m-

K-§Ä \Â-In-bh³, \o k-©-cn-¡p-¶ ZpÀ-amÀ-¤-§-fn-ep-sS F-

s¶bpw sIm-−p t]m-Ip-I. Rm-\n-Xm aq-Sp-]-S-anÃm-sX e-¦m-\K-

c-̄ nÂ Np-än \-S-¡p¶p. \o Imc-Ww kv-{Xn-Ifpw ]-Xn-{h-X-I-fpam-

b A-t\-Iw kv-{Xo-IÄ hn-[-h-I-fm-bn. B ]Xn-{h-X-I-fp-sS I-®p-

\oÀ H-cn-¡epw a-®nÂ ]Xn¡-cp-Xm-bn-cp¶p. [oc-cmb cm-Pm-¡-

·m-tc t\-cnSmw F-¶mÂ H-cp kv-{Xo-sb B{I-an-¡p¶-Xv \o-N-

amWv. H-cÀ-°-̄ nÂ cm-a-]-Xv-\n-sb _-e-am-bn sIm-−p-h¶-Xv \n-

114

sâ `o-cpXzw sIm-−mWv, ko-Xm-]-lc-Ww I-−v Zqx-Jn- v̈ \n-sâ {]-

]n-Xm-a-l³ e-¦-bp-sS \m-i-am-bn F-¶v s\-Sp-hoÀ-̧ n«p. B cm-£-

k-Ip-ew A-\m-Y-am-bn Xo-cp-sa-¶v hn-e-]n¨p. hn-Jym-X\m-b \n-s¶

sNmÃn Rm³ Zpx-Jn-t¡-− B-h-iyanÃ. F-¦nepw Rm³ H-cp kv-

{Xo-bm-bn-t¸m-bntÃ. \o ]p-Wy-]m-]-§Ä kzo-I-cn-̈ v P-·-km-£m-Xv-

¡m-cw t\Sn. F-¶mÂ \ns¶-tbmÀ-̄ v Rm³ Zpx-Jn-¡p¶p. \n-sâ

kuJy-am-{K-ln-¡p-¶-h-cp-sS D-]-tZ-iw \n sN-hn-s¡m-−nÃ. ho-̀ n-j-

W-\pw, Ipw-̀ -IÀ-®-\pw, am-co-N-\pw, F-sâ ]o-Xmhpw ]-dª-Xv \o

X-Ån-¡-fªp. H-Sp-hn-en-Xm \o tNm-c-bnÂ Ip-fn- v̈ sh-dpw a-®nÂ

D-d-§p-¶-h-s\-t¸m-se In-S-¡p¶p. ZpxJnXamb F-s¶ F´p-

sIm-−v t\m-¡p-¶nÃ. Z-b-hm-bn F-gp-t¶Â¡q. tXmÂhn ]-än In-

S-¡p¶-Xv tam-i-a-tÃ. C-Xm kq-cy³ sXÃpw Iq-k-enÃm-sX e-¦m-\-

K-c-̄ n-se¯n. kzÀ-®-tim-`-bp-Å \n-sâ ]cn-N A-kv-{X-JÞ-

\w \n-an-̄ w Bbn-cw I-jv-W-§-fm-bn \p-d§n. {]n-b-X-sa-sb-

t¸m-se \o-c-W`q-an-sb ]pÂ-In InS-¡p¶p. F-t¶m-Sv ]n-W-¡-am-

bXp-sIm−mtWm an-−m-̄ -Xv. Zpx-Jw k-ln-¡ h¿m-sX F-sâ

s\-©v s]m-«n-s¯-dn-¡p¶p Cu a-c-W-̄ nÂ.”

C-{Xbpw ]d-ªv a-tÞmZ-cn cm-hW-sâ am-dn-te¡v

hoWp.

a-tÞmZ-cn hn-em-]-̄ n-sâ k-a-Im-en-I-hm-b-\ A-S-bm-f-

s -̧Sp-̄ p¶-Xv hnjvWp-̀ -àbm-b A-h-fp-sS [mÀ-½n-I-t_m-

[hpw kv-{Xo-Xz-̄ n-sâ A-\m-Y-hpw B-ß-s\m-¼-c-¯n-e-[n-jvTn-

Xam-b B-hn-jv-¡-c-W-hp-am-bn-cn-¡pw.

I-®-È-cm-am-bWw (kp-µ-c-Im-Þw þ B-Zy-s¯ 25 ]m«v):þ \n-

cW-̄ v cm-a- -̧Wn-¡-cp-sS I-®-È-cm-amb-Ww kp-µ-c-Im-Þ-

¯nÂ \n-¶p-Å Cu ]m-«pIÄ, hmÂ-ao-In cm-am-b-W-¯n-se kp-

µ-c-Im-Þ-̄ n-se {]-Y-a-kÀ¤-s¯ A-Sn-Øm-\-am-¡n-bp-Å cN-

115

\-bmWv. 213 tÇm-I-§-fn-em-bn hmÂ-an-In-cm-am-b-W-¯nÂ {]-Xn-

]m-Zn-¡p-¶ IY 24 ]m-«p-I-fn-em-bn kw-{K-ln-̈ n-cn-¡p-I-bm-Wn-

hnsS. ]q-¡-m-eam-e F-¶ hr-¯-̄ n-emWv Cu ]m-«n-sâ c-N-\

1. “k-ap{Zw IS-¶v e-¦-bnÂ sN-¶v sN-́ mÀ a-¡fm-b koX-sb I-

−v Rm³ th-K-̄ nÂ Xn-cn-¨p h-cp-¶p−v F-¶v a-\-ÊnÂ Nn-́ n-̈ v

taL-Pm-e-§Ä hn-{i-an-¡p¶Xpw A-t\-Iw sIm-Sp-ap-Sn-I-tfm-Sv

Iq-Sn-b-Xpam-b a-tl{µw F-¶ ]À-Æ-X-̄ nsâ ap-¶nÂ-s -̈¶v l-

\p-am³ A-§n-s\ DÂ-I-WvT-s¸«p. ZoÀ-L-Im-b\pw _ehm-\pam-

b Rm³ Cu ]À-ÆX-̄ n-sâ ap-I-fnÂ \n-¶v Ip-Xn-¨p-b-cp-t¼mÄ

Cu ae-¡v hen-b Cf-¡w kw-̀ -hn¡p-tam”

2. am-cp-Xn a-tl-µ-]À-Æ-X-¯nÂ sN\vp I-b-dn-b-t¸m-gp−m-b kw-

`-h-§m-fm-Wv ASp¯-]m-«nÂ hn-h-cn-¡p-¶Xv. a-e-bv-¡p ap-I-fn-se

]-e X-cn-̄ nÂ-s¸-« ]q-a-c-§fnÂ \n-¶v ]q-¡Ä hÀ-jn-¡-s¸«p.

B a-e-bn-se Kp-l-I-fnÂ kv-{Xo-I-tfm-Sp-IqSn ]e hn-[-Km-\hn-t\m-

Z-§-fnepw t`m-P-\m-Zn-I-fnepw GÀ-s -̧«v k-kp-Jw Xm-a-kn-̈ n-cp-¶

In¶-c, \m-K-Nm-c-Wm-Zn In-¶-c-]p-cp-j-·mÀ s]«-¶v a-e hn-d-̈ -Xp

I-−v AXn-kw-{`-a-t¯m-sS kv-{Xo-I-tfm-sSm-̄ v B-Im-i-t¯-¡p-

bÀ¶p.

3. aq¶mw ]m-«nÂ _-e-hm\m-b am-cp-Xn-bp-sS N-hn-t«-äv A-k-

lyam-b thZ-\-bmÂ ]n-S-bp-¶ a-tl-{µ-]À-Æ-X-̄ n-sâ Zo-\-ap-Jw

I-hn B-hn-jv-¡-cn-̈ n-cn-¡p-¶p. (G-sd-¡p-sd hmÂ-ao-In cm-am-b-W-

¯n-se B-i-b-K-Xn-sb-bm-Wv I-®-i³ ]n³-Xp-S-cp-¶Xv) am-cp-Xn-

bp-sS ]m-Z-]-X-\-ta-äv hen-b Zpx-J-t¯m-sS B ]ÀÆ-Xw X-s¶

Aedn hn-fn-¡p-¶Xp-t]m-se A-hn-sS-bp-Å P-´p-hÀ-¤w D-

¨¯nÂ \n-e-hn-fn¨p. AhÀ sNm-cn-bp-¶ I-®p-\o-cn-\p- Xpeyw ta-

L-am-e-IÄ B-Im-i-̄ nÂ ap-S-b-gn-¨n« t]m-se D-bÀ-¶p

s]m§n. B a-e-bp-sS a-®n-ep-Å a-\-tbm-e, Im-hn-a®v, ]qs¼mSn

116

F-¶n-h Iq-Sn-¡-eÀ-¶ P-ew Nph-̧ v \n-d-̄ nÂ, B ]ÀÆ-Xw tNm-c

I¡p¶Xp-t]m-se ]p-d-t¯-s¡m-gpIn. a-e-bp-sS am-dn-Sw N-hn-t«-äv

]n-fÀ-¶p ]p-d--t¯-¡v \o-− Ip-SÂame t]m-se am-f-§-fnÂ \n-¶v

kÀ -̧§Ä ]p-d-̄ p-NmSn. C{]Im-cw ]-e Zo-\-̀ m-h-§Ä ]À-Æ-X-

¯nÂ Im-W-s¸«p. (hmÂ-ao-In-cm-am-b-W-s¯bm-Wv A-\p-]-Zw

]n³-Xp-S-cp-I-bm-Wn-hn-sSbpw t`m-P-N-¼p-hn-s\-bÃ.)

4. kz-bw h-fÀ-¶v h-epXm-b [o-c\pw _p-²n-am-\pam-b hm-bp-]p-

{X³ B-b B-Rv-P-t\-b³ hÀ-²n-̈ iu-cy-t¯m-sS k-ap-{Z-̄ n-

sâ aq-I-fn-eq-sS A-Xn-s\ a-dn-IS-¶v e¦m-]p-cn-bnÂ t]m-Im-\p-

`ran-¡p-¶ k-ab-̄ v “C-h³ ss{X-tem-Iy-hm-kn-IÄ-¡p-Å FÃm

D-]-{Z-h-§fpw CÃm-Xm-¡p-sa-¶v” D-b-c-̄ nÂ \n-¶v B-iw-kn-̈ v

tZ-h-IÄ ]q-¡Ä hÀ-jn-̈ p B-iw-kn¨p. A-t¸mÄ l-\p-am³ Iq-

Sp-XÂ ho-cy-ap-Å-h-\m-bn amdn (aq-e-̄ nÂ Im-Wp-¶ tZ-h-I-fp-

sSbpw kn-²-Nm-c-Wm-Zn-I-fp-sSbpw ap-\n-am-cp-sS-bp-saÃmw k-

t´m-jw Np-cp§n-b hm-¡p-I-fnÂ kw-{K-ln-¨n-cn-¡p-bm-Wn-hnsS)

5. X-\n-¡v Np-äw \n-¶v ]p-I-gv̄ n-sIm-−n-cn-¡p-¶ h-\-c-hr-µ-t¯m-

Sv \n-jv-¡-f-¦\mb l-\p-am³ B-Z-c-]qÀ-Æw ]-dªp. “C-¶v

Rm³ e-¦-bnÂ {]-th-in- v̈ Pm\In-tZ-hn-sb I-−v k-t´m-j-

t¯m-sS Xn-cn-s¨-̄ pw. A-XÃ A-hÀ kzÀ-¤-temI-̄ m-sW-¦nÂ

A-hn-sS sN¶pw Rm³ B cm-a-hÃ`-sb XmÂ-]-cy-t¯m-sS Im-

Wp-¶p−v. A-tXmÀ v̄ `-hm-·mÀ B-i-¦-s -̧tS-−. C--\n A-Xp-a-

sÃ-¦nÂ cmh-W-t\m-sSm-̧ w e-¦o-]p-cn-sb X-s¶ Rm³ F-sâ I-

¿nÂ ]-dn-s¨m-cp-¡n sIm-−p-hcp¶p−v. A-XnÂ AÂ-̧ w

t]mepw k-tµ-lw th−”

6. cm-a-_m-Ww F-{X th-K-̄ nÂ k-©-cn¡ptam A-{Xbpw th-K-

¯nÂ t]m-bn Rm³ bm-sXm-cp {]-bm-khpw Iq-Sm-sX a-S§n h-

117

cp-¶p-−v F-¶v B-ß-hnizm-k-t¯m-sS am-cp-Xn ]-dªp. A-Xv-

tI-«-t¸mÄ \o k-t´m-j-t¯m-sS t]m-bn hcn-I R-§Ä C-hn-sS-

s¯-s¶-bn-cn¡mw F-¶v hm-\-c-·m-cpw A-dn-bn¨p. ]n-s¶

]nXmhmb hm-bp-tZ-h-t\bpw kq-cy-t\bpw k-ckn-P `-h\m-b {_-

Òm-hn-t\-bpw. C{µ-t\bpw a-äp tZ-h-·m-tcbpw Kp-cp-¡-·m-tcbpw

B-Z-c-]qÀ-Æw h-W§n, Rm-\n-Xm k-ap-{Z-ew-L-\¯n-s\m-cp-§p-

¶p F-¶v ]dªv amcp-Xn bm-{X-bv-¡v X-¿m-dmbn (aqe¯nÂ cm-a-

_m-W-s¯-¡p-dn-̈ p-Å ]-cm-aÀ-iw l-\p-am-sâ kw-̀ m-j-W-̄ n-

sâ XpS¡-̄ n-emWv. A-hn-sS-bm-Wv Iq-Sp-XÂ A\p-tbm-Pyw)

7. k-ap{Zw IS-¶v sX-t¡ I-c-bn-se-̄ p-hm³ t\-sc Nm-tS-− amÀ-

¤w a-\-Ên-epdn¸n¨v hmÂ Npg-än Im-Sv h-fÀ-¶p \nÂ-Ip-¶ ]À-Æ-

X¯nÂ A-aÀ-̄ n N-hn-«n Imep-d-̧ n-̈ v \n¶v, i-co-c-am-sI IpS-

ªp Ip-ep-¡n ta-L-KÀÖ-\w t]m-se-b-edn, Ip-\nªv, Im-ep-d-

¸n- v̈ \n-¶v i-co-c-̄ n-se hm-bp-k-©m-cw \n-b-{´n- -̈S¡n-

sbmXp¡n H-cp§n-b tijw, A-Xn-ho-cy-t¯m-Sp th-K-_-e-t¯m-

Spw-Iq-Sn kz-bw X¿m-dm-bn bm-sXm-cp I-p-dhpw ]-äm-̄ hn-[w B-

Im-i-̄ n-te-¡v Ip-Xn-¨p-bÀ-¶p. (l-\p-am-sâ tN-ã-Ifpw Ip-Xn-̈ v

Nm-Sp-¶-Xn-\p-Å X-¿m-sd-Sp¸pw A-f-h-ä kz-̀ mh -kp-£va-X-tbm-

sS hÀ-®n-̈ n-cn-¡p-¶p.)

8. A-Xn-th-K-̄ nÂ l-\p-am³ B-Im-i-̄ n-ep-bÀ-¶-t¸mÄ B

B-b-̄ nÂ, B]ÀÆ-X-̄ n-se a-c-§fpw ]-dn-ªv B-Im-i-̄ n-

se-¡p-bÀ¶p. Ip-td sN-¶ tijw \ne-̈ v A-h I-S-en-Â ]-Xn¨p.

In-¶-cm-Zn-IÄ l-\p-am-s\ ]p-I-gv-̄ n Km\§Ä ]mSn- Ah³ ta-

L-KÀÖ-\w t]m-e-be-dn am-cp-Xn-bp-sS thm-K-̄ n-epÅ t]m¡n-

sâ bn-c-¼Â B-Im-i-̄ nÂ am-sämen-sIm−p B-Im-i-̄ n-se

ta-L-Pm-e-§fpw Xm-sg k-ap-{Z-P-ehpw s\-Sp-sI ]n-fÀ¶p. kÀ-̧ -

§-fmI-s« K-cp-U³ hcnIbm-sW-t¶mÀ-̄ p `-b-s¸-«p. (l-\p-am-

118

sâ th-Km-[n-Ir-̄ nÂ {]-Ir-Xn-ep−m-b am-ä-§Ä hÀ-®n-̈ n-

cn¡p¶p. Im-\-\-̄ n-se ]q-¡Ä \n-d-ª l-\p-am-\v i-co-cw \£-

{X-§Ä \n-d-ª B-Im-iw t]m-se Im-W-s -̧«p F-¶ hÀ-®-\

aq-e-̄ n-epÅXv C-hn-sS D-t]-£n-¨n-cn-¡p-¶p.)

9. {_-Ò-kz-cp-]\pw B-Zn-tZ-h-\pam-b kq-cy³ l-\p-am-\v Nq-S-\p-̀ -

h-s -̧Sm-̄ hn-[w c-iv-an-IÄ s]m-gn¨p. ]qÀ-W-N-{µ-\p Xqeyw tim-

`-bp-Å l-\p-am-\mI-s« ap-InÂ \nc-I-fnÂ a-dªpw sX-

fnªpw ]n-g-¡m-sX t\Àhgn Kan-¡p-t¼mÄ ]p-{X-s\ hmbp-̀ -K-

hm³ h¶p X-temSn (hmÂ-an-In cm-am-b-W-̄ n³ C-hn-sS l-\p-am-

sâ BIm-i-bm-{X-bp-am-bn _-Ô-s -̧«v A-t\-Iw hÀ-®-\-Ifpw

A-e-¦m-c-§fpw ImWp¶p−v) b-YmÀ-°-̄ nÂ C-hn-sS hn-]p-e-

s -̧«p-̄ -I-bÃ kw-{K-ln-¡p-I-bm-Wv I-®-ÈI-hn sN-bv-Xn-cn-¡p-

¶Xv)

10. h³ I-S-enf-¡n a-dn- v̈ th-K-t¯m-sS Ip-Xn-¡p-¶ hm-bp ]p-{X³

X-sâ sa-bv-¨pg¶p \nÂ-¡p-¶ hm-en-\mÂ ]-cn-th-jw ]q-−v a-

²ym-Ó kq-cy-s\-t¸m-se tim`n¨p. A-t¸mÄ A-́ n-̈ p I-̧ mÀ-¶

B-Zn-Xy-_nw-_w t]m-se l-\p-am-sâ ap-Jw {]Imin¨p. a-µ-c-]À-Æ-

X-̄ nÂ \n-¶v C-cp-h-i-§-fn-te¡pw \o-fp-¶ kÀ-̧ -§tfm F-¶p

tXm-¶p-am-dv am-cp-Xn C-cp-h-i-§-fn-te¡pw ssI-IÄ \o«n

11. a-t\m-l-cnbm-b ko-X A-\p-̀ -hn-¡p-¶ A-Km-[am-b Zpx-J-̄ n-\v

Xqeyw Bgtadn-b am-cp-Xn-bp-sS \o-gÂ ]¯p-tbm-P-\ ho-Xnbpw

ap-̧ -X-ptbm-P-\ \o-f-hp-am-bn {]-Xn-̂ -en- -̈t¸mÄ k-ap{Zw C-§n-s\-

¨n-´n¨p. kq-cy-kw-̀ -h\m-b cma-sâ ZqXmWn-h³. AXp-sIm-−v

Rm-\h-s\ kÂ-¡-cn-t¡-−-Xp-−vv. F´p-sIm-s−-¶mÂ kq-cy-

hw-i-Pcm-b k-K-c-·m-cm-Wv F-\n-¡v P-·w \³-In-b-Xv. (Cu ]m-

«nÂ alm-k-ap-{Z-s¯ D-]-ta-b-ambpw ko-X-tZ-hn-bp-sS ITo-\-Zpx-J-

am-Ip-¶ a-lm-kmKcs¯ D-]-am-\-am-bp-Å {]-Xo-I-IÂ-]-\ ko-

119

Xm-hn-c-l ZpxJ¯n-s³ B-gw hyà-am-Ip-¶p-−vv: C-Xv I-®-È-I-

hn-bp-sS kz-´w `m-h-\-bmWv)

12. C{-]-Im-cw Nn-́ n-̈ v th-K-̄ nÂ k-ap-{Z-̄ nÂ ap-§n In-S-¡p-¶

kz--À®-tim`-bpÅ ssa-\m-I-]À-Æ-X-t¯m-Sv C-{]-Im-cw ]-dªp

“F-\n-¡p ap-I-fnÂ cm-a-ZqX-\mbn t]m-Ip-¶ ho-c\m-b hm-bp-]p-

{X-s\ Im-Wp-I. C-t¸mÄ X-s¶ \o D-bÀ-¶-s]m-§n Ah-\v bm-

{X-t¢-i-a-I-äm³ hgn-sbm-cp¡-Ww A-Xv \n-\-bv¡pw a-äp-Å-

hÀ¡pw \-· h-cp-̄ pw. F-s -́¶mÂ FÃm-hÀ¡pw k-t´m-jw h-

cp-̄ p-¶-h-cm-Wv kq-cy-hw-i-̄ nÂ P-\n-̈ hÀ” (C-hn-sS cm-a-Zq-

X\m-b l-\p-am-s\ kzo-I-cn-¨p kÂ¡cn-¨n-sÃ-¦nÂ X-\n-¡v tem-

Im-]-hm-Zw t\-cn-sS-−n h-cp-sa-¶v hmÂ-an-In cmamb-W-¯n-se k-

ap-{Z-tZ-h³ ]-d-bp¶-Xv I-®-iI-hn D-t]-£n-¨n-cn-¡p¶p.)

13. k-ap-{Zw C-{]-Im-cw B-h-iy-s -̧«-t¸mÄ ssa-\m-I-]ÀÆ-Xw k-ap-

t{Zm-]-cn-X-e-̄ n-te-¡p-bÀ-¶p F-¶mÂ l-\p-am³ C-sX-\n-¡v B-

]-̄ p-−m-Im-\m-Wv D-b-cp¶-Xv F-¶v kw-i-bn-̈ v I-gn-bp¶-{X hn-

I-kn-¸n-¨ Np-aÂ sIm-−v A-Xn-s\ Xm-Un¨p. DÅpw D-Sepw

s\m´ ssa-\m-Iw ho−pw B hm-\-c-hoc-s\ kÂ-¡-cn-¡m-\m-bn

a\p-jy-cq-]w [-cn- v̈ ho−pw D-bÀ¶p. “F-t¶m-Sn§-s\ tbm-Ky-

aÃm-̄ hn-[w tIm]n-̈ v {]-hÀ-̄ n¨-Xv B-tem-Nn-̈ v A-dn-bm-̄ Xp-

sIm-−m-Wv” F-¶p ]dªp. (Im-äp-taLs¯sb¶-t]m-se \n-

Êm-c-am-bn X-s¶ am-dn-Sw sIm-−v hn-gv-̄ n am-cp-Xn-bp-sS _-e-

¯nÂ k-́ p-ã-\m-bn ]d-ªp F-¶m-Wv hm-ßo-In cm-am-b-W-

¯nÂ

14. Xp-SÀ-¶v k-ap-{Z-̄ n-\p-w X-\n¡pw cm-a-Zp-X\m-b am-cp-Xn _-

Ôp-hm-Im-\p-Å Imc-Ww ssa-\m-Iw ]-d-bp¶p. kq-cy-hw-i-

¯nÂ ]n-d-¶ k-K-c-]p-{X-·m-cm-Wv Rm³ B-{i-bn-¯n-cn-¡p-¶

120

Cu k-ap-{Z-s¯ D-−m-¡n-bXv. A-Xv sIm-−v kq-cy-hw-i-P\mb

cma-sâ Zq-X\m-b \n-s¶ BZ-c-thm-sS kÂ-¡-cn-¡m³ k-ap{Zw

F-t¶m-Sv IÂ-]n¨p. A-Xn-\m-Wv Rm-\n-hn-sS h-¶Xv. \o C-Xp-Iq-Sn

tIÄ-¡-Ww. ]−v h{Pbp-[\m-b C{µ³ tIm-]-t¯m-sS ]À-Æ-

Xhw-i-̄ n-sâ Nnd-Ip-I-f-cn-ª-t¸mÄ \n-sâ ]n-Xm-hm-b hm-bp-

`m-K-h-\m-Wv bm-sXm-cp A-]-I-Shpw h-cp-̄ m-sX Fs¶ Cu k-

ap-{Z¯n-sem-fn-̧ n-̈ Xv. A-Xn-\mÂ Rm\pw \n\-¡v I-S-s -̧«-h-\m-

Wv. (C-{µ³ ]À-Æ-X-§-fp-sS Nn-d-Ip-I-f-cn-ªv I-fª-Xv A-h

`q-an-bn-seÃn-bn-S¯pw ]d-¶p sN¶v kzi-co-c-̄ nepw ho-gp-sa-¶v `-

b-s -̧«v tZ-h-Ifpw a-lÀ-jn-amcpw A-t]-£n-̈ Xp-sIm-−m-sW-¶v

hmÂ-an-In cm-am-b-W-̄ n-se hn-hc-aw C-hn-sS D-t]-£n-̈ ncn¡p¶p.)

15. B-b-Xn-\mÂ \o F-\o¡pw k-ap-{Z-̄ n\pw th-−-s -̧«-h-\mWv.

A-Xn-cn¡-s« A-sÃ-¦nÂ X-s¶ A-Xn-Yn k-Xv-¡m-cw th-−-Xm-W-

tÃm. D-ä-h-cm-sW-¦nÂ ]n-s¶ ]-d-bm-\p-ap-t−m? F-sâ ta-ep-Å

-̂e-aq-em-Zn-IÄ Xn-¶p I-gn-ªmÂ \n-sâ £oWw Ip-d-bpw. A-

Xm-Wp-NnXw. ssa-\m-I-¯n-sâ lr-Zyam-b hm-¡p-IÄ tI-«v

kt´m-jn-̈ v l-\p-am³ C-{]-Im-cw ]-dªp.

16. F-s¶ X-Sp-̄ p \nÀ-¯m³ D-bÀ-¶p h-¶-Xm-sW-¶v I-cp-Xn

A-dn-bm-sX Rm³ \n-t¶m-Sv sN-bv-X-sXÃmw Z-bm-]qÀ-Æw £-an-

¡p-I. \n-sâ kÂ-¡m-c-saÃmw Rm³ hgn-t]m-se kzo-I-cn-̈ v k-

t´m-jn-̈ n-cn-¡p¶p. F-¶mÂ t\-cw k-Ôy-bm-Ip-bmWv. am-{X-aÃ

F-\n-¡v ZoÀ-L-Zq-cw t]m-tI-−-Xp-−-tÃm. h-gn-bn-se§pw X-§n

\nÂ¡msX t\-tc e-¦-bn-se-̄ n-s¡m-Åm-sa-¶v Rm³ hm-\-c·m-

tcm-Sv ]d-ªp t]m-¶-Xp-amWv. C-sXÃmw th-−-t]m-se a-\-Ên-em-

¡-W-sa-¶p ]d-ªv am-cp-Xn ssa\mIs¯ X-tem-Sn bm-{X Xp-

SÀ¶p,

121

17. ssa-\m-I-̄ n-sâ l-\pa-Xv kÂ-¡m-cw I-−v k-́ p-ã\m-b C-

{µ³ Nnd-tIm-Sp-Iq-Sn \nÀ`-bw hm-Wcp-fp-¶-Xn-\v A-\pa-Xn

\ÂIn. A-Xp-sI-«v k-́ p-ã\mb ssa\m-Iw k-ap-{Z-¯nÂ \n-¶v

]d-¶p t]m-ep-Ibpw sN-bvXp. am-{X-aÃ kzÀ-¤-hmkn-I-sfÃm-hcpw

Zpx-J-a-I-¶v hm-\-cm-[n]-s\ ]p-I-gv-̄ n. (hmÂ-an-In cm-am-b-W-

¯nÂ ssa-\m-Iw k-ap-{Z-¯nÂ \n-¶v ]-d¶p-t]m-b-Xm-bn ]-d-bp-

¶nÃ. “\oesIm-−m-\m-hn-sS bmh-cw In-«-b ]À-ÆXw” F-¶m-Wv

Im-Wp-¶Xv)

18. e¦-sb e-£y-am-¡n B-Im-i-amÀ-¤-̄ n-eqsS k-©-cn-¡p-¶

l-\p-am-sâ _eth-Km-Zn-IÄ ]-co-£n-¡m-\m-bn C-{µm-Zn-IÄ \m-K-

am-Xmhm-b kpc-k-tbm-Sv c£-kn-th-jw [-cn v̈ sN¶v l-\p-am-s\

X-S-ªp-\nÀ-̄ m³ Np-a-X-e-s -̧Sp¯n. AXp kzo-I-cn- v̈ kp-c-k

am-cp-Xn-sb h-gn-bnÂ XS-ªv ]-dªp. \o F-sâ hm-bnÂ {]-th-

in¨p-sIm-Åp-I. a-säm-cp h-gn \n-\-¡p t]m-Im-\m-hnÃ. C-Xp h-gn

t]m-Ip-¶h-sc `-£n¨p-sIm-Åp-hm³ hn-[n IÂ-]n-X-am-bn h-¶-h-

fm-Wv Rm³. F-¶n-{]-Im-cw C-Sn-sh«pw h-®w Ae-dn hn-fn-¨p A-

hÄ ]-dªp, am-cp-Xn-sb X-Sªpp \nÀ¯n.

19. A-h-fp-sS D-t±iyw A-dn-ªv l-\p-am³ tIm-]-t¯m-sS A-h-

tfm-Sv ]-dªp. kqcy-Pm-X\pw ho-c-\pam-b cm-a³ F-¶ cm-Pm-hv

`m-cybm-b ko-X-tbmSpw A-\p-P³ e-£va-W-t\mSpw Iq-Sn h-\-hm-

kw A-\p-jvTn-̈ p h-c-th H-cp \mÄ cm-£-k-cm-Pmhm-b cm-h-W³

koX-sb A-]-l-cn-̈ v e-¦-bn-em¡n. A-h-fp-sS Øn-Xn-K-Xn-IÄ th-

Kw sN-¶-dn-bm³ cm-a-Zq-X-\m-bn h-¶-\-m-Wv Rm³. kw-K-Xn-bp-sS

Ku-c-h-kz-̀ m-hw a\Ên-em-¡n \o F-\n-¡v h-gn Xcq. A-Xm-Wv \n\-

¡v \Ã-Xv. (C-hn-sS-bp-Å ]qÀÆI-Ym hn-hc-Ww aq-e-¯n-epw A-

tX]-Sn Im-Wp¶p.)

122

20. F-¶mÂ kp-ck tIm-]-t¯m-sS C-§n-s\ {]-Xn-I-cn¨p. “F-

t¶m-Sv F-XnÀ-̄ -hcpw F-sâ hm-bnÂ ho-gm-sX c-£-s -̧«n-«nÃ”

Cu hm-¡p-IÄ tI-«v am-cp-Xn ]dªp. i-cn k-½-Xn¨p. th-Kw X-

s¶ Rm³ e-¦bn-sem-¶p t]m-bn koX-sb I−v k-t´m-jn¨v

Cu h-kv-Xp-X-I-sfÃmw cm-Pm-hv cm-a-t\m-S-dn-bn- v̈ ]n-s¶ AÂ]w

t]mepw Xm-a-kn-¡m-sX th-Kw aS-§n h-¶v \n-sâ hm-bnÂ hoWp-

sImÅmw. Rm-\o ]-d-bp-¶-XnÂ am-ä-anÃ. k-Xyw. A-Xn-Â F-\n-¡v

k-¦-S-anÃ. Zbhm-bn h-gn X-cnI.

21. F-¶mÂ kp-c-k ho-−pw X-sâ hm-bnÂ h-¶p ho-g-W-sa-¶v

\nÀ_-Ôw ]n-Sn- -̈t¸mÄ F-¶m-en-\n I-gn-bp-sa-¦nÂ \o F-s¶ ho-

gp§p-I F-¶v ]d-ªv tIm-]-t¯m-sS ]d-ªv l-\p-am³ X-sâ

i-co-cw \pdp-tbm-P-\-bm-bn h-ep-Xm-¡n AXqeybm-b \m-K-am-Xm-

hv AXn-s\m-̄ h-®w ho−pw hm-b h-ep-Xm-¡n-b-t¸mÄ l-\p-

am³ A-Xn-Ir-i-i-co-c-am-bn A-h-fp-sS AI-̄ v {]-th-in-̈ v sN-hn-

bn-ep-sS ]pd v̄ t]m-cp-Ibpw sN-bv-Xp. C-\n F-\n-¡v t]m-Im³

h-cw X-c-W-sa-¶v l-\p-am³ A-t]-£n¡-th l-\p-am³ _-e-hocym-

Zn-IÄ t_m-²y-s -̧«v kp-c-k hf-sc kt´mjn-̈ p. (hmÂ-an-In cm-

am-b-W-̄ nÂ kp-c-k l-\p-am³ i-co-cw h-ep-Xm-¡p¶-Xn-\v A-

\p-k-cn- v̈ hm-b h-ep-Xm-¡p¶-Xv H-Sp-hnÂ \pdp-tbm-P-\-bm-b-

t¸mÄ l-\p-am³ sN-dp-hn-cÂk-aw Ir-i-i-co-c-am-bn hm-bnÂ Iq-Sn

IS-¶v t]m-cp-¶Xpw hoi-Z-am-bn hÀ-®n-¡-s -̧«n-cn-¡p¶p.)

22. ]n-s¶ \m-K-am-Xmhm-b kp-ckm-tZ-hn am-b-sh-Sn-ªv kz-́ w

cq-]w kzo-I-cn v̈, k-ap-t{Zm-]-cn-X-e-̄ nÂ \n-¶v l-\pam-t\m-Sv ]-

dªp. A-Jn-e Kp-Wm-I-c\m-b \o C-\n th-K-̄ nÂ t]m-bn Im-cy-

saÃmw km-[n-̈ v k-t´m-j-t¯m-sS a-S-§n-bmepw F-¶v A-\p-{K-

ln¨p. Xp-SÀ-¶p−m-b bm-{X-bnÂ knw-ln-Im F-¶ cm-£-kn-bp-

123

am-bn l-\p-am³ G-äp-ap«n. “C-Xm F-sâ hn-i-¸p-XoÀ-¡m³ ]m-I-

¯nÂ H-cp hen-b Po-hn h-cp¶p” B-Im-i-amÀ-¤-̄ n-ep-sS k-©-

cn-¡p-¶ l-\p-am-s\ A-hÄ \n-gÂ ]n-Sn-̈ p \nÀ¯n.

23. ap³-]pX-s¶ kp-{Kn-h-\mÂ ]-d-ªp-sI-« Cu knw-ln-I-sb-

¶ Ct¸mÄ X-s¶ sImÃp-¶p-−v F-¶v \n-Ý-bn-̈ v A-h-fp-sS ]n-

fÀ-¶ hmbv-¡I-̄ v {]-th-in-̈ v icocw ]n-fÀ-¶v ]pd- v̄ I-S¶p.

A-t¸m-gm-Wv tZ-h-tem-Iw ap-gp- -́hn-[-̄ nÂ D-bÀ-¶p-\nÂ-¡p-¶

{Xo-Ip-S-]À-Æ-X-t¯bpw A-Xn-sâ ap-I-fnÂ ]-cn-e-kn-¡p-¶ e-¦m-

\Kcn-tbbpw Xo-c-̄ p-Å Im-\-\m-Zn-I-tfbpw l-\p-am³ Im-Wm-

\n-S-bm-bXv (knw-ln-I-bp-am-bp-Å G-äp-ap-«Â aq-e-Im-hy-̄ nÂ

Ip-td-Iq-Sn hn-kv-X-cn-¡p-¶p−v)

24. C-Xp {]-Im-cw AÂ-]w t]mepw {]-bm-kw Iq-Sm-sX sX-s¡-I-

cbn-se-̄ n l-\p-am³ t¢-iw Iq-Sm-sX i-co-cw \Ã t]m-se sN-dp-

Xm-¡n {Xn-Iq-S-]À-Æ-X-̄ nÂ Nm-Sn-hoWp. A-t¸mÄ k-ap-{Z-̄ n-te-

¡v a-d-bp-¶ kq-cy-tZ-h³ \n-sâ a-¡fm-b a-lm-e£v-an G-sd Xm-a-

kn-bm-sX e-¦m-\-K-c-̄ nÂ \n-¶v tam-Nn-¡-s¸Spw A-Xn-\mÂ \o

k-t´m-jn-¨mepw F-¶v k-ap-{Z-t¯m-Sv ]-d-bp-¶-Xn-se t]m-se I-

SÂ Xo-c-ameI-fnÂ a-dªp.

24 tÇm-I-§-fn-em-bn l-ap-am-sâ k-ap-{Z-ewL-\w hn-k-vX-

cn-¡p-¶ I-®-È³ am-cp-Xn-sb Iq-im-{K-_p-²n-bpw, kz-{]-Xy-b-

ssØ-cyhpw DÅh-\mbn hmb-\-¡mÀ-¡v t_m-[y-s¸Spw hn-[-am-

Wv h-gn-bn-ep-−m-Ip-¶ X-S-Ê§-sf a-dn-I-S-¡p-¶ hn-[w hÀ-®n-

¨ncn¡p-¶Xv.

cm-a-I-Y-̧ m«vv:- A-¿n-¸n-Å B-im-sâ cm-a-I-Y-¸m-«n-se ‘_m-e-

ImÞw’ Bcw`n¡p¶-Xv Z-i-c-Y-N-{I-hÀ-̄ n F-¶ X-e-s¡-t«m-

Sp-Iq-Sn-bmWv. H¶mw hr-̄ w B-cw`n-¡p¶-Xv (hn-cp-̄ -t¯m-Sp-

124

Iq-Sn-bm-Wv). X-an-gn-se kw-Ko-X-hn-[n-b-\p-k-cn v̈ ‘]m-hn\w’ F-¶ hn-

`m-K-̄ nÂ-s¸-« aq-¶n-\-§-fnÂ H-¶mWv ‘hn-cp-̄ w’. (hr-̄ -sa¶

kw-kv-Ir-X-]-Z-̄ n-sâ XÂ-̀ m-h-amWv ‘hn-cp-̄ w’) sh¬-a-Xn-I-em-

`-c-W³ BWv CXp-t]m-ep-Å \m-tSm-Sn-hr-̄ -§Ä Km-\m-ß-I-X-

bp-sS `m-K-am-bn Im-hy-̄ nÂ D-]-tbm-Kn-̈ ncn-¡p-¶p.

Cu A-²ym-b-̄ n-se hn-cp¯w

1. C-ã-tZ-h-XI-sf h-µn-¨p-sIm-−m-Wv cm-a-Im-hyw B-cw-̀ n-¡p-

¶Xv. A-\p-{K-lw Xcp-¶-Xn-\m-bn k-c-kzXn, K-W-]Xn, Kp-cp-hr-µw

F-¶n-h-cp-sS ]m-Zw Rm³ incÊnÂ sh-bv-¡p-¶p. (A-h-cp-sS

ImÂ-¡Â \-a-kv-¡-cn-¡p-¶p F-¶v kmcw)

2. A-Sp-̄ ]m-«nÂ \o-e-I-WvT\m-b in-h-t\bpw D-a-tb-bpw (B-

ehn-g-am-−-c\pap-ssa-am) -kv-Xp-Xn-¡p¶p. Xq-SÀ-¶v io-h-]p-{X-·m-

cm-b K-W-]-Xn-tbbpw kp-{_-Ò-Wy-t\-bpw h-µn-¡p¶p. kp-̀ -

K\m-b C-{µ-tZ-h-K-W-§fpw ap-\n-amcpw kp-µ-cnbm-b alm-e-£v-

an-bpw, a-lm-hn-jv-Wp-hpw, Ir-Kmw-Knbm-b k-c-kz-Xnbpw a-äv A\y-

ssZh§fpw Kp-cp-\m-Y\pw a-äp ]-Þn-X-·m-cp-saÃmw B-im-sâ

lr-Z-b-̄ nÂ h-¶v A-\p-{K-lw sNm-cn-b-W-sa-¶-t]m-£n-¡p-¶p.

(ITn-\-am-b Cu Im-hy-̄ n-\v FÃm-hcp-sSbpw A-\p-{K-lw tX-Sp-

¶ Cu h-cn-IÄ B-im-sâ hn-\-b-t¯bpw `-àn-tbbpw sh-fn-s -̧

Sp-̄ p¶p.)

3. F-sâ ]-Þn-Xcm-b am-Xmhpw ]n-Xmhpw Cu cm-a-Im-hy-\nÀ-½n-

Xn-bnÂ kv-t\-l-]qÀ-Æw Xp-Wbv-¡m-am-dm-I-s«-b (Xp-SÀ-¶v cma-I-

Y `q-an-bnÂ h-¶ amÀ-¤w hn-i-Zo-Icn-¡p-¶p.) [mÀ-½n-I\mb

inh³ Dam-tZ-hn-sb tIÄ-̧ n-̈ Zn-hyam-b cma-I-Y \mcZ³ B-Z-c-

]qÀ-Æw a-\-Ên-em¡n, XmÂ-]-cy-t¯m-sS hmÂ-aoIn-tbm-Sv ]-dbp-I

\n-an-̄ w tem-I-sa§pw cm-a-I-Ym-\p-_-Ônbm-b Im-hy-§Ä D-

125

−mbn. km-c-]qÀ®amb B I-Y-bp-sS \n-g-ep-am{Xw {K-ln- v̈ kw-

t£-]-am-bn Km-\w sN-¿m-\mWv Rm³ B-{K-ln-¡p-¶Xv.

4. D-dp-¼v k-ap-{ZP-ew Ip-Sn- v̈ h-än¡pw t]m-se klm-kn-I-am-Wv ]-

cn-{iaw. AdnÆnÃm-sX-bp-Å Cu {i-aw k-Ö-\-§-sfÃmcpw k-

t´m-j-t¯m-sS £-an-̈ -\p{K-ln-¡Ww. kzÀ-¤-̄ n-ep-Å \-Kc-§-

tfm-Sp Xp-eyhpw tZ-h-·mÀ t]mepw _-lp-am-\n-¡p-¶-Xp-am-b A-

tbm-²y-bnÂ A-t\-Iw cm-Pm-¡-·mÀ `c-Ww \S-̄ n a-cn- -̈Xn-\p-

ti-jw a-lm\m-b AP-sâ ]p-{X-\m-bn Z-i-c-Y³ P-\n-̈ p. (Cã-tZ-

h-Xm-h-µ-\-̄ n-\p-ti-jw Kp-cp-h-µ-\hpw \-S-̄ n-t\-tc I-Y-bn-te-

¡v {]-th-in-¡p-I-bm-Wv B-im³. am-Xm-hn-s\ {]-tXy-I t]-sc-Sp-

v̄ ]-dªp-sIm-−p-Å hµ-\w I-hn-bp-sS hy-àn-Xz-¯n-te-¡p-

Å kq-N-\-bmWv.)

5. Xq-SÀ-¶p-Å ]m-«nÂ A-tbm-²y-bp-sS sF-iz-cy-k-ar-²n-tbbpw

Z-i-cY-sâ [\yamb Po-hn-X-t¯bpw ]-cm-aÀ-in-¡p¶p. Z-i-c-Y³

P-\n-̈ p. `q-an-bnÂ [À-½w hfÀ-¶p. aw-K-f-I-cam-b th-Zm-²yb-\w D-

−mbn. B-\, c-Yw F¶n-h cm-Py-̄ v \ndªp. bm-N-I-·m-cnÃm-

Xmbn. FÃm-bn-S¯pw kXyw hn-ekn. tZ-i-§-sfÃmw {]_p-²-am-

bn kvt\-l-k-¼-\\pw Iq-eo-\-\pam-b Z-i-c-Y³ t{]-a-]p-cÊ-cw

kp-µ-cn-Ifm-b Iu-key, ssI-tIbn, kp-an-{X F-¶nh-sc hn-hm-lw

sN-bvXp. ku-̀ m-Ky-t¯m-sS hÀ-̄ n-̈ p. ({i²-bam-b H-cp {]-tXy-I-

X Kp-cp-P-\§-sf h-µn-¡p-¶ Iq«¯nÂ I-®-È\pw F-gp-̄ -

Ñ\pw sN-¿p-¶Xp-t]m-se {_m-Ò-W-hµ-\w B-im³ \-S-̄ p-

¶nÃ. am-{X-aÃ cma-I-Y hn-h-cn-¡p¶-Xv A-h-Xm-c-]p-cp-j\m-b cma-

s\ {]IoÀ-̄ n-¡p-¶-Xn-s\-¶v F-hn-sSbpw kq-Nn-¸n-¡p-¶nÃ. Z-i-c-

Y-P\-\w ap-XÂ hnhm-lw h-sc-bp-Å kw-̀ -h-§Ä hn-h-cn-¡p-¶-Xn-

\v ]I-cw Atbm-²ym-\-K-c-¯nsâ sF-iz-cym-̀ n-hr-²n-bm-Wv A-t±-

lw F-Sp-̄ p ]-d-bp-¶Xv)

126

6. aq¶v `m-cyam-tcm-Sp tNÀ-¶v ]p-{X-e-¼v-[n-bnÂ B-i sh¨p-sIm-

−v A-t±-lw Znhk-§Ä X-Ån-\o¡n. A-t¸m-sgm-cn-¡Â k-No-

h\pw {]n-b-¦-c-\pam-b ‘kp-a´À’ kao-]-sa-̄ n hym-Ipe-X-tbm-

sS \n¶p ‘]p-{X-·m-cp-−m-Im³ hn-[n-bnÃ’ F-¶v a\Ê-gn-ªv Z-

i-c-Y³ ]-dªp.

7. A-t¸mÄ cm-Pm-hn-sâ Zpx-Jw I-−v A-t±l-s¯ B-iz-kn-̧ n-

¡m-\m-bn kp-a-{´À C-{]-Im-cw ]-dªp. Cu Zpx-Jw \n-an-̄ w X-

fÀ-¶v \o-dn \o-dn cmhpw ]-Iepw C-Xp-Xs¶ Nn-́ n-̈ v a-\-Êv hn-j-an-

¸n-¡p¶-Xv i-cnbÃ. C-Xv \-½p-¡v am-{X-am-bn `qanbnÂ h-¶p tNÀ-

¶ Zp-c-́ am-tWm? kq-cy-Ip-e-Pm-X-·m-cm-b-hÀ¡pw C¯-cw

ZpxJw F-§n-s\ h-¶p-tN-cp¶p?

8. cm-Pm-sh, E-iy-irwK-s\ A-tbm-²y-bnÂ h-cp-̄ n bm-Kw \-S-

¯n-bmÂ ]p-{X-·mcp-−m-hpw F-§n-s\-sb-¦nepw B ap-\n-bp-

sS A-Sp-̄ v t]m-bn h-µn- v̈ Zpx-Jw Adn-bn-̈ mÂ \-½p-sS FÃm-h-

cp-sSbpw tJ-Zw Xo-cp-am-dv H-cp Io-cn-Sm-h-Im-in P\n¡pw. ap³-]v

Iq-«n-¡me-̄ v B ap-\n sN-bv-X-Imcy-samÀ-̄ mÂ C-Xp k-Xy-

amsW-¶v t_m-²y-s¸Spw A-Xv tIÄ-¡pI.

9. tcm-a-]mZ-sâ cm-Py-̄ v a-g s]-¿m-̄ -Xp-aq-ew h-cÄ-̈ -bp-−m-

bn h-cÄ-̈ hÀ-²n-̈ -t¸mÄ {]-P-IÄ \m-Sp-t]-£n-̈ v t]m-Im³ Xp-S-

§n. Im-e-]p-cnbnÂ sN-¶p tN-cp-¶-Xn-s\-¡mÄ A-\y-cmP-̄ v

t]m-Ip-¶-Xm-Wv \ÃXv F-¶p I-cpXn. A-t¸mÄ cm-P-sIm-«m-c-

¯nÂ cm-Pm-hv a-{´n-am-cp-sS D-]-tZ-i-{]-Im-cw kp-µ-cnI-sf hn-fn-¨v

h-cp-̄ n C-{]-Im-cw ]-d-ªp.

(A-h-km\-s¯ c-−p ]m-«p-I-fn-em-bn E-iy-iywK-s\ hn-fn-

v̈ h-cp-t¯-−-Xns\-Ip-dn¨pw kp-a-{´À \-S-̄ p-¶ D-]-tZ-i-am-Wv

hn-h-cn-̈ n-«p-ÅXv. B-Jym-\-¯n-\mWv C-hn-sS {]m-[m-\yw)

127

Ir-jv-WKmY:- ‘tl-a-́ -hÀ®-\’ sN-dp-tÈ-cn-bp-sS Ir-jv-W-Km-Y,

kw-kv-Ir-X-̄ n-se a-lm-Im-hy-e-£-W§-sf ]n³-Xp-SÀ-¶v a-e-bm-

f-̄ nÂ c-Nn-̈ a-lm-Im-hy-amWv. `m-Kh-Xw Z-i-a-kv-¡-Ô-̄ n-se

{io-Ir-jv-W-N-cn-Xw C-Xn-hr-¯-am-bn kzo-I-cn-¨p-sIm-−v H-cp a-lm-

Xmhyw c-Nn-¡p-I-bm-W-t±-lw sN-bv-XXv. kw-kv-Ir-X-¯n-se alm-

Im-hy-e-£-W-§Ä ]n³-Xp-S-cp-¶-Xn-sâ `m-K-am-Wm-bm-Wv tl-a-

-́hÀ-®-\ At±-lw \-S-̄ n-bn-«p-ÅXv.

“A-Xph-sc \n-e-\n-¶n-cp-¶ \Ã Im-em-h-Ø CÃm-Xm-Ip-

Ibpw X-®p-̧ v Iq-Sn tl-a- -́Imew ‘t]m-¶p-hcn-I’bpw sN-bvXp.

]m-em-gn-bn-se sh-fp-̄ sh-Åw X-fn-¡p-¶Xp-t]m-se a-ªv

FÃm-bn-S¯pw sN-¿m³ Xp-S§n. i-à\m-b kq-cy-sâ {]`m-

aÞ-ew a-§n-̄ p-S-§n. ti-jn-bnÃ-̄ -hÀ Xp-ey-·m-cm-bn `m-hn-

¨mÂ sIÂ-]pÅ-hÀ t]mepw XmÂ-¡m-en-I-am-bn ]n-t¶m-«-Sn-¡pw.

(A-e-¦mcw: AÀ-°m-́ -c-\ymkw) at\m-l-camb tim-̀ -tbm-Sp-Iq-

Sn Im-W-s¸-« Xm-a-c-]p-jv-]§Ä Hm-tcm-¶m-bn \n-dw a-§n Im-

Wm³ Xp-S§n. kz-̀ m-hn-I-ambpw `À-̄ mhm-b kq-cy-sâ {]-Im-iw

a-§n-t¸m-bmÂ, `m-cy-amcm-b Xm-a-c-I-fp-sS tim-̀ bpw a-§n-̄ p-S-

§p-a-tÃm. Zn\w-tXmdpw IqSn-sIm-−n-cnv-Ip-I-¶ X-Wp-¸nÂ am-tem-

I-scÃmw Zpx-Jn-X-cmbn. X-Wp-̧ n-s\ X-Sp-¡m-\m-bn ssI-IÄ hn-

e§-s\ s\-©nÂ tNÀ-̄ v sh-̈ p. (kq-£v-a-kz-̀ m-hw hÀ-®n- -̈Xn-

\mÂ kz`m-thmàn) a-t\m-l-cam-b I-cn¼-Sw sIm-−p-Å Ip-̧ m-

bw i-co-c-̄ nÂ [-cn-̈ p kq-cy-tZ-h-t\bpw A-án-̀ -K-h-mt\-bpw ]-

Xn-hnÂ I-hn-ªv ]ecpw tk-hn-¡m³ Xp-S§n. BÀ¡pw ]pd-̄ v

]q-t´m-«-̄ nÂ I-fn-¡m-\p-Å XmÂ-]cyw D-WÀ-¶nÃ. (F-gp-¶nÃ).

hm-Xm-b-\-§Ä sIm-«n-b-S-¡-s¸«p. Pe-{Io-U-Ifpw ‘A-Æ-®w’

(AXp-t]mse) CÃm-Xmbn. X-®p-̧ n-\p-th-−n Nµ-\w ico-c-̄ n-e-

128

Wn-bp-¶Xpw \n-em-hnÂ DÃ-kn-¡p-¶Xpw CÃm-sX-bmbn. sh¬-Xn-

¦Ä in-e-sIm-−p-Å XÂ-]-̄ nÂ ib-\w th-W-sa-¶p-Å ('th-

−o-XnÃ' F-¶p-Å {]-tbmKw) tXm-¶Â t]mepw CÃm-Xmbn. ssh-

[-²y-Zpx-J-̄ mÂ \nÀ-Öo-ham-b hn-[-h-I-fp-sS am-dn-Sw t]m-se

A-h D-t]-£n-¡-s -̧«p. bp-h-Xn-IÄ am-dn-S-̄ nÂ Nµ-\w D-t]£n-

v̈ Ip-¦p-aw ]q-im³ Xp-S§n. s]¬-Ip-«n-IÄ Ip-¦p-aw A-Wn-

ªv lr-Z-b-̀ m-Kw cm-KmÀ-{Z-am¡n. A-sÃ-¦nÂ kv-Xo-P-\-§Ä-¡v

sh-Å-sb-¡mÄ Np-I¸n-t\m-Sv (cm-K-t¯mSv) B-WtÃm A-\p-cm-

Kw (tÇ-jw F-¶ A-e-¦mcw) Zn-¡p-I-sfÃmw aªp-sIm-−p-Å

]p-X-̧ -Wnªp. Ip-bn-ep-IÄ t]mepw X-Wp-̧ v `b-¶v t\-cw ]p-

eÀ-¶mepw ]ns¶bpw a-b-§p¶p. {Km-a-̄ nÂ I-S-¶ ]-¶n-IÄ a-

ªv aq-Sn-b-Xn-\mÂ {]-̀ m-X-amb-X-dn-bmsX (]p-eÀ-¶p-sX-¶mÂ)

X-§n \nÂ-¡p¶p. a-c-W-̀ -b-ap-Å th-iy-IÄ t]m-epw t\-cw \Ã

t]m-se ]p-eÀ-¶-Xn-\p-tij-ta ]p-d-̄ n-d-§p-¶pÅp. e-Ö Dt]-

£n-̈ v Pm-c-·mcpw A-{]Imcw (A-Æ®w) sN-bvXp. X-Wp-s¸-¶

_m-[-tb-äv amtem-I-scÃmw tIma-cw t]m-se Xp-Ån-Xp-S§n. {_m-

Ò-WÀ hn-d-¡p-¶ ]Ãp-IÄ Iq-«n-bn-Sn-̈ v Xm-fw apg¡n kÔym-hµ-

\w sN-bvXp. Im-ap-In-am-cp-sS am-dn-S-̄ nÂ \n¶v thÀ-s]-Sm-sX In-

S-¶mÂ t\-cw ]p-e-cp-I-bn-sÃ-¶v Nn-́ n-̈ v (\®n) ImapI·m-scÃmw

A-h-cp-sS i-co-c-̄ nÂ ]-än-IqSn. F-¶mÂ kv-{Xo-I-fp-sS k-¼À-

¡w \-ã-s -̧« ]p-cp-j-·m-cmI-s« ap-Jw Ip-\n-̈ v ImÂ-aq-«nÂ ssI-

IÄ Xn-cp-In Npcp−p Iq-Sn In-S-¶p. (kz`m-thmàn) Im-an-\n-amÀ

A-I-̄ n -\nÀ-̄ n-bn-cp-¶ IanXm-¡-sf-sb-Ãmw A-Sp-t¯-¡v hn-fn-

¨p. ‘sh-Åw’ F-¶ t]À tIÄ-¡p-t¼mÄ Xs¶ B-fp-IÄ X-Wp-

v̄ hn-d-bv-¡m³ Xp-S-§pw. ‘Xo’bv¡p-t]mepw X-Wp- v̄ hnd¨n-

XmÂ Xo Im-b-W-sa¶ tXm-¶Â D-−mbn (hn-tcm-[m-̀ m-kw F-¶

Ae¦mcw) F-¶mÂ a-\-ÊnÂ Cu-iz-cssN-X\yw \n-d-ªp \n-¶n-

129

cp-¶ ap-\n-amcmIs«, X-Wp-¸ns\ (am-µyw) AI-̄ v {]-th-in-̧ n-¡m-

sX A-c-tbm-fw shÅ ¯nÂ C-d-§n \n-¶v P-]w sN-bvXp-sIm-

−n-cp-¶p.”

e-fn-Xhpw ip-²-hpam-b a-e-bm-f-̄ n-em-Wv Ir-jv-W-Km-Y-

bp-sS cN-\. tZ-a-́ -hÀ-®-\-bp-sS Xp-S-¡-̄ n-ep-Å-X-g-¡p-I,

s]m-¶p-hcn-I Xp-S§n-b ip-²-̀ m-jm-{]tbm-K-§Ä {i-²n-¡p-I.

sN-dp-tÈ-cn k-µÀ-̀ n-Iam-b A-e-¦m-c-§Ä kzm-̀ m-hn-I-am-bn X-

s¶ c-N-\-bnÂ hmÀ-¶p- ho-gpw. kq-cy-sâ tim-̀ -a-§n-bXp-sIm-

−m-Wv Xm-a-c-bp-sS Im-́ nbpw a-dª-Xv F-¶ AÀ-°m-́ -c-\ym-

kw {i-²n-¡p-I. \n-¶p XpS§pI, B-bn Xp-S-§p-I, t]m-bn -hcn-

I Xp-S§n-b ]-e `m-jm-{]-tbm-K-§fpw Ir-jv-W-Km-Y-bnÂ am-{X-

am-bn H-Xp§n. AXp-t]m-se AÆ-®w, \®p-I Xp-S-§n-b {Km-ay-

]Z§fpw {]-tbm-K-̄ n-enÃm-Xmbn. -̂en-X{]-tbm-K-̄ nepw A-{K-

K-Wy-\m-Wv sNdptÈcn. ‘Xo’¡p-t]mepw Xo-Im-b-W-sa-¶v tXm-¶n

F-¶ h-cn-IÄ {i-²n-¡p-I. A-ÛpXw, A-Xn-i-bw Xp-S§n-b hn-

Im-c-§Ä k-lr-Z-b-\n-ep-−m-¡m³ ]m-I-̄ n-emWv A-t±-l-̄ n-

sâ h-cn-IÄ F-¶mÂ a-Wn-{]-hm-f-I-hn-X-bp-sS Nn-e kz-`m-h-ssh-

Ir-X-§Ä B c-N-\-bn-ep-s−-¶pÅ-Xv k-½-Xn-¡m-sX h-¿. X-

Wp-̧ n-t\-Sp-Å Im-an-\n-am-cp-sS {]-Xn-I-cWw, ]p-cp-j-kw-kÀ-¤-

s¯-¡p-dn-¨p-Å B-hÀ¯-\w ChsbÃmw Ir-jv-W-KmY-sb a-Wn-

{]-hm-f-Ir-Xn-I-fp-sS Iq-«-̄ nÂ-s -̧Sp-̄ n AhKWn-¡p-¶-Xn-\n-S-

bm¡n.

130

bqWnbqWnbqWnbqWn----äv äv äv äv þþþþ 3333

]m]m]m]m----«v {]«v {]«v {]«v {]----ØmØmØmØm----\\\\w Aw Aw Aw A----\\\\----´́́́-- --cccc----ZZZZ----iiii

F-gp-̄ Ñ-sâ In-fn-̧ m-«v {]-Øm-\-s¯-¡p-dn-¨p-Å H-cp

{]-_Ôw, ]-Þn-X-h-cy\mb tUm. sI. F³ F-gp-̄ -Ñ³ B-cw-

`n-¡p-¶Xv. “In-fn-̧ m-«p {]-Øm-\w Hcp F-gp-̄ p-Nm-«-am-bn-cp-

¶nÃ” F¶ {]-kv-Xmh-\-tbm-sS-bmWv. `m-j-bp-sS h-fÀ-̈ F-gp-

¯-Ñ-\nÂ F-̄ n-t¨À¶-Xv H-cp Ip-Xn v̈- Nm-«-̄ n-eq-sS B-bn-cp-

¶nÃ, kz-̀ m-hn-I-am-bn h-fÀ- -̈bp-sS N-hn-«p-]-Sn-IÄ I-b-dn-sb¯n-

b H-cp ]-cn-Wm-a-am-bn-cp-¶p F¶À°w. cm-a-N-cn-X-̄ nÂ \n-¶v I-

®-È-Ir-Xn-IfnÂ F-̄ p-t¼mÄ X-s¶ `mjbv-¡p amäw kw-̀ -hn-

¡p-¶-Xm-bn Im-Wmw. {Z-an-U-kw-Lm-Xm-£-c-\n-_-Ôam-b cm-a-

NcnX`m-j F-Xp-I- tam-\ Xp-S§n-b X-an-gv hr-̄ -ssi-en-¡-\p-k-

cn-̈ v XnI¨pw ]m«nsâ e-£-W-§Ä H-̧ n¨p-sIm-−p-Å H-cp Ir-

Xn-bm-bn-cp¶p. H³]-Xv sN-¿pÀ-hn-Imc-§-tfm-Sp-IqSn-b ‘]m-Þy-

`mjm-km-a-cq]yw’ BWv \mw cm-a-N-cn-X-̄ nÂ ImWp¶Xv. F-

¶mÂ ]-Zk-ap-̈ bw, hym-I-c-W-\n-b-a§Ä, hÀ-®-hy-h-Ø F-¶n-

h-bn-seÃmw kw-kv-Ir-X-kzm-[o-\w Iq-Sp-X-ep-Å H-cp `m-j-sb-bm-

Wv \mw I-®-È-IrXn-I-fnÂ Im-Wp-¶Xv. ]m-«n-sâ A-Sp-̄ ]-cn-

Wm-aw H-cp an-{i-̀ m-jm-hy-h-Ø-bn-te-¡m-bn-cp¶p. I-®-È-·mÀ X-

s¶ ‘\n-P-̀ m-jsb’ H-cp an-{i`m-j F-¶m-Wv hntijn-̧ n-¡p-¶Xv.

inh-cm{Xn am-lm-ßy-̄ nÂ X-sâ `m-j-sb-¡p-dn- v̈ ]-d-bp-t¼mÄ

131

‘`m-j-an-{i-an-sX-sânIn-gmsX’ F-¶m-Wv I-®-È³ {]-km-X-hn-¡p-

¶Xv. a-Wn-{]-hm-f-̀ m-j-tbm-Sm-Wv I-®-È-̀ m-j-bv-¡v Iq-Sp-XÂ km-

ayw. “B-I-̧ m-sS t\m-¡p-t¼mÄ I-®-È`m-j H-cp an-{i-̀ m-jm-hy-h-

Ø-sb-bm-Wv {]-Xn-\n-[m-\w sN-¿p-¶Xv” F-¶v `m-jm-]-Þn-X\m-

b ]p-Xp-tÈ-cn cm-a-N-{µ³ ‘I-®-È-cm-am-b-W’¯nsâ

‘aq¶pc’bnÂ hy-àam-¡p-¶p. Z-£n-tW-´y³ `m-j-I-fnÂ ‘a-Wn-

{]-hmfw’ F-¶ kw-kv-Ir-Xhpw {]-tZ-in-I-̀ m-j-bpw tNÀ-¶ H-cp an-

{i`m-j BZyw km-ln-Xy-c-N-\ív D-]-tbm-Kn-¨Xv. ‘ssP-\-]Þn-

X’·m-cm-bn-cp-¶p. Xp-S-¡-¯nÂ kw-kv-Ir-Xhpw {]mIr-Xhpw Iq-«n-

I-eÀ-̄ n F-gp-Xp-¶-Xn-t\-bm-Wv AhÀ ‘a-Wn-{]-hmfw’ F-¶v

]dªn-cp-¶Xv. ]nÂ-¡me- v̄ {]m-tZin-I `m-j-bn-tebpw kw-kv-

Ir-X-̄ n-tebpw ]Z§Ä Iq-«n-I-eÀ-̄ n F-gp-Xp-¶ co-Xnbpw a-

Wn-{]-hm-f-ambn. Cu co-Xn-bm-Wv `mjm-an-{iw, `m-j, a-Wn-{]-hm-fw

F-s¶Ãmw ]-d-ªn-cp-¶Xv Cu an{i-ssi-en imkv{XIr-Xn-Ifpw

km-ln-Xy-Ir-Xn-Ifpw F-gp-Xm³ D-]-tbm-Kn-¨n-cp-¶p. (ap-¯pw- ]hn-

ghpw þ tUm. sI. F³ F-gp-̄ Ñ³) F-¶mÂ aebm-f-̄ nÂ eo-

em-Xn-e-I-\nÀ-Æ-N-\-a-\p-k-cn- v̈ ]m«pw a-Wn-{]-hm-fhpw c-−pw hy-Xy-

kv-Xam-b `m-jm{]-tbm-K-am-bn-cp¶p. ]m-Þy-̀ m-jm-km-cq-]y-ap-Å-

Xv ‘]m«pw', `m-jm-kw-kv-Ir-X-tbm-K-apÅXv ‘a-Wn-{]hm-f'hpw. F-

¶mÂ “]m-«p-{]-Øm-\-̄ nÂ-s -̧« Ir-Xn-I-fn-se ]m-Þy-̀ m-jm-km-

cq-]y-s¯ H-cp an-{i-sa-¶v hn-fn-̈ p-Iq-Sm” F-¶v Fw. eo-emh-Xn So¨À

(a-e-bm-f I-hn-X) km-ln-Xy-N-cn-{X-̄ nÂ HmÀ-½n-¸n-¡p¶p. I-hn-X-

¡p-th-−n H-cp Zq-X-Im-e-̀ m-jm-cq]-s¯ ]p-\-cm-h-ln-¡m³ am-{X-

amW-Xp. A-tX-ka-bw A¶-s¯ km-am-\y-hyh-lm-c-̀ m-j-bnÂ

(a-e-\m-«p-X-an-gnÂ) kw-kv-Ir-X-k-¦-e-\-̄ n-sâ ^-e-am-bp-− `m-j-

132

sb-bmWv ‘`m-j-an-{iw' F-¶v hn-ti-jn-¸n-¨n-cp-¶Xv. cm-a-N-cn-X-

¯nÂ kw-kv-IrX-̄ n-ep-Å \m-a-§s-f XÂk-a \m-a-§-fm-

bmWv D-]-tbm-Kn-̈ n-cp-¶Xv. D-Zm-l-c-W-̄ n-\v ta-L-\m-Z³ ‘C-Sn-

¡p-c-e-'\mbpw hn-Zyp-Xv-Po-lz³ ‘an-s¶m-fn-\m-h-\'bqw cq]-́ m-c-s¸-

Sp¶p. F¶mÂ I-®-È-cm-am-b-W-̄ n-se B-hp-t¼mÄ ‘Z-i-c-Y-

kp-X\mb cm-a-s\-bpw' ssa-Yn-en-tb-bpsaÃmw \-½p-¡v Im-Wmw.

C-hn-sS-bm-Wv I-®-È-·mÀ ]m-«p-̀ m-j-bnÂ h-cp¯n-b auen-I ]-cn-

hÀ-̄ -\-s¯-¡p-dn-̈ v \mw t_m-[-hm·m-cm-Ip¶Xv.

]m-«p-̀ m-j-bn-ep−m-b ]-cn-hÀ¯-\w:þ cm-a-N-cn-Xw F-gp-X-s¸«-Xv

ho-c-c-k-{][m\am-b H-cp `-àn-Imhyw F-¶ \n-e-bnemWv. X-sâ

Im-hy-̄ n-sâ ^-e-{iq-Xn-bm-bn No-cm-aI-hn ]-d-bp¶-Xv B-{K-l-

km-̂ -ey-ap-−m-Ipw, Zpx-J-ap-−m-I-bnÃ, hnPbw kw-̀ -hn-¡pw, ]q-

{X-e-Ïn-bp-−m-Ipw, [-\-k-ar-²n-bp-−mIpw F-s¶m-s¡-bmWv.

Nq-cp-¡-̄ nÂ sFln-I sF-iz-cy-am-Wv Im-hy-]m-cm-b-W -̂ew F-

¶À°w. F-¶mÂ I-®-ÈI-hn A-ssZz-X-a-X-t¯m-Sp-Å A-Sp-̧ w

B-²ym-ßn-I-XmÂ-]-cyw. hn«p-hn-gv-N-bnÃm-̄ kmw-kv-Im-cn-I-hn-ip-

²n Xp-S-§n-b-h-bn-eq-sS-bp-Å B-ßob-\-thm-°m-\-am-Wv Im-hy-

e-£y-am-bn Im-Wp-¶Xv. t_m-[-]qÀ-Æam-b H-cp D-t±-iw B Im-hy-

hn-hÀ-̄ -\-̄ n-\v ]n-¶n-ep-s−-¶À°w. cm-am-b-W-̀ m-c-Xm-Zn-C-Xn-

lm-k-§fpw `-K-h-Xv-Ko-Xbpw aäpw kz-̀ m-j-bn-te-¡v ]n-c-̀ m-j-s -̧

Sp-̄ p-t¼mÄ X-Z-\p-Kp-Wam-b Kuc-Æw `m-j-bv¡pw B-h-iy-am-

sW-¶v A-hÀ-¡v tXm-¶n-bncn-¡Ww. Cu ]Ým¯-e-¯n-em-Wv X-

§-fpsS ‘an-{i-̀ m-j'bnÂ kw-kv-Ir-X-hÀ-®-§-fpw, ]-Z-kap -̈b-

§fpw hym-I-c-W-\n-b-§fpw aäpw DÄ-s -̧Sp-̄ m³ A-hÀ X-¿m-

dm-bXv. H-cp `m-jm-t`Z-s¯ kw-_-Ôn-̈ n-S-t¯m-fw a-säm-cp `m-

jm-t`-Z-hp-am-bn A-Xn-\pÅ {]ISam-b hy-Xym-kw hÀ-®-hn-Im-c-

133

¯n-tâ-XmWv. Cu AÀ-°-¯nÂ I®-È-·mcpsS ‘an-{i-̀ m-j’ H-

cp `m-jm-t`-Zw X-s¶-bmWv. I-®-È-·m-cp-sS Im-e-̄ m-Wv `mj-

bnÂ kw-kv-Ir-X-hÀ-®-§Ä D-]-tbm-Kn-¡m³ Xp-S-§p-¶Xv. X-angv

(a-e-\m-«p-Xangv) h-c-®-ame-bp-sS Øm\-̄ v kw-kv-Ir-X-h-À-®-ame-

sb kzo-I-cn-¡p-I-bm-Wv A-hÀ sN-bv-XXv. \nc-Ww I-hn-Ifn-sem-

cmfm-b am-[m-h-]-Wn-¡-cp-sS `m-jm-̀ -Kh-Xv Ko-X-bnÂ ‘A-£-cm-

Wn-aIm-tcm-kvan’ F-¶ Ko-Xm-̀ m-Kw hn-hÀ¯-\w sN-bv-Xn-cn-¡p¶-

Xv “A-£-c-a-s¼m-t¯m¶n-e Im-cw Rm³” F-¶mWv, A-Xmb-Xv

\nc-Ww Ihn-I-fp-sS Ime- v̄ X-s¶ an-{i-̀ m-j-bnÂ A-¼-s¯m-

¶-£-c-§Ä \-S-̧ n-em-bn-cp-¶p-sh-¶À°w. ]nÂ-¡me- v̄ a-g-aw-

Kw-ew ss\j-[w N-¼p-hnÂ ‘A-¼-s¯m-¶-£cmfn’ F¶p a-e-bm-

f-̀ mj-sb hn-ti-jn-¸n-¨Xpw CXp-sIm-−p-Xs¶. Nq-cp-¡-̄ nÂ

]m-«p-̀ m-j-bn-se H-cp {]-[m-\-]-cn-hÀ-̄ -\am-b kw-kv-Ir-X-hÀ-®-

am-e-bp-sS D]-tbm-Kw \nc-Ww I-hn-I-fp-sS Ime-̄ v X-s¶ \-S-¸n-

em-¡n-bn-cp¶p. “F-gp-̄ -Ñ³ h-cp¯n-b ]-cn-jv-¡m-c-§-fm-bn

Fw. BÀ cm-P-cm-P-hÀ-½ tI-c-f-]m-Wn-\n-bw ]oTn-I-bnÂ F-®n-̧ -

d-bp-¶ \m-ep Im-cy-§-fp-−v 1. kw-kv-Ir-X-hn-̀ -ày-́ -]-Z-§fpsS

{]-tbmKw 2. B-cy F-gp-̄ v \-S-̧ m¡Â 3. kw-kv-Ir-X-{]-Ir-Xn-IÄ-

¡v aebm-f-hn-̀ -àn-¡p-dn-tNÀ¡Â 4. hÀ-®-am{Xm hn-t[--ba-m-bn

‘In-fn-̧ mSv’ hr-̄ -§Ä N-a-bv-¡Â F-¶n-h. C-h-sbÃmw X-s¶ \q-

äm-−p-ap³-t] I-®È-sâ ]m-«p-Ir-Xn-Ifneq-sS `m-j-bnÂ \-S-

¸mbn. {]-Xn-jvT-t\-Sp-I-bpw sN-bv-Xn-cp¶p. B-[p\n-I ]m-«p-ae-bm-

f-̄ n-sâ B-Zy-inÂ-]n I-®-È-\m-Wv” (D-t]m-Zv-Lm-Xw þ I-®-È-cm-

amb-Ww þ ]T-\hpw hy-Jym-\-hpw, tUm. ]p-Xp-tÈ-cn cm-a-N-{µ³)

kwkwkwkw----kvkvkvkv-- --IrIrIrIr-- --XXXX----¯n¯n¯n¯n----sâ {]msâ {]msâ {]msâ {]m----_eyw_eyw_eyw_eyw

134

kw-kv-Ir-Xw G-sX-¦nepw Ime-̄ v C-́ y-bn-se P-\-§-fp-

sS kw-k-m-c-̀ m-j-bm-bn-cpt¶m F-¶ Imcyw kw-i-b-am-Wv. \-S-̧ n-

en--cp-¶ {]-Ir-X-̀ m-j-I-fnÂ \n¶pw {K-Ù-\nÀ-½m-W-̄ n\pw kw-hm-

Z-̄ n-\p a-äp-am-bn hym-I-c-W-kw-kv-¡m-c-̄ n-eq-sS kr-ãn-¡-s -̧«

H-cp D-Zm-̄ nIr-X `m-jm-cq-]-am-Wv kw-kv-Ir-Xw F-¶p s]m-Xp-[m-

c-W-bm-Wv \n-e-hn-ep-ÅXv. F-́ m-bmepw kw-kvIr-X `m-j-bn-epÅ

ssh-Úm-\n-Iþa-Xþkm-ln-Xy Ir-Xn-I-fp-sS {]-k-àn hfsc Im-

ew C-́ y-bnÂ \n-e-\n¶p. AXp-sIm-−p-X-s¶ hnhn-[ P-\-hn-̀ m-K-

§Ä Cu {K-Ù-§-fp-am-bn _-Ôw Øm-]n-¡p-¶-Xn-\p-th-−n kw-

kv-Ir-X`m-j \n-jv-¡À-jn- v̈ ]Tn-̈ v h¶p. C-Xn-sâ ^-e-am-bn kw-kv-

Ir-X-km-ln-Xyhpw `m-jbpw Z-£n-tW-́ y-bnÂ DÄ -̧sS C-́ y-bn-

se hnhn-[ Ø-e-§-fnÂ {]-Nm-c-̄ n-ep-−n-cp¶p. FÃm {]-mtZin-

I `m-j-I-fnepw A-h-bnÂ cNn-¡-s¸-« Ir-Xn-I-fnepw kw-kv-Ir-Xw

K-Wyam-b kzm-[o-\w sN-ep-̄ n-bn-«p−v. Z£n-tW-́ y-bn-se A-

`ykv-X hn-Zy-¡n-S-bnÂ kw-kv-Ir-X-̀ m-j-bpw km-ln-Xyhpw {]-N-cn-¡-

s -̧«-Xn-\p-ti-j-am-Wv X-an-gn-se hym-I-c-W-{K-Ùam-b

‘sXmÂIm¸n-b’hpw kw-L-km-ln-Xy-Ir-Xn-Ifpw c-Nn-¡-s -̧«n-«p-Å-

sX-¶v A-h-bn-se A-̀ y-́ -c-sX-fn-hp-IfnÂ \n-¶v \-½p-¡-dn-bmw. a-

Wn-{]-hm-f-sa-¶ t]-cnÂ kw-kv-Ir-Xhpw {]m-tZ-in-I-̀ m-jbpw Iq-«n-

t¨À-̄ ‘an-{i-̀ m-j’ km-ln-Xy-c-N-\-¡p-th-−n D-]-tbm-Kn¨-Xv

BZyam-bn ssP-\-]-Þn-X-·m-cm-bn-cp¶p. X-an-gn-s\ kw-_-Ôn-¨n-

S-t¯mfw Cu aWn-{]-hm-f-ssi-en A-h-cp-sS ]-Z-k-¼-¯n-s\ hÀ-

²n--̧ n¨p. F-¶mÂ kw-kv-Ir-X-kzm-[o-\w X-an-gv `mj-sb au-en-I-am-

bn cq-]m-́ -c-s -̧Sp-̄ p-I-bp-−m-bnÃ. AXmbXv kw-kv-Ir-X-]-Z-

§Ä DÄ-s¡m-Åp-hm³ X-¡h-®w A-hÀ kz-́ w hÀ®am-e hn-

]p-e-am-¡p-¶-Xn-\v ]-Icw, kz-́ w hÀ-®-am-e-bn-eq-sS B-hn-jv-¡-cn-

¡m³ ]m-I-̄ nÂ A-hÀ kw-kv-Ir-X þ {]mIr-X ]-Z§-sf cq-]m-

135

-́c-s¸-Sp-̄ p-IbmWp-−m-bXv. a-säm-cnS-̄ v Nq-−n-¡m-Wn¨

t]mse ‘ta-L\m-Z’s\ ‘C-Sn ¡pde³’ B-¡p-¶Xp-t]m-se-bp-Å

]-cn-jv-¡m-cw am-{X-aÃ X-an-gnÂ Cu a-Wn-{]hm-f-ssi-en ap-Jy-

ambpw ssP\ þ ssh-jv-W-h a-X-{K-Ù-§-fnÂ H-Xp-§n \n¶p.

F-¶mÂ a-e-bmfw, IÀ-®mS-Iw Xp-S§n-b {]m-tZin-I `m-j-I-

fnÂ A-Xv au-en-Iamb cq-]m-́ -c-W-̄ n-\v X-s¶ CS-bm¡n. a-e-

bm-f-̄ n-se a-Wn-{]-hm-f-ssienbpsS B-[n-Im-cn-I-{K-Ùam-b ‘eo-

e-Xn-eIw’ ]m-«v F-¶ `m-jm-cq]-s¯ \nÀh-Nn-¡p¶-Xv X-s¶

AXv ‘{Z-hn-U-kw-Lm-Xm-£-c-\n-¼Ôw’ F-¶mWv. ]m«nsâ {]-tXy-

I-X-I-fm-bn F-Xp-I, -tam-\ F-¶o {]m-k-co-Xn-sb F-Sp-̄ v

Im«pIbpw sN-¿p¶p. F-¶mÂ ]m-«p-km-ln-Xy-̄ n-se A-Sp-̄

]-cn-hÀ-̄ -L«amb \nc-Ww Ir-Xn-I-fn-se-̄ n-b-t¸m-tg¡pw kw-kv-

Ir-X-kzm-[o-\w Iq-Sp-XepÅ H-cp an-{i-̀ mjm-ssi-en-bm-Wv I-®-

È³ kzo-I-cn-¡p-¶Xv. ]p-Xp-tÈ-cn cm-a-N{µ³ kq-Nn-̧ n-¡p¶-Xp

t]m-se A-hÀ kzo-I-cn-̈ an-{i-̀ m-j, A-dn-bm-sX kwkvIr-X-̄ n-

sâ B-bp-[-̧ p-c-bn-te-¡v \-S-s¶-̄ p-Ibpw ho−pw t_m-[-]qÀ-

Æw kz-́ w Ir-jn-bn-S-§-fn-te-¡v Xn-cn-s -̈̄ p-Ibpw sN-¿p-¶p−v.

A-Xn-\p-Å {][m-\ Imc-Ww cm-am-b-W-̀ m-c-Xm-Zn C-Xn-lm-k-§-

fp-sS hn-hÀ-̄ -\-̄ n-\v kw-kv-Ir-X- hÀ®-am-e-bp-sSbpw ]-Z-k-ap-

-̈b-§-fp-sSbpw km-¶n²yw A-\n-hm-cy-am-b-XmWv.

]m-«p-̀ m-j-bnse Cu kw-kv-Ir-X-hÂ-¡-c-W-̄ n-sâ -̂e-

am-bn kw-kv-Ir-X-̄ n-se \m-a-§-fpw, A-hy-b-§fpw \n-]m-X-

§fpw G-sd-¡p-sd ap-gp-h-\p-am-bn X-s¶ a-e-bm-f-̄ n-sâ i-Ð-

tIm-i-̄ n-se-¡v kzo-I-cn-¡-s¸«p. F-́ n-t\-td {K-Ùm-£-c-̄ n-sâ

{]m-tZ-in-I-cq-]-t`-Zam-b en-]n-am-e-bpw (B-cy F-gp v̄) kzo-I-cn-¡-

s -̧«-tXmsS kw-kv-Ir-X-hn-t[-bXzw ]qÀ-®-ambn. a-e-bm-fn-I-fp-sS

136

kw-̀ m-j-W `m-j-bnÂ kwkv-Ir-X-kzm-[o\w ‘A-t_m-[-]qÀ-Æ-

ambn’ I-S-¶p-h-cn-I-bm-Wp-−m-b-sX-¦nÂ, ae-bm-fn-bp-sS Im-hy-

`m-j-bnÂ kw-kv-Ir-X-kzm-[o-\w t_m-[-]qÀ-Æw cq-]-s -̧Sp-̄ p-I-

bm-Wp-−m-bXv. Nq-cp-¡-¯nÂ kw-kv-Ir-X-̀ mj-sb H-gn-hm-¡n-

s¡m-−v a-e-bm-f-̄ n-se H-cp km-ln-Xy-{]-Øm-\-̄ n\pw \n-\-\nÂ-

¡m-\m-hnÃ. B `m-j-bp-am-bn ae-bm-f-̄ n-\p-Å _-Ôw A-{X Zr-

V-amWv” F-¶v tUm. \-Sph-«w tKm-]m-e-IrjvW³ ]dbp-¶ A-̀ n-

{]mbw (cm-a-N-cn-X-̄ n-se kw-kv-Ir-Xw þ cm-a-N-cn-X-¯n-\v H-cp

BapJw) hf-sc {i-t²-b-amWv.

F-¶mÂ a-e-bm-fw kw-kv-Ir-X-̄ n-\v ]qÀ-®-am-bn A-[o-\-

s¸«-Xv ]nÂ-¡me v̄ a-e-bm-f-̄ n-sâ kz-X-{´am-b \n-e-\nÂ-]n-\v

H-cp I-Sp-̄ ]-cm-[o-\-X krãn¨p. G-ähpw t{i-jvTam-b amXr-I

kw-kv-Ir-X-am-sW-¶v h-¶-t¸mÄ kw-kv-IrXw cq-]-s -̧«p-h-¶ {]m-

IrXw, ]men Xp-S§n-b `m-j-I-fp-am-bp-Å k-¼À-¡w aebm-f-̄ n-

\v ]m-sS \-ã-s¸«p. kw-kv-Ir-Xw t]m-se X-s¶ H-cp {]m-Ir-XnI-c-

W {]-{In-b C-´y-bn-se ]-e `m-j-I-fnepw \-S-¶n-cp¶p. X-an-gn-se

kw-L-km-ln-Xy ¯nÂ {]-Xn-̂ -en-¡p-¶ A-Xn-e-fn-X-hpw, A-Xn-se-

\-In-Ihpw B-̀ m-h-\m-an-{i-co-Xn {]Ir-X kzm-[o-\-̄ n-sâ -̂e-am-bn-

cp¶p. a-säm-cp `m-jbpw kw-kv-¡m-chpw aebmf-s¯ k-ao-]n-¡p-

t¼mÄ A-Xn-\p h-g-§n-s¡m-Sp-¡p-¶ Cu ]-Xn-hv Cw-¥o-jv `m-

jbpw kw-kv-¡m-chpw kzm-[o-\n-¡-s -̧«p hcp¶p. B-[p-\n-I-Im-e-

L-«-̄ nepw aebmfn-bnÂ Xp-S-cp¶p.

`̀̀̀-- --ànbpw aànbpw aànbpw aànbpw a----[yIm[yIm[yIm[yIm----e tIe tIe tIe tI----cfocfocfocfo-- --b kb kb kb k----aqaqaqaq----lhpwlhpwlhpwlhpw

X-an-gv-\m-«n-em-Wv P-\Io-b `-àn-{]-Øm-\w BZyw cq-]-sa-

Sp-̄ -Xv. \m-«p-ImÀ-¡v a-\-Ên-em-Ip-¶ a-t\m-l-cam-b X-an-gv `m-j-

137

bnÂ `-àn-Km-\-§fpw kv-t{Xm-{X-§fpw c-Nn-̈ k-\ym-kn-amcm-b

Ip-td -̀à-I-hnIÄ 14, 15 \p-äm-−p-I-fnÂ C-hn-sS {]-Xy-£-s¸«p.

ssi-h-k-\ym-kn-amcm-b C¯-cw I-hnI-sf \m-b-\mÀ-am-sc¶pw

ssh-jv-W-h-̀ -àn-Km-b-Iam-b C¯-cw `-à-I-hnI-sf B-gv-hmÀ-a-

mÀ F¶pw hntijn-̧ n-̈ p h¶p. tI-c-f- \m-Sp-hm-gn-I-fm-bn-cp-¶ Ip-

e-ti-J-c B-gvhm-cpw (s]cpamÄ Xncp-sam-gn-bp-sS IÀ-¯mhv) tN-

c-am³ s]-cp-amÄ \-b-\mcpw Cu `-à-I-hn-I-fp-sS Iq-«-¯nÂ-s -̧

Sp¶p. F-¶mÂ Cu `-à-I-hn-I-fn-Â sh-ÅmfÀ (iq-{ZÀ), ]m-WÀ

Xp-S-§n-b-hcpw DÄ-s -̧«n-cp¶p. ‘B-−mÄ’ F¶ ssh-jv-W-h -k-

\ym-kn-\n P-\Io-b `-àn-{]-Øm-\-̄ n-\v hen-b kw-`m-h-\-IÄ

\ÂIn. X-s¡ C-´y-bnÂ cq]w sIm-− Cu -̀àn-{]-Øm\w

Ime-{Ita-W C-́ y-bnÂ FÃm-bn-S¯pw {]Ncn-¡-s¸«p. a-lm-cm-

{ã-bnÂ X-¿Â-¡m-c\m-b \-ma-tZ-h-\pw, ho«p-tPm-en-¡m-cn-bmb P-

\m-_m-bn-bpw, £p-c-I\m-b tk-\-\pw, X-«m-\m-bn-cp-¶ [cnbpw a-

dm-̄ n-̀ mj-bnÂ hn-jv-Wp-hn-s\ {]-IoÀ-̄ n-̈ p-sIm-−p-Å Km-\-

§Ä c-Nn¨p. C-´y-bn-e-t§m-f-an-t§m-fw i-àn-bmÀ-Ön-¨p-h-¶

`-àn {]-Øm-\-̄ n-sâ kzm-[o-\-am-Wv PmXnbnÂ iq-{Z-cm-bn-cp-¶

I-®-È-I-hn-I-sf-bpw Xp©- v̄ F-gp-̄ Ñ-t\bpw aäpw ]qcm-W

Im-hy-c-N-\-I-fn-te-¡v Xn-cn-¨p hn-«Xv. A-tXm-sSm-̧ w tI-cfo-b Po-hn-

X-̄ nÂ ]-SÀ-¶p ]n-Sn-̈ PoÀ-®-Xbpw [À-½-{`w-ihpw Cu {]-Øm-

\-̄ n-sâ hym]\¯n-\v I-cp-t¯In. Cu km-aq-ly-PoÀ-®-X-s¡-

Xn-sc t]m-cmSn-b I-hn-I-fnÂ `q-cn-]-£hpw ss{X-hÀ-®n-tI-X-c-cm-

bn-cp-¶p F-¶p {]-tXy-I-X-bp-ap−v. k-hÀ-®-k-ap-l-¯n-sâ Ip-

¯-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p hc-sam-gn km-lnXyw kzm-[o-\-am¡p-I F-¶-Xp

X-s¶ B-¡me-s¯ H-cp P-\Io-b Zu-Xy-am-bn-cp¶p. ‘ip-{Z-a-£-c-

kw-bp-àw þ ZqcX ]-cn-hÀ-Ö-tb-Xv’ F-¶ Im-gv-N-̧ mSv k-hÀ-®

138

k-aq-l-̄ nÂ \n-e-\n-¶n-cp-¶ Im-e-am-WXv. AXp-sIm-−m-bn-cn¡-

aw km-am-\y-P-\-§-fp-sS `m-j-bnÂ c-Nn-¡-s¸-« Im-hys¯ ‘an-

{i`m-j’sb-¶v I-®-È-·mÀ hn-ti-jn-̧ n-̈ Xv.

Cu-iz-c{]o-Xn-¡v a-t´m-]m-k-\bpw Xm-{´n-I-hn-[n-Ifpw

A-Sn-Øm-\-s¸Sp¯n-bp-Å t£-{X-kw-kv-¡m-cw tI-c-f-¯nÂ i-

àn-s¸-«p sIm-−n-cp¶ Cu Ime¯mWv. a-{´Zo-£ hn-e-¡-s¸-«n-

cp-¶ ss{X-hÀ-®n-tI-X-ccm-b Zq-cn-]-£-̄ nsâ B-²yßn-I B-

h-iy§-sf Xr-]v-Xn-s -̧Sp-¯p-¶-X\p-Å H-tcm-sbm-cp amÀ¤w

`àn- amÀ-¤-am-bn-cp¶p. {]-Xymi-sb D-WÀ-̄ p-¶ hn-izm-k-̄ n-

sâ amÀ-¤-ambn-cp-¶p AXv. `-àn {]-Øm-\w tI-c-f-¡-cbn-sem-«m-

sI `-àn-io-X-fam-b H-cp- Ip-fnÀ-¡m-äv ho-im-\n-S-bm¡n. AXp-

sIm-−m-bn-cn¡-Ww ‘cm-a-N-cn-X’aS-¡w tI-c-fo-bÀ \nXy-]m-c-b-W-

¯n-\v D-]-tbm-Kn-¨n-cp-¶-Xm-bn N-cn-{X-¡m-c-·mÀ tc-J-s -̧Sp-̄ n-

bn«pÅXv.

Cu-iz-c-km-£m-Xv-¡m-c-̄ n-\v kw-kv-Ir-X-a-dn-b-W-sa-¶nÃ,

a-{´-a-dn-bW-sa¶nÃ. \m-aP-]w am{Xw a-Xn F-¶v Cu `-à-I-hn-

IÄ A-̀ n-{]m-b-s -̧«p. \m-a-k¦oÀ¯-\w A-h-cp-sS Ir-Xn-I-fp-sS

A-\o-hm-cy-L-S-I-am-bn-cp¶p. “\m-cm-b-Wm-sb k-Zm P-]n-¡nÂ ]m-

]w sI-Spw ]-in sISpw hy-k-\-§Ä Xo-cpw” F-¶o§-s\ \m-a-P-

]-̄ n-sâ A-Ûp-X-kn-²n-sb-¡p-dn-̈ v A-hÀ hm-Nm-e-cmbn. \m-a-P-

]-̄ n-eqsS Cu-iz-c-km-£m-Xv-¡m-cw t\-Sw F-¶ Bi-bw P-

\§-sf `-àn amÀ-¤-t¯m-S-Sp-̧ n¨p. F-gp-̄ -Ñ-sâ-sX¶v hniz-kn-

¡p-¶ l-cn-\m-a-IoÀ¯-\w t]m-se-bp-Å Ir-Xn-IÄ \n-Xy-Po-hn-X-

IÀ-½-§Ä t]mepw Cuiz-tcm-]-k-\-bm-¡n am-än XoÀ-¡m-sa-¶v

Øm]n¨p.

139

bm-sX-¶v Im-×-X-Xp \m-cm-b-W {]Xna

bm-sXm-¶p tIÄ-̧ X-Xp \m-cm-b-W-kv-Xp-Xn-IÄ...

F-¶n-§-s\-bp-Å h-cn-IÄ {i-²n-¡p-I. Np-cp-¡-̄ nÂ a-X-ZÀ-i-

\-§-sfbpw B-ßo-b-Nn-́ -I-tf-bpw P-\-Io-b-am-¡n XoÀ-̄ -Xv `-

àn-{]-Øm-\-amWv.

P-·n-Xz-hy-h-Ø-bp-sS {]-Xn-ê-\w ]m-«p-km-ln-Xy-̄ nÂ

km-lnXyw Pn-hn-X-̄ n-sâ I-®m-Sn-bm-Wv F-¶ B-]v-X-hm-Iyw `-

àn-km-ln-Xy-̄ n-sâ hn-j-b-¯nÂ A-]-Izam-b H-cp Im-gv-N-̧ m-Sm-

sW-¶v bm-Ym-ØnXn-I hn-aÀi-\w Ip-ä-s -̧Sp-̄ m-\n-S-bp−v. F-

¶mÂ `-àn-km-ln-Xy-{]-Øm-\w X-s¶ H-cÀ-°-̄ nÂ tcm-Km-Xp-

cam-b C-́ y³ k-aql-s¯ ]p-\x-kr-ãn-¡m-\p-Å B-Imw-£-

bnÂ \n-¶v D-S-se-Sp-̄ -Xm-sW-¶v Im-Wmw. \m-Sp-hm-gn P-·n-Xz-hy-h-

Ø apdnthÂ-]n-¨ Cý³ k-aq-l-̄ n-sâ tam-N-\-̄ n-\p-Å B-

{K-l-amWv, Cu-iz-c-km-£m-Xv-¡m-c-̄ n-\p-Å sh-¼-em-bn A-hÀ

B-hn-jv-¡-cn-¨Xv. Xp-f-kn-Zm-kpw, kqÀ-Zm-kpw, I-_nÀ-Zm-kpw, I-

®-i-\pw, F-gp-̄ -Ñ-\pw, ]q-́ m-\-hp-saÃmw A-S-§p-¶ `-à-I-

hnIÄ Cu-iz-c-k-lm-b-t¯m-sS P-\-Io-bam-b H-cp C-ý-sb ]p-

Xp-¡n-̧ -Wn-bm-\mWm-{Kln-¨Xv. FÃm Cu-iz-cm-h-Xm-c-§fpw B

e£yw km-£m-Xv-¡-cn-¡m-\p-Å ]cn{i-a-§-fm-bm-Wv A-hÀ I-

−Xv. Zp-ã-\n-{K-l-̄ n-\m-bn `-K-hm³ hn-jv-Wp ho−pw ho−pw A-

h-Xm-c-§Ä kzo-I-cn-¡p-W-sa-¶ A-h-cp-sS A-t]-£-bp-sS

ImXÂ \n-e-hn-ep-Å hy-h-Øn-Xn-bnÂ \n-¶p-Å tam-N-\-am-bn-

cp¶p.

A-d, s\-dn th-dm-bm-Ip-e-am-b

A-Jn-e-P-K-̄ p-a-gnª-Xp ImWm

140

F-¶m-Wv I-®-È-cm-am-b-W-¯nÂ tZ-h-IÄ ]m-em-gn-bnÂ ]Ån-

sIm-Åp-¶ a-l-hnjv-Wp hn-t\m-Sm-h-iy-s -̧Sp-¶-Xv. (I-®-È-cm-amb-

Ww _m-e-Im-Þ-̄ nÂ 30þmw ]m«v) k-a-Imen-\ ZpÀ-hy-h-Øn-Xn-

bp-sS H-cp kq-N-\ Iq-Sn-bm-bn-cp-¶p AXv. am{XaÃ, “FÃm-h-

tcbpw H-¶m-bn Im-Wp-¶ ‘A-ssZz-X-Nn-´m]-²-Xn’sb ap³-

\nÀ¯n-bm-Wv I-®-È-·mÀ `-àn-km-ln-Xy-̄ n-sâ {]-Nm-c-Icpw

t{]m-Zv-Lm-S-I-cp-ambXv.” Xp© v̄ F-gp-̄ Ñ-sâ Im-cy-̄ nÂ

A-t±-lw hmÂ-ao-In cm-am-bW-s¯ amän \nÀ-̄ n A-²ym-ß-cm-

amb-Ww hn-hÀ-̄ -\-̄ n-\v kzo-I-cn -̈Xp Xs¶ “AhXm-c ]p-cp-

j\m-b {io-cm-a³ Xo-cp-h-Snsb” B-hn-jv-¡-cn-¡m-\mWv. “cma-s\

Cu-iz-cm-h-Xm-c-am-¡n am{Xw Nn-{X-Ww sN-¿p-W-sa-¶ e-£y-am-bn-

cp-¶p ap-Jyw” F¶v Im-hy-ku-µcyw Ip-d-ª A-²ym-ß-cm-amb-

Ww hn-hÀ¯-\w sN-¿m-s\-Sp-̄ -Xn-sâ Imc-Ww eo-emh-Xn So-̈ À

hy-àam-¡p¶p. Nq-cp-¡-¯nÂ Zp-ã-\n-{K-lhpw k-Xz-Kp-W-kw-c-

£-W-hp-am-bn-cp-¶p FÃm A-h-Xm-c-§-fp-sSbpw ]-c-tam-t±-iy-sa-

¶ ap-¶-d-nbn-¸m-Wv A-hÀ \m-Sp-hm-gn `q-{]-̀ p-Xzs¯ HmÀ-½n-¸n-

¨Xv. A-§n-s\ AhXmc-k-¦Â-]§-sf ]-c-amh-[n P-\-Io-b-am-

¡n-s¡m-−v \n-e-hn-ep-Å P-·n-Xz hy-h-Øn-Xn-¡v t\cnb tXm-Xn-se-

¦nepw A-kz-Ø-X \Â-Im-\m-W-hÀ ]-cn-{i-an-¡p-¶Xv. B-{in-X-h-

Õ-e\m-b ]mÀ-°-km-c-Yn-sb ({io-Ir-jvW³) X-sâ lr-Z-b-̄ n-em-

sW-¶v (IÀ-®-]ÀÆw) {]-Jym-]n-¡p-¶-Xn-eq-sS Ir-jv-W-k-¦Â]-

s¯ ]qÀÆm-[n-Iw P-\-In-b-am-¡p-I-bm-Wv F-gp-̄ -Ñ³ sN-¿p-

¶Xv. `-àn-{]-Øm-\-̄ n-se I-hn-I-fp-sS kv-Xp-Xn-Ko-X-§Ä¡p-

t]mepw {In-bm-ß-Iam-b Nn-e N-cn-{X-Zu-Xy-§Ä \nÀ-Æ-ln-¡m-\p-

−m-bn-cp¶p. cm-a-N-cn-X-Im-c\m-b No-cm-a-I-hn-bv¡v cma³

hnjvWp-hn-sâ A-h-Xm-c-amWv. k-µÀ-̀ w In-«p-t¼m-sgÃmw cma-sâ

141

ssZ-hn-Imwis¯ Du¶n-̧ -d-bm³ A-t±-lw {i-an-̈ n-«p−v. cm-a-N-cn-

Xw A-dn-bp-¶-hÀ¡pw ]m-cmb-Ww sN-¿p-¶-hÀ-¡-saÃmw (C-S-

tcXp-samcp-t]m-Xp-a-Wbm) H-cn-¡epw ZpxJw D-−m-Ip-I-bnÃ F-

¶v A-t±-lw D-d-̧ p-\Â-Ip¶p. “AÃÂ sN-bv-Xp-eIp-sse-Ip-a-Np-

c-sc-b-dp-̧ m³ ap-¶w (Zpx-Jw h-cp-̄ p-¶ A-kp-c-·m-sc h-[n-

¡m³ ap³-]pw) A-h-Xm-c-sa-Sp-̄ -h-\m-Wv cm-a³ F-¶v

hn`ojW³, cm-hWs\ HmÀ-½n-̧ n-¡p¶p. l-cn-\m-a-IoÀ¯-\w F-

¶ Ir-Xn cm-a-IrjvWm-h-Xm-c-§Ä `n-¶-amÀ-¤-§Ä A-h-ew-_n-̈ v

`-à c-£ sN-bv-X kw-̀ -h-§Ä-¡m-Wv {]-[m\yw \Â-Ip-¶Xv. Ir-

jvW-s\ ]-c-{_-Ò-k-¦Â-]-am-bn A-h-X-cn-̧ n-̈ v t_m-[-hpw _p-

²nbpw hn-Zybpw am-bbpw aqehpw -̂e-hp-saÃmw FÃmw Ir-jv-

W³ X-s¶ F-¶ Øn-co-I-c-W-̄ n-ep-sS sshcp-²m-ß-Iam-b {]-

]-©-̄ n-sâ ZÀ-i-\-̄ n-te-¡m-Wv F-gp-̄ -Ñ³ hn-cÂ Nq-−p-

¶Xv. Cu k-¦Â-]-̄ nÂ \n-¶v A-[n-Iw A-I-sebÃ. D-S-abpw

A-Sn-abpw \o-sb-¶ k-an-I-c-W-̄ n-se-̄ m³ AXv C-hn-sS B-

lzm-\am-bn am-dp¶p. Iq-Sp-XÂ sa-̈ -s¸-« H-cp hy-hØ-sb A-

`nkw-t_m-[-\ sN-¿p-¶ `-àn-Im-hy-§-sfÃmw ]tcm-£-am-bn P-

·n-Xz-hy-h-Øsb X-Ån-̧ -d-bp-I-bm-bn-cp¶p.

]m-«p-I-hn-I-fp-sS Iq-«-̄ nÂ {]-Xy-£-am-bn X-s¶ \m-Sp-

hm-gn þ `q-{]-̀ q-Xz-s¯ X-Ån ]-d-ª I-hn-bm-Wv Xp-ÅÂ-̧ m-«p-

Im-c\m-b Ip-©³ \-¼ymÀ Z-£n-W-tI-c-f-̄ n-se \m-bÀ ]-S-bm-

fn-I-fm-bn-cp¶p. \-¼ym-cp-sS tIÄ-hn-¡mÀ. A-hÀ-¡v a\-Ên-em-I-

¯-¡ hn-[w

`-S-P-\-§-fp-sS \Sp-hn-ep-sÅm-cp

]-S-b-Wn-¡n-l-tN-cp-hm³

h-Sn-hn-b-s¶m-cp Nm-cp-tI-cf

`m-j X-s¶ Nn-Xwhcq

142

F-¶v P-\-Io-b-X kz-bw {]-Jym-]n- v̈ Im-hyc-N-\ \-S¯n-b I-hn-bm-

W-t±-lw \m-Sp-hmgn, P-·n-Xz-Iq-«p-sI-«nÂ Iq-Sp-XÂ Iq-Sp-XÂ Z-

cn-{Z-cm-bn am-dp-¶ IÀ-j-I ]-S-bm-fn-Is-f A-t±-lw k-lm-\p-̀ qXn-

tbm-sS Nn-{Xo-I-cn-¡p-¶p−v.

cmhpw ]-Iepw IÂ-]-\ tIÄ¡pw

\m-b-·mÀ-s¡m-cp Im-ip-sIm-Sp-̧ m

\o-b-P-am-\-·mÀ-¡v a\-Ên

emb-Xp sNm-¶mÂ Ip-ä-hp-ap−mw

F-¶n§-s\ P-·n-Xz-hy-h-Ø-bp-sS Nq-j-W-kz-̀ m-hw A-t±lw

‘tLm-j-bm{X’ F¶ Xp-ÅÂ Ir-Xn-bnÂ Xpd-¶v Im-Wn-¡p¶p.

A-tX-ka-bw P-\ ]o-UIcm-b Cu {]-̀ p-hÀ-¤-̄ n-sâ Xn-¶v X-

Sn¨p-sIm-Sp-̄ i-coc-s¯ I-W-¡n-\v I-fn-bm-¡p-¶p-ap−v.

]m-ep-Ip--Sn- v̈ X-Sn-̈ P-\-̄ n-\v

\m-ep]-Zw sh-bv-¡p-t¼mÄ hn-bÀ¡pw

F-¶n§-s\ tI-c-f-̄ n-se `p-hp-S-a P-·n-k-{¼-Zm-bw h-fÀ-¶v hn-I-

kn¨ 18þmw \qäm−n-se Nq-j-W-coXn. s\Ãpw ]-Whpw P-·n-Kr-l-

§-fnÂ Ip-an-ªp-Iq-Sp-¶ Øn-Xn F¶nh A-t±-lw ]-e Xp-

ÅÂ Ir-Xn-I-fnepw Nn-{Xo-I-cn-¡p-¶p−v. \rKtam-£w KoX-¦Â

Xp-Å-enÂ ImÀ-jn-I-cwK-s¯ Nq-jW-s¯ C-§n-s\ hnhcn-

¡p¶p.

I−-§-sfm¡-th I-s−-gp-Xn sIm-−v

]-−m-c-am-¡n-Ir-jnbpw Xp-S-§n¨p.

]-−mcp-tamÀ-¡m-̄ ]m-« a-cym-Zbpw

ap-−m-¡n s\-sÃ-Sp-̧ n-̈ p kz-cq-]n¨p.

Np-cp-¡-̄ nÂ \nÀ-̀ -b-am-bn k-ap-l-̄ n-se A-\n-Xn-sb Xpd-¶p

Im«n-b H-cp ]m-«p-I-hn Xp-©³ \-¼ymÀ am-{X-amWv.

143

k-a-Im-eo-\-Po-hn-X-̄ n-sâ Zp-c- -́ap-J-§Ä ]m-«p-I-fn-eq-

sS B-hn-jv-¡-cn-¨ asäm-cp I-hn- ]q-´m-\-amWv.

\-c-\m-bn§-s\ P-\n-¨p `q-an-bnÂ

\-c-I-hm-cn-[n \-Sp-hnÂ Rm³

\-c-I-̄ o-s¶-s¶ I-c tI-än-tS-Ww

Xn-cp-h-bv-¡w hmgpw in-h-iwt`m

F-¶n-§-s\-bp-Å Zo-\-X-bp-sS ap-J-hpw, Øm-\-am-\-§Ä sNmÃn-

I-e-ln-̈ v \m-Ww sI-«v \-S-¡p-¶ {]-am-Wn-am-tcbpw “{_-ÒWyw

sIm-−v Ip-́ n-̈ v Ip-́ n-̈ v {_Òmhpw \-\ns¡m Æm” sN-¶v A-e-

¦-cn-¡p-¶ {_m-Ò-W-tcbpw A-t±-lw ]cnlkn-¡p-¶p−v. \n-jv-

¡-f-¦am-b `àn-sIm-−v am{Xw Cu-iz-c-km-£m-Xv-¡m-cw t\Sm-

\m-I-sa-¶v A-t±-lw P-\§sf HmÀ-½n-̧ n¨p.

]m«v km]m«v km]m«v km]m«v km----lnlnlnln-- --XyXyXyXy-- --¯n¯n¯n¯n----se hyse hyse hyse hy-- --XyXyXyXy-- --kvkvkvkv-- --XXXX----imimimim----JIÄJIÄJIÄJIÄ

In-fn-¸m-«v:þ tN-X-\m-tN-X-\-§-sf-s¡m-−v I-Y ]-d-bn-¡p-¶ co-Xn

`m-cXo-b `m-j-I-fn-seÃm-ap−v. I-Ym-k-cn-Xvkm-Kcw, hn-{I-am-Zn-Xy-I-

YIÄ, ]-©-X{´w Xp-S-§n-b-h-bn-tem-s¡ ]-£n-ar-Km-Zn-IÄ I-Y

]-d-bp-¶ k-µÀ-̀ -§Ä Im-Wmw. Z-£n-tW-́ y-bnÂ X-an-gv km-ln-

Xy-̄ nepw Cu co-Xn {]-Nm-c-¯n-ep-−m-bn-cp¶p. X-an-gnÂ In-fn-ZqXv

(In-fn-hn-«p v̄) F-¶ H-cp co-Xn kw-L-km-ln-Xy-Ime-̄ v X-s¶ D-

−m-bn-cp¶p. a-e-bm-f-̄ nÂ a-Wn-{]-hm-f-km-ln-Xy-Ime-̄ v tIm-

I-k-tµiw, iq-I-k-tµ-iw Xp-S§n-b k-tµ-i-Ir-Xn-Ifpw ‘Ip-

bnÂ-hr-̄ w-]m-«v’ F-¶ H-cp I-hn-X-co-Xnbpw D−m-bn-cp¶p.

F¶mÂ Fgp-̄ -Ñ-s\-t¸m-se `-àn-hn-j-bam-b I-Ym-{]-Xn-]m-Z-\-

¯n-\v A-Xn³-ap³-]v Bcpw In-fnsb D]tbm-Kn- -̈Xm-bn Im-Wp-

¶nÃ. I-Y ]-d-bm³ Infn-tbm-Sm-h-iy-s¸Sp-Ibpw Xp-SÀ-¶v Infn

IY-sb hnhcn-¡p-Ibpw sN-¿p-¶-XmWv ‘In-fn-̧ m«v’ coXn. a-e-bm-f-

144

¯n-se an¡ \n-cq-]-Icpw In-fn-bp-sS km-¶n-²y-s¯ Bg¯nÂ

]Tn-¡m-sX tI-h-eam-b H-cp ]u-cmWn-I {]Xo-I-am-bn A-Xn-s\

AhKWn-¡p-I-bm-Wv sN-¿Xv. Nn-eÀ A-Xv ip-I³ F-¶ {_-ÒÀ-

jn-bp-sS {]-Xn-I-am-sW-¶v ]-dªp. a-äp Nn-eÀ k-c-kz-Xn tZ-hn-bp-

sS I-¿n-ep-Å I-fn-X¯-sb BWv A-Xv {]-Xo-I-hÂ-¡-cn-¡p¶-

Xv F-¶v hy-Jym-\n¨p. C\nbpw Nn-eÀ Fgp¯Ñ-\v A-dw ]-äm-Xn-cn-

¡m-\p-Å kq-{X-hn-Zy-bm-W-sX¶pw I-s−¯n. ]-ß-]p-cm-W-

¯nÂ koX-sb cma-I-Y ]m-Sn tIÄ-̧ n-¡p-¶ c-−p-X-¯-I-sf-bm-

Wv F-gp-̄ -Ñ³ am-Xr-I-bm-¡n-b-sX-¶v Nn-eÀ k-¦Â-]n¨p.

km£mÂ `-K-hm³ X-s¶ ip-I-cq-]-̄ nÂ h-¶v D-]-tZ-in-̈ p F-

¶ h-sc A {]XoI -NÀ-̈ -\o−p-t]mbn. {]-Y-a-Zr-j-vSn-bnÂ C-h-bnÂ

]-e-Xn\pw Nn-e km-Zr-iy-§Ä I-s−-̄ m-sa-¦nepw F-gp-̄ -Ñ-s\-

t¸m-se kÀ-¤-[-\\m-b H-cp Ihn, ]m-c-¼cy-̄ n-sâ h-gn-bnÂ k-

©-cn- v̈ In-fn-sb kzo-I-cn-¨p F-¶ B-i-b-̄ n-\v km-[q-Ic-Ww I-

s−¯p-I {]-bm-k-amWv.

H-cÀ-°-̄ nÂ F-gp-̄ -Ñ³ X-sâ B-ß-h¯-sb X-s¶

In-fn-bn-te-¡v kw{I-an-̧ n-¡p-I-bm-Wv sN-bv-XXv. C-Xn-lm-k-§Ä-

¡v hn-]-co-Xam-b H-cp kw-kv-¡mcn-Im-́ -co-£-̄ nÂ \n¶p-sIm-

−v hn-hÀ¯-\w sN-t¿-−n-h-¶-t¸mÄ, B Bhn-jv-¡m-c-{]-Xn-k-

Ôn-sb a-dn-I-S-¡m³ A-t±-lw I-s−¯n-b H-cp amÀ-¤-am-Wv In-

fn-̧ m«v.

{io-cm-a-\m-aw ]m-Sn h¶ ss]-¦n-fn-s¸-t®

{io-cm-a-N-cn-Xw \n sNmÃn-Sp-a-Sn-bm-sX

F-¶n§-s\ A-²ym-ß-cm-amb-Ww _m-e-Im-Þ-̄ n-se

h-cn-IÄ k-¶n-Kv[X D-t]-£n-̈ v cma-I-Y ]d-ªp Xp-S-§m³ A-

t±-lw kz´w kz-Xz-t¯m-Sv Xs¶ sN-¿p¶ A-t]-£-bmWv. B-

145

hn-jv¡-c-W {]-Xnk-Ôn D-−m-Ip-¶ ]-e kµÀ-̀ -§-fnepw F-gp-

¯-Ñ\pw In-fnbpw X-½nÂ \-S-̄ p-¶ kw-hm-Zw X-s¶ HcÀ°-

¯nÂ Cu k-tµ-l- Zq-cn-I-c-W-am-Wv H-cnS-̄ v

]m-cm-sX ]-d-tb-Wa-Xp \o In-fn-s¸-t®

`m-c-an-tÃXpw \n-\-s¡-t¸cpw ]m-T-atÃm

F-¶v F-gp-̄ -Ñ³ B-h-iy-s -̧Sp-¶Xpw

`mc-Xn tZ-hn-sb³ \m-hn-t·Â hn-f-§p-InÂ

]m-cm-i-cym-\p-{K-lw sIm-−v Rm³ sNmÃn-Sph³

F-¶n§-s\ In-fn B-ß-hn-izm-kw {]-I-Sn-̧ n-¡p-¶Xpw Cu A-

´À-kw-LÀ-j-̄ nsâ kq-N-\-bmWv. ]-Xp-s¡ ]-Xp-s¡ X-sâ

B-ß-ss[cyw hÀ-²n-¡p-¶-Xn-sâ kqN-\ In-fn-sb A-`nkw-t_m-

[-\ sN-¿p-¶-Xnepw kÂ-¡-cn-¡p-¶-Xn-ep-saÃmw sXfn-bp-¶p−v.

t{Zm-W-]À-Æ-̄ n-sâ Xp-S-¡-̄ nÂ kzm-Zn-jvTam-b a-[p-c-hn-̀ -h-

§Ä ap-¶nÂ \n-c¯n, a-Xnbm-thmfw Du«n.

]-©-hÀ-W-¡n-fn-s¸¬ In-Sm-th sX-fn

sª³ sN-hn-c−pw Ip-fnÀ-t¡ ]d-I \o

F-¶v F-gp-̄ -Ñ³ B-h-iy-s -̧Sp-¶p-−v IÀ-®-]À-Æ-¯nÂ “\n³-

h-N-\-]o-bp-j kpJ-]m-\-tam-Z-e-lcn-sIm-−v” Xm³ ]-c-h-i-\m-bn

F-¶n§-s\ X-sâ B-ß-kw-Xr-]v-Xn Xp-d-¶p ]-d-bp-¶p-ap-−v. Nn-

e-]À-Æ-§fnÂ I-Y Xp-S-§p-¶Xpw A-h-km-\n-¡p-¶Xpw In-fn-a-

I-fmWv. A-§n-s\ ]-Xp-s¡ ]-Xp-s¡ X-sâ kz-Xzw In-fn-bn-te-¡v

A-̀ n-kw-{I-an-¸n¨p-sIm-−v B-Wv F-gp-̄ -Ñ³ B-hn-jv-¡m-c-{]-Xn-

k-Ôn-sb a-dn-IS¡p-¶Xv. Fgp-̄ Ñsâ Hu-Nn-Xy-]qÀ-ham-b Cu

kÀ-¤-ssh`-hw I-−n-«mWv ‘Infn-¸m«v’ DÂ-]-̄ n-bnÂ tI-c-fnba-

sÃ-¦nepw A-Xv tI-c-f-̄ n-sâ a-®nÂ AXv̀ pX-]qÀ-Æam-b ku-

`m-Kyhpw ku-c`y-hpw DÄ-s¡m-−v hn-I-kn-̈ p F-¶v tUm. sI.

146

F³ F-gp-̄ -Ñ³ A-̀ n-{]m-b-s -̧«-Xv. AXp-sIm-−p-X-s¶-bm-Wv

F-gp-̄ Ñ-s\ ]n³]-än A-t\-Iw I-hn-IÄ In-fn-¸m-«p-co-Xn ]n³-Xp-

SÀ-¶Xv. F-gp-̄ Ñ-sâ in-jy-·mcm-b kqcy-\m-cm-b-W-s\-gp-̄ -

Ñ³ {_-Òm-Þ-]q-cm-Ww In-fn-¸m«v, in-h-cm{Xn am-lmßyw In-fn-¸m-

«v F¶n-h c-Nn-̈ Xpw a-säm-cp in-jy\m-b I-cp-Wm-I-c-s\-gp-̄ -

Ñ³ tZ-hn-am-lmßyw In-fn-̧ m-«v cNn-̈ -Xpw. Xq-SÀ-¶v tI-c-f-hÀ-½-bp-

sS hmÂ-an-In-cmamb-Ww In-fn-¸m«v, i-X-ap-J-cm-amb-Ww In-fn-¸m-«v

F-¶n§-s\ Ip-©³-\¼ymcpsS in-h-]q-cm-Ww In-fn-̧ m-«p h-sc

I-nfn-¸m-«p-I-fp-sS H-cp th-en-tb-äw Xs¶ D−mbn.

]m\: “]q-́ m-\w ]m-Sp¶-Xv P-\-§-fp-sS `m-j-bn-em-Wv. F-§n-s\

th-W-sa-¦nÂ, \o-«n-]m-Sm-hp-¶ ]m-\-bm-Wv ]q-´m-\-¯n-sâ hr-

¯w” (]n. Sn `m-kv-¡-c-̧ -Wn-¡À, k-́ m-\-tKm-]m-ew þ ]q-́ m-\w

kv-am-c-I-k-an-Xn {]-kn-²n-I-cWw) ]m-\-sb-¶v tIÄ¡p-t¼mÄ ]q-

´m-\-am-Wv- HmÀ-½ h-cn-I. {ioam³ sI. ]n i-¦-c³ A-`n-{]m-b-s¸-

Sp-¶Xp-t]mse “]m-\- ]m-«n-sâ D-]-Úm-Xm-hv X-s¶ ]q-́ m-\-am-

sW-¶v DZvtLm-jn-¡-s¸-Sp¶p. A-tX-́ m-bmepw A-t±-l-̄ n-sâ

]m-\ hm-bn-¡p-t¼mÄ H¶p tXm¶pw XoÀ-̈ ; B hr-̄ -¯n-sâ I-

cp-Whpw X-c-f-hpam-b A-́ À-̀ mhw, C{Xbpw A-\p-cq-]hpw A-

À-°-KÀ-̀ -hp-am-bn BÀ¡pw A-h-X-cn-¸n-¡m³ I-gn-ªn-«nÃ” (E-

Xp-]-cn-hÀ¯-\w þ t]-Pv 27) Nq-cp-¡-̄ nÂ ]q-´m-\-̄ n-sâ ap-J-

ap-{Z-bm-Wv ]m-\ F-¶À°w. Zpx-J-̄ n-sâ K-Zv-K-Zhpw `-àn-bp-sS

B-Ëm-Zhpw c−pw ]m-\-bv¡n-W-§pw. a-e-bm-fn-I-fp-sS a-\-ÊnÂ

]m-\-̧ m-«n-sâ ]-Xn-ª C-Ww X-§n- \nÂ¡p¶-Xv ]q-́ m-\-s¯-

¡p-dn-¨p-Å HmÀ-½-I-fp-a-mbmWv. {_m-Ò-W-cp-sS Iq-«-¯nse Zm-

cn-{Z\m-b A-t±-ls¯ kz-k-ap-Zm-bhpw {]-am-Wn-amcpw ]-cn-l-kn-

v̈ XÅn. Po-hn-Xw ap-gp-h\pw ZpxJ-a-bam-bo-cp-¶p A-t±-l-̄ n-\v. a-

147

e-bm-f-̄ nÂ ]m-\-]m-«p-IÄ th-sd-bp-s−-¦nepw e-fn-X-ambpw \m-

S-Io-b-ambpw `m-j-bnÂ G-Xp-Imcyhpw ]-d-bm³ I-gn-bp-sa-¶v

sX-fnbn-̈ -Xv ]q-́ m-\-̄ n-sâ Úm-\-̧ m-\bpw km -́\-tKm-]mew

(Ip-am-c-lcWw) ]m-\-bp-amWv. FÃm -̀àI-hn-Ifpw IoÀ-̄ -\m-

em-]-\-̄ n-\v A-h-cp-sS Ir-Xn-I-fnÂ {]m-apJyw IÂ-]n-¨Xv. \m-a-k-

¦oÀ¯\w Cu-iz-c-km-£m-Xv-¡m-c-̄ n-\p-Å H-cp amÀ-¤-am-bn-cp-

¶p A-hÀ¡v. ]m\-sb t]msebp-Å \m-tSm-Sn-io-ep-IÄ tIÄ-hn-

¡m-cp-sS sN-hn-bnÂ s]«-¶v ]-Xn-¡p-Ibpw ]n-s¶ a-\-Ên-se-¡v ]-

S-cp-Ibpw sN-¿pw. H-cp `m-K-h-X-hm-b-\-¡m-c³ Iq-Sn-bm-bn-cp-¶

]q-́ m\-̄ n\v Cu h-kvXp-X A-\p-̀ -h-km-£yw X-s¶ B-bn-cn-

¡Ww. A-t±-l-̄ n-sâ ]m-\-]m-«n-\p-Å ‘lr-Z-b-{Z-ho-I-c-W£-a-

X’bp-sS Imc-Ww F-´m-bn-cn¡pw? H-cp ]-g-b \n-cq-]-I\m-b

sI. hm-kp-tZ-h³ aqÊ-Xv Ip-am-c-lc-Ww ]m-\-bp-sS ]n-d-hn-sb-

¡p-dn- v̈ C-{]-Im-cw F-gp-Xn-bn-«p−v. “Im-ew A-Xn-{I-an-̈ v

Ignªn«pw k -́Xn D-−m-bn-¡m-Wm-bv-I-bmÂ ]-e k-Xv-¡À-½-

§fpw A-\p-jvTn-̈ v t\m¡n. {ioa-Xv `m-Kh-Xw ]-Xn-hm-bn hm-bn-̈ p

t]m-¶ ]q-́ m-\-̄ n-\v A-Xn-te k´m-\-tKm-]m-ew I-Y hn-ti-jn-

¨pw lr-Z-bm-hÀ-Ö-I-am-bn tXm-¶n. a-Xn sN-¶v Ip-am-c-lc-Ww I-

Y X-¶nÂ ap-gp-In-̈ -a-I-bmÂ B I-Y-sIm-−pX-s¶ A-t±-lw

`mKh-s\ hm-gv-̄ n-kv-Xp-Xn-¡m³ Xo-cp-am-\n¨p. k-́ m-\-tKm-]m-ew

]m-\ \nÀ-½n¨p. A-Xn-sâ -̂e-am-bn {io-Ir-jv-W- `-K-hm³ X-sâ

`à-\v H-cp D-®n-sb k-½m-\n-¡pIbpw sN-bv-Xp. (]q-´m-\w Ir-

Xn-I-fp-sS A-h-XmcnI þ ]n. sI {_tZ-gvkv) Bäp-t\m-äp−mb

B D-®n tNm-dq¬ Znh-kw a-c-W-s¸-«-tXm-sS ]q-´m-\-¯n-sâ Po-

hn-X-Zpc-́ w ]qÀ-̄ n-bmbn. C-Xv I-Y-bm-bepw Im-cy-am-bepw Im-

hy-tl-Xp-hn-s\-¡p-dn-̈ p-Å H-cp {]-_-e-kXyw A-Xv ap-t¶m-«v sh-bv-

148

¡p-¶p−v. ]-e Im-e-§fnembn ‘aXn’ bnÂ h-¶p ho-W B I-Ym-

_o-P-am-Wv a-t\m-l-cam-b H-cp e-X-bmbn ]m-\-bn-eq-sS ]-SÀ-¶-

sX-¶p kr-ãn-c-l-kyw. a-e-bm-f-̄ nepw Cw-¥n-jn-ep-apÅ ]-e ImÂ-

]\n-I I-hn-I-sf-¡p-dn-̈ v ]-cm-aÀ-in-¡p-t¼mgpw Np«p-s]m-Åp¶

Hcp A-\p-̀ -h-amWv (a-\-n-kzn\n þ N-§-¼p-g) X-¶-Xm-\-dn-bm-sX I-

hn-X-bm-bn _-lnÀ-K-an-¡p-¶-sX-¶ c-N-\m-c-lkyw ]-cm-aÀ-in-¡-

s -̧Sm-dp−v. `m-h-inÂ-]hpw cq-]-inÂ]hpw A-km-am-\yam-b hn-[w

tNÀ¶p-\nÂ-¡p-¶ A-h-Ø. a-lm¯m-b H-cp {]Xo`-¡v am{Xw e-

`n-¡p-¶ Po-hn-Xw Øm-bn-bmbn tim-I-am-sW-¶ DÄ-¡mgv-N

DÄs¡m-−p H-cp I-hn-sb-bm-Wv \mw ]m-\-]m-«p-I-fnÂ Im-Wp-

¶Xv.

A-©-Sn-¸m-«v:þ D¯c tI-c-f-̄ nÂ {]-Nm-c-̄ n-ep-Å k-·mÀ-¤-{]-

Xn-]m-Z-I-§fm-b ]m-«p-I-fm-Wv A-©-Sn-̧ m-«pIÄ. D-¯-c-tI-c-f-

¯n-se ]-e hn-Sp-I-fn-ep-ap-Å a-Þ-]-̄ nÂ {]-Xn-ãn-̈ tZ-h-X-I-sf-

¡p-dn-¨p-Å ]m-«p-I-fmWh. Cu tZ-h-X-IÄ-¡p-th-−n hÀ-jw

tXmdpw \-S-̄ p-¶ D-Õh-§-tfm-S-\p-_-Ôn- v̈ \-S-¯-s¸Sp-¶

sh-Åm-«v, Xnd F-¶n-§-s\-bp-Å sI-«n-bm-S-ep-I-fp-−m-Ipw. A-

©-Sn-¸m-«p-IÄ ]m-Sp¶-Xv A¯-cw k-µÀ-̀ -§-fn-emWv. Kp-−À-«n-

sâ \n-L-−p-hnÂ ‘A-©-SnIÄ’ F-¶ ]Z¯n-\v sIm-Sp-̄ n-cn-

¡p-¶ AÀ-°w k-·mÀ-¤-{]-Xn-]m-Z-I-§fm-b sNdn-b ]m-«p-IÄ

F-¶mWv. IpdÄ, Nn v́, A-fhv, s\-SnÂ, Ip-gn-s\-SnÂ F-¶n-h-bnÂ

H-¶n-s\ B-[m-c-am-¡n F-gp-Xp-¶-h-bm-Wv A-©-Sn-IÄ F-¶v D-

ÅqÀ A-̀ n-{]m-b-s -̧Sp¶p. kvXq-Xn-]-c-§fm-b ]m-«p J-Þ-§-

fm-Wv A-©-Sn-IÄ F-¶p ]-d-bp-¶Xv.

sNÃq-c-aÀ-s\gpw X-¼q-cm-s\

Im-ªn-c-¡m-S³]pw i-¦-csc

149

F-¶n h-cn-IÄ A-©-Sn-̧ m-«n-ep-Å-XmWv. I-®n-]-d¼-̄ v A-©-Sn

F-¶ ]m-«nÂ \n¶pw G-Xm\pw h-cnIÄ ‘]m-Tam-e’bnÂ tNÀ-¶n-cn-

¡p¶p.

]-e-tcmSpw \n-¶-bm-sX H-cp Im-cyw Xp-S-s§me

]-Ww tam-ln-s¨m-cp¯-s\ N-Xn-t¨m-SÃ

A-dn-hp-Å P\-§-tfm-sS XnÀ-̧ m\pw \n-\-s¡mÃ

Kp-cp-\m-Y-\-cpÄ sN-bv-Xm³ F-XnÀ-hm-¡v ]-d- sIm-e

C-̄ -c-̄ n-ep-Å A-©-Sn-IÄ [m-cm-f-ap−v. C-h-bv-s¡m-sI G-I-

tZ-iw aq-¶p- \qäm−p-I-fp-sS ]-g-¡-tabp-Åp- F-¶m-Wv D-Åp-cn-

sâ A-̀ n-{]m-bw

A-©Sn- sNmÃp-¶ A-h-k-c-̄ nÂ Hmtcm Cu-c-Sn-I-gn-bp-

t¼mgpw hm-Zy-§Ä ap-g-§p-¶p-−m-hpw. A-§n-s\ \mtem

At©m A-©-Sn I-gn-bp-t¼m-sg¡pw sI-«n-bm-«-¡m-c³ D-d-

ªp-Xp-Åm³ Xp-S-§pw. A-tXm-sS hm-Zy-§Ä Iq-Sp-XÂ D-

¨¯nÂ ap-g-¡p-Ibpw A©-Sn \nÀ-̄ p-Ibpw sN-¿p¶p.

Hmtcm A-©-Sn-bp-sSbpw A-h-km-\-̄ nepw A-Xm-Xp ssZ-h-§-

tfbpw t]-cp-IÄ tNÀ-̄ nbn-«m-Wv sNmÃm-dp-ÅXv. sI-«n-bm-«-

¡mÀ am-{X-aÃ ZpÀÃ-̀ w Nn-e Ø-e-§-fnÂ H-cp hn-t\m-Z-¯n-\m-bn

a-äp Nn-ecpw Xn-d-bm-«p-Å Øe-̄ v A©-Sn sNmÃm-dp−v. C-Xv

cm{Xn H-gn-hp k-a-b-ap-−m-Ip-t¼mÄ c-−v kw-L-§-fm-bn Xn-cn-

ªv a-Õ-cn- v̈ sNmÃp-Ibpw ]-Xn-hp-−y C-Xn\n-S-bnÂ A-©-Sn-

bnÂ X-s¶ Nne tNm-Zy-§Ä tNm-Zn-¡p-Ibpw A-Xn-\p-¯-c-am-bn

A©-Sn a-äp hn-̀ m-K-¡mÀ sNmÃp-Ibpw sN-¿pw. C-sÃ-¦nÂ A-h-

À ]-cm-P-b-s¸«Xmbn Im-W-Im-¡pw. Nn-e ‘A©-Sn’I-fnÂ {]-[m-

\-s -̧« Nn-e t£-{X-§-sf-¡pdn-̈ p-Å sF-Xn-ly-§fpw aäpw {]-Xn-

]m-Zn-¡p-¶p−v.

150

A-©-Sn-I-sfÃmw s]m-Xp-sh -̀àn-c-k-{]-Xn-]m-Z-I-fm-Wv

`m-jm-ip-²ntbm Iem-̀ wKntbm H¶pw C-h-bnÂ Im-Wm³ I-gn-

ªn-sÃ-¦nepw Xn-I-̈ pw P-\-Io-bamb c-N-\-I-fm-Wv A-h. an-¡-

hmdpw sI-«n-bm-Sp-¶-h-cp-sS Iq-«-̄ n-se {]-Xn-̀ m-imen-I-fm-bn-cn-

¡pw C-h-bp-sS IÀ-̄ m¡Ä. A-©v ASn (]mZw) I-tfm-Sp

IqSnbmXv F-¶ \n-e-¡m-b-bn-cn¡pw Cu t]-cp h-¶Xv. Cu-c-Sn-I-

tf-t¸m-se F¶mÂ “X-̄ X¯-̄ ” F-¶v A-©-Sn-I-fp-Å Xm-

f-h-«-̄ nÂ A-h-km-\n-¡p¶Xp-sIm-−m-bn-cn¡pw B t]-cv h¶-

Xv F-¶v tIc-f-kw-kv-¡m-c-N-cn-{X- \nL−p-hnÂ s{]m-̂ -kÀ Fkv.

sI h-k-́ ³ Nq-−n-Im-Wn-¡p-¶p-−v. B hmZamWv Iq-Sp-XÂ

bp-àn-k-lw. B-Zys¯ 'A-©Sn' K-W]-Xn A©-Sn F-¶v ]d-

bp¶p.

Xp-ÅÂ-]m-«v:þ Xp-Å-enÂ D-]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶ hr-̄ -§Ä-¡v Xp-

ÅÂ F-¶ I-e {]I-S-\-t¯-¡mÄ ]-g-¡-ap−v. X-an-gnÂ Aw-K-hn-

t£-]-t¯m-Sp- IqSn-b ]m-«n-\p XpÅÂ F-¶m-− ]-d-bp-I. H-cp

{Zm-hn-U-Km-\-k-{¼-Zm-bam-b XpÅÂ ‘I-enbÂ’ hn-cp-¯-̄ nÂ

DÄ-s -̧Sp¶p. F-¶mÂ X-cw-Kn-Wn Xp-S§n-b hr-̄ -§Ä [m-cm-f-

ambn D-]tbm-Kn- v̈ Xp-ÅÂ F-¶ I-em-cq-]-̄ n-\v H-cp N-«-Iq-Sv D-

−m-¡nb-Xv Ip©³- \-¼nbmÀ BWv. I-Wn-bm-·m-cp-sS tIm-ew

XpÅÂ Hm-«w Xp-Å-en-sâ P\-I-cq-]-am-bn-cn-¡Ww F-¶v tUm.

Fkv. sI \mbÀ Du-ln-¡p¶p. tI-c-f-̄ nÂ ‘]-S-bWn’ F-¶

t£-{X-I-em-cq-]-̄ n-sâ `m-K-ambpw 'XpÅÂ' \-S-̄ -s -̧«n-cp¶p.

Ip-©³ \-¼n-bmÀ X-s¶

]-s−m-cp ]-Sb-Wn Im-×m-s\-s¶

s¡m-−p-]p-d- -̧«m-\o hn-Zzm³

151

F-¶v cp-Ün-Wn kz-bw-h-c-¯nÂ kq-Nn-̧ n-¡p-¶p-−v. Nq-cp-¡-

¯nÂ Nm-Iymcpw \¼ymcpw X-½n-ep−m-b ]n-W-¡-¯n-sâ ^-e-

am-bn H-ä cm{Xn sIm-−v kr-ãn-̈ -XmWv Xp-ÅÂ F-¶ sF-Xnlyw

ap-Jhnebv¡v FSp-¡p¶-Xv i-cn-bm-bn-cn-¡nÃ. F¶mÂ Xp-ÅÂ-

¸m-«p-IÄ cm-K-Xm-f-\n-_-Ô-am-¡p-I, A-h-bp-sS kz-̀ m-hw

\nÀ®bn-¡p-I, A-Xv {]-tbm-K-̄ nÂ h-cp¯p-I C-h-sbÃmw Ip-

©³ \¼ym-cp-sS A\ymZr-i-am-b kw-̀ m-h-\ X-s¶-bmWv. Xp-

ÅÂ-¡m-c-\pw, a-±-f-¡m-c-\pw, ssI-a-Wn-¡m-c\pw FÃmw Cu Km-

\m-em-]-\-̄ nÂ ]s¦-Sp-¡p¶p−v. \À-̄ I³ (Xp-ÅÂ-¡mc³)

]m-Sn-̄ p-Åp-¶ `m-Kw c-−p ]n³-]m-«p-Imcpw B-hÀ-̄ n-¡p¶p.

km[mcW co-Xn-bnÂ

F-¶m-en\n-sbm-cp I-Y-b-cpÄ sN¿mw

F-¶q-sS Kq-cp-h-c-\-cpfnb t]m-se

F-¶v XpS-§n I-Y-bn-te-¡v {]-th-in-¡p-Ibpw

aw-K-f-an-¡-Y IpY-\w sN-bv-XmÂ

aw-K-f-sa¶pw h-¶p-̀ -hn¡pw

F-¶n§-s\ A-h-km-\n-̧ n-¡p-Ibpw sN-¿p¶p. Xp-Å-en-sâ B-

lm-cyw-i-̄ nÂ (th-j-̀ q-jm-ZnIÄ) A-¡me-̄ v {]-Nm-c-¯n-ep-−-

bn-cp-¶ Nn-e I-e-cq-]-§-fnÂ \n¶p-Å I-emw-i-§Ä kzo-I-cn-¡-

s -̧«n-«p−v. Hm«³, ]-d-b³, Ko-X-¦³ F-¶o aq¶v hn-[w Xp-Å-ep-

IÄ¡pw {]-tXy-I-th-j-§-fm-Wv \n-Ýbn-¨n-«p-ÅXv. Xmft_m[w,

cw-K-t_m[w, B-em-]-\-km-aÀ-°yw, `m-h-{]-I-S-\-ti-jn Ch-

sbÃmw- XpÅÂ \À-̄ I-sâ hn-P-b-̄ n-\v B-h-iy-amWv. B«w,

]m«v, \mSyw F-¶n-h-bp-sS k-a-Ö-k-k-t½-f-\-amWv Hm-«³-

XpÅÂ. Xp-ÅÂ¸m-«n-sâ {]-[m-\ {]-tXy-I-X A-Xn-sâ P-\-Io-b-

ssi-en-bm-Wv.

`-S-P-\-§-fp-sS \-Sp-hn-ep-sÅm-cp

152

]-S-b-Wn-¡n-l- tN-cp-hm³

h-Sn-hn-s¶m-cp-Nm-cp

tI-c-f-̀ m-jX-s¶ Nn{Xw hcp

F-¶ Ir-Xyam-b `mjm-t_m-[w B-Wv \-¼ym-cp-sS a-Wn-{]-hm-f-

ssi-en-bp-sS apJap{Z. a-ebm-f `mj-sb X-an-gn-sâ kzm-[o-\-

¯nÂ \n¶pw kw-kv-Ir-X-¯n-sâ \n-b-{´-W-̄ nÂ \n¶pw tam-Nn-

¸n- -̈Xv Ip-©³ \-¼n-bm-cmWv. Xp-ÅÂ-¸m-«p-I-fnÂ {i-h-W-am-{X-

bnÂ X-s¶ B-tem-N-\m-ar-Xam-b H-cp AÀ-°w a-\-Ên-Â ]-Xn-

b¯¡ co-Xn-bn-em-Wv A-t±-lw c-N-\ \-S-̄ n-bn-«p-ÅXv.

]-cn-lm-khpw k-maq-ly-hn-aÀ-i-\-am-Wv Xp-ÅÂ-̧ m-«p-I-fp-

sS a-säm-cp {]tXyI-X. \-¼ymÀ Xsâ- Ir-Xn-I-fnÂ Cu ]-cn-jv-¡c-

Ww \-S-̧ n-em-¡n-b-Xn-sâ t{]-c-W F-´m-bn-cn-¡pw, Nm-IymÀ Iq-«-

¯n-se I-Ym hn-kv-Xm-c-̄ nÂ DÄ-s¡m-Ån-¡p-¶ ^-en-X, ]-cn-lm-

k-§Ä Im-WnI-sf Iq-Sp-XÂ c-kn-̧ n-¡p-¶-Xn-sâ Zriyw t\-cnÂ

Im-Wm\n-S-bm-b-Xm-bn-cn-¡mw CXn-\v Im-c-W-am-bXv. \-¼ym-cq-sS

Xp-ÅÂ-̧ m-«n-sâ a-säm-cp {]-tXy-IX , C-Xn-lm-k-I-YI-sf A-t±-

lw tI-c-f-̄ n-sâ kaqlym-́ -co-£-̄ nÂ ]q-\x-{]-Xn-ãn-̈ -XmWv.

‘tLm-j-bm{X’ t]m-se-bp-Å XpÅ-ep-I-fnÂ ]q-cm-W- I-Ym-]m-{X-

§Ä-s¡m-̧ w \m-b-cpw, \-¼q-Xn-cn-bpw, ]-«-cpw, sN-«n-bpw, tIm-a-«n-

bp-saÃmw {]-Xy-£-s¸-Sp¶p ! Cu ]-Ým-¯-e-̄ nÂ

{]kàamb a-säm-cp tNm-Zy-ap−v. F-gp-̄ -Ñ-s\-t¸m-se ]q-́ m-

\-s¯-t¸m-se H-cp `à\m-bn-cpt¶m Ip-©³ \-¼ymÀ? A-t±-l-

¯n-sâ Ir-Xn-IÄ `-àn-km-ln-Xy-̄ nÂ DÄ-s -̧Sp¯ptam? Xp-

Å-en-sâ A-h-km-\-̄ nÂ Nn-e kv-Xq-Xn-IÄ Im-Wp-¶p-s−¶-Xv

t\cv. F-¶mÂ H-cp P-\Io-b I-em-cq-]-am-bn-cp-¶p XpÅÂ. F-

¶mÂ ‘Xp-ÅÂ km-ln-Xy-N-cn-{X’¯nÂ tUm. hn. F-Êv iÀ-½ Nq-

153

−n-¡m-Wn- -̈t]m-se “BZn-Ime-̄ v \n-e-hn-f-bv-¡v sIm-fp-̄ n-sh-

bv-¡p-¶ ]-Xn-hv D-−m-bn-cp-¶p. Ct¸mÄ AXpw CÃ. ]n-s¶ Xp-

ÅÂ F-́ n-\v `-àn-km-ln-Xy-̄ nÂ DÄ-s¸Sp¯p¶p?”

\-¼ymÀ-¡p-ti-jw ]-ecpw Xp-ÅÂ Ir-Xn-IÄ c-Nn-̈ n-«p−v.

C-h-bnÂ Gdn-b Iqdpw B-Jym-\-]-c-§fmWv. A-¼-bm-äv ]-Wn-¡-

cp-sS Ir-jv-WmÀÖq-\ hn-Pbw, tIm-bn-̧ pd-̄ v ]-Wn-¡-cp-sS

sF-cm-h-X-]q-P, kp-µ-cn-kz-bwh-cw F¶n-h \-¼ymÀ Pn-hn-̈ n-cp-¶

Ime-̄ p X-s¶ c-Nn-¡-s -̧«-XmWv. sIm-Sp-§ÃqÀ Ip-ªn-¡p-

«³ X¼p-cm³, sIm-Sp-§ÃqÀ sIm-̈ p-®n X-¼q-cm³, sIm-«m-c-

¯nÂ i-¦q-®n F¶n§s\ ]-e-cpw Xp-ÅÂ¡-Y-IÄ c-Nn-̈ n-

«p−v. Iq-«a-̄ v Iq-¶n-bqÀ Ip-ªn-t¡fpIp-dp-̧ m-Wv a-säm-cp

Xp-ÅÂ IÀ-̄ mhv. Ip-©³ \-¼ym-cp-sS `m-jm-emfnXyhpw -̂en-

Xhpw km-ap-ln-I-hn-aÀ-i-\hpw DÄ-s¡m-Åm³ A-t±-l-̄ n-\v

Ign-ªn-«p−v. ko-a-́ n-\n kz-bw-hcw, ko-Xm-kz-bw-hcw, Iq-tN-e-

tKm-]m-ew XpS§n A-t\-Iw Xp-ÅÂ-Ir-Xn-IÄ c-Nn-̈ n-«p−v. 1942

þ 45 Ime-̄ v sN-dp-Im-Spw (sN-dp-Im-Sv tKm-hn-µ-̧ n-jm-cSn) Nn-e

Xp-ÅÂ-̧ m-«p-IÄ c-Nn-̈ n-«p−v.

h-©n-̧ m-«v:þ a-²y-Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dnÂ {]-Np-c-{]-Nm-c-̄ n-en-cp-¶ H-

cp Km-\-co-Xn-bmWv h-©n-¸m«v. Xp-g-sIm-−v h-Åw Xpg-ªp t]m-

Ip-¶-hÀ Xn-c-am-e-I-fp-sS Xmf¯n-\-\p-k-cn- v̈ ]m-Sn-bn-cp-¶ ]m-

«mWv h-©n-¸m«v. Hm-W-Im-e¯pw aäpw tN-cn-Xn-cn-ªv {KmaoWÀ

a-Õ-c-_p²n-tbm-sS h-ÅwI-fn aÕ-cw \-S-̄ n-bn-cp¶p. B k-

ab-̄ v Xp-g-sb-dn-ªv h-Åw Xp-g-bp¶ tXm-Wn-¡mÀ B-th-i-

t¯m-sS Xm-f-̄ n-\-\p-k-cn- v̈ ]m-Sn-bn-cp-¶ ]m-«p-I-fm-Wv h-©n-

¸m«v. N-¼-I-tÈcn, Im-bw-¦pfw, hS¡pw-IqÀ XpS§n-b \m-«p-cm-

Py-§-fnÂ h-©n-̧ -Sbpw \n-e-hn-ep-−m-bn-cp¶p. h©n-̧ m-«p-

IfpsS C-S-bnÂ cm-a-]pc- v̄ hm-cn-b-cp-sS Ip-tN-e-hr-¯w h-©n-

154

¸m-«m-Wv {]-[m-\w. ao-\-̈ nÂ Xm-eq-¡nÂ cm-a-]p-cw F-¶ H-cp {Km-a-

ap−v. 1729 þ 1758 \p-an-S-bv-¡v Xncp-hn-Xmw-IqÀ \m-Sp-hm-Wn-cp-¶

amÀ-̄ m-Þ-hÀ-½ cm-Pm-hv ssh-¡w t£{X-̄ nÂ `-P-\-̄ n-\m-

bn h-¶v Xm-a-kn-̈ -s{X. A-¡me-̄ v h-S-¡pw-IqÀ cmPmhm-bn-cp-

¶p cm-a-hÀ-½ Z-cn-{Z\m-b cm-a-]pc-̄ v h-cnb-sc amÀ-¯m-Þ-

hÀ½-¡v ]-cn-N-b-s -̧Sp¯n. cma-]pc-̄ v hm-cn-bÀ Im-gv-N-sh-̈

tÇm-I-§Ä hm-b-̈ -t¸mÄ At±-l-̄ n-sâ IhnXm-hm-k-\ Xn-cn- -̈

dn-ª amÀ-̄ m-Þ-hÀ-½ Ip-tNe-I-Y h©n¸m-«v co-Xn-bnÂ F-gp-

Xm³ B-h-iy-s¸«p. amÀ-¯m-Þ-hÀ-½ Xn-cp-h-\-́ -]q-c-t¯-¡v

Xn-cn¨p-t]m-b k-ab-̄ v hm-cn-b-tcbpw Iq-sS Iq«n. B bm-{X-¡n-

S-bnÂ hmcn-bÀ h-©n-bnÂ sh-̈ v sNmÃn-b-Xm-Ws{X Ip-tN-e-hr-

¯w h-©n-̧ m«v. D-ÅqÀ tI-c-f-km-lnXyw aq¶mw `mK-¯nÂ tc-J-

s -̧Sp-̄ p-¶ I-Y sF-Xn-ly-am-Im-\m-Wv km-²y-X. F-¶mÂ H-cp

Imcyw hy-àamWv. amÀ¯m-Þ hÀ-½-bp-sS Ime-s¯ Xn-cp-hn-

Xmw-Iq-dnÂ kw`hn-̈ Nn-e N-cn-{X-kw-̀ -h-§Ä hm-cn-bÀ h-©n-¸m-

«nÂ A\pkv-a-cn-¡p-¶p−v.

kzm-an-t{Zm-lnI-sS hw-i-hn-tÑ-Zw h-cp-̄ n-b-Xpw

kzm-an-{i-a-¶-h-·m-sc {Z-hn-¸n-¨Xpw

Xp-S§n-b h-cn-I-fpw `-{Z-Zo-]-{]-Xn-jvT-Xr -̧Sn Zm-\w F-¶n-h-sb-¡p-

dn-̈ pÅ ]cm-aÀi-§fpw amÀ-̄ m-Þ-hÀ-½-bp-sS k-a-Im-en-I-

\m-bn-cp-¶p A-t±-lw F-¶v sXfnbn-¡p-¶p−v. kzm-\p-̀ -h-̄ n-sâ

NqSpw a-Whpw B-Ir-Xn-sb [-\y-am-¡p¶p. eo-emh-Xn So-̈ À I-Y-

bp-sS D-̄ -cmb-\w C§-s\ D-]-kw-l-cn-¡p¶p. “hm-cyÀ Xncn-¨v

\m-«n-se¯pw ap³-]v A-hn-sS \-sÃm-cp ho-Sv ]-Wn-bn- v̈ sIm-Sp-

¯p.” GXmbmepw a-t\m-l-cam-b H-cp h-©n-̧ m-«mWv Ip-te-N-

hr¯w. `m-K-h-X-{]kn²am-b kp-Zm-am-hn-sâ I-Y-bm-WnXv. Zm-cn-

{Zw sIm-−p s]m-dp-Xn-ap«n-b kpZmam-hv F-¶ Z-cn-{Z--{_m-ÒW³

155

(Ip-tNe³) ]-Xv-\n-bp-sS \nÀ-t±-i-a-\p-k-cn- v̈ {io-Ir-j-v-W³ F-¶ X-

sâ ]-g-b k-XoÀ-°y-s\ Im-Wm³ Zzm-c-I-bn-te-¡v bm-{X-bm-bn.

{io-Ir-jv-W³ k-t´m-j-t¯m-sS Iq-tNe-s\ kzo-I-cn- v̈ kÂ-¡-cn-

¡p¶Xpw Xp-SÀ-¶v X-sâ Zn-hy-iàn-sIm-−v Iq-tNe-s\ k-¼¶-

\m-Ip-¶-Xp-am-Wv IY.

amd-s¯ hn-bÀ-¸p-sh-Åw sIm-−v \mdpw k-XoÀ-°y-s\

am-d-̄ p¬-a-tbm-Sv tNÀ-̄ v Km-Uw ]p-WÀ¶p.

F-¶ h-cn-IÄ k-XnÀ-°y-kv-t\-l-̄ n-sâ kÀ-Æ-Im-en-I-am-b am-Xr-

I-bmWv. Zmcn{Zy Zpx-J-sa-¶-kzm-\p-̀ -h-̄ n-sâ ]-Ým¯-ew Ir-Xn-

¡v A-km-[m-c-Wam-b ‘lrZ-b{Z-hn-I-c-W£a-X’ \Â-Ip¶p. Ip-

tN-e-hr-̄ -̄ n-\p-]pd-ta In-cmXw, \-f-NcnXw, hym-tkmÂ-̧ ¯n,

A-Pm-an-f-tam-£w Xq-S§n-b A-t\-Iw h-©n-¸m-«p-IÄ D−m-bn-

«p−v. \-tXm-¶-X-bm-Wv h-©n-̧ m-«n-Â D-]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶ {][m-\

hr¯w.

hnÃ-Sn-̈ m³ ]m-«v:þ hnÃ-Sn-¨m³ ]m-«n-s\-¡p-dn- v̈ sX-¡³ Xn-cp-hn-

Xmw-Iq-dnÂ {]Nmc-̈ n-cn-¡p-¶ Hcp sF-Xnlyw C-{]-Im-c-am-Wv. Ip-

cp-t£-{X -bp-²-̄ n-\p-ti-jw AÀ-Öp-\\pw {io-Ir-jv-W\pw Iq-

Sn AÀ-Öp\-sâ hnÃv sh-̈ v A-½³ I-Y ]mSn (tZ-hn-bp-am-bn _-

Ô-s -̧« ]m«v) B hnÃv sh -̈Xv [-\p-h-̈ -]p-cw F-¶ Ø-e-̄ m-bn-

cp-¶p-h-s{X. ]p-e-h-·mÀ (hnÃ-Sn-̈ m³ ]m-«p ]m-Sp-¶ kw-L-̄ n-sâ

X-eh³) hniz-kn-¡p-¶ I-Y-bm-Wn-Xv hnÃv sIm-«n Xm-fw ]n-Sn-̈ v D-Ñ-

Øm-bn-bn-te-¡v \mZ-apbÀ-¯n A-hÀ ]m-Sn c-kn-¸n-¡p¶p. ]p-e-h-

·mÀ Cu-iz-c-̀ -àn-bp-sS {]-Nm-c-IÀ am-{XaÃ, tZ-i-N-cn-{X-hp-am-bn

_-Ô-s -̧« ho-c-N-cn-{X-§fpw A-h-cp-sS ]m-«p-I-fnÂ {]-Ncn-¡-

s¸«p. sX-¡³ Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn-se A½³-tIm-hn-ep-I-fnÂ am-{X-

aÃ a[y-Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn-se Nn-e t£-{X-§-fnepw hnÃ-Sn-¨m³ ]m-«p-

IÄ ]-Xn-hp-−m-bn-cp¶p. hnÃv, IpSw, tImÂ F-¶o D-]-I-c-W-

156

§Ä D-]-tbm-Kn-¨mWv Cu ]m-«p-IÄ ]m-Sm-dp-ÅXv. hnÃnÂ c-−-ä-

¯p-tam, s\-Sp-\o-f¯ntem a-Wn-IÄ Xq-¡n-bn-«n-cn-¡pw. Iq-Sw tem-

l-\nÀ-½n-X-am-bn-cn-¡pw. A-Xn-sâ ap-Jw tXmÂ sIm-−v sIm-«n

A-S-̈ n-cn-¡pw. hen-b H-cp hnÃv ap-¶nÂ sh-̈ v a-[y-̄ nÂ {][m-\

]p-e-h-\pw C-cp-h-i¯pw a-äp ]m-«p-Imcpw C-cn-¸p-d-¸n-¡p¶p.

{][m-\ ]p-e-h-sâ c-−p-h-i¯pw C-cn-¡p-¶-hÀ c-−p-̀ m-K-am-bn

Xn-cn-ªm-Wv ]m-Sp-¶Xv. I-Y-bn-se H-tc `m-Kw X-s¶ C-cp-h-

i¯pw D-Å-hÀ ]m-Sp¶p. Hmtcm `m-K¯pw D-Å-hÀ a-dp-h-i-̄ p-

Å-h-sc-¡mÄ sa-̈ -am-I-W-sa-¶-hmin-tbm-sS-bm-Wv ]m-Sp-¶Xv. C-

S-bv-¡n-sS tNÀ-¡p-¶ ‘hn-cp-¯’¯n-em-Wv hnÃm-im-·mÀ A-h-cp-

sS hn-cp-Xv {]-ZÀ-in-̧ n-¡p-I. hnÃv ap-tJym-]-I-c-W-am-b-Xn\mem-Wv

hnÃ-Sn-̈ m³-]m-«v F-¶v t]À h-¶Xv. hn-Â-̧ m-«v F¶pw Nn-e-bnS-̄ v

]dbmdp−v.

X-¼n-cms\, s]cn-tbms\, N-́ -sam-̄ ]q-̧ -Sbpw

C¼-am tI-hn-f-bm-Snhm-tbm; C-X-̄ ]p-Xp-hm-X-̄ -¼n-cm-

s\

B-Sp-Inepw a-¶m B-Snhm-tbm, Nq-Sp-Inepw a-¶m Nq-

Snhmtbm

F-¶n-§-s\-bm-Wv A-h-bn-se coXn. ]m-«p-IÄ-¡v H-¶n-e-[n-Iw

]mT-§Ä -D−v. A£-cm-̀ ym-kw CÃm-̄ -h-cm-bn-cp-¶p B-Zy-

Ime-s¯ ]m-«p-ImÀ. tI-«p ]Tn v̈ HmÀ½-bnÂ kq-£n-̈ mWv

AhÀ A-Sp-̄ X-e-ap-d-bv-¡v ]m-«p-IÄ ssI am-dn-bn-cp-¶Xv.

AXp-sIm-−v ]m-T-t`-Z-§Ä km-[m-c-W-amWv. Xmfn-tbm-e ap-

¶nÂ sh-̈ v AXnÂ t\m-¡n ]m-Sp-¶ co-Xn “G-Sv sh- v̈ ]m-Sp-I”

]nÂ-¡me-̄ v \n-e-hnÂ h¶p. ]-e-t¸mgpw ]m-Sp-¶-h-cp-sS XmÂ-]-

cy-a-\p-k-cn- v̈ h-cn-IÄ cq-]-s -̧Sp-̄ n-bn-cp-¶-Xn\mÂ ]m-«p-IÄ G-

I IÀ-̄ r-I-am-sW-¶v ]-d-bm-\m-hnÃ. hn-cp-̄ -̄ n-em-Wv hnÃm-im-

157

·mÀ A-h-cp-sS hn-cp-Xv {]-I-Sn-̧ n-¡p-I. Np-cp-¡-̄ nÂ H-cp k-aq-

l-̄ n-sâ c-N-\bpw A-Xn-sâ k-¼-̄ p-am-Wv hnÃ-Sn-¨m³ ]m-

«pIÄ. hn-cp-̄ hpw ]m«pw tNcp¶ km-[m-c-W-co-Xn-bnÂ \n-¶v hy-

Xy-kv-X-ambn, K-Zyhpw ]-Zyhpw I-eÀ-¶ coXn-bp-ap-−v hnÃ-Sn-̈ m³

]m-«nÂ. ]m-«v a-e-bm-f-̄ n-sâ a-W-ap-ÅXpw K-Zy-̀ m-Kw Xan-gp-am-bn-

cn-¡pw.

]m-«p km-ln-Xy-̄ n-\v C-Xn-lm-k- ]q-cm-W-m-Zn-I-fn-eq-sS-bp-Å h-

fÀ-̈ bpw ]SÀ¨bpw

“kw-kv-Ir-X-km-ln-Xy-̄ nÂ \n-¶v I-Sw sIm-−v k-¼-¶-

am-bn-«nÃm-̄ Hscmä B-[p\n-I `m-cXo-b `m-j-bp-anÃ. C-Xn-Â a-

e-bm-fw {]-tXy-In¨pw kw-kv-IrX-̀ m-jtbm-Sv I-S-s¸-«n-cn-¡p¶p.”

{]-kn-² {Zmhn-U `m-jm-]-Þn-X-\m-bn-cp¶ tUm. sI. Fw tPmÀ-

Öv ‘tZ-io-b sF-Iyhpw km-ln-Xy-Im-c-·mcpw’ F-¶ te-J-\-

¯nÂ {]-kv-Xm-hn -̈Xv A£-cw {]-Xn i-cn-bmWv. a-e-bm-f-km-ln-

Xyw, hn-ti-jn¨pw ]m-«p-km-ln-Xyw h-fÀ-¶Xpw ]p-ãn-s]-«Xpw kw-

kv-Ir-X-̀ m-j-bn-se C-Xn-lm-k-]p-cm-W-§-fp-sS hn-hÀ-¯-\-̄ n-eq-

sS-bmWv. F-¶mÂ C-h-sbm¶pw tIh-ew ]-Zm-\p-]-Z-hn-hÀ-̄ -\-

am-bn-cp-¶nÃ. C-Xn-lm-k-Im-hy-§Ä `m-j-bn-te-¡m-¡n-b-t¸mÄ I-

Ym-]m{X-§-fp-sSbpw Ø-e-§-fp-sSbpw t]-cp-IÄ `u-Xn-I-hpw,

ZmÀ-i-\n-Ihpw B-ßo-b-hpam-b Nn-́ I-sf kq-Nn-̧ n-¡p-¶ ]-

Z§Ä, hÀ®w (Phoneme), iÐw (Morphene), ]Zw (Word), k-Ôn,

]-Z-L-S-\m-co-Xn F-¶o hym-I-c-W-Im-cy-§Ä Ch-sbÃmw a-ebm-f

`m-j-bn-te-¡v ]-IÀ-̄ -s¸«p. ‘`m-jm-kw-kv-IrX-tbmKw’ F-{X

am{Xw {]-_-e-ambn-cp-¶p-sh-¶v eo-em-Xne-Iw F-¶ a-Wn-{]-hm-f-hym-

I-c-W-{K-Ùw sX-fn-bn-¡p¶p. Cu `m-jm-kw-kv-Ir-X-tbm-K-̄ n-sâ

158

-̂e-am-bp-−m-b a-Wn-{]-hm-f-ssi-en-bp-sS D-̄ -aamb amXr-I

\mw Im-Wp-¶Xpw Xp©- v̄ F-gp-̄ Ñ-sâ Ir-Xn-I-fn-emWv.

F-gp-̄ -Ñ³:þ Xp-©-̄ v F-gp-̄ Ñ-sâ kw-̀ mh-\ H-ä-hm-¡nÂ ]-

d-ªmÂ B-[p-\n-I-a-e-bm-f-̄ n-sâ kr-ãn-bmWv. ‘`m-j-]n-Xmhv’

F¶ ssIc-fn IÂ-]n¨p-sIm-Sp-̄ _-lpa-Xn tIh-ew H-cp hym-P-

kv-Xq-Xn-b-sÃ-¶v B kw-̀ m-h-\-I-fn-eq-sS I-S¶p-t]mIp-t¼mÄ

t_m-[y-s¸Spw \-½p-sS `m-jm-km-ln-Xy-N-cn-{X-Im-c-·m-cnÂ Nn-eÀ

Fgp-̄ -Ñ³ h-ln-̈ ]-¦n-s\ -̧än A-Xn-i-tbm-àn ]-cam-b ]-e {]-

kv-Xm-h-\-I-fpw \-S-̄ p-I-bp-−mbn. `m-jm-hn-j-bIam-b A-t±-l-

¯n-sâ kw-̀ m-h-\I-sf Ir-Xy-ambn tc-J-s -̧Sp-̄ m³ I-gn-bm-sX

A-hÀ C-cp-«nÂ X¸n. B-cy F-gp-̄ v A-£-c-ame-bnÂ DÂ-s -̧

Sp¯n. a-Wn-{]-hm-f-̀ m-jm-co-Xn ]m-«nÂ \-S-̧ n-em¡n. a-e-bm-f-̄ n-\v

H-cp am-Xr-I-̀ m-j -{]-Zm-\w sN-bv-Xp F-¶n§-s\ ]-e _-lp-a-Xn-

Ifpw F-gp-̄ Ñ-sâ I-W-¡nÂ DÄ-s¸-Sp¯n. C-hbn-sem-

s¡bpw `m-Kn-Iam-b k-Xy-§-fp−v. AXns\¡msfÃmw D-]-cn-

bm-bn A-t±-lw a-e-bm-fn-I-fp-sS a-\-ÊnÂ D-d-§n-¡n-S-¶ am-\p-jn-

I-hpw, B-²ym-ßn-I-hpam-b hn-Im-c§-sf sXm-«p-WÀ-̄ n Im-hy-

]m-cm-b-W-̄ n-eq-sS t\-tS-− B-ß-kw-kv-¡c-Ww A-t±-lw

FÃ-mh-cnepw F-̄ n¨p-sIm-Sp-̄ -XmWv. k-ap-l-̄ n-sâ A-t_m-

[-X-e-̄ n-se B-́ -cn-I-Xr-jv-W-IÄ t]mepw B-hm-Mv-a-b-̄ n-eq-

sS B-hn-jv-¡-cn-¡-s -̧«p, `-àn-sb-¶ hn-Im-cw tI-h-eam-b H-cp

hnt[-bXz-tam, B-cm-[\-a-t\m-̀ m-htam am-{X-aÃ i-àn-a¯m-b H-

cp au-en-I-tNm-Z-\-bmWv. t£-{X-ZÀi-\w sIm-t−m, t£-{X-{]-Z-

£n-Ww tImt−m \m-a-k-¦oÀ¯-\w sImt−m am{Xw Xr-]v-Xn-b-S-

bp-¶ H-¶Ã B `-àn-̀ m-hw. A-Xv B-ßm-hn-sâ hntam-N-\-Xz-c-

bmWv. B hn-tam-N-\-k-¦Â-]-§Ä-¡m-Wv F-gp-̄ Ñ³ DuÀ-

Öw ]IÀ-¶Xv. H-cp hyàn-tbm, B-i-b-kw-ln-Xtbm H-cp kp-

159

hy-h-Øn-Xn hm-Kv-Zm-\w sN-¿p-t¼mÄ A-Xn-s\ ]n³Xp-S-cp-I-sb¶-

Xv H-cp P-\-X-bp-sS A-̀ n-em-j-am-Wv. tIc-f-̄ n-ep-S-\o-fw {]-N-cn-

¡p-I-bpw, \n-Xy-]m-cm-b-W-¯n-\v a-e-bm-fn-IÄ Xn-c-sª-Sp-¡p-

Ibpw sNbvX B Ir-Xn-I-fp-sS kÀ-Æm-Zr-Xam-b Aw-Kn-Imwcw

Cu {]-h-W-X-bp-sS D-̄ -a Zr-ãm- -́amWv. A-t±-lw a-e-bm-fn-IÄ-

¡v H-cp `-à-I-hn-am-{X-am-bn-cp¶nÃ B-Nm-cy-\m-bn-cp¶p.

Xm³ Xm³ \n-c -́cw sN-¿p-¶ IÀ-½-§Ä

Xm³ Xm³ A-\p-̀ -hn-̈ o-SpI-t¶ h-cq

F-¶ h-cn-I-fn-se k-·mÀ-t¤m-]-tZiw,

t`m-K-§-sfÃmw £-W-{]-̀ m-N©-ew

th-tK-\-\-ã-amam-bp-Êp-tamÀ-¡ \o

F-¶ h-cn-I-fn-se B-²ymßn-I Z-i-\-hpw,

]mÙÀ-s]-cp hgn-b _-ew X-¶n-te

Xm-́ -cm-bv Iq-Sn hn-tbm-Kw hcpw t]mse

F-¶n-§-s\-bp-Å ZoÀ-L- s\-Sp-hoÀ-̧ p-IÄ C-h-sbÃmw a-e-bm-f-n-

bp-sS a-\-ÊnÂ tIm-dn-bn-« Nn-{X-§-fmWv. ssI-c-fn-bp-sS I-Y-

bnÂ {io F³. Ir-jv-W-̧ n-Å {]kvXm-hn-¡p¶-Xp t]m-se “C-{X-

am{Xw im- -́hpw, L-\-Kw-̀ o-c-hpw, ip-t²m-̀ mchpw B-ßm-hn-sâ

A-Km-[-X-bnÂ \n-¶v D-b-cp-¶-Xpw, B-Zy-́ w C-S-cm-¯Xpw B-

ß-i-àn- kv-]p-c-̄ pam-b i-Ðw a-e-bm-fw ap³-]v tI-«n-cp-¶nÃ”.

A-sX At±lw a-X-kw-kv-¡m-c-X-Xn-sâ B-Nm-cy-\m-bn-cp¶p.

B Po-hnX-s¯ Nq-än¸-än H-«-t\-Iw I-YIÄ, XÀ-¡-hn-XÀ-

¡-§Ä, D-bÀ-¶p-h¶p. G-Xp a-lm-sâbpw Po-hn-X-s¯-¡p-dn¨pw

C¯-cw A-Ûp-X-I-Y-IÄ {]Ncn¡m-Xn-cn-¡nÃ. F-¶mÂ B Pn-h-

X-t¯bpw Ir-Xn-I-tfbpw Ip-dn- v̈ A-̀ n-{]mb-hy-Xym-k-anÃm-sX

FÃm-hcpw Aw-Kn-I-cn-¡p-¶ Nn-e Im-cy-§Ä am{Xw \ap¡v kzn-I-

cn-¡mw.

160

1) a-e-̧ p-dw PnÃ-bn-se Xn-cqÀ ]-«-W-̄ nÂ \n-¶v AÂ-]w AI-¶v

Im-W-s -̧Sp¶ Xp-©³-]-d-¼m-Wv A-t±-l-̄ n-sâ P-·-Ø-ehpw

IÀ-½-̀ q-an-bpw.

2) A-½ \m-bÀ hn-̀ m-K-̄ nÂ-s]-« H-cp kv-v{Xo-bmW.v

3) kz-Ip-Spw-_-̄ n-se tPymjvT k-tlm-Z-c\m-b cm-am-\m-Wv B-Zy-

Kp-cp-\mY³

4) ]m-e-¡m-Sv PnÃ-bn-se Nn-äq-cnÂ tim-I-\m-in-\n-̧ p-g-bp-sS (`m-c-

X¸pg) Xo-c-̄ v Hcp aTw Øm-]n-¡p-Ibpw A-́ y-Im-ew A-hn-sS

I-gn-¨p-Iq-«p-Ibpw sN-bvvXp.

5) k-\ym-k-Xp-eyam-b H-cp Po-hn-X-am-Wv \-bn-¨n-cp-¶-Xv. [m-cm-fw

bm-{X sN-¿p-Ibpw ]-c-tZ-i-§-fnÂ \n-¶v ]m-ÞnXyw t\-Sp-

Ibpw sN-bvXp.

6) A-²ym-ß cm-am-b-Whpw {io a-l-̀ m-c-X-hp-am-Wv A-t±-lw c-Nn-

-̈sX-¶v \nÊwibw ]-d-bm-hp-¶ Ir-Xn-IÄ

C-h-bv-¡v ]pd-sa G-I-tZ-iw ]-Xn-aq-t¶m-fw Ir-Xn-I-fp-sS

IÀ-̄ pXzw Fgp¯Ñ-\v h-I-sh-̈ v \Â-In-«p−v. A-h-bnÂ Nne-Xv

A-t±-l-̄ n-sâ-Xm-bn-cn¡mw AÃm-bn-cn-¡mw. G-Xm-bmepw A-tZ-

Z-l-̄ n-sâ c-N-\-bp-sS Np-h-Sp-]n-Sn-̈ v C-{X-b[nIw Ir-Xn-IÄ \n-À-

½n-¡-s -̧«p F-¶-XpX-s¶ B- {]-Xn-̀ -bp-sS A-\ym-ZriXzw sXfn-

bn-¡p-¶p.B `m-jm-co-Xn a-e-bm-f-̄ n-se ]m-«p-km-ln-Xy-̄ n-sâ

N-cn-{X-̄ nÂ H-cp \-h-bp-Kw kr-ãn¨p. a-e-bm-f-̄ nÂ {]-Nm-cw

t\Sn-b kw-kv-Ir-X-]-Z-§fpw ip²am-b a-e-bm-f-]-Z-§fpw B-

IÀ-jI-am-bn k-a-\z-bn-¸n¨p. AXp-sIm-−m-Wv Ipªn-Ip-«³ X-

¼q-cm³

\-aq-s¡-gp-̄ -Ñ-s\-Sp-̄ `m-jm

{I-a-IW-t¡ icWw

161

F-¶v {]-kv-Xm-hn-̈ Xv. ]p-cm-W-I-YI-sf k-Zm-Nm-c{]-tNm-Z-\-I-

chpw k-·mÀ-t¤m-]tZ-i-I-chpw B-b X-c-̄ nÂ {]-Xn-]m-Zn¨p.

A-t±-l-̄ n-sâ Po-hn-X-Ime-s¯ kmaq-ly-Øn-Xn H«pw B-im-

ky-am-bn-cp-¶nÃ. H-cp hi-̄ v a-Wn-{]-hm-f-Im-hy-§fnÂ Im-Wp-¶

X-c-̄ n-epÅ ssewKn-I A-cm-P-I-Xz-hpw- a-dp-hi- v̄ A-d-_n-

IfpsSbpw t]mÀ-̈ p-Ko-kp-Im-cp-sSbpw I-S-¶ph-c-thm-sS i-àn-

s -̧« \m-Sp-hm-gn-IfpsS In-S-a-Õ-chpw tI-cfn-b Po-hnX-s¯ A-

kz-Ø-am-¡n-s¡m-−n-cp¶p. Cu ]Ým-̄ -e-̄ n-em-Wv A-²ym-ß-

cm-am-b-Whpw a-lm-̀ m-c-Xhpw c-Nn-¡-s -̧Sp-¶Xv.

14þmw \q-äm-−nÂ B-{Ô-bnÂ Po-hn-̈ n-cp¶ t_m-]-tZ-

h³ F-¶ `-à-I-hn-bp-sS c-N-\-bm-Wv- kw-kv-Ir-X-̀ m-j-bn-ep-Å

A-²ym-ß-cm-amb-Ww aq-ew. (Fgp-̄ Ñ³ B Ir-Xn A-¼-e-̧ p-g-

cm-Pm-hv k-½m-\n- -̈Xm-sW-¶v Hcp sF-Xn-ly-ap-−v). A-²ym-ß-cm-

amb-Ww aq-e-̄ nÂ D-̄ -c-Im-Þ-apÄ¸sS 64 kÀ-¤-§-fn-embn

4310 tÇm-I-§-fp−v. A-Xns\ 7736 Cu-c-Sn-I-fn-em-¡n-bn-cn-¡p-I-

bm-Wv F-gp-̄ Ñ³. AXv G-sd-¡p-sd H-cp A-\p-]-Z XÀ-Ö-a-

bm-sW-¦nepw F-gp-̄ Ñ-sâ hy-àn-ap-{Z ]-e-bn-S¯pw Im-Wmw.

aq-e-̄ nÂ a-tÞmZ-cn knX-sb D-]-{Z-hn-¡m-sX sh-dp-sX hn-S-W-

sa-¶v

Xy-ssP\mw am-\p-jnw-Znlmw

Zpx-JnXmw Ir-]-Wm-Iriw

F-¶v cmh-W-t\m-S-t]-£n-¡p-¶ `m-Kw F-gp-̄ -Ñ³ hn-I-kn-̧ n-

¡p¶-Xv t\m¡pI

Xy-P-a-\-pP-X-cp-Wn-sb sbm-cp-S-b-h-cp-sa-¶n-tb

Zo-\-bm-bv Zpx-Jn- -̈Xn-h-Ir-im-TKn-bm-bv

]-Xn-hn-c-l-]-c-i-X-sbm-Sp-an-l-]-cm-e-tb

]mÀ¯pw ]Xn-{h-X-am-ew-¼y-cmL-hw

162

]-I-en-chpw \n-in-N-cn-IÄ ]-cp-j-hN-\w tI-«p

]-cw-h-iw-sI-«n-cn-¡p-¶-Xp-an-hÄ

Zp-cn-X-an-Xn-e[n-I \-ln \-ln ZpÀ½-tX

Zp-jv-¡nÀ-̄ n tNX-t½ hcpw ho-c]pw kmhntZm

a-tÞm-Z-cn-bp-sS kv-{Xo-k-l-Pam-b Im-cp-Wyhpw cm-h-W-\n-ep-Å

I-cp-Xepw B hcn-I-fnÂ [z-\n-¡p¶p. A-h-Xm-c-]p-cp-j\pw hoc-

]p-cp-j\pw B-Ip-¶-tXm-sSm¸w a\p-jy-km-[m-c-Wam-b Kp-W-

§Ä Iq-Sn DÄ-s¡m-Åp-¶ I-Ym-\m-b-I-\m-Wv F-gp-¯Ñ-sâ {io-

cma³. H-cp Zr-ã-I-Ym-]m-{Xam-b cm-h-W³ t]mepw A-́ n-a-]-cm-P-

b-s¯bpw hn-[n-tbbpw \n-À-̀ -b-\m-bn t\-cn-Sp-¶ ho-c-]p-cp-j-\m-

bn Nn-{Xn-I-cn-I-cn-¡-s¸-«n-cn-¡p-¶p. AXp-t]mse “cm-a-kyZq-tXm-

l/a-]m-c-hn-{I-a” F-¶ aq-e-̄ n-se ipjv-¡am-b l\p-am-sâ ]-

cnNb-s -̧Sp-̄ Â F-gp-̄ -Ñ-\n-se-̄ p-t¼mÄ

\n-\-hr-X-h-a-\-kn- s]-cp-Xps]-cp-sX-s{Xbpw \-¶ \o

\n-t¶m-sSXn-scm-cp \q-dp-\q-dm-bn-cw

c-P-\n-N-c-]-Xn-I-fm-bv sR-fn-tªm-cp

cm-h-W·m-scm-cp-an-s -̈XnÀ-¯n-Snepw

\n-b-X-a-Xp-½ sN-dp-hn-cÂ¡p-t]m-cm

\o-sb-́ p-sN-¿p-¶-sX-t¶m-Sp I-iva-e

F-¶ l-\p-am-sâ D-²-X-̀ m-j-W-am-bn am-dp¶p. A-Øm-\-̄ p-Å

hÀ-®-\-IÄ D-t]-£n¨pw hy-Ym-Øq-eam-b `m-K-§Ä kw-t£-

]n¨pw A-e-¦m-cw th-−nS-̄ v am{Xw D-]-tbm-Kn¨pw A-t±-lw H-cp

hn-hÀ-̄ -\aÃ, \-hn-\am-b H-cp Im-hy-inÂ-]-am-Wv ]-Wn-Xp-sh-̈ Xv.

hym-k-̀ m-c-X-am-Im-s« H-t¶-¡mÂ e-£w tÇm-I-§-fnÂ

B-bn-c-t¯m-fw D-]m-Jym\-§-tfm-Sp-Ip-Sn ]-c-¶p-In-S-¡p-¶ H-cp

_rl-Xv Ir-Xn-bmWv. A-Xn-sâ kw-t£]-Ww H-cn-¡epw A-\m-kq-

{Xn-Xtam bm-{´n-Itam B-bn-cp-¶n-sÃ-¶v tUm-. F³ ap-Ip-µ³

163

A-t±-l-̄ n-sâ K-th-j-W-{]-_-Ô-̄ nÂ k-Ym-]n-¡p-¶p−v. B-

²ym-ßn-I-{]-[m-\y-ap-Å H-cp ssi-en-bn-eÃ `m-c-X-kw-{Klw. `àn,

Úm-\, [À-t½m-]-tZ-iw H-cp Ir-Xn-bn-eq-sS F-{X {]-tbm-P-\-I-

chpw hn-in-ã-X-c-hp-am-¡m³ I-gnbpw F-¶-Xn-\v \n-kv-Xp-eam-b Zr-

ã-́ -am-Wv a-lm-̀ m-cXw; F-gp-̄ -Ñ³ H-cp I-hn-sb-¶-XnÂ I-hn-

ªv B-Nm-cy-\m-bn am-dp-¶-Xn-\p-Zm-_-c-W-am-Wv ]-cm-i-c-k-Xyh-

Xn kw-tbm-Kw [À-½-{`-ã-\m-bn Zp-cm-N-c-\m-bn A-[-]-Xn-¡p-¶ ]-

cm-i-c-ap-\n-bp-sS Nn{Xw A-t±-lw A-h-X-cn-¸n-¡p¶-Xv t\m¡p.

F-́ n-\p- ]-d-bp-¶p sh-dp-tX ]-e-hn-[w

_-Ô-tam-£-§-fp-sS t`-Zw I-s−m-cp am-ap-\n

\-sÃm-cp XoÀ-°-Zq-X-bm-bp-Å b-ap-\-bnÂ

FÃmcpw Ip-fn-¨p-̄ p k-Ôy-sb h-µo-¡p-t¼mÄ

a-Õy-K-Ônbmb ssI-hÀ-¯-I-\y-sb

a-Õy-tI-X-\-i-c-ta-äp ]pÂ-In-\mÂ

A-¶ph-sc tIc-fw tIÄ-¡m-Xn-cp-¶ H-cp A-̀ n-Pm-X-kz-c-am-Wv

B Im-hy-̄ nÂ \mw tI-«Xv. “a-e-bm-f-̄ nÂ al-̄ v F-¶ hn-

tij-Ww a-säm-cp Ir-Xn-sb-¡mfpw AÀ-ln-¡p¶-Xv F-gp-̄ Ñ-

sâ I-hn-X-bv-¡-t{X” -{]-ikv-X ]-Þn-X\m-b sI. hn Fw A`n-{]m-

b-s -̧Sp¶p. a-l¯m-b G-XpIm-cy-hpw, hn-Im-c-hpw, h-kv-Xp-Xbpw

hÀ®n-¡m-\p-Å ti-jn a-e-bm-f-̄ n-\p-s−-¶-t±-lw sX-fn-bn-¨p

sIm-Sp¯p. {]XnP-\-̀ n-¶am-b a-\p-jy-am-Xr-I-IÄ {]-Xy-£-s¸-

Sp¶ `m-c-XI-Y-t]m-se {]-Xn-̀ m-im-enbm-b H-cp I-hn-bv-¡v X-s¶

Im-hy ss\-]p-Wn {]-I-Sn-̧ n-¡m³ ]änb asämcp C-Xn-hr-̄ -anÃ

Xsâ. hocw, cu-{Zw, `-bm-\Iw, A-ÛpXw, _n-̀ Õw, _mkyw,

IcpWw, im´w, irw-Km-cw Xp-S-§n-sb FÃm c-k-§-fp-sSbpw

B-hn-jv-I-c-W-̄ n\v k-aÀ-°-am-Wv A-t±-l-̄ n-sâ Xq-en-I.

Nc-X-sam-Sp s]m-cp-h-Xn-\p hcn-I h-cn-Imiq \n

164

Nm-Im-̄ \m-fÃ Rm\pw ]n-d¶-Xv

Xp-S§n-b [o-cam-b shÃp-hn-fn-I-fpw,

sasÃ sa-sÃ {I-a-̄ m-se-bv-¡v F-b-X B-Sp-̄ ÃÂ

a-dp-X-e-¡p-s−-¶v I-s−-t¸mÄ BÀ-̄ p

]-Zv-a-hyq-l-a-t¡m-sS t`-Zn¨p

Xp-S§n-b bp-²-tLm-j-§fpw A-t±-l-̄ n-sâ h-cn-I-fnÂ `-{Z-

amWv. _o`-Õ-X I-fn-bm-Sp-¶ `o-a, Zp-Èm-k-\-bp-²w IÃn-s\ t]m-

ep-a-en-bn-¡p-¶ Km-Ôm-cn-hn-em-]w A§n-s\ F-Sp-̄ p-²-cn-¡m³

Xp-S-§n-bmÂ A-h-km-\-anÃm-̄ N-aÂ-¡m-cw \ndªp-\n-Â-¡p-

¶ h-cn-IÄ. H-cp Im-e-L-«n-̄ n-sâ ap-gp-h³ D-WÀ-̈ ¡pw

DbÀ¨¡pw Im-c-W-¡m-c\m-b B -bp-K-]p-cp-j-s\-bÃm-sX \mw

B-sc `m-jm-]nXmsh-¶v hn-fn-¡pw.?

]q-́ m\w: `-àn H-cp P-\-Io-b-{]-Øm-\-am-¡n h-fÀ-¯nb N-cn-{X-

am-Wv ]q-´m-\-̄ n-sâ Po-h-N-cn-{Xw. taÂ-]-X-Xq-cn-sâbpw F-gp-

¯-Ñ-sâbpw k-a-Im-en-I-\mbncp¶ ]q-́ m-\-̄ n-\v ta-Â-]-̄ p-cn-

sâ kw-kv-Ir-X-]m-Þn-Xy-ta Xp-©-s¯-gp-̄ Ñ-sâ {]u-U-Kw-̀ n-

cam-b `m-jtbm ssI-h-i-anÃm-bn-cp¶p. `-àn-bm-bn-cp-¶p {]-[m-

\-̀ mhw. hÀ-®-ssh-hn-[y-§-fnÃ, i_-Z-tIm-em-l-e-§-fnÃ, H-cpX-

cw G-I-kzc-X-sb-¶v th-W-sa-M-InÂ B-tcm-]n-¡mw. ZoÀ-L-Ir-Xn-

I-sf-¡mÄ e-Lpkv-t{Xm-{X-§-fm-Wv Iq-SpXÂ. B-\-µ-\r¯w,

L-\-kwLw, Z-im-h-Xm-c-kv-t{Xm-{X-§Ä, hma-]p-tc-i-IoÀ-̄ -\-

§Ä F-¶n-§-s\-bp-Å H«-\h-[n IoÀ-̄ -\-§Ä A-t±-l-̄ n-

sâ-Xm-bn {]-N-cn-¡-s -̧«n-«p−v. a-e-¸p-dw PnÃ-bn-se s]-cn-́ Â-a-®

Xm-eq-¡nÂ DÄ-s -̧« Io-gm-äqÀ ]-©m-b-̄ n-se s\-·n-\n Aw-i-

¯n-em-Wv ]q-́ m-\w CÃw. Po-hn-X-Imew 1547þ1640. G-I-tZ-iw

sXm-®q-dp-hb-Êv h-sc Po-hn-̈ p-sh-¶v {io-Ir-jv-W-IÀ-®m-ar-X-

¯nse Cu h-cn-IÄ

165

Xz-¶m-a-k-¦oÀ-̄ -\-sa-®n-sb-®n

sXm-®p-d-Sp-̄ p-]-cn-hÕ-cw ta

A-t±-l-̄ n-sâ Po-hn-X-hp-am-bn _-Ô-s¸-«v H-«-\h[n sF-Xn-ly-

§Ä \n-e-hn-ep−v. a-lmI-hn h-Å-t¯mÄ X-s¶ ]q-́ m-\-

t¯bpw taÂ-]-̄ q-cn-s\bpw _-Ô-s¸Sp¯n sIm-−p-Å ‘`-

ànbpw hn-̀ -I-Xn-bpw’ F-¶ t]-cnÂ H-cp I-hn-Xb-pw ]q´m\-

s¯ Kp-cp-hm-bq-c-̧ ³ a-§m-«-̈ -\m-bn ‘A-h-X-cn-̧ n v̈’ I-Å-·m-

cnÂ \n-¶v c£-s -̧Sp-̄ n-b-Xn-s\ hn-h-cn-¡p¶ B tam-Xn-cw F-¶

I-hn-Xbpw c-Nn-̈ n-«p−v. B Po-hn-Xw Zp-cn-X-§-fp-sS H-cp \o-−-

tLm-j-bm-{X-bm-bn-cp¶p. Bäq-t\m-äp-−m-b D-®n tNm-dq¬ Znh-

kw A-Xn-Yn-Ifm-b A-´À-P-\-§-fp-sS h-kv-{X-§Ä-¡n-S-bnÂ-

s -̧«v a-c-W-s -̧Sp¶p. Zpx-Jw k-K-ln-¡-h-¿m-sX a-cn-̈ D-®n-sb a-Sn-

bnÂ InS-̄ n ]q-́ m-\w hn-e-]n-¡p¶p. H-Sp-hnÂ {`m- -́s\-t¸m-se

CÃw D-t]-£n-̈ v Kp-cp-hm-bq-cnÂ A -̀bw tX-Sp¶p. hÀj-§-tfm-

fw `mK-h-X hm-b-\-¡m-c-\m-bn Kp-cp-hm-bq-cnepw ]-cn-k-c¯pw

\m-a-k-¦nÀ-̄ -\hpw hm-b-\-bp-am-bn I-gn-¨p-Iq-«p¶p. {]mbm-

[nIyw A-h-im-\m-¡n-b-t¸mÄ Kp-cp-hm-bq-cnÂ \n-¶v I®-s\ I-

−v bm-{X ]d-ªv ]n-cn-bm³ Xo-cp-am-\n-̈ v bm-{Xm-\pa-Xn tNm-Zn-

¡p¶p. A-t¸mÄ `-K-hm³ ]q-́ m-\-̄ n-s\ kz-́ w P-·-tZi-̄ v

h-¶v I-−p-sIm-Åm-sa-¶v H-c-i-co-cn {in-e-I-̄ nÂ \n-¶p-−m-b-

s{X. Ip¶pw a-ebpw Ibdnbn-d-§n A-§m-Sn-̧ p-dw Xo-cp-am-Þw-

Ip-¶v t£{Xw ]n-¶n-«v CÃ-t¯-¡v \-S-¡p-¶-Xn-\n-S-bnÂ A-h-i-\m-

bn h-gn-bnÂ ho-Wp-sh-¶pw, `K-hm³ ]q-́ m-\-̄ n-sâ aq-¶nÂ {]-

Xy-£-s¸-«v Xm³ CÃ-̄ n-\-Sp-̄ v Iq-Sn-bn-cn-¡m-sa-¶v hm¡p-sIm-

Sp-̄ -s{X. Bcp-f¸m-«v tI-«v ]q-́ m-\w \nÀ-½n-̈ t£-{X-amWv hm-

a-]p-cm-[n-i-t£{Xw A-Y-h C-S-̄ v-]p-d-̄ -̧ ³ t£-{Xw. ]q-́ m-\-

166

¯n-sâ Po-hn-Xhpw `-àn-bp-am-bn _-Ô-s -̧«v C{-]-Im-cw Iptd

sF-Xn-ly-§Ä {]--Nm-c-̄ n-ep−v. ]n. tKm-hn-µ-̧ n-Å-bp-sS A-̀ n-

{]m-b-̄ nÂ B h-I sF-Xn-ly-§-sfÃmw I-hn-bp-sS km-[m-c-W-

¡mc-sâ Po-hn-X-t¯m-SpÅ BZn-ap-Jyw, ]mÞn-Xy-KÀÆn-t\m-Sp-

Å ]pÑw, a-e-bm-fn-I-fp-sS `m-j-tbmSpw hn-izm-k-t¯m-Sp-ap-Å

B-̀ n-ap-Jyw. C-h-sbÃmw sh-fn-s -̧Sp-̄ p-¶p hy-àn-Xz-¯n-sâ \m-

tSm-Sn ssi-en-bn-ep-Å B-hn-jv-¡-c-W-̄ n-sâ A-S-bm-f-§-fmWv.

]q-́ m-\-̄ n-sâ `-àn H-cp ssh-cm-Kn-bp-sS `-ànbÃ. Kr-

l-Øm-{i-a-Pn-hnX-s¯ A-t±-lw C I-gv-̄ p-¶nÃ.

A-án-km-£n-Wnbm-sbmcpk-h-Xv-\n-sb

kz-]v-\-̄ nÂ t]mepw Im-Wp-¶nÃm NneÀ

F-¶v N-©em-£n-I-fp-sS ho-Sp-I-fnÂ ‘Ip-©n-cma³’ I-fn-¡p-¶

hn-S-\-am-sc A-[n-t£-]n-¡p-¶p−v. IÀ-½-am-À¤-s¯ A-t±-lw C-

t]-£n-̈ nÃ. `-àn-sb-¶Xp-t]m-se ]q-́ m-\-̄ n-sâ I-hnX-sb

kzm-[o-\n¨ H¶mWv tim-Iw F-¶mÂ B tim-Iw At±-ls¯

Po-hn-X-\n-tj-[-̄ n-se-¡Ã Po-hn-X-̄ n-sâ AÀ-°w I-s−-̄ m-

\p-Å At\zj-W-̄ n-em-bv-¡m-Wv \-bn-¡p-¶Xv.

Ip-am-c-l-c-Ww]m-\ F-¶ B-Zy-s¯ Ir-Xn k-´m-\-

tKm]-ew I-Y-sb ASnØm-\-am-¡n-bp-Å-XmWv. ]p{Xa-c-W-§-

fnÂ Zpx-Jn-X\m-b H-cp {_mÒ-W-t\m-Sv A-t±-l-̄ n-sâ ]-̄ ma-

s¯ ]p{X-s\ Pn-h-t\m-Sv kw-c-£n-¡m-sa-¶v AÀ-Pp-\³ {io-Ir-

jvW-sâ I¬-ap-¶nÂ sh-̈ v GÂ¡p¶p. F-¶mÂ {]-k-h-̄ nÂ

B Iq-«n-bp-sS P-Ôw t]mepw Im-Wm-\m-bnÃ. AÀ-Öp-\³ ]-

cmP-bw k-½-Xn¨vv Xo-bnÂ Nm-Sn a-cn-¡m³ X-¿m-dm-Ip-¶ Cu ka-

bw {io-Ir-jv-W³ {]-Xy-£-s -̧«v AÀÖp\-s\ A-án-{]-th-i-̄ n-

Â \n-¶v c-£n-¡p-Ibpw {_m-ÒW-sâ Ip-«nI-sf A-t\z-jn-̈ v H-Sp-

hnÂ ssh-Ip-WvT-̄ n-se-¯p-Ibpw sN-¿p¶p. A-hÀ Iq-«nI-sf

167

ssh-Ip-WvT-̄ nÂ \n-¶v G-äp-hm-§n {_m-ÒW-s\ GÂ-]n-

¡p¶p. {io-Ir-jv-W `Khm-sâ Im-cp-Wyhpw AÀ-Öp-\-t\m-Sp-Å

{]-Xn-]-̄ nbpw Xn-cn-̈ -dn-ªv {_mÒW³ h-sc A\p-{K-ln-

¡p¶p. Po-hn-X-̄ n-sâ NqSpw sh-fn-̈ hpw \n-d-ªp-\nÂ-¡p-¶ Ir-

Xn-bmW-Xv ]p-{X-Zpx-J-̄ m-Â X-]n-¡p-¶ ]n-Xm-hn-sâ Nn-´I-sf

At¸mg-s¯ A-h-Ø \n-cq-]n-¸m³

sIÂ-]v t]m-cm \-ap-s¡-sâ ssZ-h-ta

F-¶n§-s\ XpS-§n

I-ã-sa-¶p-sS Iä¡n-Sm-hn-Xm

Zr-ãn \nÀ-̄ n-¡n-S-¡p¶ ssZhta

F-¶v B Zpx-J-Nn{Xw A-h-km-\n-̧ n-¡p-t¼mÄ kz-m\p-̀ -h-X-Xn-sâ

Xo-jv-W-X h-cn-I-fnÂ X-§n \nÂ-¡p-¶-Xm-bn Im-Wmw.

Úm-\-̧ m-\-bmI-s« Zpx-J-¯n-sâ Xo-̈ q-f-bnÂ \n-¶pZv-K-an-¡p-¶

X-Xz-Nn-́ -bm-Wv

C-¶se-tbm-f-sa-s -́¶-doWne

C--¶n -\m-sfbpw F-s´-¶-dn-bnÃ.

F-¶n§-s\ Po-hn-X-̄ n-sâ A-\n-Ýn-X-X-¡p-dn-̈ v DÂ-¡-WvT-s -̧Sp-

¶ H-cp lrZbw Cu-iz-c-hn-izm-k-̄ nÂ km-́ z-\w I-s−-̄ p¶p.

44 ]m-Z-§-fp-Å Cu ]m-\ `m-K-hXm-Zn-I-fn-se Bi-b-tem-I-s¯-

bm-Wv ]n³-Xp-S-cp-¶Xv.

\oÀ-t¸m-f-t]m-ep-sÅm-cp tZ-l¯nÂ

hoÀ-̧ p-am-{X-ap-−n§-s\ Im-Wp-¶p

HmÀ-̄ -dn-bm-sX ]m-Sp-s]Spw t\-cw

t\À-XXp-t]m-Ip-a-sX-t¶ ]-d-bmhq

F-¶n§-s\ A-Xn-K-l-\am-b Po-hn-X-Zu-Xy§-sf H-cp {]m-]-

©nI-sâ Po-hn-Xm-\p-̀ h-t¯m-Sv C-S I-eÀ-̄ n hn-h-cn-¡p-¶ ]q-

168

´m-\-̄ n-sâ co-Xn-¡v F-gp-¯Ñ-sâ hcnI-tf-¡mÄ lr-Z-b-kv-]À-

in-Xz-ap-s−-¶v k-½-Xn-s¨ Xocq.

]q-́ m-\-̄ n-sâ km-aq-ly-hn-a-À-i-\-̄ n-sâ H-cp {]-tXy-I-

X t±-lw Xm-\-S-¡-ap-Å-h-cp-sS A-[x-]-X-\-̄ n-sâ ]-¦v \n-tj-[n-

¡p-¶nÃ F-¶-XmWv. a-\p-jyP-·w \n-jv-̂ -e-am-¡n I-f-bp-¶-h-cp-sS

Iq-«-̄ nÂ Xm\pw DÄ-s¸Spw F-¶v kz-bw hnaÀi\w Úm-\-̧ m-

\-bp-sS A-́ x-Ê-̄ -bm-Wv kz-k-ap-dm-̄ n-sâ hr-̄ n-tISpIsf

At±-lw a-Sn Iq-Sm-sX Xp-d-s¶-XnÀ-¡p¶p.

{_m-ÒWyw sIm-−v Ip-´n- v̈ Ip-´n-̈ v

{_-Òmhpw X-\n-s¡m-Æm-sb-¶ NneÀ

F-¶n§-s\ h-Åp-h-\m-S³ ssi-en-bnÂ A-t±-lw \-¼q-Xn-cn-\m-

sc hn-aÀ-in-¡p¶p.

Ir-]- -Iq-Sm-sX ]o-Un-̧ n-̈ n-Sp-¶ \r-]³

N-s¯m-cp Ir-an-bm-bv ¸n-d-¡p¶p

F-¶v cm-Pm-¡-·mÀ-¡p-Å H-cp Xm-¡n-XmWv.

{]kn-²am-b IoÀ-̄ -\-§Ä \p-sä-«p-lcn,- L-\-kwLw,

B-\-µ-\r-̄ w F¶n-h-bm-Wv L-\-kw-Lw Xn-cp-am-Þmw-Ip-¶ne-

½. þ h-Åp-h-\m-Sn-sâ ]-c-tZ-h-X þsb Ip-dn-̈ p-Å IoÀ-̄ -\-am-Wv

`-{Z-Im-fn-bp-sS tI-im-Zn-]m-Z-hÀ-®-\-bm-WXv.

L-\-kw-L-an-S-bp-¶X-\p Im-́ n sXm-gp-t¶³

XpS-§n

C-¡-−-̀ qh-\w Im-s¯gpw \m-tY

sNmÂ-s¡m-−-Xn-cp-am-Þmw Ip-¶ne-t½ sXm-gp-t¶³

F-¶p h-sc. B-\-µ-\r-̄ w F-¶ kv-t{Xm{Xw

A-¼m-Sn X¶n-sem-cp-®n-bp-−§-s\

D-®n-¡v t]-cp-®n-Ir-jv-W-s\-¶-§ns\

169

F-¶v Xp-S-§p¶p. ]q-´m-\-¯n-\v sN-dp-tÈ-cn-sb-t¸m-se D-®n-Ir-

jv-W-t\m-Sm-Wv {]nbw þ “\-c-Isshcn-ssbw-c-hn-µm£-sâ sNdn-

b \mf-s¯ I-fn-I-tfm-Sm-W”v XmÂ- -̧cyw. P-\Io-b hr-̄ -̄ n-eq-

sS P-\-§-fn-te-¡v `-ànbpw K-l-\-Nn-´bpw F¯n-¨ a-e-bm-f-

¯n-se B-Zys¯ P\Io-b I-hn-bmWv ]q-́ m\w.

cm-a-]pc-̄ v hm-cyÀ:þ tIm«-bw PnÃ-bn-se ao-\-̈ nÂ Xm-eq-¡nÂ

DÄ-s -̧« cm-a-]q-cw F-¶ {Km-a-̄ n-se hm-cyÀ Ip-Spw-_-̄ n-se

Aw-K-am-bn-cp-¶ cm-a-]pc- v̄ hm-cnbÀ. Ip-tN-e-hr-¯w h-©n-̧ m-

«m-Wv A-t±-l-̄ n-sâ {]-kn-²-IrXn. Imhyw B-cw-̀ n-¡p¶-Xv ssh-

¡w a-lm-tZ-h-t£-{X-X-Xn-se A-¶-Zm-\am-b {]-Xm-en-s\ A-\p-

kvacn¨p -sIm-−mWv.

tIÂ-t]m-sSÃm P-\-§Ä¡pw tI-Sp-XoÀ-̄ -¡-h-®w

F-t¸mgp-a-¶-Zm-\hpw sN-bv-Xp-sN©ta

hm-cn-b-cp-sS `u-Xn-I-Zm-cn-{Zs¯ Iq-Sn kq-Nn-̧ n-¡p-¶ B h-cn-I-Ä-

¡v {]-tXy-I-X-bp−v. cm-a-]pc-̄ v hm-cn-bÀ C-u h-©n-¸m-«v k-aÀ-̧ n-

¨n-cn-¡p¶Xv 1729 apXÂ 1758 h-sc \mSphmW Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-IqÀ

a-lm-cm-Pm-hn-\mWv. A-t±-lw Ip-d-̈ p-Znh-kw ssh-¡w a-lm-tZ-h-

t£{X¯nÂ `-P-\-an-cp-¶-t¸m-Ä h-S-¡pw-IqÀ cm-Pm-hm-bn-cp¶

cm-a-]q-c-̄ v hm-cn-bsc amÀ-̄ m-Þ-h-À-½-¡v ]-cn-N-b-s -̧Sp-̄ n-

bXv. h-cn-bÀ A-Sn-b-d-sh-̈ tÇm-I-̄ neq-sS A-t±-l-̄ n-sâ I-hn-

Xm-km-a°yw a-\-Ên-em¡n-b amÀ-̄ m-Þ-hÀ-½ IqtNe-hr¯-I-

Y h-©n-̧ m-«v co-Xn-bnÂ F-gp-Xm³ B-h-iy-s¸«p. A-§n-s\-bm-Wv

Iq-tN-e-hr-̄ w h-©n-¸m-«n-sâ D-Zv-̀ hw. `m-K-h-X-I-Y-bn-se kp-Zm-am-

hn-s\-t¸mse (Ip-tNe³) Zm-cn-{Z-Zpx-Jw A-\p-̀ -hn-̈ n-cp-¶ hy-àn-

bm-bn-cp-¶ cm-a-]pc-̄ v hm-cyÀ. A-¡me-̄ v th-Wm-«nÂ ]-W-hy-

h-Ø i-àn-s -̧Sp-Ibpw ImÀ-jn-I-hn-f-IÄ-¡v s\Ãn-\p-aS-¡w hn-e

Ip-d-bp-Ibpw sN-b-vXn-cp-¶p. ]-W-anÃm-sX Po-hn-Xw ap-t¶m-«v

170

sIm−p-t]mIp-I {]-bm-k-am-bn-cp¶p. Cu km-l-N-cy-¯nÂ hm-

cn-bÀ kz-bw H-cp Ip-tN-e-\m-bn-̧ m-Sp-I-bmWv. AXp-sIm-−pX-

s¶ X-sâ k-XoÀ-°y-s\ Im-Wm³ Zzm-c-Im-]q-cn-bn-te-¡v ]p-d-s¸-

Sp-¶ Iq-tNe-sâ A-h-Øbpw Ip-tN-e-Ip-Spw-_-̄ n-se Zm-cn-{Zhp-

sam-s¡ lr-Z-b-kv-]À-in-bm-bn hÀ-®n-¡p-¶-Xn-\v A-t±-l-̄ n-\v

Ignªp. H-cp hi v̄ sF-iz-cyhpw a-dp-hi-̄ v A-In-©-\-

Xzhpw X-½n-ep-Å AIÂ-̈ bpw ]n-¶n-Sp-−m-Ip-¶ thgvv-Nbpw Ip-

tN-e-hr-̄ -Ir-Xn-sb \m-S-Io-b-am-¡p¶p. Iq-tN-e-]-Xv-\n-bp-sS am-\-

kn-Im-hØ-sb Ip-dn-¨p-Å kq-N-\ Zm-cn-{Z-Zpx-J-̄ n-sâ cq-£X-

sb hy-à-am-¡p¶p.

`-àn-tbdpw `-K-hm-¦Â F-¦nepw

Ah-sâ `m-cy`À-̄ m-thm-fw hn-c-à-bm-bnÃ

F-¶ h-cn-IÄ A-h-cp-sS \n-e-]m-Sn-s\ hy-à-am-¡p¶p. ImcWw

“`-£n-t¨ i-àn-bpÅq” F-¶p hn-iz-kn-¡p-¶ H-cp ]m-hw ho-«-½-

bm-WhÀ. A-hÀ `À-̄ mhn-t\m-Sv Xpd-¶v X-s¶ C-{]-Im-cw ]-d-

bp¶p.

CÃ Zm-cn-{ZymÀ¯n-tbm-fw

h-ep-Xm-bn-s«m-cmÀ-̄ nbpw

CÃw ho-Wp-Ip-̄ p-am-dmb-Xp I−mepw

{_m-Ò-W-Kr-l-̄ n-se B Zm-cn-{Z-Nn-{X-̄ n-\v A-\p-̀ -h-Xo-{h-X-bp-

s−-¶v hyàw. Hcp ]-t£ a-e-bm-f-km-ln-Xy-̄ nÂ hn-i-̧ n-

sâbpw Zm-cn-{Zy-Zpx-J-̄ n-sâbpw iàam-b B-hn-jv-¡m-cw \mw

B-Zy-am-bn Im-Wp¶-Xv Ip-tN-e-hr-̄ w h-©n-̧ m-«n-emWv. A-K-

Xnbm-b cm-a-]pc-̄ v hm-cn-b-cp-sS A-h-Ø-bp-sS t\À-hn-]-cn-X-am-

bn-cp-¶ B-{i-b-Zm-Xm-hm-b amÀ-̄ m-Þ-hÀ-½-bp-sS \n-e. th-

Wm-Sn-s\ iàn-sIm−pw \bw sIm−pw kz-́ w ImÂ-¡n-gn-

em¡n-b `-c-Wm-[n-Imcn. hm-cn-bÀ h-©n-̧ -m-«n-Â kq-Nn-̧ n-¡p-¶Xp-

171

t]m-se kzm-an t{Zm-lnI-sS hw-i-hn-tÑ-Zw h-cp-̄ n-b-Xpw, kzm-an {i-

a-¶-h-·m-sc {Z-hn-¸n-¨Xpw Iq-Sm-sX ‘`-{Z-Zo-]-{]-XnjvT’bpw ‘Xr-̧ -

SnZm-\’hpw \S¯n sF-iz-cy-̄ n-sâ Ggmw am-fn-I-̧ pd- v̄ hn-cm-

Pn-¡p-¶ X-¼q-cm³. Ip-tNe-\v {io-Ir-jv-W-s\sb-¶-t]m-se kÀ-

Æm-̀ n-ã-Zm-b-I-\m-bn hm-cyÀ amÀ-̄ m-Þ-hÀ½sb Im-Wp¶p.

tZm-jw ]-d-b-cp-X-tÃm. amÀ-¯m-Þ-hÀ-½-cm-Pmhpw kµÀ`¯n-

s\m-̄ v D-WÀ-¶p-. A-t±-lw Xn-cn¨p-t]m-Ip-t¼mÄ h-©n-̧ m-«v h-

©n-bm{X-bnÂ ]m-Sn tIÄ-̧ n-¡m³ th-−n hm-cnb-sc Iq-sS

sIm−p-t]m-Ip-Ibpw AÂ]-Znh-kw Xn-cp-h-\-́ -]pc-̄ v Xm-a-

kn-̧ n-¡p-Ibpw sN-bvXp. AXn-enS-¡v cm-P-IÂ]\ A-\p-k-cn-¨v

hm-cyÀ Xn-cn-sI \m-«n-se-̄ pw ap³-]v Ahn-sS \-sÃm-cp ho-Sv At±-

l-̄ n-\v ]-Wn-bn-¸n- v̈ sIm-Sp-̄ p. hm-cy-cp-sS D-]-a-bv-¡v \Ã Hcp

]cntXmjnIw k½-\n¨p. `-K-hm³ {io-Ir-jv-W³ AI-se \n-¶p-h-

cp-¶ hbkys\ I−v Ggmw amfn-I ap-I-fnÂ \n-¶nd-§n h-¶v b-

tYm-Nn-Xw kzo-I-cn-̈ -Xm-bn hmcnbÀ hÀ-®n-¡p-¶p−v. A-tXm-sSm-

¸w [-\-k-ap-²am-b Zzm-c-Im-\K-cw ZÀin- v̈ tcm-am-©-Ip-©p-In-

X\m-b Ip-tNe-s\ hm-cyÀ `w-Kn-bm-bn Nn-{Xn-I-cn-¡p-¶p-ap−v. Ip-

tN-e³ {io-Ir-jvW-sâ A-Xn-Yn kw-Â¡m-c-̄ nÂ hoÀ-̧ p-ap-«n

Xm³ h¶Xn-sâ e£yw {io-Ir-jvW-s\ A-dn-bn-¡m³ hn«p-t]mbn.

]I-cw A-hym-Pam-b `-Ivv-Xn Irjv-W-\n-Â ac-Ww h-sc D-−m-I-W-

sa-¶m-W-t]-£n-̈ Xv. F-¶mÂ- {XnIme-Ú\m-b `-K-hm³ `-à-

sâ ln-Xw a-\-Ên-em-¡n kz-tZi-̄ v a-t\m-l-camb H-cp lÀ-

½yhpw A-Xn-\p th-− ]-cn-P-\-§-tfbpw \Â-In. Ip-tN-e-t\m-Sp-

Å k-XoÀ-°y-kv-t\-lw hy-à-am-¡n F-¶v hm-cyÀ h-©n-̧ m-«nÂ k-

aÀ-°n-¡p-¶p−v. ‘I-−-dn-ªv Ip-Xn-bp-I’ F-¶ Cu-iz-c-Zu-Xy-

172

¯n-\v k-am-\am-b H-cp ]p-c-kv-Im-c-amWv hm-cn-bÀ-¡v Ip-tN-e-hr-

¯w h-©n-̧ m-«v t\Sn-sIm-Sp-¯Xv.

Ip©³ \-¼ymÀ-: Ip-©³ \-¼ymÀ 18þmw \q-äm-−n-sâ B-cw-̀ -

¯nÂ, sImÃ-hÀjw 880þm-am-−nÂ ({In-kv-Xp-hÀ-jw 1705 Â) Xn-

cp-h-ezm-a-e-bv-¡-Sp-̄ v In-Ån-¡p-dn-Èn-awK-ew F-¶ Øe-s¯ I-

e¡-̄ v `-h-\-̄ nÂ P-\n¨p. ]n-Xm-hv In-S-§qÀ t£-{X-hp-am-bn

_-Ô-ap-Å H-cp \-¼ym-tcm, \-¼q-Xncntbm B-bn-cp¶p. _m-ey-

Imew In-Ån-¡p-dn-Èn aw-Ke- v̄ X-s¶-bm-bn-cp¶p. am-Xmhpw am-

Xp-e³ cm-L-h-³ \-¼ym-cp-am-bn-cp-¶ {]-Yman-I in£-Ww \Â-In-

b-Xv. Iuam-c-{]m-b-am-b-t¸mÄ ]nXm-hn-sâ Ip-sS In-S-§q-cn-

se¯n. A-hn-sS sh-̈ v tIm«-bw {]-tZi-s¯ Ip-a-c-\ÃqÀ, Ip-S-am-

fpÀ Xp-S§n-b Ø-e-§-fn-se Nn-e `-h-\-§-fnÂ ]mÀ-̄ v

hnZym`ymkw Xp-SÀ-¶-Xm-bn `m-jm-N-cn-{X-Im-c³ ]n. tKm-hn-µ-̧ n-Å

tc-J-s -̧Sp-̄ p¶p. A-t±-l-̄ n-sâ B-ZyIm-e c-N-\-I-fnÂ Ip-a-c-

\ÃqÀ `-K-h-Xn-tbbpw Ip-S-amfqÀ th-«-bv-s¡m-cp a-I-t\bpw {]-

W-an-¡p-¶p−v. N-¼-I-tÈ-cn cm-Pm-hm-bn-cp-¶ tZ-h-\m-cm-b-W³

X-¼p-cm-sâ CÃw Ip-S-am-fq-cn-em-bn-cp¶p. A-t±-l-̄ nsâ Hu-Zm-cy-

¯nÂ \-¼ymÀ A-¼-e-̧ p-g-bn-se-̄ m-\n-S-bmbn. \-¼ym-cp-sS I-e-

m]-cam-b A-̀ yp-¶-Xn-bv-¡v k-lm-b-Iam-b H-cp A-́ -cn-£w A-

hn-sS e-̀ n¨p. am-̄ pÀ ]-Wn¡À, t{ZmW¼-Ån B-Nm-cy³, \-µn-

¡m-Sv D-®n-c-hn-Ip-dp-̧ v F-¶o Kp-cp-\m-Y-·m-cp-sS in£-Ww t\-

Sm³ A-t±-l-̄ n-\v I-gnªp. t{Zm-W¼-Ån \m-bv-¡-\nÂ \n-¶v

Imbn-I-]-cn-io-e-\-hpw, \-µn-¡m-«v D-®n-c-hn-¡p-dp-¸nÂ \n-¶v im-kv-

{Xm-Zn-]-cn-Nbhpw, am-̄ pÀ I-f-cn-bnÂ \n-¶v I-em-in-£-Whpw \-

¼ymÀ k-¼m-Zn¨p. Np-cp-¡-¯nÂ \-¼ymÀ bu-Æ-\-{]m-]v-Xn-bn-se-

¯n-b-t¸m-tg¡pw I-em-\n-]p-W-\m-h-iyam-b hn-[w kz-bw I-̈ -sI-

«n-¡-gn-ªn-cp¶p. A-¼-e-¸p-g-bn-se Xm-a-k-̄ n-\n-S-bnÂ kao]-{]-

173

tZ-i-§-fn-se \m-S³-I-em-cq-]-§Ä Im-Wm\pw ]-cn-N-b-s -̧Sm\pw

kmhImiw e-̀ n¨p. ]p-e-b-·m-cp-sSbpw I-Wn-bm-·m-cp-sSbpw C-

S-bnÂ {]-Nm-c-̄ n-en-cp-¶ Xp-Å-epIÄ, ]-S-bWn, ap-Sn-tbäv- I-YI-

fn Xp-S§n-b I-em-cq-]-§-fp-am-bn A-t±-lw ]-cn-N-b-s¸«p. Cu ]-

Ým-̄ em¯-ne-m-Wv Xp-Å-ep-am-bn _-Ô-s -̧« sFXnlyw hmÀ-

¶p-ho-Wn-«p-−m-Ip-I. H-cn-¡Â \-¼ymÀ A¼-e-̧ p-g t£-{X-X-XnÂ

Nm-IymÀ-Iq-̄ v \-S-¡p-¶-Xn-\n-S-bnÂ A-dn-bm-sX D-d-§n-t¸m-Ip-

Ibpw an-gm-hv sIm«p-¶-Xn-\n-S-bnÂ Xm-fw ]n-g-¡p-Ibpw sN-bvXp.

Nm-IymÀ \-¼ym-sc th-Zn-bnÂ sh-̈ v X-s¶ ]-cn-lm-kn¨p. AXnÂ

B-ßm-̀ n-am-\w {h-W-s -̧« \-¼ymÀ A-Sp-̄ Znh-kw X-s¶ t£-

{X-̄ n-se a-säm-cp I-fn-̄ -«nÂ Hm-«³-Xp-ÅÂ A-h-X-cn-̧ n-̈ v ]I

ho-«n F-¶-Xm-Wv I-Y. AÂ-]-kz-ev-]w A-Xn-i-tbm-àn B I-Y-

bnÂ Im-W-sa-¦nepw Hm«³-Xp-ÅÂ t]m-se H-cp \-hy-I-em-cq-]w

B-hn-jv-¡-cn-¡m-\m-h-iyam-b kn-²n-IÄ A-t¸m-tg¡pw \-¼ymÀ

kzm-b-̄ -am-¡n I-gn-ªn-cn-¡Ww. C-hn-sS XpÅÂ F-¶ Zr-iy-I-

e-bp-sS Nn-e {]-tXy-I-X-IÄ A-dn-ªn-cn-t¡-−-Xp−v. Aw-K-hn-

t£]-§-tfm-Sp-IqSn-b ]m-«n-\v X-an-gnÂ Xp-ÅÂ F-¶m-Wv ]-d-bp-

I. ]-Xn-s\«mw \q-äm-−nÂ X-I-gn-bn-se im-kv-Xm-t£-{X-̄ nepw

aäpw ]-S-b-Wn-bnÂ Im-Wm-\nSbmb Xp-ÅÂ Ip-©³-\-¼ym-sc

kzm-[n-\n-̈ n-«p-−mIw. ]-Sb-Wn DÄ-̧ -sS-bp-Å Xp-ÅÂ cq-]-§-

fnÂ \n-¶m-Wv Ip-©³-\-¼ymÀ Hm«³, in-X¦³, ]-d-b³ Xp-S§n-

b t]cpIÄ Xs¶ kzo-I-cn -̈Xv. G-ähpw ap-dpIn-b Xmfw Hm-«³

(th-K-̄ n-epÅXv) Xp-f-f-en-emWv. ]-Xn-ª-a-«n-ep-Å-Xm-Wv ]-d-b³-

Xp-ÅÂ ]-S-b-Wn-bp-sS ioepIfnse h{àw, aÃn-I Xp-S-§n-b-h-

bm-Wv io-X-¦Â Xp-Å-enÂ D-ÅXv. Npcp¡-̄ nÂ A-hÀ-® k-

ap-l¯nÂ {]-Nm-c-̄ n-ep-−m-bn-cp-¶ \m-S³-in-ep-I-fpw, Xm-f-ta-f-

§fpw th-j-hn-[m-\-§fpw kzo-I-cn-̈ v Nm-Iym-À-Iq-̄ n-se A-̀ n\-

174

b-ssien, kaq-l-hn-aÀ-i\w, -̂en-Xm-ß-Iam-b ]-cn-lm-kw F¶n-

h Ip-«n-t¨À-̄ v \-¼ymÀ Hcp an-{i-I-e-cq-]w krãn¨p. A-§-s\-

bm-Wv Xp-Å-en-sâ DÂ-]¯n. F-¶mÂ XpÅ-en-se C-Xn-hr-̄ w

]p-cm-W-I-Y-I-fmWv. ]q-cm-W-I-Ym-]m-{X§-sf A-t±-lw tI-c-

fnbamb A-́ -co-£-̄ nÂ ]p-\x-kr-ãn¨p. kzÀ-¤-̄ nepw \-c-I-

¯nepw lkvXn-\-]p-c-̄ nepw Zzm-c-I-bn-ep-saÃmw A-t±-lw I−-

Xv tI-c-fo-b-sc-bmWv. ]qcm-W-I-Ym-]m-{X-§Ä tI-c-f-¯n-se P-\-

§-fp-sS {]-Xo-I-§-fm-bn-cp¶p. ]-e-t¸mgpw ]q-cm-W-I-Y-I-fn-se

Ku-c-h-I-Ym-]m-{X§-sf e-Lq-I-cn-̈ pw, Kw-̀ o-cam-b CXn-hr-̄ -k-

µÀ-̀ §-sf sN-dp-Xm-¡nbpw A-h-Xm-cn-̧ n¨p. \-¼ymÀ Ducpw t]-

cp-apÅ hy-àn-I-sf-bÃ A-h-cp-sS hÀ-¤-s¯-bm-Wv hn-aÀ-in-¡p-

Ibpw ]-cn-l-kn-¡pIbpw sN-bvv-XXv. P-\§-sf Icw-sIm-−v

s]m-dp-Xn-ap-«n-¡p-¶ \m-Sp-hm-gnIÄ, N´-I-fnÂ sN-¶v _-e-am-bn

Np-¦w ]n-cn-¡p¶ tIm-hne-Iw Im-cy-Ø-·mÀ, {]-Xn-{K-l-̄ n-\p-

th−n Hm-Sn-\-S-¡p-¶ {_m-ÒWÀ, A-Xym-{K-ln-Ifm-b ]-«-·mÀ, ]-

S-sb¶v tI-«mÂ Xp-S hn-d-¡p-¶ \m-bÀ ]-S-bm-fnIÄ, B-sf-

s¡mÃn-Ifm-b \m«p-ssh-Zy-·mÀ þ F¶p-th-− At±-l-̄ n-sâ

hn-a-Ài-\w GÂ-¡m-̄ -h-cm-bn B-cp-ap-−m-bn-cp-¶nÃ. km-ap-ly]-

cn-jv-¡-c-W-̄ n-\v A-t±-lw kzo-I-cn-̈ am-²y-aw ^-en-Xhpw ]-cn-lm-

k-hp-amWv. FÃm P-\-§Ä¡pw X§-sf X-s¶ Xn-cn- -̈dn-bm\pw

At_m-[-]qÀ-Æ-am-bn-s«-¦n-epw H-cp kz-bw kw-kv-¡-c-W-{]-{In-b-

bnÂ hym-]n-¡m-\pw Xp-ÅÂ-Ir-Xn-IÄ C-S-bm¡n,

G-I-tZ-iw 42 Hm-fw Xp-ÅÂ-Ir-Xn-IÄ \-¼ym-cp-sS-Xm-bn-

«p−v. A-h-bnÂ A[n-Ihpw c-Nn -̈Xv A-¼-e¸p-g Xm-a-kn-¡p-¶

Im-e-̄ mWv. H-cp \-hn-\-I-em-cq-]-sa-¶ \n-e-bn-Â Xp-Å-en-\v In«n-

b Aw-Kn-Im-c-s¯-bm-Wv C-Xv kq-Nn-̧ n-¡p-¶Xv. 22 Hm-«³-Xp-Å-

epw 10 ]-d-b³-Xp-Åepw 10 in-X-¦À-Xp-Åepw A-t±-l-̄ n-sâ-Xm-

175

sW¶v A-¡mZ-an I-W-¡m-¡n-bn-cn-¡p¶p. Xp-©sâ Ime-s¯

kw-kv-Ir-X-kzm-[o-\-̄ nÂ \n¶v `mj-sb tam-Nn-̧ n-̈ v a-t\m-l-cam-

b a-Wn-{]-hm-f-̄ nÂ, ]-S-b-Wn-IÄ¡v kp{Klam-b H-cp `m-j-bm-

Wv A-t±-lw kz-Ir-Xn-I-fnÂ D-]-tbm-K-s -̧Sp-̄ n-bXv. hf-̈ p-sI-

«nÃm-̄ -{i-h-W-am-{X-bnÂ X-s¶ B-tem-N-\m-ar-Xam-b c-N-\-bm-

Wv Xp-Å-ep-I-fnÂ Im-Wp-¶Xv. Xp-Å-en-sâ cw-K{]-tbm-K-hn-P-b-

¯nÂ B `m-j{]-tbmKw, Ak\yq-\-Xam-b {]m-k-[m-c, Hc-f-thm-

fw kzm-[o-\n-̈ n-cn-¡Ww.

“hm-¡n\m-tcm-Sp an-¶v In-©\ tXmÂ-¡-bnÃ Xp-\nÝ-

bw” F¶ B AhImi-hm-Zw A£-cw {]-Xn i-cn-bmWv. ]-Z-kzm-

[o-\-X-bnÂ \-¼ym-sc Pbn¡m³ BÀ¡w I-gn-bnÃ.

amÀ-̄ -Þ-hÀ-½ sN-¼-I-tÈ-cn cmPyw In-gv-s¸-Sp-̄ n-b-

tXm-sS Ip-©³-\¼ym-cp-sS {]-hÀ-̄ -\-cw-Kw Xn-cp-h-\-́ -]pc-

ambn. amÀ-̄ -Þ-hÀ-½ A-t±l-s¯ B-Øm-\-I-hn-bm-bn Aw-

Ko-I-cn-̈ p. h-©n-cm-Py-Ip-te-¯-a-³ Ip-e-ti-J-c-s -̧cp-amfmbn \-

¼ymÀ A-t±l-s¯ {]-IoÀ-¯n¨p. \-¼ym-cp-sS Xn-cp-h- -́]pc-s¯

Xmak-hp-am-bn _-Ô-s -̧«v c-k-I-cam-b ]-e I-Y-Ifpw {]-Nm-c-̄ n-

ep−v. “Zo-]-kvXw-̀ w a-lm-Ýcyw \-ap¡pw In«-Ww ]Ww” F-

¶n§-s\ D-Z-cw-̀ -cn-Ifm-b kvXpXn-]mTI-sc I-W-¡n-\v ]-cn-l-kn-

-̈Xp-ap-XÂ “If-̀ w I-e¡n-b Ipfw” F-¶ hym-P-{]-i-kv-Xn hsc.

D-®m-bn-hm-cn-bcpw Ip-©³ \-¼ymcpw G-I-Ime-̄ v Xn-cp-h\-́ -

]pc-̄ v Xm-a-kn-̈ n-cp-¶-Xp-am-bn _-Ô-s¸«pw ]-e sF-Xn-ly-§-fp-

ap−v. amÀ¯m-Þ-hÀ-½-bp-sS a-c-W-̄ n-\v ti-jw [À-½-cm-Pm-

hnsâ (ImÀ-̄ n-I-Xncp\mÄ) `-c-W-Im-e¯pw A-t±-lw Xn-cp-h-\-

-́]pc-̄ v Xp-SÀ-¶p. C-¡me-̄ v Zfh A-¿³ amÀ-̄ m-Þ-¸n-

Å-bm-bn-cp-¶p. A-t±-l-¯n-sâ kw-c-£I³. 1763 Â A-t±-l-

176

¯n-sâ a-c-W-ti-jw Ip-©³-\-¼ymÀ Xn-cp-h-\-́ -]p-c¯n-t\m-Sv

hn-S-hm§n. {]m-bm-[nIyw \n-an-̄ w A-h-i\m-b A-t±-lw A-¼-e-

¸p-g-bnÂ ti-jn-̈ Im-ew Ign-¨p-Iq-«p-Ibpw 1770 t\m-S-Sp-̄ v t]-

hn-j-_m-[-bmÂ a-c-W-s¸-Sp-Ibpw sN-bvXp. “\-¼ym-sc-t¸m-se H-

cp P--\Io-b Ihntbm Xp-ÅÂ t]m-se H-cp P-\Io-b km-ln-Xycp-

]tam a-e-bm-fn-X-XnÂ th-sd D-−m-bn-«nÃ”

]m«p-km-ln-Xy-̄ n-sâ B-Jym-\-̄ nepw `m-j-bp-ep-ap−m-b \n-e-

hm-c-s¸SÂ

{]mNo-\ ]m-«p-km-ln-Xy-̄ nÂ DÄ-s -̧« am-hm-Xw-]m«v (\n-gÂ-¡p-

v̄-]m«v) F-¶ Ipdp-h-¸m-«n-se C-Xn-hr-̄ w a-lm-̀ mc-Xw I-Y-bp-

sS H-cp A-]-{`w-i-cq-]-amWv. Zptcym-[-\-sâ t{]-c-W \n-an-̄ w H

cp Ip-dh³, \n-gÂ-¡q-̄ v F-¶-B-̀ n-Nm-c-IÀ½w D-]-tbm-Kn- v̈ ]m-

Þh-·m-sc A-]m-b-s -̧Sp-¯m³ {i-an-¡p-¶Xpw Ipd-¯n hmÀ-

¯-b-dn-ªv Ah-sc c-£-s -̧Sp-̄ m³ {i-an-¡p-¶-Xp-am-Wv I-Y.

G-I-tZ-iw kam-\am-b H-cp C-Xn-hr-̄ w th-e³ ]m-«n-e-pap-−v. a-

lm-hn-jv-Wp-hn-sâ _m-[ Hgn¸n-¡m³ inh³ the-sâ cq-]-̄ nÂ

h-cp-¶-Xn-s\-¡p-dn-̈ m-Wv B ]m-«nÂ hnhcn-¡p-¶Xv. ]u-cmWn-I

I-Ym-]m-{X-§-fp-sS Iq-sS {]-tZ-i-hm-kn-Ifm-b thet\bpw Ip-d-

h-t\bpw FÃmw _-Ô-s -̧Sp¯n-sIm-−p-Å I-Y-IÄ

]pcmW§sf {]-tZ-in-I-am-bn AY-hm Pm-Xn-b-am-bn kzmw-io-I-cn-

¡m-\p-Å H-cp {]h-W-X-bp-sS -̂e-amWv. ]u-cm-Wn-Iam-b H-cp

B-[n-Im-cn-I-X Pm-Xn-IÄ-¡v \ÂIm-\p-Å H-cp {i-a-am-bn-cp-¶p

AXv. F-¶mÂ h-c-sam-gn km-ln-Xy-̄ n-te-¡v {]th-in- -̈ a-e-bm-f-a-

S-¡-ap-Å FÃm Z£n-tW-´y³ `m-j-Ifpw B-i-b-hn-\n-a-b cwK-

v̄ i-àn-{]m-]n -̈Xv kw-kv-Ir-X-k-¼À-¡-̄ n-eq-sS-bm-Wv tUm.

sI. Fw tPmÀ-Öv H-cn-¡Â Nq-−n-¡m-Wn¨ t]m-se kw-kv-Ir-X-

177

km-ln-Xy-̄ nÂ \n-¶v ISw sIm-−v k-¼-¶-am-b-h-bmWv a-e-bm-f-

a-S-¡-ap-Å sX-¶n-́ y³ `mjIÄ. D-Zm-l-c-W-̄ n-\v cm-a-N-cn-X-̄ n-

sâ I-Y X-s¶-sb-Sp-¡mw. hmÂ-an-In-cm-am-b-W-̄ n-se bp-²-

ImÞ-sX A-Sn-Øm-\-s¸-Sp-̄ n No-cm-a³ F-¶ I-hn A¶-s¯

a-e-bm-f-̀ m-j-bnÂ c-Nn- -̈Xm-Wv cm-a-N-cnXw. ]m-«p-km-ln-Xy-im-J-bn-

se \n-e-hm-c-s -̧« B-Zy-Imhyw F-¶v \-ap-¡-Xn-s\ hn-ti-jn-̧ n-bv-

¡mw. {Z-hn-U-kw-Lm-Xm-£-c-\n-_-Ô-am-bXpw ]m-Þy-`m-jm-km-

cq]yw G-sd-bp-Å-Xpam-b Ir-Xn-bm-sW-¦nÂ-t¸mgpw AXnsâ N-

«-Iq-Sv kw-kv-Ir-X-an-{iam-b a-Wn-{]-hm-f-ssi-en-bp-sS kzm-[o-\-ap-

Å-XmWv. ‘cm-a-N-cn-X-̄ n-se `m-jbpw a-Wn-{]-hm-fw X-s¶-sb-¶m-

sW-sâ ]£w’ _lp `m-jm ]-Þn-X\m-b F³. hn Ir-jv-W-hm-

cn-bÀ C-{]-Im-cw tc-J-s¸-Sp-¯p¶p. (kw-kv-Ir-X-kzm-[n-\-a-e-bm-f-

`m-j-bnÂ þ kw-kv-Ir-X-kzm-[o-\w {Zm-hn-U-̀ mj-I-fnepw km-ln-Xy-

¯nepw þ t]-Pv 169) cm-a-N-cn-X-̄ n-\v ap³-]v cma-I-Y kqNn¸n-¡p-

¶ H-cp tI-c-fo-b Imhyw Ip-e-ti-J-c B-gv-hm-cpsS ‘s]-cp-amÄ

Xncpsamgn’bmWv. F-¶mÂ A-Xv X-an-gnÂ c-Nn-¡s -̧« Im-hy-am-b-

Xn-\mÂ \-½p-sS ]m-«v k-m-ln-Xy-imJ-bp-sS ]-cn-[n-bnÂ h-cp-¶nÃ.

F-¶mÂ cm-a-N-cn-X-̄ n-sâ ØnXn AXÃ. hmÂ-an-In-cm-am-b-W-

¯n-se bp-²-ImÞ-s¯ tI-µ-{]-ta-b-am¡n. cm-a-I-Y-bp-sS aÀ-

½-§-sfÃmw kv-]À-in-̈ p sIm-−v sI-«nhpw a-«nepw H-cp ]p-Xp-

cmamb-Ww kr-ãn¨ncn-¡p-I-bm-Wv No-cma³ (cm-a-N-cn-X-]T-\-̄ n-\v

H-cm-ap-Jw þ tUm. \-Sph-«w tKm-]m-e-Ir-jvW³) cm-a-IY-sb hn-I-e-

s -̧Sp-̄ p-I-bÃ Im-thymÂ-¡À-j-am-¡p-I-bm-Wv No-cm-aI-hn sN-

bvX-Xv H-cÀ-°-̄ nÂ hmÂ-an-In-cm-am-b-W-̄ nÂ \n-¶v H-cp ]-Sn-

Iq-Sn D-bÀ-¶v H-cp `-àn-Imhyw c-Nn-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p cmaNcnX-

Im-c³ sN-bv-XXv. Z-£n-tW-́ y-bnÂ h-fÀ-¶p hn-I-kn-̈ hn-j-Wp-̀ -

178

àn-bp-sS kzm-[o-\w cm-a-N-cn-X-̄ nÂ \-ap-¡v Im-Wmw. B-ZÀ-i-

]p-cp-j\m-b cm-a³ hnjv-Wp-hn-sâ A-h-Xm-c-amWv. e-£v-a-W³

A-\-́ -sâbpw ko-X-a-lm-e-£v-an-bpsSbpw Aw-im-h-Xm-c-§-

fmWv. k-µÀ-̀ w In-«p-t¼m-sgÃmw cm-asâ Cu-iz-cmis¯ Du-¶n-

-̧d-bm³ I-hn {i-an-̈ n-«p−v. Ggmw ]-S-e-̄ nÂ \m-ep ap-XÂ

H¼Xp h-sc-bp-Å ]m-«p-IÄ cm-a-am-lm-ßy-IoÀ-̄ -\-am-Wv hn-̀ n-

jW-sâ hm-¡p-I-fn-eq-sS-bm-Wv C-hn-sS I-hnX-sâ hn-jv-Wp`-àn

{]-I-Sn-̧ n-¡p¶-Xv a-säm-cnS- v̄ “F¶p-Å-saâpw a-e-cn-f-sIm-Åp-

½Xp-ssh-cn” (F-sâ lr-Z-b-̄ n-en-cn-¡p-¶ a[p-sshcn) F-¶n§-

s\ F-gp-̄ -Ñs\-t]m-se ‘lrZ-bw X-¶n-en-cn-¡p¶’ Cuizc-s\

hm-gv-̄ p-¶p. Ip-Sm-sX F-·m-e-dp-̄ -a-cp-a®³ (]-S-ew 28 þ ]m-«v

6 þ F-¶n-§s\ (F-sâ Zpx-Jw A-dp-̄ -cp-fp-¶ tZh³) F-¶pw

cma-s\ hn-ti-jn-̧ n-¡p-¶pS- v̄ `àn-bp-sS B-ß-lÀ-jw I-hn-hy-

à-am-¡p¶p. Np-cp-¡-̄ nÂ hmÂ-an-In-cm-am-b-W-̄ n-se cm-a-

\nÂ \n¶v, X-sâ B-Jym-X-¯n-eq-sS H-cp ]-Sn Iq-Sn D-bÀ-̄ n-bm-

Wv {io-cma-s\ I-hn N-n-{Xn-I-cn-¡p¶-Xv tI-h-eam-b B-Jym-\-̄ n-\-

¸p-d-ap-Å \n-e-hm-c-s¸-SÂ C-hn-sS Im-Wmw.

a-e-bm-f-̀ m-j-bp-sS \n-e-hm-c-s -̧S-ep-am-bn _-Ô-s¸-«v tI-c-

f-]m-Wn-\n A-t±-l-̄ n-sâ ‘]oTn-I’bnÂ Nq-−n-¡m-Wn-̈ Im-cy-

§Ä {]-[m-\-ambpw \m-se-®-amWv.

1) kw-k-Ir-X-hn-̀ -ày- -́]-Z-§-fp-sS {]tbmKw

2) B-cy F-gp-̄ v \-S-̧ m¡Â

3) kw-kv-Ir-X-hn-̀ -àn-IÄ-¡v a-e-bm-f-¡p-dn-tN-c¡Â

4) hÀ-®-am-{Xm-hn-t[--b-am-bn hr-̄ -§Ä kr-ãn-¡Â

“C-h-sbÃmw X-s¶ \q-äm-−p ap-t¼ I-®È-sâ ]m-«p-Ir-

Xn-I-fn-eq-sS `m-j-bnÂ \-S-¸m-bn {]-Xn-jvT- t\-Sn-bn-cp¶p. B-[p\n-

179

I ]m-«p-a-e-bm-f-̄ n-sâ B-Zy-inÂ-]n I-®-i³ B-Wv” (tUm-b

]p-Xp-tÈ-cn cm-a-N-{µ³ þ D-t]m-Zv-Lm-Xw þ I-®-i-cmambWw)

hn]p-eam-b kw-kv-Ir-X-]-Z-k¼-̄ v B-Wv cm-am-b-W-c-N-\-bn-eq-

sS cma-̧ -Wn-¡À a-e-bm-f-¯n-te-¡v sIm-−p-h-¶Xv. \n-cW-̄ v

am-[-h-̧ -Wn-¡-cp-sS `mjm-̀ -K-h-Xv-Ko-X, i-¦-c-̧ -Wn-¡-cp-sS `m-c-X-

am-e, cm-a-̧ -Wn-¡-cp-sS X-s¶ `m-cXw, in-h-cm-{Xn-am-lmßyw F-¶n

Ir-Xn-I-fn-eq-sS `m-j-bn-se ]m-«pim-J A-t\-Iw kwkv-Ir-X-]-Z-§-

fn-eq-sS D-¶-X-\n-e-hm-c-̄ n-te-bv-¡p-bÀ¶p. F. BÀ Nq-−n-

¡mWn-̈ Xpw F-gp-̄ Ñ-sâ kw-̀ m-h-\-bm-bn hn-e-bn-cp-̄ p-¶-

Xpam-b ‘B-cy Fgp v̄’ kw-kv-Ir-X-hÀ-®am-e `m-jm-̀ -K-h-Xv-Ko-

Xm-Im-c-\m-bn-cp-¶ a-e-b³-Io-gv am[h-̧ -Wn-¡-cp-sS Ime-̄ v X-

s¶ \-S-̧ nÂ h-¶p I-gn-ªn-cp¶p. `m-j-bv-¡n-t¸mÄ 51 A-£-c-

§-fp-s−-¶v -BZyw tc-J-s -̧Sp-̄ p¶-Xv A-t±-l-amWv. “A-£-c-

a¼-s¯m-¶n-e-Im-cw Rm³” F-¶m-Wv ‘A-£-cm-Wm-a-Im-tcm-kv-

an’ F-¶ Ko-X-̀ m-Kw A-t±-lw hn-hÀ¯-\w sN-bv-Xn-cn-¡p-¶Xv. F-

¶mÂ B-sI Iq-Sn t\m-¡p-t¼mÄ ‘]m-Þy-̀ m-jm-km-cq-]y-ap-Å

cm-a-N-cn-X-̄ n\w’ F-gp-̄ -Ñ³ Ir-Xn-IÄ-¡p-an-S-bnÂ H-cp an-{i-̀ m-

jm-hy-h-Ø-sb-bm-Wv A-hÀ {]-Xn-\n-[m-\w sN-bv-XXv. C-{]-Im-cw

`mjm-hy-h-Ø-bp-sS Nn-«-s -̧Sp-̄ -en-\-¸pdw, I-®-È-Ir-Xn-I-fp-sS

ta-· A-hÀ ]m-«p-Ir-XnI-fn-eq-sS a-e-bm-f-̀ m-j-bn-te-¡v B-hm-ln-

¨ B-ib tem-I-am-Wv. “FÃm-htcbpw Xp-ey-cm-bn Im-Wp-¶ A-

ssZz-X-Nn-́ m-]-²-Xn-sb ap³ \nÀ-̄ n-bm-Wv I-®-È-·mÀ `-àn-

km-ln-Xy-̄ n-sâ t{]m-Zv-Lm-S-Icpw {]-Nm-c-I·m-cp-am-bn XoÀ-¶Xv”

]qcm-W {]-Xn-]¯n, kw-kv-Imcn-I Hu-¶-Xyw, `-àn-{]-IÀ-jw Xp-S-

§n-b-Xn-eq-sS A-hÀ ]m-«p-km-ln-Xy-im-J-bp-sS \n-e-hm-cw A-̀ n-hr-

²n-s -̧Sp¯n. kw-{K-l-W-¯nsâ Im-cy-̄ nÂ, Im-hy-̀ w-Kn-bp-sS

180

Im-cy-̄ nÂ FÃmw F-gp-¯-Ñ³ I-®-È-IrXn-I-tfm-Sv I-S-s -̧«n-«p-

sW-¶v Im-Wmw. F-¶mÂ I®È-Ir-Xn-I-fp-sS {]-Nm-c-tem-]-̄ n-\v

{]-[m-\-ambpw h-gn h -̈Xv A-h-cp-sS ‘an-{i-̀ mjm’ co-Xn-bm-Wv. ‘in-

h-cm{Xn am-lm-ßy’¯nÂ I-®-È³ X-s¶ kw-i-bn-¨Xp-t]mse

‘`mjman-{i’an-sX-sâ-IgmsX F-¶ £am]Ww {]-Nm-c-tem-]-̄ n-

\n-S-bm¡n. C-§ns\-sbm-s¡-bm-sW-¦nepw kw-kv-Ir-X-km-ln-Xy-

¯n-se a-l¯m-b Cu-Sp-sh-̧ p-IÄ H-s¶m-¶m-bn Imhyc-kw

tNmÀ-¶p t]m-Im-sX,, aq-ey-{]-Xn-jvTm]-\w ap³-\nÀ-̄ n a-e-bm-f-]m-

«p km-ln-Xy-̄ n-te-¡v ]-IÀ-¯n sh¡p-I F-¶ a-l¯m-b Zu-Xy-

am-W-hÀ \n-d-th-än-bXv.

cm-a-N-cn-X-Imc-sâ `-àn B-²ym-ßn-I-X-bnÂ A-Sn-bpd-

¨p \n-¶nÃ. I-®-È-·mÀ-¡mI-s« A-h-cp-sS Ir-Xn-I-fn-se Ir-{Xna

ssien-sIm-−v tI-c-f-̄ nÂ th−-{X th-tcm-«-ap-−m-b-Xp-anÃ.

Np-cp-¡-̄ nÂ tI-c-fo-bÀ A-h-cp-sS B-ßn-bhpw am-\-kn-I-

hpam-b X-IÀ-̈ -bnÂ -\n-¶v I-c-tI-äp-¶-Xn-\v H-cp Bßn-b B-Nm-

cy-s\ {]-Xo-£n-¨n-cn-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp¶p. B A-h-Xm-c-Ir-Xy-am-Wv

Xp©-̄ v F-gp-̄ -Ñ³ \nÀ-Æ-ln -̈Xv A-t¶m-fw \n-e-\n-¶n-cp-¶

`m-jm-]-c-hpw, {]-tZ-in-Ihpw kw-kv-¡m-cn-I-hpamb ssh-Pm-Xy-§-

sf-sbÃmw G-I-{X-e-bn-̧ n- v̈ a-e-bm-f-Km-\-km-ln-Xy-im-JbpsS H-gp-

¡n-\v G-Im-́ -̀ m-kp-chpw \oÀ-hn-Lv-\-hpam-b {]-hm-lK-Xn \Â-In-

Xv Xp©-̄ v F-gp-̄ -Ñ-\mWv. A-t±-l-̄ n-sâ {]-[m-\hpw {]m-Y-

an-I-hpam-b e£yw `àn-{]-Nm-c-W-am-bn-cp¶p. AXp-sIm-−p-X-

s¶-bm-Wv Im-hy-Kp-Ww Ip-d-ª-Xm-sW-¦nepw A-²ym-ß-cm-am-

bWw (kw-kv-Ir-X-aqew) hn-hÀ-̄ -\m-sb-Sp-̄ p-¶Xv. F¶mÂ F-

gp-̄ Ñ-\v I-®-È·m-tcm-Sp-Å I-S-̧ m-Sv sN-dpsXm-¶paÃ. Im-hy{]-

tbm-P\w, B-²ymßn-I ]-Ým-̄ ew, A-ssZz-X-Nn-́ , B-hn-jv-¡-

181

c-W-coXn, C-Xn-hr¯w, hr-̄ w F-¶n-h-bn-seÃmw A-t±-lw Ah-sc

]n³ Xp-S-cp-I-bp-am-Wv sN-bv-XXv. F-hn-sS-sbm-s¡ A-t±-lw A-

²ym-ß-cm-amb-Ww aq-e-̄ nÂ \n-¶v hr-Xn-N-en-¨n-«pt−m A-t¸m-

sgÃmw A-t±-lw I-®-È-Ir-Xn-I-sf-bm-Wv am-Xr-I-bm-¡n-bn-«p-Å-

Xv. BhÀ-̄ n-¨p-²-cn-¡m-dpÅ B kn-Xm-kz-bw-h-c-k-µÀ-̀ w X-

s¶ ]cn-tim-[n¡mw I-®-È- -̧Wn-¡À

\-c-]m-e-IÀ Nn-e-c-Xn-\v hn-s¨mÀ

X-e-ap-sS Pm\-In k-t´m-jn-¨mÂ

A-c-hm-Zn-IÄ `-b-ao-Sp-an-Sn [z-\n-bmÂ

a-bn-em-\-µn-¸Xp-t]mse

F-gp-̄ -Ñ-\mI-s«

C-Sn-sh-«nSpw h-®w hnÂ-ap-dn-sªm-̈ - tI-«p

\-Sp-§n-cm-Pm-¡m-·m-cp-c-K-§-sf-t¸m-se

ssa-Yn-en a-bnÂt¸S t]m-se k-t´m-jn-̈ mÄ

F-¶v H¶p IqSn hn-I-kn-¸n-¡p-Ibpw sN-bvXp. F-¶mÂ F-gp-̄ -

Ñ-\n-se-̄ p-t¼mÄ ]m-«p-im-J-bv-¡p-−-Ip-¶ ‘\n-e-hm-c-s¸SÂ’

\mw Im-Wp¶-Xv Xp-SÀ-¶p h-cp-¶ h-cn-I-fn-emWv.

h-¶p-S³ t\-t{Xm-ev-]-e-a-e-bp-an-«mÄ ap-t¶

]n-¶m-se h-c-WmÀ-°-am-e-bpw an-«n-Sn-\mÄ

ssa-Yn-en-bp-sS A-\p-cm-K-]m-c-hiyw Hä t\m-«w sIm-−v sh-fn-s -̧

Sp-̄ p¶ B hÀ®-\ F-{X am{Xw cwK-s¯ `mkp-c-am-¡p¶p.

C-̄ -c-̄ n-ep-Å B-g-ap-Å \n-co-£-W-§-fn-em-Wv \mw F-gp-

¯Ñ-sâ I-hn-Xzw I-s−-¯p-¶Xv.

l\p-am-sâ e-¦m-Z-l-\-L-«-¯nse “Z-Zm-l-e-¦-a-Jn-ew km-

«-{]-km-Z-tXmcWw” F-¶ A-²ym-ß-cm-amb-Ww aq-e-¯n-se iq-

jv-In-̈ hÀ-®-\-bmWv.

182

A-\-e-in-J-I-fp-a-\n-e-kp-X-lr-Z-bhpw

sX-fn-ªml-́ x hn-jv-Wpp]-Zw i-an-̈ pXZm

F-¶v XpS-§n

`q-Xn-]-cn-]qÀ-®-am-bn-Xp e-¦bpw

F-¶-h-km-\n-¡p-¶ F-gp]- v̄ Cu-c-Sn-I-fm-bn hn-I-kn-¡p-¶Xv.

hym-k-I-Xam-b alm-̀ m-c-X-sa-¶ _rl-Zv Ir-Xn ]-cn-̀ m-j-s -̧Sp-̄ p-

¶-Xn-em-Wv Xp-©-̄ v F-gp-̄ Ñ-sâ kw-{K-l-W-]m-Shpw Xn-

I¨pw sh-fn-s -̧Sp¶-Xv a-lm-̀ m-c-X-̄ n-se B-Zn-]ÀÆ-s¯ ]u-

temaw, B-kv-XnIw, kw`-hw F-¶n-§-s\ aq-¶mbpw ]-̄ ma-

s¯ ku]vXn-I-]ÀÆ-s¯ ku-]v-XnIw, sF-ln-Iw F-¶n§-s\ c-

−mbpw hn-̀ -Pn- v̈ 18 kÀ¤§sf 21 B-bn hn-]p-e-s]-Sp-̄ n-bn-«p-

s−-¦nepw {]-Xn-]m-Zy-s¯ sam-̄ -̄ nÂ kw-{K-ln-¡p-I-bm-Wv

sN-bv-Xn-«p-Å-sX-¶v Im-Wmw. c-k-I-c-aÃ-̄ m X-Xz-IY\w Im-hy-

¯n-Â \n-s¶m-gn-hm-Im-\p-Å hy-K-c-X-bn-em-bn-cn¡-Ww Ko-tXm-]-

tZiw hn-«p-I-f-ªXv. c-km-hn-jv-¡m-c-W-̄ n-sâ am-äp sX-fn-bn-

¡m³ F-hn-sS \n¶pw D-²-cn-¡m-sa-¶-Xm-Wv ØnXn. ho-c-I-cp-W-

im-́ -§Ä-¡v {]m-ap-Jyhpw asäÃm-\n¶pw k-µÀ-̀ -a-\p-k-cn¨pw {]-

[m\yw \Â-In-bn-cn-¡p-¶p. Np-cp-¡-̄ nÂ GXp-̀ m-h-§Ä B-hn-

jv-¡-cn-¡m\pw G-Xp I-Y-IÄ hn-kv-X-cn-¡m\pw ]m-I-¯nÂ ae-

bm-f-̀ mj-sb k-Ö-am-¡p-I-bm-sW-gp-̄ -Ñ³ sN-bv-X-Xv. A-t±-

lw B-K-c-ln¨ t]m-se

`m-c-Xn-]-Zm-h-en tXm-t¶-W-w-Iete-Im-te

hm-cn-[n-X-¶nÂ Xn-c-am-e-I-sf¶ t]mse

F-¶ A-\m-bm-kam-b `m-jm-kn-²n t\Sn-b H-tc H-cp `m-jmI-hn

F-gp-̄ -Ñ³ am{XamWv. a-e-bm-f-̀ mj-sb H-cp amXr-I `m-j-bm-bn

\n-e-hm-c-s -̧Sp-̄ nb-Xv At±l-̄ n-sâ Ir-Xn-I-fmWv.

183

]m-\-]m-«n-sâ {k-ãmhm-b ]q-́ m-\-am-Wv kw-km-c-Po-hn-X-

Zpx-J-̄ n-sâ ImTn\yw kzm-\p-̀ -h-̄ n-eq-sS `m-j-bn-em-hn-jv-¡-cn-̈

Ihn. B-I-kv-an-I-am-bn Po-h-\m-iw kw-̀ -hn-̈ Hm-a-\-]q-{X-s\ a-Sn-

bnÂ In-S-̄ n-s¡m-−m-Wv ]q-́ m-\w Úm\¸m-\ ]m-Sn-bXv F-

¶v Hcp sF-Xn-ly-ap−v. C-XnÂ hm-kvX-hw D-s−-¦nepw C-sÃ-

¦nepw H-cp hen-b I-e-mc-l-kyw B I-Y-bn-e-S-§n-bn-cn-¡p¶p.

kzm-\p-̀ -h-̄ n-sâ Xn-¨q-f-bnÂ \n-¶m-Wv XXz-t_m-[m-ß-Iam-b H-

cp Imhyw ]n-d-hn-sb-Sp-¡p-¶-sX-¶v k-Xyw. G-Xm-bmepw B io-en-

sâ (]m-\) Im-cp-Wyhpw km-c-fhpw H-¶p-thsd-̄ s¶ ! Po-hn-Xw

F¶ Pz-c-hn-{`m-́ n-bp-sS A-À-°-ip\y-X C-{Xbpw i-àn-a-Wm-bn

A-h-X-cn-¸n-¡p-hm³ a-sämcp Cu-W-̄ n\pw I-gn-bnÃ.

F-®n-F-®n-Ip-d-bp-¶-Xm-bpÊpw

a-−n-a-−n-¡-tc-dp¶ tam-lhpw

F-¶n§-s\ BÀ-̀ m-S-c-ln-Xam-b B-ßm-hn-jv-¡m-cw \-½p-sS ]m-

«v km-ln-Xy-im-J-bnÂ a-säm-¶nÃ Xs¶. kw-km-c-Po-hn-X-̄ n-sâ

tim-Imß-I-X ]-Xn-ª Cu-W-̄ nÂ ]-cn-N-b-s -̧Sp¯n-b ]q-

´m-\w G-Xp-Kl-\-am-b- Nn-´bpw e-fn-Xm-am-bm-hn-jv-¡-cn-¡p-¶p.

Úm-\-̧ m-\-¡p-]pd-sa `m-K-h-X-̄ n-se k-´m-\-tKm-]m-ew I-Y-

bp-sS B-hn-jv-¡-c-Wam-b Ip-am-c-lc-Ww ]m-\bpw A\p-̀ -h-

¯nsâ Du-jv-a-fX sIm-−v lr-Zy-amWv. Po-hn-X-̄ n-sâ Øm-

bnbmb tim-Im-ß-IX-sb Ip-dn-¨p-Å A-h-t_m[w ]m-«p-km-ln-

Xy-im-J-bn-se C-X-c-Ir-Xn-I-fnÂ \n-¶v ]q-´m-\-̄ n-sâ IrXnI-sf

þ Úm-\-̧ m-\, Ip-am-c-lc-Ww ]m-\, kv-t{Xm-{X-§Ä þ F¶n-h

hyXkv-X-am-¡p¶p.

]q-́ m-\-s¯-t¸m-se X-s¶ A\-\y km-[m-c-Wam-b H-cp

C-Xn-hr-̄ -saSp¯v X-sâ B-ßm-hn-jv-¡m-c-̄ n-\v A-Yn-k-aÀ-°-

184

am-bn D-]-tbm-Kn-̈ I-hn-bm-Wv Ip-tN-e-hr-̄ w h-©n-¸m-s«-gpXn-b

cm-a-]pc-̄ v hm-cyÀ

CÃ Zmcn-{ZmÀ¯n-tbm-fw h-ep-Xm-bn-s«m-cmÀ-̄ n

CÃw ho-W Iq-̄ p-am-dmb-Xp I-−mepw

F-¶v Ip-tN-e-]Xv\-n-sb sIm-−v ]-d-bn-¡p-¶ Ihn. kzm-\p-̀ h-

s¯ X-s¶-bm-Wv cm-P-ka-£w A-h-X-cn-̧ n-¡p-¶Xp. H-cp H-ä-

IrXn-sIm-−v X-s¶ Po-hn-X-km-̂ eyw t\Sn-b H-cp I-hn a-e-bm-f-¡-

c-bnÂ th-sd-bp-s−-¶v tXm-¶p-¶nÃ. Np-cp-¡-̄ nÂ Zm-cn-{Zhpw

hn-i¸pw {]-ta-b-am¡n-b Ip-tN-e-hr-̄ w h-©n-̧ m-«v B B-hn-jv-

¡m-c-coXn-sIm-−pX-s¶ `-àn-km-ln-Xy-̄ nÂ th-dn-«v \nÂ-

¡p¶p. ]q-´m-\-̄ n-sâbpw cm-a-]pc-̄ v hm-cn-b-cp-sS B-Jym-\-

¯n-\p-Å a-säm-cp {]-tXy-I-X A-XnÂ \nd-ªv \nÂ-¡p-¶ a®n-

sâ a-W-amWv. tI-c-fo-bam-b hy-Y-Ifpw Po-hn-Xhpw {]-ta-b-am¡n-

b B-Ir-Xn-IÄ ]m-«p-km-ln-Xy-̄ n-sâ km-aq-ly-\n-e-hm-cw sa-̈ -

s -̧Sp¯n.

]m«v km-ln-Xy-̄ n-sâ Iq-«-̄ nÂ DÄ-s -̧Sp-̄ n ]-d-bm-dp-

s−-¦nepw Ip-©³-\-¼ym-cp-sS Xp-ÅÂ-̧ m-«v `-àn-{][m-\ hn-j-

b-am-bn kzo-I-cn-̈ ]m-«p-km-ln-Xy-im-J-bnÂ \n-¶v AI-¶p \nÂ-

¡p¶p. A-Xv B-Jym-\-̄ nepw \n-e-hm-c-̄ nepw hyXykv-X-X ]p-e-

À-̄ p¶p. {io-Ir-jv-W-N-cn-Xw a-Wn-{]-hm-fw t]m-se D-̄ -aam-b a-

Wn-{]-hm-f-ssi-en-bp-sS {]-tbm-àm-hm-Wv Ip-©³ \-¼ymÀ.

a-e-bm-f-̄ n-sâbpw kw-kv-Ir-X-̄ n-sâbpw k-a-c-k-s -̧Sepw kw-

LÀ-j-§fpw ]m-«p-km-ln-Xy-̄ nÂ

a-e-bm-f-̀ m-j-bn-se B-Z-b-Ir-Xnbm-b cm-a-N-cn-Xw sXm-

«pX-s¶ kw-kv-IrXhpw a-e-bm-fhpw X-½n-ep-Å k-a-c-k-s -̧Sepw

185

kw-LÀ-j-§fpw \-ap-¡v ImWmw. H-cÀ-°¯nÂ ]m-«p-km-lnXyw

{Zm-hn-U-̀ m-j-I-fp-sS s]mXp-ss]-Xr-I-amWv. a-e-bm-f-¡-c-bnÂ

B km-ln-Xy-cq-]-̄ n-sâ e-£-W-s¯-¡p-dn- v̈ H-cp \nÀhN-\w

\Â-Ip¶-Xv en-em-Xne-Iw F-¶ kw-kv-Ir-X-̀ m-j-bn-ep-Å hy-I-c-W-

{KÙ-amWv. “{Z-hn-U-kw-Lm-Xm-£-c-\n-_-Ô-sa-XpIm-tam-\-hr-̄ -

hn-ti-j-bpI-Xw ]m«v” F-¶m-Wv B \nÀ-h-N\w. {Zm-hn-U-̀ m-j-bn-

ep-Å A-£-c-§Ä am{Xw þ AXmbXv 12 kz-c-§-fpw 18 hy-Rv-

P-\-§fpw D-]-tbm-Kn-̈ m-bn-cn¡-Ww ]m-«p-I-Ä cNn-t¡-−Xv. ]m-

«nÂ kw-kv-Ir-Xw D-]-tbm-Kn¡mw ]-t£ A-Xv XÂ-̀ -h-am-bnt«m

XÂ-k-a-amm-bnt«m Bbn-cn-¡Ww. A-Xmb-Xv ‘{Zm-hn-Um-kw-Lm-

Xm-£-c-am-e-bnÂ’ F-gp-X-¯-¡h-®w h-À-®-am-äw h-cp-̄ n-bn-«v D-

]-tbm-Kn-¡m-sa-¶v kmcw. D-Zm-l-c-W-̄ n-\v ta-L-\m-Z³ F-¶ t]-

cv 'C-Sn-¡p-ce³' F-¶v `m-jm-́ -c-s -̧Sp-̄ n D-]-tbm-Kn¡mw F-Xp-

I-bpw tam-\bpw X-an-gv co-Xn-bv-¡p-Å i-Ðm-e-¦m-c-§-fm-Wv. ‘F-

Xp-I’ Zzn-Xn-bm£-cw {]-km-am-sW-¶v ]-d-b-msa-¦nepw ]m-«nse

‘FXp-I’bv-¡v H-cp khnti-j-X-bp−v. H-cp ]m-«n-se \m-ep ]-Z-

§-fn-tebpw ‘FXp-I’¡v am-{X H-¶m-bn-cn-¡Ww. ‘tam-\’bmI-s«

]-ZmÀ-²m-Zn{]m-k-amWv. A, B, sF, Hu F-¶n-h-bv¡pw N, X X-

½nepw R, \ X-½nepw a, h X-½nepw ]-c-kv]-cw tam\-bm-Imw. C-

h-bv-¡v ]pd-sa cm-a-N-cn-X-¯nÂ A-́ m-Zn-{]-k-hp-ap−v. H-cp ]m-«n-

se A-h-km\-s¯ ]-Zw sImt−m ]-Z-§Ä sImt−m A-Sp-

¯ ]m-«v B-cw-̀ n-¡p¶p. ‘A-́ mZn-sXm-ssS’ Xan-gv ]m-c-¼-cy-a-\p-

k-cn-¨p-Å i-Ðm-e-¦m-c-amWv. cm-a-N-cn-X-̄ n-se ]m-«p-IÄ X-an-gv

hn-cp-̄ §Ä (hr-̄ §Ä) A-\p-k-cn-̈ m-Wv c-Nn-̈ n-«p-ÅXv. I-en

hn-cp¯w, Ien¯pssd hn-cpX-Xw B Nn-cn-b-hn-cp-̄ w F-¶n hn-

`m-K-§-fnÂ-s¸-Sp-¶ ]-Xn-\m-dp-hr-̄ -§-fm-Wv cm-a-N-cn-X-̄ nÂ D-

186

]-tbm-Kn-¨n-«p-ÅXv. eo-em-Xn-e-I-\nÀ-h-N\\p-k-cn v̈ “]m-Þy-̀ m-jm-

km-cq-]yw _m-lp-tey-\ tI-c-f-̀ m-jmbmw `hXn” F¶ e-£-W-a-

\p-k-cn-¨p-Å Ir-Xn-bm-Wv cm-a-N-cnXw. ]m-«n-\v \n-e-hm-c-s -̧« km-ln-

Xy-]Z-hn e`n- -̈Xn-\p-ti-j-am-bn-cn¡-Ww cm-a-N-cn-X-̄ n-sâ cN-\.

A-Xmb-Xv tI-c-f-¡-c-bp-sS sX¡pw h-S¡pw ]m-«n-\v {]-Nm-cw h-

¶-ti-j-am-bn-cn¡-Ww A-Xn-sâ ]nn-dhn. eo-em-Xn-e-I-Ime- v̄ ]m-«n-

\v kÀ-Æ-{X-{]-Nm-c-ap-−m-bn-cp¶p. C-hn-sS {i-t²-bam-b Hcp

hkvXp-X kw-kv-Ir-X-̀ m-jbpw km-ln-Xyhpw {]-Nm-c-¯n-en-cn-¡p-

t¼mÄ X-s¶-bmWv cm-a-N-cnXw ‘Du-gn-bnÂ sN-dn-b-hÀ-¡mbn’ X-

an-gm-bn-sIm-−-dn-̈ Xv. A-X-bm-Xv Hcp hi-̄ v e-£-W-bp-àam-

b ]m«pw a-d-hi-̄ v `m-jm-kw-kv-Ir-X-tbm-Kam-b aWn-{]-hm-fhpw

C-hn-sS \n-e-\n-¶n-cp¶p. Cu km-l-N-cy-̄ n-em-Wv kw-kv-Ir-X-

P\yam-b a-Wn-{]-hm-fhpw cm-a-N-cn-Xhpw X-½n-ep-Å kw-LÀ-jhpw

k-a-c-k-s¸Sepw NÀ-̈ sN-t¿-−Xv. sN-́ -an-gv `m-jm \n-b-a-̄ n-\v

hn-cp-²-am-bn ]p-cp-j-{]Xy-bw Iq-Sm-sX ]qÀ-®-{In-bm cq-]-§Ä

cm-a-N-cn-X-̄ nÂ Im-Wmw. A-cp-¡-a−ew A-¦n-t\À-Xp-Sp-¡-s\-

¨p-Ip¶p. ap-Sn-́ -pS-enÂ ho-gv-´p F-¶n§-s\ X-an-gv `mj-bn-enÃm-

¯ Nn-e {]-tbm-K-§Ä þ D-−mbn-sXm--cp- ]n-W-¡-a-hÀ X-½nÂ þ

F¶n-§-s\-bp-f-f a-Wn-{]-hm-f-ssi-enbpw A-XnÂ D−v. hn-\m-

bI³, Im-\\w, Icn-Wn Xp-S§n-b ]-e kw-kv-Ir-XnIrX{]-tbm-K-

§fpw A-Xn-ep−v. Nn-e ip²kwkv-Ir-X-]-Z-§Ä X-s¶ A-hn-S-

hn-sS Im-Wmw. A-́ cm, B-a-c-Wm´w, NctW. tI-In\mw Xp-

S§n-b A-t\-Iw kw-kv-Ir-X-]-Z-§Ä A-XnÂ Øm-\w ]n-Sn-¨n-

«p−v. A-tX ka-bw _-lp `q-cn]-£w ]-Z-§fpw kw-kv-Ir-X-kw-

\-]À-¡-anÃ-̄ -hm-bmWv. cm-a-N-cn-X-̄ n-se a-Wn-{]-hm-f-kzm-[o-\-

s¯-¡p-dn-¨pw ‘kw-kv-Ir-X-kzm[o\w {Zm-hn-U-̀ m-j-I-fnepw km-ln-

187

Xy-§-fnepw’ F-¶ ]p-kv-X-I-̄ nÂ ]-Þn-X\mb F³. hn. Ir-jv-

W-hm-cn-bÀ C-{]-Im-cw F-gp-Xp-¶p−v. “cm-a-N-cn-X-̄ n-se

`mjbpw a-Wn-{]-hm-fw X-s¶ F-¶m-Wv F-sâ ]£w. h-s«-gp-̄ n-

Â F-gp-Xn h-¶-Xn-\mÂ cm-a-N-cn-X-̄ n-se kw-kv-Ir-X-]-Z-§Ä ]-

eXpw X-Zv-̀ -h-cq-]w sI-s¡m-−n«p−v.” F-¦nepw A-]qÀ-Æ-am-sb-

¦nepw kw-k-Ir-I-hn-̀ -I-Xy- -́]-Z-§-fpw (h-¿-hm-b-\ax. N-ctW,

Im-\t\) kw-kv-Ir-Xn-Ir-X-§fm-b a-e-bm-f-]-Z-§fpw a-eÀ-

hnÃnsb A\-¦\-s\ F-¶n§-sX hn-ti-j-W-hn-ti-jy- -t]m-cp-

¯w Zn-£n-¨ ]Z§fpw A-XnÂ Im-Wmw. cm-a-N-cnX-¯n-se a-Wn-

{]-hm-f-kzm-[o-\-s¯-¡p-dn-̈ v tUm. ]p-Xp-tÈ-cn cm-a-N-{µ\pw G-Xm-

−n-tX A-̀ n-{]m-bw ]-d-ªn-«p−v. “a-Wn-{]-hm-f-Ir-Xn-Itfm-Sv cm-a-

N-cn-X-̄ n-\p-Å I-S-¸m-Sv `m-h-̄ nepw cq-]-X-Xnepw {]I-S-amWv.”

XpSÀ¶v A-t±-lw C-{Xbpw Iq-Sn ]-d-ªp-sh-bv-¡p-¶p-−v. ]m-«n-

sâ {Zm-hn-U-\n-b-a-̄ n-\v hn-t[--b-am-bn GtXm H-cp a-Wn-{]-hm-fI-

hn c-Nn-̈ Hcp ]m-«p-Im-hya-sÃ cmaNcn-Xw F-¶v tXm¶mw.

\nc-Ww Ir-Xn-I-fn-se `m-j-sb-¡p-dn-̈ v B I-hn-IÄ-¡p X-

s¶-bp-−m-bn-cp-¶ [m-c-W in-h-cm-{Xn -am-lm-ßy¯nÂ I-®-È³

\n-P-̀ mjsb ‘`mjman-{i’sb-¶v hntijn-̧ n-¡p-¶-XnÂ \n-¶pX-

s¶ hy-à-am-Wv. B-sI IqSn-t\m-¡n-t¼mÄ I®È-̀ m-j H-cp an-

{i`m-jm-hy-h-Ø-sb-bm-Wv {]-Xn-\n-[m-\w sN-¿p-¶-Xv F-¶v ]pXp-

tÈ-cn cm-a-N-{µ-sâ A-̀ n-{]m-bw i-cn-bmWv. cm-a-N-cn-X-¯nÂ ]m-

Þy-̀ m-jm-km-cq-]yw Ip-Sp-Ibpw am-{X-aÃ X-an-gn-se H¼-Xp sN-

¿pÄ hn-Im-c-§Ä-¡v hn-t[-b-am-bn-«p-Å `m-jm{]-tbm-Kw cm-a-N-

cnX-s¯ km-am-\y-hy-hlm-c `m-j-bnÂ \n-¶-Iän. AXp-t]m-se X-

s¶ kw-kv-Ir-X-k-¦-e-\am-b `m-jm-an-{ihpw I-®-È-Ir-Xn-I-fp-sS

188

{]-Nm-c-tem-]-̄ n-\v h-gn-sh¨p. F-¶mÂ en-emh-Xn So-¨À Nq-−n-¡m-

Wn¨ t]m-se \nc-Ww Ir-Xn-IÄ ]nÂ-¡me-̄ v hn-kv-ar-Xn-bnÂ hn-e-

bn-s -̈¦nepw A-h \n-P-P-·-IrXyw km-[n-̈ n-«p−v. tI-cfn-b P-\-X-

bp-sS `m-h-t_m-[-̄ nÂ H-cp am-äw h-cp-̄ m³ Ahbv-¡v I-

gnªp. a-e-\m-«p X-an-gnÂ kw-kv-Ir-Xw I-eÀ-̄ n-bp-−m¡n-b k-

¦-c-̀ m-j-bmWv. `m-jm-an-{iw. \nc-Ww ]m-«p-I-fnÂ {Z-hn-U-kw-Lm-

Xm-£-c-\n_-Ô-\ CÃ. A-tX-ka-bw F-Xp-I-bpw tam-\bpw k-

hn-ti-j-hr-̄ hpw D−v. Zzn-X-X-c-w-Kn-Wn-bm-Wv C-Xn-se hr¯w. ]m-

«v F-¶ Im-hy-imJ-¡v th-−-{X-Im¼pw Icp¯pw D-−m-¡m³ ]m-

I-̄ nÂ kw-kv-Ir-X-]-Z-§-Ä I-eÀ-̄ p¶Xn-\v Bhiyamb A-

-́Êm-chpw Ku-chpw \Â-Inb-Xv \nc-Ww I-hn-I-fmWv. `-àn-

`mhw, kw{K-l-W-]m-S-hpw, k-¦oÀ-̄ -\-kz-̀ m-hw F-¶n-h-bn-seÃmw

A-h-sc Fgp¯-Ñ-³ am-Xr-I-bm¡n. kw-t£-]-W-I-Y-bn-se B-

Nm-cy\m-b F-gp-¯Ñ-\v Unssk\pw kv-sI¨pw D-−m-¡n-s¡m-

Sp¯-Xv i-¦-c- -̧Wn-¡m-cm-sW-¶ Ir-jv-W-̧ nÅ-bp-sS \n-co£-Ww

i-cn-bmWv. H-cÀ-°-̄ nÂ a-Wn-{]-hm-f-̀ mj-sb ]m-«nÂ hne-bn-

¸n¡p-I F¶ t_m-[-]q-À-Æam-b hn-¹-h-amWv A-hÀ \-S-̄ n-bXv.

B-cy-h-À-®-am-e-bp-sS {]-Nm-c-t¯m-sS a-e-bm-f-̀ mj-sb X-an-gnÂ

\n-¶v hym-hÀ-̄ n-¨n-¡p-¶ [À-½-§-fnÂ ]-eXpw A-\p-\m-kn-Im-

Xn-{]-kcw, Xm-e-hym-tZiw, kz-c-kw-hc-Ww Xp-S§n-b hÀ-® ]-cn-

Wm-a-§Ä `m-jm-an-{i-̄ nÂ \-S-̧ n-em-bn I-gn-ªn-cp¶p. AtXm-

Sp-Iq-Sn `m-jm-L-S-\-bnÂ a-Wn-{]-hm-fhpw ]m«pw X-½nÂ h-en-b hy-

Xym-k-anÃ-Xmbn. `m-jm-hn-j-b-̄ nÂ kw-kv-Ir-Xhpw ]m-«p-k-m-ln-

Xyhpw X-½nÂ k-a-cks -̧«p F-¶À°w. F-¶mÂ a-Wn-{]-hm-fw H-

cp em-£-WnI IÂ-]-\-bm-Wv amWnIyhpw ]-hn-ghpw t]m-ep-Å

H-cp tNÀ¨ kwkv-Ir-Xhpw a-e-bm-fhpw X-½nÂ thWw. hn-̀ -ày-

´am-b kw-kv-Ir-X-]-Z-§Ä I-gn-bp-¶n-S-t¯m-fw Ip-d v̈, kw-kv-

189

Ir-X-]-Z-§Ä-¡v a-e-bm-f-{]-Xy-b-§Ä tNÀ-̄ v D-̄ -aam-b `m-jm-

]-Z-§Ä tNÀ-̄ p-−m-¡p-¶-Xm-Wv eo-em-Xne-Im-c³ \nÀ-t±-in-¡p-

¶ a-Wn-{]-hm-fw. ‘X-Zp¯-aw `m-jm-c-k-{]m-[m-t\y’ F-¶ kq-{X-a-

\p-k-cn- v̈ kw-kv-Ir-X-̄ n-\Ã a-e-bm-f-̄ n-\m-Wv IqSpXÂ {]m-

[m\yw \Â-tI-−-sX¶v kmcw. F-¶mÂ I-®-È-·m-cp-sS Ime-

v̄ kmam\y-hy-h-lm-c`m-j a-e-\m-«p-X-an-gnÂ \n-¶p ]qÀ-®-ambpw

tam-Nn-¡-s -̧«n-cp-¶nÃ. A-Xmb-Xv tI-c-fo-b-cp-sS kw-̀ m-j-W-̀ m-j-

bnÂ a-Wn-{]-hmf-Z-i A-\m-bmk-am-bn cp-]-s¸-«p h-cpv-\-Xn-\v

AXmb-Xv kw-kv-Ir-X-kzm-[o-\w a-e-bm-f-hy-h-lm-c-̀ mj-bnÂ Km-

Vam-bn Xn-cp-¶-Xn-\v i-Xm-Ð-§Ä F-Sp-̄ n-cn-¡Ww. A ]-cn-hÀ-

¯-\-L-«-̄ nÂ kr-ãn-¡-s -̧« an-{i-̀ m-jm-Ir-Xn-IÄ ]nÂ-¡m-e-̄ v

kzm-̀ m-hn-I-am-bn A-h-K-Wn-¡-s -̧«n-cn-¡Ww. hn-ti-jn¨pw F-gp-

¯-Ñ-s\-t¸mse H-cp a-lm-{]-Xn-̀ -bpsS D-Z-b-t¯m-sS \nc-Ww

Ir-Xn-I-fp-sS Ime-s¯ kw-LÀ-jw km-am-\y-hy-h-lm-c-̀ m-jbpw

\nc-Ww Ir-Xn-I-fn-se an-{i-̀ m-jbpw X-½n-Â B-bn-cp¶p.

a-e-bm-f-̀ mjm-ssi-en kÀ-Æ-P-\-{]m-]y-am-Ip¶-Xv F-gp-

¯Ñ-sâ Im-e-̄ mWv. ]m-«p-Ir-Xn-I-fn-se `m-jm-co-Xnbpw a-Wn-{]-

hm-f-ssi-enbpw D-Zv-{K-[n¨p-sIm-−v kzmb-̄ am-b H-cp ssi-en

A-t±-lw kzo-I-cn¨p. a-e-bm-f-]-Z-§-fp-sS kw-kv-Ir-X-]Z-§fpw

k-tbm-Pn-¸n- -̈Xn-ep-Å A-\p-]m-X-k-¦Â-]w tI-c-fo-bÀ-¡v lr-Zy-am-

bn A\p-̀ -h-s -̧«p F-¶v tI-c-f-kw-kv-¡m-c-N-cn-{X-\n-L-−p-hnÂ

Fkv. sI h-k-́ ³ Nq-−n-¡m-«p¶p. In-fn-̧ m-«p-hr-̄ -§-fnÂ hn-c-

Nn-Xam-b cm-am-b-Wþ`m-c-Xm-Zn `m-j-IfnÂ \n-¶pw G-sd-sbm¶pw

a-m-dn-bn-«nÃ \q-äm-−p-IÄ I-gn-ªn«pw \-½p-sS `m-j F-¶-Xm-Wv

k-Xyw. I-®-È-Ir-Xn-I-fn-se {]m-No-\-]-Z-§Ä G-sd D-t]-£n-̈ v kw-

kv-Ir-X-]-Z-§Ä kzo-I-cn-̈ v F-gp-̄ -Ñ³ Im-hy-̀ mj-sb B-[p-\n-

I-am¡n. a-e-bm-f-̀ mjm-]-cn-jv-I-c-W-̄ nÂ F-gp-̄ -Ñ³ sNbvX-Xv

190

Ip-td Ip-Sn hy-à-am-bn ]-d-ªmÂ sX-¡p-̀ m-K-̄ p-Å I-®-È-

sâbpw hS-s¡ a-e-_m-dn-se sN-dp-tÈ-cn-bpsSbpw Im-hy-̀ m-jI-

sf a-[y-tI-c-f-̄ n-se h-Åp-h-\m-S³ `m-j-bp-am-bn k-a-\y-bn-̧ n-¡p-

I F-¶-Xm-Wv kw-LÀ-j-§Ä H-gn-hm-¡n ka-c-k-s -̧Sp-̄ -en-sâ

]m-X-bm-Wv F-gp-̄ -Ñ³ kzo-I-cn-̈ Xv.

a-e-bm-f-I-hn-X-bnÂ Xm-fm-kv-]-Z-hr-̄ -§fpsS hyh-Øs¸SÂ

Xmfw F-¶p ]-d-bp¶-Xv \r-¯-Ko-X-hm-Zy-§-fp-sS am-{XI-

sf kw_Ôn v̈ hyh-Ø, Im-e-b-fhv, {I-a-ambpw Ir-Xy-ambpw I-

W-¡m-¡m³ D]tbmKn-¡p-¶ ASn-Øm-\-L-S-I-amWv. Imew, {In-

b, am-\w F¶n-h tNÀ-¶-XmWv Xm-fw F-¶v Aa-c-tImiw. Im-e-

\nÀ-®-b-̄ n-\v A-Sn-Øm-\w ‘£Ww’ BWv. H-cp £-W-sa-

¶mÂ \q-dp- Xm-a-c-Z-f-§Ä taÂ-¡p-taÂ A-Sp-¡n-sh-¨v

AhbnÂ ta-te \n-¶v H-cp kq-Nn Ip-̄ n-bn-d-¡p-hm³ th-−n h-

cp-¶ k-a-b-am-Wv £Ww. Xm-fw ]n-Sn-¡p-¶ coXn-bm-Wv {In-b,

ssI-IÄ sIm-«p-I, ssI hn-ip-I, hncen-se®p-I Xp-S-§n-b-h C-

XnÂs¸Spw Xmf-s¯ B-dpAw-K-§-fm-bn Xn-cn-̈ n-cn-¡p¶p. j-

Uw-K-§Ä F-¶m-W-h-bp-sS t]À. (1) A-\p-{ZpXw (H-cp A£-cw),

(2) {ZqXw (c-−v A£-cw), (3) eLp (\m-ev A£-cw), (4) Kpcp (F-

«£-cw), (5) -¹pXw (]-{ -́−v A£-cw), (6) Im-I-]mZw (]-Xn-\m-

d£-cw). C-XnÂ A-Xn-{ZpXw, {Zq-Xw, e-Lp ¶n aq-s¶-®-¯n-\m-Wv

{]m-[m-\yw. e-Lp-hn-s\ am-{X F¶pw ]-d-bm-dp−v. A-Xv kÀ-Æ-{]-

[m-\-am-bn hÀ-̄ n-¡p¶p. am-{Xm-hr-̄ -§Ä B-Wv {]m-tb-W-]m-

«p-km-ln-Xy-̄ nÂ D-]-tbm-Kn-̈ n-«p-ÅXv. cm-a-N-cn-X-̄ nÂ {]-[m-\-

ambpw I-en-hn-cp¯w, I-en¯p-ssd-hn-cp¯w, BNncn-b hr-̄ w

F-¶n-h-bnÂ DÄ-s -̧Sp-¶ ]-Xn-\m-dp-hr-̄ -§-fm-Wv D-]-tbm-Kn-¨n-«p-

ÅXv. FÃm hr-̄ -§fpw \m-ep- ]-mZ-§Ä D-Å-h-bmWv. ]m-Zw

191

tXmdpw \m-ep Nocp-Å I-en-hnc-̄ w B-dv ]-S-e-§-fnÂ D-]-tbm-Kn-

¨n-«p−v. ]m-Zw tXm-dpw A©p-No-cp-Å I-en¯pssd hn-cp¯w

105þmw ]-S-e-̄ nÂ am-{X-ta-bpÅq. _m-¡n-sbÃmw B-dp-No-cp ap-

XÂ ]-̄ p No-cp-IÄ h-sc ]m-Zw tXmdpapÅ B-Nncn-b hn-cp-̄ -

am-Wv D-]-tbm-Kn-̈ n-«p-Å-Xv. Cu B-dp NoÀ BNncnb-hr¯-w tII,

Du-\, X-cw-KnWn, lw-k-¹p-Xw F-¶n hr-̄ -e-£-W-§Ä-¡v

kam\amWv.

D-Zm-l-cWw;

th-́ À-tIm-́ -\-b-\m-bn hn-®-hÀ-¡-ap-Xm-bp-Å-XnÂ

Im-́ n-tNÀ-ap-\n-hÀ tXSpw X-\n-a-ssd-¡m-X-em-bn

]q-́ -ss-g-¡p-g-emÄ No-ssX]p-W c-Wnap-sse-I-Iv-̧ p¬-

]m-bv

bmÀs´gpa-c-¡À \-©m-b-h-\n-h-cp-Xn-̄ p X-¿ (tII)

C-Xv tI-I-hr-̄ -amWv. CXp-t]m-se lw-k-¹p-Xw F-¶ hr-̄ hpw

cm-a-N-cnXw (]Sew 19þÂ) Im-Wmw. cm-a-N-cn-X-̄ nÂ Du-\-X-cw-Kn-

Wn F-¶ hr-̄ hpw Nn-e-bnS-̄ v {]-Xy-£-s -̧Sp-¶p−v. In-fn-̧ m-«v

hr-̄ -§Ä F-¶v A-dn-b-s -̧Sp-¶ tI-I, ImI-fn {]-tZ-Z-§fm-b

I-f-Im-©n, aWn-Im©n, an-{i-ImI-fn Xp-S§n-b ]m-«p-hr-̄ -§Ä

F-gp-̄ Ñ-\p ap³-]v X-s¶ I-®-È-Ir-Xn-I-fnÂ {]-tbm-Kn-̈ n-«p−v.

Cu I-®-È-hr-̄ §-sf ]-cn-jv-¡-cn-¨p-]-tbm-Kn-¡p-I-bm-Wv F-gp-

¯-Ñ³ sNbv-XXv.

F¶mÂ I-®-È-cm-am-b-W-¯nÂ 80% ]m-«p-I-fnepw Im-

Wp¶-Xv ZoÀ-L-X-cw-Kn-Wn F-¶ hr-̄ -amWv. ]-Xn-\m-dp am-{X-IÄ

ho-X-ap-Å c-−p J-Þ-§-f-S§n-b \m-ep ]m-Z-§-fmWv Cu hr-

¯-̄ n-ep-ÅXv. I-®È-sâ G-ähpw {]n-b-s¸-« hr-̄ w C-XmWv.

192

Ip-©-³ \-¼ym-cp-sS Xp-Å-en-se {][m-\ hr-̄ hpw X-cw-

Kn-Wn Xs¶. hmkv-X-h-̄ nÂ ‘XpÅÂ’ Ip-©³ \-¼ymÀ-¡v ap³-

]p X-s¶ {]-Nm-c-̄ n-ep−v. Xan-gv-\m-«nÂ Aw-K-hn-t£-]-t¯m-Sp-

Iq-Sn ]m-Sp-¶ ]m-«m-Wv XpÅÂ. tI-c-f-̄ nepw ]-S-b-Wn-¡v Xp-

ÅÂ ]-Xn-hp-−m-bn-cp-¶p-sh-¶v \-¼ymÀ X-s¶ Nq-−n-Im-Wn-¡p-

¶p−v. \r-̄ mw-i-̄ n\pw Km-\m-em-]-\-̄ n\pw A-\n-hm-cyam-b

Xm-f-cm-K-hy-h-Ø-sb-¡p-dn-̈ v \-¼ym-À t_m-[-hm-\m-bn-cp¶p. tI-c-

f-X-XnÂ {]-Nm-c-̄ n-en-cp-¶ Nn-e Xp-ÅÂ I-em-cq-]-§Ä hy-h-Ø-

s -̧Sp-̄ n cm-K-Xm-f-§-fp-sS kz-̀ m-h-t¯m-sS hÀ-¤n-I-cn-̈ v {]-tbm-

Kn-¡p-I-bm-Wv \-¼ymÀ sN-bv-XXv. ]-d-b³ th-j-̄ nÂ Xp-Åp-¶-

hÀ D-]-tbm-Kn-̈ n-cp-¶ in-ep-I-fm-Wv ]-d-b³ Xp-Å-enÂ D-]-tbm-Kn-

¨n-cn-¡p-¶Xv hIv{Xhpw aÃn-I-bp-amW-h. C-h-bm-Wv \-¼ymÀ Xp-

Å-ep-I-fnepw D-]-tbm-Kn-̈ -Xv. ]S-b-Wn-¡v ]p-e-bÀ A-h-X-cn-¸n-¨n-

¡p-¶ Xp-Å-em-Wv io-X-¦³ Xp-ÅÂ F-¶v tUm. FÊv. sI \m-

bÀ Nq-−n-¡m-Wn-¨n-«p−v. Im-I-fnbpw I-f-Im-©nbpw Ip-i-a²y-

bp-am-Wv {]-[m-\-hr-̄ §Ä. Hm-«³- F-¶m-Â thK-̄ n-epÅ-Xv F-

¶m-WÀ°w. I-Wn-bm-am-cpsS Hm-«³-Xp-Å-em-Wv \-¼ym-cpsS Hm-

«³ Xp-Å-ep-IÄ-¡v B-[mcw. _m[sb Hm-Sn-¡m-\p-Å- Xp-Å-

emWv Hm-«³ XpÅÂ. Hm-«³-Xp-Å-enÂ {][m-\w Xcw-Kn-Wn hr-̄ -

amWv. Np-cp-¡-̄ nÂ I-Wn-bm-·m-cp-sSbpw ]-d-b-cp-sSbpw ]p-e-

b-cp-sSbpw {]-Nm-c-̄ n-en-cp-¶ Xm-fm-Sn-k-Ym-\-̄ n-ep-f-f Xp-Å-ep-

I-fm-Wv \¼ymÀ-cm-K-Xm-f-kz-`m-h-§Ä \nÀ-®-bn- v̈ ]-cn-jv-¡-cn -̈Xv

F-¶-À°w. Xp-f-f-en-sâ {]m-cw-̀ -̄ nÂ X-s¶ Xm-fw N-hn-«p-¶p−v.

K-W-]Xn, ]-Sn-h«w, Iemiw, ap-¶c-§v F¶n§s\. “{]m-k-̄ nÂ

H-cn-S¯pw Ip-d-hnÃm-Xn-cn-t¡Ww” F-¶v \-¼ymÀ Xs¶ {]-kv-Xm-hn-

¡p-¶p−v. Xp-Å-enÂ A-\n-hm-cyam-b H-cp [À-½-am-Wv {]mkw.

193

A-Xv Xm-f-hp-am-bn _-Ô-s -̧S-Sn-cn-¡p¶p. Ip-©³- \-¼ymÀ Xp-Å-

enÂ {]-[m-\-ambpw {]-tbm-Kn-̈ n-cn-¡p¶-Xv I-−-\m¨n, Ipw-̀ -Xmfw,

e-£v-an-Xm-fw F-¶n-h-bm-Wv ]-eX-cw k-¦nÀ-®-Xm-f-§Ä {Km-a-I-e-

Ifm-b Xp-Å-ep-I-fnÂ {]-Nm-c-̄ n-ep-−m-bn-cp¶p. ap-Sn¸p-c ]m-«p-

I-fnepw Xm-f-am-Wv {]-[m-\w F-¶v tUm. F. hn hn-jv-Wp \¼q-Xn-cn

Nq-−n-¡m-Wn-¡p¶p. k-´m-\-tKm-]m-ew ]m\-sb A-Sn-Øm-\-am-

¡n s]¬-Ip-«n-I-Ä \À¯-In th-j-̄ nÂ \r-̄ w sN-¿p-¶ H-cp

I-em-cq-]w D-̄ -c-tI-c-f-̄ nÂ {]-Nm-c-ap−v. C-Xn-s\ Xp-ÅÂ hc-

hv F-¶m-Wv ]-d-bp-¶Xv. Np-cp-¡-̄ nÂ Xm-fw A-Sn-Øm-\-am-¡n-

s¡m-−p-Å H-cp hr-̄ -hy-h-Ø ]m-«p-km-ln-Xy-hp-am-bn _-Ô-

s¸« c-N-\-I-fnÂ \-ap-¡v Im-Wm³ I-gn-bpw. k-aq-l-¯nÂ \n-e-\n-

¶n-cp-¶ A-h-Xm-f§-sf þ cm-{ãn-bhpw km-aq-ly-hpam-b A-hy-h-

ØI-sf þ A-I-än k-ap-l-¯n-\v s]m-Xp-Xm-f-{I-aw sIm-−p-h-cm-

\p-Å {i-a-am-bn-cp-¶p A-hÀ \-S-̄ n-bXv.

Cu ]-Ým-̄ -e-̄ nÂ ‘a-e-bm-f-km-ln-Xy-N-cn-{X-kw-{Klw’

F-¶ ]p-kv-X-I-̄ nÂ s{]m-^. ]n. i-¦-c³ \-¼ymÀ \-S¯n-b \n-

cn£-Ww {i-t²-b-amWv. \-½p-sS ]qÀ-Æn-Icm-b B-Zn-{Zm-hn-

UÀ¡pw {]-tXy-I-§fm-b Xm-fm-\p-à-Km-\-§Ä ]-e-X-c-̄ n-ep-

−mbn-cn-¡Ww. Km-\-§Ä ]m-Sp-t¼m-Ä B Xm-f-XXn-s\m¯

t]m-se th−n-S-§-fnÂ kz-c-§Ä-¡v iàn-sIm-Sp-¡p-Ibpw

B i-àn hÀ-²n-¸n-¡p-¶-Xn-\m-bn H-tc i-Ð-§Ä B-hÀ-̄ n-¡p-

I-bp-am-bn-cp-¶p {]m-Nn-\-am-cp-sS ]-Xnhv. At¸mÄ B-Zn-Im-e-§-

fn-se hr-̄ -§-fnÂ am{X¡pw A-\p-{]m-k-̄ n\pw {]m[m\yw e-̀ n-

-̈sX-§n-s\-sb-¶v hy-à-am-Ip-¶p-−-tÃm. C¯-cw hr-̄ -§-

fnÂ Hmtcm ]mZw Hmtcm Cu-c-Sn-bm-bn I-W-¡m-¡m-hp-¶Xpw a-

²y-̄ nÂ AÂ-]w hn-cm-a-ap-Å-Xn-\mÂ c-−v AÀ-²-§-fm-bn hn-̀ -

Pn-¡m-hp-¶-Xp-amWv. Cuc-Sn-IÄ a²y-̄ nÂ sh-̈ v \nÀ-¯p-¶-Xn-\v

194

km-t¦-Xn-Iamb hn-e-¡p-I-fnÃmbn-cp¶p. \-S-\-k-a-b-̄ m-bn-

cn¡Ww Cu I-hn-Xm-coXn Xp-S-¡-̄ nÂ {]-tbm-Kn-¡m³ Xp-S-§n-

bXv. BIbmÂ \-S-·mÀ-¡v C-S-bv-s¡m-¶p hn-{i-an-¡p-¶-X-n-\m-bn

in-ep-IÄ ap-dn-tb-−Xpw B-hiyw Xs¶. \À-X-X-I-\-am-cp-sS hn-

{i-a-̄ n-\p-th-−n C-S-¡nsS Cu-c-Sn-IÄ ap-dn-̈ p \nÀ-̄ m-dp-−m-bn-

cp-¶-Xnsâ A-h-in-ã-am-bn-cn¡pw C-t¸mÄ Hm-«³ XpÅ-enepw a-

äp {Zm-hn-U-hr-̄ -§-fnepw Im-Wp-¶ ]-ZmÀ-²-hn-cm-a-§Ä A-

Xmb-Xv tI-c-f-̀ m-j-bnÂ Xm-f-hr-̄ w AsÃ-¦nÂ am-{Xm-hr-̄ w ]-

−p X-s¶ \-S-¸n-ep-−m-bn-cp-¶p-sh¶pw A-Xn-\v Nn-e {]-tXy-I e-

£-W-§Ä D-−m-bn-cp-¶p-sh¶pw ImWmw. ssZhn-tIm-Õ-h-§-

fnepw am-{´n-tIm-Õ-h-§-fnepw tIm-ew Xp-ÅÂ XpS§n-b B-

`nNm-c IÀ-½-§-fn-epw D]tbm-Kn-¨n-cp-¶ Cu hr-̄ -§Ä ]-cn-jv-

¡-cn-¨m-Wv Ip-©³-\-\-]ymcpw \nc-Ww I-hn-Ifnw A-h-cp-sS c-N-

\-I-fnÂ D-]-tbm-Kn¨Xv.

XXz-Nn-́ I-hn-X-bn-te-¡v hn-I-kn-¡Â þ (Úm-\-̧ m-\)

Úm-\¸m-\ F-¶m-Wv Ir-Xn-bp-sS \m-a-sa-¦nepw C-Xv b-YmÀ-°-

¯nÂ `-àn-¸m-\-bm-sW-¶v {]u-̂ . F-kv Kp-]v-X³ \m-bÀ Nq-−n-

¡m-Wn-¨n-«p−v. F-¶mÂ “]q-́ m-\-̄ n-\v `-ànbpw Úm-\hpw

`o-¶-aÃ. `-àn-]m-c-ap-̄ n-ep-−m-Ip-¶ D-WÀ-Æv Xs¶-bm-Wv

Úm-\-sa-¶pw” F³. Ir-jv-W-]n-Å tc-J-s -̧Sp-¯p-¶p-−v.

Úm-\-̧ m-\-bnÂ ]q-́ m-\w C{]Im-cw F-gp-Xp-¶p−v.

H-s¶-¶p-Ån-ep-d-bv¡pw P-\-§Ä-¡v

H¶p-sIm-−-dn-hm-Ip-¶ h-kv-Xp-hmbv

Úm-\w sIm−pw `-I-Xn-sIm−pw A-dn-bp¶-Xv H-cp B H-¶n-

s\-X-s¶-bmWv. AXmb-Xv A-dnhpw A-dn-bp-¶-h\pw H-¶p-X-s¶-

bm-sW¶ ]-cm-aÀ-°-Úm-\-ap-−m-Ip-¶-X-e-amWv. A-ssZz-Xw

195

B D-WÀ-hp-X-s¶-bm-Wv `-àn-bp-sS ]m-cayw AXmbXv Úm-

\-̧ m-\-bn-se Úm\w Cu-iz-c-Úm-\w X-s¶-bmWv. Cu-izc-s\

A-dnbÂ, a-äp `m-cXo-b `m-j-I-fnÂ G-Xn-se-¦nepw C¯-c-sam-cp

Ir-Xn D-−m-bn-«pt−m F-¶ Imcyw kw-i-b-am-sW¶pw ‘ssI-c-fn-

bp-sS I-Y’bnÂ {in. F³. Irjv-W-]n-Å tc-J-s -̧Sp-¯p¶p. ]q-

´m-\w H-cn-¡epw IÀ½-s¯ \n-tj-[n-¡p-¶ H-cp ssh-cm-Kn-bm-bn-

cp-¶nÃ. `m-K-h-Xm-Zn-I-fn-se Bi-b-tem-I-s¯-bm-Wv ]q-́ m-\w

]n³-Xp-S-cp-¶-sX-¦nepw A-t±-l-̄ n-sâ h-gn-th-sd-bmWv. `q-an-bn-

se Po-hn-X-s¯ XÅn-¡-f-bp-¶ `-àn-amÀ-¤-s¯ A-t±-lw kzo-I-

cn-̈ n-«nÃ. “bp-Kw \m-en-epw \Ãp I-en-bpKw” F-¶m-W-t±-lw ]-d-bp-

¶Xv. I-en-bp-Kw km-[m-c-W-]p-cm-W-§-fn-seÃmw ]m-]-bp-K-amWv.

“I-en-hÀ-j-̄ n-sâ {]m-cw-̀ w ap-XÂ I-en-bp-sS (]m-]-̄ nsâ)

{]hÀ-̄ -\-am-Wv {]-]-©-¯nÂ Iq-Sp-X-em-bn \-S-¡p-¶-Xv” (a-l-

`mc-Xw þ h-\-]ÀÆw þ 188þmw A-²ymbw) F-¶mÂ I-en-bp-K-̄ n-

sâ ta-·-bm-bn A-t±-lw ImWp¶-Xv \m-a-k-¦oÀ¯-\w H¶p-

sIm-−p-am{Xw ap-àn t\-Sm-hp-¶ bp-K-am-Wv A-sX-¶mWv. A-

t±-l-̄ n-sâ A-̀ n-{]m-b-̄ nÂ IÀ-½m-\p-jvTm-\w X-s¶ ap-Jyw.

\-s½-sbmm-s¡-bpw _Ôn-¨ km[-\w

IÀ-½-sa-¶-dn-tb−-Xp ap³-]n-\mÂ

Cu IÀ-½-\m-i-̄ n-\v `q-an-bÃm-sX D-Nn-Xam-b H-cp C-S-anÃ. IÀ-½-

§Ä-¡v hn-f-\neam-b Cu `m-c-X-̀ q-an-bnÂ h-¶p ]n-d-s¶-¦nÂ am-

{X-ta IÀ-½w H-Sp-§n tam-£-amÀ-¤w sX-fn-bp-I-bp-Åp. CXp-

sIm-−m-Wv I-en-bp-K-̄ nÂ `m-c-X-̄ nÂ ]n-d-¶-hÀ `m-Ky-hm-·m-

cm-sW-¶-t±-lw I-cp-Xp-¶Xv. \m-a-k-¦oÀ¯-\w H¶p I-−p

am{Xw \½p-¡v ap-àn-t\-Smw. \m-tam-]-\nj-̄ v F-¶v F³. hn Ir-

jv-W-hm-cn-bÀ Cu IrXn-sb hnti-jn-̧ n -̈Xv AXp-sIm-−mWv. A-

196

t±l-s¯ kw-_-Ôn-̈ n-S-t¯m-fw FÃmhÀ¡pw \m-aP-]w sIm-

−v ap-àn-t\-Smw

Pm-Xn-]À¡n-sem-c-ý-P-s¶Ã

th-Z-hm-Zn-a-ln-kq-c-\m-Inepw

\m-a-k-¦nÀ-̄ -\-̄ n-ep-sS {_-Ò-tem-Iw ]qImw F-¶-t±-lw D-d-̧ n-

v̈ ]-d-bp¶p.

]q-́ m\-s¯ a-äp-]-e-I-hn-I-fnÂ \n¶pw thÀ-Xn-cn-¡p-¶

H-cp {]-tXy-I-X At±-l-̄ n-sâ kz-bw hn-aÀ-i-\-amWv.

I-ãw I-ãw \n-cq]-Ww Iq-Sm-sX

Np-«p-Xn-¶p-¶ P-·w -]-gp-tX\mw

A-sI B ‘\-½psS’ Iq-«-¯nÂ ]q-́ m-\-hp-ap−v. kz-bw hn-aÀ-

in-¡p-¶h-s\ aäpÅ h-sc hn-aÀ-in-¡m-\-[n-Im-c-ap-Åp F¶ tem-

I-a-cym-Z A-t±-lw kzo-I-cn-¨n-cn¡p¶p. At±-lw G-ähpw \n-in-X-

am-bn hn-aÀ-in-¡p¶-Xv Xm³ P-\n-̈ p h-fÀ-¶ \¼q-Xn-cn k-ap-Zmb-

s¯ X-s¶-bmWv.

Im¬-I \-½p-sS kw-km-cw sIm-−s{X

hn-iz-an-h-®w \nÂ-]p-sh¶pw Nn-eÀ

{_m-ÒWyw sIm-−v Ip-ń- v̈ Ip-ń-̈ v

{_-Òmhpw X-\n-s¡m-Æm-sb¶pw NneÀ

F-¶n-§-s\ kz-k-ap-Zm-b-¯n-se B-Uy-{]-̀ p-Xz-s¯ A-t±-lw \n-

in-X-am-bn X-s¶ hn-aÀ-in-¡p¶p. {_m-Ò-W-k-a-Zm-b-̄ n-ep-−m-bn-

cp-¶p A-an-X-amb t`m-K-XrjvWsb A-t±-lw I-W-¡n-\v ]-cn-l-

kn-¡p-¶p−v. “N-©-em£n-am-cp-sS ho-Sp-I-fnÂ Ip©n-cm-a³” I-

fn-¡p-¶ \-¼q-Xn-cn-amÀ

A-án-km-£n-Wn-bmsbm-cp ]-Xv\osb

kz-]v-\-̄ nÂ t]mepw Im-Wp-¶n-XnÃm NneÀ

197

F-¶o h-cn-I-fn-ep-sS A-́ À-Ö-\-§-fp-sS Zp-c -́s¯ B-hn-jv-

¡-cn-¨n-cn-¡p¶p. AÀ-°w k-¼m-Zn-¡p-¶-Xn-\v Aán-tlm{Xw \-S-

¯p-¶-h-tcbpw A-t±-lw Im-Wp-¶p−v. cm-P-̀ -cW-s¯ Ip-dn-¨p-

Å A-̀ n-{]m-bw c-−p h-cn-I-fnÂ hy-à-am-¡p¶p.

Ir-] Iq-Sm-sX ]o-Un-̧ n-̈ n-Sp¶

\r-]³ N-̄ p Ir-an-bm-bv ]n-d-¡p¶p

F-¶n§-s\ X-Xz-Nn-́ m-hnjv¡m-c-̄ n-\n-S-bnepw km-aq-ly-bm-YmÀ-

°y§-tf At±lw Xpd-¶v Im-Wn-¡p¶p. X-Xz-Nn-´ ]-e I-hn-I-

fp-sS c-N-\-bn-epw \-ap-¡v Im-Wmw. ]-t£ X-Xz-Nn-´ B-ßmÀ-°-

bp-sS aq-i-bn-ep-cpIn, B-im-kyam-b H-cp cm-k-]-cn-Wm-aw kw-̀ -

hn-̈ v BÀ-{Z-am-bn I-hn-X-bn-te-s¡m-gpIp-t¼m-gp-−m-Ip-¶ `m-h

Xo-{h-X. ]q-´m-\-̄ n-sâ I-hn-X-bnÂ \nd-ªp \nÂ-¡p¶p.

Úm-\-̧ m-\-bp-sS Ihn F-¶v \n-e-bv-¡m-bn-cn¡pw G-sd Im-e-

t¯m-fw A-t±-l-̄ n-sâ- {]ikvXn.

t`m-K-§-sfÃmw £-W-{]-̀ m-N©-ew

th-tK-\-\-ã-am-am-bp-Êv tamÀ-¡ \o.

F-¶v F-gp-̄ -Ñ³ K-l-\-am-bn D-]-tZ-in-¡p-t¼mÄ

N¯p-t]mIpw t\-cw h-kv-{X-aXp-t]mepw

H-̄ nSm-sIm−p-t]m-Im-\-cp-̄ À¡pw

F-¶v ]-̈ -a-e-bm-f-̄ nÂ ]q-́ m-\w ap-¶-dn-bn- v̧ \Â-Ip¶p. Xp-

©m-̄ m-Nm-cy-sâ hcn-I-sf-¡mÄ lr-Z-b-kv-]À-in-Xz-ap-−v ]q-́ m-

\-̄ n-sâ h-cn-I-Ä-¡v. AtX, At±lw `à-Ihn-tbm-sSm-̧ w P-

\Io-b I-hn-bp-amWv. “th-Zm- -́Zp-Kv-[w Im-̈ n-¡pdn¡n-b sh-®-bm-

Wv Úm-\-̧ m-\” F-¶v s{]m-̂ . kn. Ir-jv-W³ \m-bÀ \nco£n-

¡p-¶p−v. ]-g-b- ]m-«p-Ir-Xn-I-fp-sS Iq-«-̄ nÂ P-\-Io-bam-b Im-

gv-N-̧ m-Sn-\v XpS-¡w Ip-dn- -̈Ir-Xn-bm-Wv Úm-\¸m-\ km-[m-c-W-

198

¡mc-sâ A-\p-Zn-\-Po-hn-X-¯n-te-¡v I-®-b¨p-sIm-−v FÃmw

Cu-iz-c-hn-em-kw F-¶v k-aÀ-°n-¡p-I-bm-Wt±lw.

C-¶se-tbm-f-sa-s -́¶-dn-ªnÃ

C-¶n \m-sf-bpw-sa- -́¶-dn-bnÃ

F-¶n§-s\ Po-hn-X-̄ n-sâ AÀ-°-iq\y-X A-t±-lw sh-fn-s -̧Sp-

¯p¶p. ho-\n-X-am-b ]-Z-c-N-\m-inÂ-]-am-Wv A-t±-l-̄ n-sâXv. A-

\-́ -X-bn-te-¡v ]-d-¶p-b-cm³ {ian-¡p¶ B I-hn-X-tb-bpw-I-

hntbbpw Np-än -̧än A-t\Iw sF-Xn-ly-§fpw AXn-i-tbm-àn-I-

fp-ap−v. AIm-e-̄ nÂ Po-h³ sh-Sn-ª {]n-b ]q-{X-s\ a-Sn-bnÂ

InS-̄ n ]mSn-b ]m-«m-Wv Úm-\-̧ m-\-sb-¶v {]-InÀ-¯n-¡-s -̧

Sp¶p. Xo-{h-am-b A\p-̀ -h-k-Xy-̄ nÂ \n-¶v D-bnÀ sIm-−-Xm-Wv

B-hn-Nm-c-K-Xn-I-sf-t¶ AXp-sIm−v AÀ-°-am-t¡-−-XpÅp.

]m-«p-km-ln-Xy-s¯ kzm-[o-\n-̈ Xpw A-XnÂ {]-Xn- -̂en-̈ -Xpam-b

cm-{ão-b, kmaqln-I amä-§Ä

]m-«p km-ln-Xy-̄ n-se {]-Y-aIr-Xnbm-b cm-a-N-cn-X-̄ n-se

cm-{ão-bw hf-sc {]-I-S-amWv. hmÂ-an-In cm-amb-Ww bp-²-ImÞ-

s¯ A-Sn-Øm-\-am-¡n-bp-Å-XmWv Cu IrXn. bp-²-hÀ-®-\-bv-

¡m-Wv I-hn {]m-apJyw \Â-Inbn-«p-ÅXv. X-an-gnÂ kwL-km-ln-Xy-

¯n-se ]p-dw-Ir-Xn-Ifn-sem¶m-b I-fÀ h-gn \mÀ]-Xv bp-²-¡-f-

hÀ®-\-bmWv. Cu X-an-gv ]m-c-¼-cy-s¯ ]n³ Xp-SÀ-¶mIpw cm-a-N-

cn-X-Im-c³ bp-²-hÀ-®-\m-{]-Xn-]m-Z-Iam-b C-Xn-hr-̄ w kzo-I-cn-̈ -

Xv. Cu X-an-gv kzm-[o-\w cm-a-N-cn-X-̄ n-se hÀ-®-\I-sf N-Sp-ehpw

an-gn-hp-Å-Xp-am-¡p-¶p−v. ho-c-k-{]-[m-\am-b B-Jym-\w C-ã-s -̧

Sp-¶ H-cp k-ap-ls¯ ap-¶nÂ I-−p sIm-s−-gp-X-s -̧« Ir-Xn-

199

bm-Wv cm-a-N-cn-Xw F-¶v hyàw. bp-²-hÀ-®-\-bn-se km-t¦-Xn-I-

h-i-§Ä Bhnjv-¡m-cn-¡p-¶-Xn-em-Wv No-cm-a-I-hn-bp-sS XmÂ-]-

cyw. cm-a-N-cn-X-̄ nÂ A¡me-̄ v tIc-f-tbm-²-¡Ä D-]-tbm-Kn-̈ n-

cp-¶ H-«p-an-¡ B-bp-[-§fpw A-Wn \n-c-¡p-¶p−v. cm-£-k-

·mcpw hm-\-c-ho-c-·mcpw G-äp-ap-«p-t¼mÄ ASn, X-S, H-gn-hv Xp-

S§n-b I-f-cn-k-{¼-Zm-b-§Ä ]-cm-aÀ-in-¡-s -̧Sp-¶p−v. Np-cp-¡-

¯nÂ A¶-s¯ P-\-kw-Jy-bnÂ \-sÃm-cp `m-Kw h-cp¶ tbm-

²m-¡-fp-sS A-̀ n-cp-Nn-¡-\p-k-c-W-ambn, \m-Sp-hm-gn-IÄ-¡p

th−n, A-h-cp-sS bp-²-hn-cy-s¯ D-t¯-Pn-¸n-¡p-hm³ th-−n

t_m-[-]qÀ-Æw cNn¨ Hcp Ir-Xn-bm-bn-cn¡-Ww cm-a-N-cnXw.

BÀ¡pw th-−n bp-²w sN¿m³ X-¿m-dp-Å H-cp hn-`m-Kw tbm-

²m-¡Ä FÃm \m-Sp-hm-gn-I-tfbpw Np-än -̧än A-¡m-e-¯p-−m-bn-

cp¶p. A-h-cp-sS bp-²-hocyw sI-Sm-sX kq-£n-¡p-Ibmbncp¶p

C¯-cw Im-hy-§-fp-sS cm-{ão-b-e-£yw.

Ac-¡-c ap-¶w a-Wn-hÀ-®-a-\p-N-\m-bv

s]m-cp--X-]À-s¡m-Sp-a-X³ h-gn

bm-Wv Im-hy-̄ n-se {]-Xn-]m-Zy-sa-¶v I-hn X-s¶ hy-à-am-¡n-bp-

−-tÃm. GsX¦nepw cm-Pm-hnsâtbm \m-Sp-hm-gn-bpsStbm t{]-c-

W-bmÂ bp-²-]-cn-N-b-ap-Å H-cp hy-àn F-gpXn-b Im-hy-am-bn-

cn¡-Ww cm-a-N-cnXw. A-¡me-s¯ cm-j-{So-b hy-h-Ø-bp-am-bn

A-Xn-\v _-Ô-ap-−m-bn-cn-¡Ww.

I-®-È-Ir-Xn-I-sf-¡p-dn-̈ v NÀ-̈ sN-¿p-t¼mÄ {]-k-à-am-

Ip-¶Xv. A-h-bnÂ ]-cm-aÀ-in-¡-s -̧Sp-¶ Iq-«p-Ip-Spw-_ hy-h-Ø-

bm-Wv \n-c-W-̄ v cm-a- -̧Wn¡À. X-sâ cm-am-b-W-Ir-Xn-bp-sS D-

¯-c-Im-Þ-̄ n-sâ A-Sn-Øm-\-̄ nÂ I-®-È-Ip-Spw_-s¯ ]-

cn-N-b-s -̧Sp-̄ p-¶p−v. A-Xn§-s\ kw-{K-ln-bv-¡mw. “kz-À-¤-Xp-

eyam-b \n-c-W-alm-tZ-i-̄ n-\v a-lm-Kp-cp-hpw, k-Ö-\-kw-]q-Pn-X-

200

\pw ‘A-lw {_tÒm∫kvan (]cam-ßm-hv Rm³ X-s¶)’ F-¶ A-

dn-bm-hp-¶ A-ssZz-X-hm-Zn-bp-am-bn I-cp-tW-i³ F-¶ H-cp B-

Nm-cy³ h-¶v ]-e-\mÄ hm-W-cpfn. c-−p ]p-{X-·mcpw aq-¶v ]q{Xn-

Ifpw D-−m-b-XnÂ ]n-¶n-Sv A-t±-lw ap-àn]-Zw {]-m]n¨p. Úm-

\-hn-Úm-_e-§-fnÂ ]n-Xm-hn-s\ A-Xn-i-bn-¡p-¶-h-cm-bn ]p-{X-

·mÀ c-−pw. A-h-cp-sS G-ä-hpw C-f-b k-tlm-Z-cn-bp-sS ]p-{X-\m-

bn P-\n-̈ cm-a³ F-¶ _m-e-I³ B-b Rm³” F¶m-W-t±-lw

kz-bw ]-cn-N-b-s -̧Sp-̄ p-¶Xv. G-Xm-bmepw am-Xm-hn-eq-sS I-®-i-

Ip-Spw-_-hp-am-bn _-Ô-s¸-« I-hn X-sâ Ip-Spw-_-a-l-Xz-s¯ {]-

InÀ-̄ n-¡p-¶-Xneq-sS a-cp-a-¡-̄ m-b k-{¼-Zm-b-s¯bpw {]-iw-

kn-¡p-¶p−v. C-hn-sS {i-²n-¡-s¸tS-− H-cp h-kvXp-X tI-c-f-̄ n-

se a-cp-a-¡¯m-b k-{¼Zm-bw am-Xr-ta-[m-hnXztam am-Xr-]m-c-

¼cytam ]n³-Xp-S-cp-¶XÃ. A-Xv s]¬h-gn A-h-Im-iw am-{X-am-

Wv F-¶v tI-c-f-k-aq-l-]T-\-§-fnÂ tUm. sI. F³ K-tW-iv kq-

Nn-̧ n-¡p-¶p−v. I-®-È-Ip-Spw-_-̄ n-se H-cw-K-sa-¶ \n-e-bnÂ B-

Wv cm-a-̧ -Wn-¡À {]-Nm-cw t\-Sp-¶Xv. Np-cp-¡-̄ nÂ Ip-Spw-__-

Ôw sIm-−v ]-c-kv]cw sF-Iy-s -̧«v \n-¶-Xn-\m-em-Wv H-tc hr-̄ -

¯nÂ Ihn-X c-Nn-¡p-Ibpw A-ssZz-Xw t]m-ep-Å hn-Nm-c-]-²-Xn-

IÄ `m-j-bn-em-hn-jv-¡-cn-¡p-¶-Xn-\v A-hÀ X-¿m-dm-hp-Ibpw sN-

¿p-¶Xv.

cm-a-N-cn-X-Im-c-\nÂ \n-¶v hy-Xy-kv-X-cm-bn {_m-Ò-Wm-\p-{K-

lw H-cp a-lm-Imhy-am-bn K-Wn-¡p-¶-h-cm-Wv I-®-È-·mÀ. ({Z-kp-c-

·m-sc ]m-sS A-h-K-Wn-¡p-¶ \n-e-]m-Sm-Wv cm-a-N-cn-X-Im-c-tâ-Xv)

“A-\p-]-a-cmIn-b `q-tZ-h-·m-ch-sc a-a-ssZhX”sa-¶v I-®-È³

{]mÀ-°n-¡p-¶p−v. hn. Sn `-«-Xn-cn-¸m-Sv A-t±-l-̄ n-sâ Hcp

teJ\¯nÂ ‘A-kv-]r-iy-X-tI-c-f-̄ n-Â’ {_m-Ò-W-k-ap-lw ssZ-

201

h-Xp-ey-cm-bn _lp-am-\n-¡-s -̧Sp-¶-Xn-sâ Imc-Ww H-cp tÇm-Iw D-

²-cn-̈ v Nq-−n-¡m-Wn-¡p¶p−v.

ssZ-hm-[o-\w P-K-Xv kÀ-Æw

a-{´m-[o-\w-Xp ssZh-Xw

X-·{´w {_m-Ò-Wm-[o-\w

{_m-ÒtWm a-a ssZh-Xw

I-®È-sâ {_m-Ò-W-̀ I-Xn Cu ]-Ým-̄ -e-̄ nÂ {]-k-à-amWv.

I-®-È-·m-cp-sS Pm-Xn-sb-¡p-dn-¨p-Å a-säm-cp Nn-´bpw {]-k-à-

amWv. I-Wn-i³ F-¶ ]-Z-¯n-sâ cq-]- -́c-am-Wv I-®-È³ F-¶p

hm-Zn-¡p-¶X-tÃ Iq-Sp-XÂ D-Nn-X-sa-¶v sIm-Sp-̧ p-¶ ‘A£-cw

{_-Ò-]-caw’ F-¶ ]p-kvX-I-̄ nÂ tNm-Zn-¡p-¶p−v. I-®-i-·m-

cp-am-bn _-Ô-s¸-S-S H-cp {]m-No-\-]-Zy-J-Þ-ap-−-s{X. AXnÂ

sN-s¼m-Sn-cp-¼p ap-cp-¡w ict¡m-e-¼-̄ n-cn-Sn ap-¼v he-̄ v F-

¶n§-s\ sImÃ-sâ-bpw, B-im-cn-bp-sSbpw sN¼p-sIm-«n-bp-

sSbpw hm-f-sâbpw ho-Sp-Ifpw I-Wn-i\m-b I-®i-sâ hoSpw

ASp v̄ Øn-Xn-sN-¿p-¶p F-¶p kq-Nn-̧ n-¡p-¶p-−-s{X. tPym-Xn-

jn-I-fm-b I-Wn-i-·mÀ kw-kv-Ir-X-̀ m-jm-hyÂ¸-̄ n t\-Sm³ km-

²y-X-bp−v. ‘]-Wn¡À’ F-¶v A-h-cp-sS Pm-Xn- \m-a-am-bn D-]-tbm-

Kn-¡m-dp-ap-−v. Xp-©³-]d-¼v t]m-se I-®-È-]-d-¼pw F-gp-̄ n-cp-

¶-Xn\v {]-kn-²-amWv. Np-cp-¡-̄ nÂ ss{X-hÀ-®-_m-ly-cm-Wv

I®È·mÀ F¶pw {]-kn²w.

sN-dp-tÈ-cn-bp-sS Ir-jv-W-¸m-«nÂ {]-Xn-]-en-¡p¶-Xv a-Wn-

{]-hm-f-km-ln-Xy-̄ n-sâ A-́ -co-£-amWv. a-äv ]m-«p-Im-hy-§-fnÂ

\n¶pw hy-Xy-kv-X-ambn. H-cp cmPm-hn-sâ IÂ-]-\-{]-Im-c-am-Wv c-N-

\-sb-¶v sN-dp-tÈ-cn B-hÀ-¯n-̈ v hy-à-am-¡p-¶p−v. tIme-̄ v

\m-«n-se cm-Pm-hm-bn-cp-¶ D-Z-b-hÀ-½-\m-Wv X-sâ c-£n-Xm-

202

sh¶pw A-t±-l-̄ n-sâ t{]-c-Wbm-Wv c-N-\-bv-¡p ]n-¶n-se¶pw

Xpd-¶p {]-kv-Xm-hn-¡p-¶-Xn-eq-sS I-hnI-sf sNmÂ- -̧Sn-¡v \nÀ-

¯n-bn-cp-¶ cm-{ão-b-i-àn-bp-sS km¶n-²yhpw A-t±-lw hy-à-

am-Ip¶p. B ‘B-fp-́ n-I-Y’bp-sS N-cn-{Xmw-iw {]kà-am-Ip-¶-

Xv. Im-hy-c-N-\-bnÂ {]-Xn- -̂en-¨ kw-kv-¡m-cm-́ -co-£-̄ n-sâ

{]tXy-I-X-bmWv. sN-dp-tÈ-cn-bp-sS N-cn-{X-Im-c\m-b No-d-¡Â Sn.

_m-e-Ir-jv-W³ \m-bÀ s]m-\-̄ nÂ i-¦-c³ \-¼n-Sn-¡v Nn-e Øm-

\-am-\-§fpw ho-c-irw-J-e-bpw (1454þÂ) \Â-In-b-Xn-sâ ]n-¶nÂ

Km-Ym-Im-hy-am-sW-¶q-ln-¡p-¶p−v. A-sX-´m-bmepw sN-dp-tÈ-

cn-bp-sS cm-Pm-{in-XXzw AY-hm cm-P-hn-t[-bXzw B Ir-Xn-bp-sS

cm-{ão-b am-\-§fn-sem-¶m-Wv kw-kv-Ir-X-a-lm-Im-hy§-sf A-\p-

I-cn¨p-sIm-−v `àn-ssh-Nn-Xyhpw A-Xn-i-tbm-ànbpw \nd-

ªp \nÂ-Ip-¶ H-cp Im-hy-̄ nÂ X¯Xv-¡m-ew k-ap-lw {]-Xn-

-̂en-¡m-\n-S-bnÃ. Im-ap-I-·mcpw Pm-c-·mcpw th-iymw-K-\-§fpw

hn-e-kp¶ B Im-hym-́ -co-£w a-Wn-{]-hm-f-Im-hy-§-fnÂ {]-Xy-£-

s -̧Sp-¶ k-hÀ-®-k-aq-lw Xs¶. sN-dp-tÈ-cn h-fÀ-¶p h-¶ k-aq-

l-̄ n-sâ {]-Xn- -̂e-\-amWv \mw B Ir-Xn-bnepw Im-Wp-¶Xv. “]m-

h-\am-sbm-cp sshZn-I a-{ -́s¯, ]mZ-P-·m-hn¶v \ÂIpw t]m-

se” Rm³ H-cn-¡epw cp-Ün-Wn-sb {io-Ir-jvW-\v hnhm-lw sNb-

vXp sIm-Sp-¡p-I-bn-sÃ-¶v cp-Ün--bp-sS hm-¡p-I-fnÂ \n-¶p-X-s¶

Ihn-bp-sS k-ao]-\w hy-à-amWv. I-hn-bp-sS lm-ky-̄ nepw B-e-

¦m-c-̄ n-ep-saÃmw \nd-ªp \nÂ-¡p¶-Xv a-Wn-{]-hm-f-k-ap-l-

¯n-sâ kmw-kv-¡m-cn-I-ap{ZbmWv.

`m-jm-]n-Xmhm-b F-gp-̄ -Ñ-s\-¡p-dn-̈ pap-Å B-[n-Imcn-

I hn-h-c-§Ä hn-c-f-amWv. F-gp-̄ -Ñ³ X-sâ Ir-Xn-I-fnÂ hy-à-

am-¡n-bn-«p-ÅXp-t]m-se

203

]m-Z-tk-h-I\m-b `-à\mw Zmk³, {_Ò

`-PÂ þ A-²ym-ß-cm-ambWw

F-¶v kz-bw hy-à-am-¡p-¶p-XnÂ I-hn-ªv A-t±-l-¯n-sâ km-

aq-ly-]-Z-hn-sb-¡pdn- v̈ a-äp-hn-h-c-§Ä e-̀ y-aÃ. “F-gp-¯-Ñ³ \m-

bÀ k-ap-Zm-b-̄ n-em-Wv P-\n-̈ Xv. t£-{X-{]-th-i-ap-Å h-«-bv-¡m-«v

\m-bÀ hn-̀ m-K-̄ nÂ-s -̧« H-cm-f-bn-cp-¶p Fgp¯Ñ³” F-¶v D-

ÅqÀ tI-c-f-km-ln-Xy-N-cn{Xw c−mw hm-ey-̄ nÂ tc-J-s -̧Sp-

¯p¶p. tI-c-f-k-aq-l-]T-\-§Ä F-¶ ]p-kv-X-I-¯nÂ tUm.

sI. F³ K-tW-iv C-{]-Im-cw tc-J-s -̧Sp-̄ p-¶p-−v. k-hÀ-WÀ

F-gp-̄ -dn-bp-¶-h-cm-Wv h-c-sam-gn kmlnXyw A-h-cp-sS kr-ãn-bm-

Wv \m-b--·m-sc X-s¶ ip-{Z-c-cm-bn Im-Wp-¶ kapl-¯nÂ A-

hÀ-WÀ A-Zr-iy-cmWv. Cu ]-Ým-̄ -e-̄ nÂ {_-Ò-]m-Z-P³ F¶

hm-¡n-\v \m-bÀ F-¶ AÀ-°-sa-Sp-¡p-I-bmhpw D-NnXw. a-e-̧ p-dw

PnÃ-bn-se Xn-cpÀ Xr-¡-−n-bq-cn-\-Sp-̄ v Pn-hn-̈ n-cp-¶ Xp©-̄ v

Ip-Spw-_w ]m-c-¼-cy-am-bn Xs¶ hn-Zym-Zm-\w \-S-̄ n-b-h-cm-bn-cp-¶n-

cn¡-Ww F¶pw D-ÅqÀ Du-lp-¡p¶p. “A{K-P³ a-a k-Xmw hn-

Zp-jm-a-t{K-k-c³... a-äp-tÅmcpw” Xp-S§n-b h-cn-IÄ sshZp-jy-

¯n-\v IoÀ-̄ n-s -̧« H-cp Ip-Spw-_-am-bn H-¶p A-sX¶pw sX-fn-bn-

¡p-¶-Xm-bn DÅqÀ km-£y-s -̧Sp-̄ p¶p. F-gp-̄ v I-f-cn-s¡m-

¸w sa-bv-¡-f-cnbpw A¡me-̄ v ]-SÀ-¶v ]-́ -en-¨n-cn-¡Ww. F-gp-

¯Ñ-sâ Ir-Xn-IÄ H-tc ka-bw H-cp `-àn-b-Imhyhpw ]-S-¸m-«p-

am-sW-¶v tUm. K-tW-iv Nq-−n-¡m-Wn-¡p-¶p−v.

Nc-X-samSp-s]m-cp-h-Xn-\v

hcn-I h-cn-Im iq \o

Nm-Im-̄ \m-fÃ Rm\pw ]n-d¶Xv

204

Xp-S§n-b shÃp-hn-fn-I-fpw, K-Zm-bp-²-§fpw, A-S-hp-I-sf-¡p-dn-

¨p-Å ]-cm-aÀ-i-§fp-saÃmw C-Xv hy-à-am-¡p-¶p−v. F-gp-̄ -

Ñ³ Pn-hn-̈ n-cp-¶ Im-e-L-«-¯nÂ sh«¯p-\m-Sn-sâ cm-{ão-b-L-S-\-

sb-¡p-dn-̈ v {io-am³ kn. cm-[m-Ir-jv-W³ At±l-̄ n-sâ “Xo-¡-

SÂ ¡-S-ª Xn-cp-a-[p-cw” F-¶ Ir-Xn-bnÂ C-§n-s\ hy-à-

am¡p¶p−v. Xr¡-−n-bpÀ DÄ-s -̧Sp-¶ t£-{X-¯n-sâ `-c-

Whpw tZ-i-̀ -c-Whpw k-t¦-X-¡mÀ F-¶-dn-b-s¸-Sp-¶ Úm-\n-

Ifm-b G-Xm\pw ssh-Zn-I-{_m-Ò-W-cp-sS k`-¡v In-gn-em-bn-

cp¶p. hn-Zzm-·m-cm-b Xp©-̄ v Ip-Spw-_-t¯m-Sv \n-c-́ -cam-b

i{Xp-X A-hÀ ]p-eÀ-̄ n-bn-cp¶p. th-Z-§fpw th-Zmw-K-§fpw

]Tn-¡p-¶-Xn-\v ]ctZi-t¯-¡v t]m-tI-−n h¶p. F-gp-¯Ñ-³ F-

¶ sF-Xn-ly-̄ nepw Nn-e kXy-§-fp-−m-bn-cn-¡mw. Imc-Ww A-

²ym-ß-cm-am-b-W-̄ nÂ X-s¶

th-Z-im-kv-{X-§Ä-¡-[n-Im-cn-b-sÃ-t¶mÀ-̄ p

tN-X-kn-kÀ-Æhpw £-an-¨n-Sp-hn³ Ir-]-bm-se

F-¶v A-t±-lw X-s¶ £-am-bmN-\w \-S-̄ p-¶p-−-tÃm. F-gp-

¯Ñ-sâ Kr-l-Ø-Pn-hn-X-hp-am-bn _-Ô-s -̧« Nn-e h-kv-Xp-X-IÄ

Iq-ä-\m-Sn-\-Sp-̄ v B-a-¡m-hn-se FS¸mÄ F-¶ `m-cy-ho-Sn-s\-¡p-

dn¨pw ]p-{Xn-sb-¡p-dn-¨p-Å I-Y-IÄ i-cn-bm-sW¶pw A-h-cp-sS

]n³-Xp-SÀ- -̈¡mÀ C¶pw A-hn-sSb-p-−v F-\\pw F³. F-kv

a¶m-Sn-bmÀ tc-J-s -̧Sp-̄ p-¶p−v. F-gp-̄ -Ñ³ X-sâ A-h-km-\-

\m-fp-IÄ I-gn-̈ p-Iq-«nb-Xv sIm-̈ n-cm-Py-̄ n-epÄ-s¸-« Nn-äqÀ tim-

I-\m-in-\n-bp-sS Xo-c-̄ p-Å Kp-cp-aT-̄ nÂ sh-¨m-bn-cp-¶p-sh-

¶Xn-\v N-cn-{X-]-cam-b sX-fn-hp-IÄ X-s¶-bp−v. [-\p-am-k-̄ n-

se D-{Xw C¶pw B-Nm-cy-sâ k-am-[n-Zn-\-am-bn A-hnsS A-tLm-

jn-̈ p-hcp¶p. km-aq-Xn-cn cm-P-Ip-Spw-_-hp-am-bp-Å ]-S-e-]n-W-¡-

§fpw sh-«-̄ v-\m-Sn-sâ Ncn-{X-]-Ým-̄ -e-̄ nÂ i-cn-bm-Im-Wv

205

km-²y-X. `m-jm-]-cn-j-v-¡-c-W-hp-am-bn _Ô-s¸-«v F-gp-̄ -Ñ-s\-

¡p-dn- v̈ A-Xn-i-tbm-àn IeÀ¶ ]-e [m-c-W-Ifpw `m-jm-N-cn-{X-

§-fnÂ C-Sw ]n-Sn-̈ n-«p-−v. Cu hn-j-b-s¯-¡p-dn- v̈ ]-Þn-X-c-Xv-\w

sI. ]n \m-cm-b-W-]n-jmc-Sn Xp-©-̄ m-Nm-cy³ F-¶ Ir-Xn-bnÂ

C-§n-s\ tc-J-s -̧Sp-̄ p-¶p-−v. “\oc-Ww I-hn-I-fm-Wv `m-jm-I-hn-

X-IÄ¡pw kw-kv-Ir-Xw F--gp-̄ pX-s¶ D-]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶ k-{¼-

Zm-bw Xp-S-§n-sh-̈ -sX-¶v tXm-¶p¶p. F-¶mÂ F-gp- v̄ ]Tn-¡p-

¶-h-scÃmw A-¼-s¯m-¶£-cw X-s¶ BZyw ]Tn-¡-W-sa-¶v

B-Zy-am-bn Xn-cp-am-\n¨-Xv Xp-©³ ]-d-¼n-se F-gp- v̄ I-f-cn-

bmWv” a-e-bm-f-Ic-¡v H-cp- amXr-I`m-j \nÀ-½n-̈ v \Â-Ip-¶-XnÂ

F-gp-̄ -Ñ³ h-ln-̈ ]-¦v \nÀ-®m-b-I-amWv.

`m-jm-]-chpw k-ao-]-\-]-c-hpam-b kq-£v-am-[n-\n-th-i-t§m-SpÅ

s]m-cp-̄ -s¸SÂ ]m-«p-km-ln-Xy-̄ nÂ

‘]m-«n’\p-Å e-£-W-§Ä F-Ãmw Ir-Xy-am-bn ]m-en-¨p-

sIm-s−-gp-X-s¸-« IrXn-bm-Wv cm-a-N-cn-Xw. {Z-hn-U-kw-Lm-Xm-£-c-

\n-_-Ô-am-b-Xn-\mÂ ]m-«nÂ {]tbm-Kn-̈ n-cn-¡p-¶ kw-kv-Ir-X-hm-

¡p-IÄ A-tX ]-SnbÃ, `m-j-bm-bn cq-]-́ m-c-s -̧Sp-̄ n-bm-Wv D-]-

tbm-Kn-̈ n-cn-¡p-¶Xv. ta-L-\mZ-s\ ‘C-Sn-¡p-c-e’\-¡p-¶Xp-t]mse

F-¶mÂ A-]qÀ-Æ-am-bn kw-kv-Ir-X-co-Xn-¡p-Å hn-̀ -àn{]-tbm-K-

§-fpw, (h¿-hm-b-\IÄ) hn-ti-j-W-hn-tijy-s]m-cp-̄ -hpw (a-eÀ-

hnÃn-sb A-\-¦-\s\) kw-kv-Ir-X-̀ m-j-bp-am-bn s]m-cp-̄ -s¸-S-en-

sâ `m-K-am-bn kzn-I-cn-̈ n-«p−v. cm-a-NcnXw hmÂ-an-In cm-am-b-W-

¯n-se I-Ybpw I-Ym-L-S-\-bp-am-Wv kv-Io-cn-̈ n-«p-Å-sX-¦n-epw, `-

àn-hn-j-b-̄ nÂ X-an-gv km-ln-Xy-̄ n-sâ A-[n-\n-th-iw hy-à-

amWv. cm-a³ hn-jv-Wp-hn-sâ A-h-Xm-c-am-Wv No-cm-a-I-hn¡v. Cu hn-

206

j-b-̄ nÂ A-²ym-ß-cm-am-b-W-am-Wv A-t±l-s¯ kzm-[n-\n-̈ n-

«pÅ-Xv I-¼-cm-am-bWw, s]-cp-amÄ Xncp-sam-gn Xp-S§n-b X-an-gv

`-àn-km-ln-Xy-Ir-Xn-IÄ A-t±-l-̄ n-\v ]-cn-Nn-X-am-bn-cn-¡Ww. F-

¶mÂ tI-h-eam-b k-¦oÀ-¯-\-̀ -I-Xn- am-{X-aÃ kq-£v-a-am-b, B-

ß-\njvTam-b Hcp Cu-iz-c-Xm-Zm-ßyw Iq-Sn \-ap-¡v A-t±-l-̄ nÂ

Im-Wm³ I-gn-bpw.

F-¶p-Å-saâpw, a-e-cn-f-sIm-Åpw a-½Xp-ssh-cn

(F-sâ a-\-Ên-em-Ip-¶ a-e-cnÂ hn-{i-an-¡p-¶-h-\pam-b a-[p-kq-Z-

\³ F-¶n-§-s\-bp-Å `-àn-{]-lÀ-jw Xp-fp-¼p-¶ h-cn-IÄ A-

XnÂ Im-Wmw.)

‘{Zm-hn-U-kw-Lm-Xm-£-c-\n_-Ô-\’b¡-̄ v \n-¶pX-s¶

kw-kvIr-X XÂ-̀ -h-§fpw XÂ-k-a-§fpw I-gn-bp¶-{X DÄ-s¡m-

Åm³ {i-an-¡p¶-Xv Im-Wmw. Np-cp-¡-̄ nÂ hn-in-ãam-b kw-kv-

Ir-X-kw-kv-¡m-c-t¯m-Sp s]m-cp--̄ -s -̧Sm-\p-Å {i-aw cma-N-cn-X-

¯n-ep−v.

`mjm-an-{i-sa-¶v kz-bw hn-ti-jn-¸n-¡p-¶ \nc-Ww Ir-Xn-I-

fnÂ kw-kv-Ir-Xm-[n-\n-th-i-¯n-sâ kq£v-a {]-Xn-I-c-W-§Ä Ip-

td Ip-Sn hy-à-amWv. a-e-bm-f-̄ n-em-¡n-bmepw a-l¯m-b X-

Xz§-f# \n-dw sI«p-t]m-Ip-I-bn-sÃ-¶v \nc-Ww am-[-h- -̧Wn-¡À

`m-jm-̀ -Kh-Xv Ko-X-bp-sS Xp-S-¡-̄ nÂ {]-kv-Xm-hn-¡p-¶p−v.

hn-e-b-dn-hm-\-cp-XmIn-b c-Xv-\w

th-sdm-cp s]m-¶nÂ sN-̧ n-e-XÃmþ

e-e-h-e-bm-In-b-Xp-In-enÂ-s¸m-Xn-Inepþ

a-Xn-\p-sS aln-a hn-tcm-[w hcp-tam?

F-¶n§-s\ A-t±-lw hn-hÀ-̄ \-s¯ -\ym-bn-I-cn-¡p-¶Xv. th-Zm-

-́X-Xz-§-fp-sS A-[n-\n-th-i-̄ n-\v ]m-«v km-ln-Xy-̄ nÂ XpS-¡w

207

Ip-dn -̈Xv A-t±-l-amWv. C-Xn-lm-k-]p-cm-Wm-Zn-I-fmbpw A-XnÂ

A-́ À-̀ -hn-̈ p-Å B-²ym-ßn-I-kw-kv-¡m-c-hp-am-bpw km-[m-c-W

a-e-bm-fn-IÄ _-Ô-s -̧«p¶-Xv \nc-Ww Ir-Xn-I-fn-ep-sS-bmWv.

A²ymßn-I-X-Xz-§Ä shdpw X-Xz-§-fmbn a-\-Ên-em-¡n-bmÂ

am{Xw s]mcm, AXv Pohn-X-̄ nÂ ]-IÀ-̄ n Im-«p-Ibpw th-W-

sa-¶v hn-iz-kn-̈ -h-cm-Wv I-®-È-I-hnIÄ. I-®-È-cm-am-b-W-IÀ-

¯mhm-b cm-a-̧ -Wn-¡À X-sâ Ip-e-Ip-S-Ø\m-b IcptWi³

(I-®È³) F-¶ tZ-l-s¯-¡p-dn- v̈ ]-cm-aÀ-in-¡p-t¼mÄ , (cm-am-b-

WwþD-̄ -c-ImÞ-̄ nÂ) “]-c-am-ßm-th Xm-s\-¶-dn-hp-td-d Zo-\-

X-hm-cm-sX a-täm-tcm- tZ-ln-I-sf-t¸mÂ hm-®m³ ]-e-\mÄ” F-¶v

{]-kv-Xm-hn-¡p¶p. A-ssZz-X-Úm-\w A-h-cpsS k-ao-]-\-̄ n-sâ

Iq-S-̧ n-d-¸m-bn-cp-¶p-sh-¶À-°w. {io i-¦c-sâ P-·-Ø-e-am-b a-e-

bm-f-¡-c-bn-ep-Å-hÀ-¡v A-ssZz-Xw F-́ m-sW-¶-dn-bm-³ kw-kv-

Ir-X-Úm-\w Ip-Sn-tb I-gn-bp F-¶m-bn-cp¶p. A¶-s¯ Ah-

Ø. B-¡m-e-̄ m-Wv A-ssZz-X-Nn -́I-cpsS “t{]-Zv-Lm-S-Icpw {]-

Nm-c-I-cp-ambn” \nc-Ww I-hn-IÄ am-dn-bXv. `mcXnb X-Xz-Nn- -́bp-

sS kq-£v-am-[n-\n-th-i-§-fp-am-bn s]m-cp-̄ -s -̧SmÂ a-e-bm-fn-

IÄ B-cw-̀ n-¡p¶-Xv I-®-È-·m-cp-sS ]m-«p-Ir-Xn-I-fn-eq-sS-bmWv.

`m-jm-]-c-am-bn an{i-̀ m-jm-Ir-Xn-I-sf-¶ \n-e-bnÂ th-− hn-[w s]-

cp-̄ -s -̧Sm³ a-e-bm-fn-IÄ-¡v Ign-ªn-sÃ-¦nepw kw-kv-Ir-Xm-[n-

\n-th-i-̄ n-\v Xp-S-¡-an«-Xv B Ir-Xn-I-fn-eq-sS-bmWv.

a-e-bm-f-̄ n-\v am-Xr-Im-]-cam-b H-cp a-Wn-{]-hm-f-ssi-en

\Â-Inb-Xv Xp©¯v F-gp-̄ -Ñ-\mWv. H-cÀ-°-̄ nÂ F-gp-̄ -

Ñ³ `m-jm-km-ln-Xy-̄ n-\v \ÂIn-b G-ähpw hen-b kw-̀ m-h-\ A-

Xp Xs¶. A-²ym-ß-cm-am-b-W-̄ n-se KW]-Xn hµ-\w C-{]-Im-

c-amWv.

208

Im-c-W\m-b K-W-\m-b-I³ {_-lv-amß-tIm

Im-cp-Wy-aqÀ-̄ n in-hi-àn kw-̀ -h³ tZh³

sNmÃn-t¡-«m³ C-XnÂ kw-kv-Ir-X- hm-¡p-I-f-s−-¶v tXm-¶p-tI-

bnÃ. F-¶mÂ A-XnÂ sXm-®q-dv i-X-am-\hpw kw-kv-Ir-X-hm-¡p-

I-fmWv. Cu Cu-c-Sn-IÄ kw-kv-Ir-X-am-¡n am-äm³ H-cp {]-bm-k-hp-

anÃ

Im-c-W`q-tXm, K-W-\m-b-tIm, {_-lv-ßtIm {_-lv-

ßtIm

Im-cp-Wy-aqÀ¯n, in-h-i-àn kw-̀ thm tZhx

F-¶m-¡n-bmÂ kw-kv-Ir-X-ambn. ]-Þn-X-t{i-jvT\m-b {io. sI.

]n \m-cm-b-W-]njmcSn Cu h-cn-IÄ DZm-l-cn-̈ C-§n-s\ F-gp-

Xp¶p. “A-§n-s\ e-fn-X-kw-kv-Ir-Xhpw A-{Km-ayam-b \m-S³ `m-

j-bpw D-]-tbm-Kn v̈, `m-K-h-X-cm-am-b-W-a-lm-̀ mcX§Ä \-ap-¡v

In-fn-¸m-«m-¡nX-¶p F-¶p-Å-Xm-Wv F-gp-̄ Ñ³ \ÂIn-b kw`h-

\” (Xp©-̄ v B-Nm-cy³, sI. ]n \m-cm-b-W-]n-j-cmSn). Fgp-

¯Ñ-sâ `mjm-]-cam-b k-ao]-\w C-XnÂ hf-sc hy-à-amWv.

tUm. sI. F³ tKm-Z-hÀ-½ F-gp-̄ Ñ-sâ `m-jm-co-Xn-sb-¡p-dn-̈ v

C-§n-s\ A-̀ n-{]m-b-s¸-«n-«p−v. “F-gp-̄ -Ñ³ Ir-Xn-I-fnÂ `m-jm-

kw-kv-Ir-X-§-fp-sS kp-µ-cam-b k-t½f-\w ]-e-bn-S¯pw Zriyam-

Ip-¶Xp-sIm-−v A-h-bn-se `m-jm-co-Xn-sb a-Wn-{]-hm-f-sa-¶v hy-]-

tZ-in-¡p-¶-Xn-\v bm-sXm-cp A-\p-]-]-̄ n-bp-anÃ.” (a-Wn-{]-hmfwþ

tUm. sI. F³ tKm-Z-hÀ-½-bp-sS {]-_-Ô§Ä) F-gp-̄ Ñ-sâ

`m-j-sb-¡p-dn v̈ Cu ]-Þn-X-h-cy-·m-cp-sS A-̀ n-{]m-bw C-hn-sS F-

Sp-̄ v tNÀ¯-Xv kw-kv-Ir-X-hp-am-bp-Å `m-jm-]-camb s]mcp-

¯-s -̧SÂ F-gp-̄ Ñ-sâ Ir-Xn-I-fnÂ {]-Xy-£-s¸-Sp-¶Xp-t]mse,

am-Xr-Im-]-c-am-bn a-säm-cn-S¯pw Im-Wp-I-bnÃ F-¶ h-kvXp-X

209

sh-fn-s -̧Sp-̄ p-¶-Xn-\mWv. AXp-sIm-−m-Wv a-lmI-hn Ip-ªn-

¡p-«³ X-¼q-cm³

\-ap-s¡-gp-̄ -Ñ-s\-Sp¯

`m-jm-{I-a-IW-t¡ i-cWw.

F-¶n-{]-Im-cw {]-iw-kn-¨Xv.

F-¶mÂ F-gp-̄ -Ñ³ \-ap-¡v `m-jm ]n-Xm-hv am-{XaÃ, A-

²ym-ßn-Im-Nm-cy³ Iq-Sn-bmWv. A-t±-lw A-\p-jvTm-\-]-cam-b `-

àn-bn-eÃ hn-iz-kn-̈ n-cp-¶Xv, t\-tc adn-̈ v Cu-iz-c³ F¶mÂ kÀ-

Æ-eu-In-Ihpw kÀ-Æ hym-]-I-hpam-b ‘Ir]mepX’bm-Wv F-¶ hym-

Jym-\-̄ n-em-Wv kXyw ZÀ-in-̈ Xv. \m-a-k-¦oÀ-̄ -\-s¯-bm-Wv

kmÀ-Æ-P-\o-\hpw kÀ-Æm-Zr-X-a-hpam-b b-Ú-am-bn A-t±-lw kzo-

I-cn-̈ Xv. hnhn-[ ZmÀ-i-\n-I-X-Xz§-sf k-a-\z-bn-̧ n-¡p-I-bm-Wv X-

sâ Ir-Xn-I-fn-eq-sS A-t±-lw \-S-̄ n-bXv. HcÀ°-¯nÂ ]-d-

ªmÂ “k-a-\z-bn-I-c-W-¯n-\p-Å a-lm-b-Ú-̂ -e-am-bn-«p-−m-

bn-«p-Å-Xm-Wv F-gp-̄ Ñ-sâ Im-hy-{]]-©w ap-gp-h³ hn-jv-Wp-hn-

s\ in-h-t\m-Spw, cmas\ Ir-jv-W-t\m-Spw, kw-kv-IrX-s¯ a-e-bm-

f-t¯m-Spw, \nÀ-Kp-W-{_Ò-s¯ k-Kp-W-{_-Ò-t¯m-Spw, IY-sb

X-Xz-Úm-\-t¯m-Spw, ]mÞn-Xy-s¯ ]m-ac-X-tbm-Spw, {_m-

ÒW-s\ N-Þm-e-t\mSpw k-a-\z-bn-̧ n-¡m\pÅ {i-a-am-Wv \mw

At±l-̄ n-sâ Ir-Xn-I-fnÂ Im-Wp-¶-Xv” (t]Pv 58 þ Fgp-̄ -Ñ-

\pw l-cn-\m-a-Io-À-̄ -\hpw H-cp ]T-\w þ sI. F tIm-in). Cu

ka\zbw kz-bw Nne h-g-§epw aäp-Åh-sc h-g-§m³ _m-[y-

Ø--cm-¡-ep-am-bn-cp¶p. F-¶p-sh-̈ mÂ s]m-cp-̄ -s -̧Sp-̄ -ep-

IÄ tI-c-f-̄ nÂ A-[n-\n-th-i-§-fp-sS C-̄ -c-̄ n-epÅ s]m-cp-

¯-s -̧Sp-̄ -em-Wv \-½p-sS km-w-kv-¡mcn-I N-cn-{X-¯nÂ \nd-

ªp \nÂ-¡p-¶Xv.

210

Xp-ÅÂ Ir-Xn-I-fn-se km-ap-ln-I-hn-aÀ-i-\hpw {]Xn-tcm-[hpw

“kp-{]-[m-\amb 18þmw \q-äm-−nÂ tI-c-f-̄ n-se hnhn-[

k-ap-Zm-b-¡m-cp-sS Po-hn-X-¯nepw [m-cm-fw am-ä-§Ä kw-̀ -hn-̈ p

F-¶-XnÂ A-Ûp-X-s -̧Sm-\nÃ-tÃm kp-{]-kn-² N-cn-{X-Im-c\m-b

kÀ-ZmÀ sI. Fw ]-Wn¡À 18þmw \päm-−n-se tIcf-k-aq-

ls¯ ‘tI-c-f-kzm-X-́ -c-k-a-c-N-cn-{X’¯nÂ \-S-̄ p-¶ hn-e-bn-

cp-̄ -Â {]-[m-\-amWv. kw-`-h-_-lp-eam-b Cu Im-e-L-«-̄ n-em-

Wv Ip-©³ \-¼ymÀ Pnhn¨n-cp-¶Xpw Xp-Å-ep-IÄ F-gp-Xn-b-Xpw.

P-f-{]-̀ p-¡-fp-sS s]m-§-̈ -§fpw A[nIm-c-a-Õ-c-̄ n-sâ sI-Sp-

Xo-Ifpw ]-S-tbm-«-§-fp-sS \-in-Ic-Ww A-h-bv-¡n-S-bnÂ-s -̧«v

sR-cp-§p-¶ km-[m-c-W-¡m-cp-sS Po-hn-Xhpw \-¼ymÀ t\-cnÂ

I−p. A-t±-l-̄ n-sâ hyàn-ssh-̀ -h-̄ n-sâ ssh-Kn-ãy-am-Wv

taÂ-t¡m-bv-a-I-sf-t¸mepw \nÀ-̀ -b-am-bn hn-aÀ-in-¡m-\p-Å I-cp-

v̄ \Â-In-bXv.

Zo-]-kv-Xw-̀ w a-lm-Ýcyw

F-\n¡pw In«-Ww ]Ww

F-¶n-§-s\-bp-Å hym-Pk-v-Xp-Xn-]mTI-sc \nÀ`-bw hn-aÀ-in-

¡m³ A-t±-l-̄ n-\v I-gnªXv Cu kz-{]-Xy-b-ssØ-cy-amWv. F-

¶mÂ A-t±-l-̄ n-sâ hn-aÀ-i-\-§fnÂ `q-cn-̀ m-Khpw ]-tcm-£

hn-aÀ-i-\-amWv.

A-t±-lw H-cp b-YmÀ-° kw-̀ h-s¯ H-cp ]u-cmWn-I A-́ -co-

£-̄ n-te-¡v ]p\Øm-]n-¡p¶p. A-hn-sS A-t±-l-¯n-sâ ]p-cm-

W-I-Ym-]m-{X-§Ä {]-Xo-I-§fmWv. X-\n-¡v Np-äp-ap-Å bm-Ym-

°y-̄ n-sâ PoÀ-®-X A-t±-lw h-c-̈ p-Im-«p¶-Xv B IYm]m-{X-

§-fn-eq-sS-bmWv. ‘tI-fp-¨m-cpw, Ip-½n-Wn-b-½’bp-sam-s¡ B

211

]ucmWn-I A-́ -co-£-̄ nÂ A-Wn-\n-c¡pw. 18þmw \p-äm-−n-se

km-¼¯n-I cwK-s¯ Hcp {]-tXy-I-X hn-tZ-i-i-àn-I-fp-sS B-

hnÀ-̀ m-h-hpw, ]m-Wn-Py-_-Ô-§Ä i-àn-s¸-Sp-¶-Xp-amWv.

e-́ -]-d-¦n.p-an-¦n-cn-tbÊpw

_-Ôp-h-Xm-an-\n-b-cN-·mÀ¡pw

F-¶-t±-Zw B N-cn-{X-K-Xn-sb H-cp Xp-Å-enÂ kq-Nn-̧ n-¡p-¶p-−v.

(\-f-N-cn-Xw XpÅÂ) ]-W-hy-h-Ø-bp-sS hym-]-\-̄ n-sâ -̂e-am-bn

]-S-bm-fn-Ifm-b IÀ-j-IÀ Z-cn-{Z-cmbn. tXm¡v ]W-bw sh¨pw I-

Sw ho-«m-\-hÀ {i-an-¡p-¶-Xmbn ‘tLm-j-bm{X’bnÂ ]-cm-aÀ-in-

¡p¶p. Z-£n-W-tI-c-f-̄ n-se C-̄ -c-̄ n-ep-Å “`-S-P-\-§-fpsS

\-Sp-hnÂ” B-Wv \-¼ymÀ Xp-ÅÂ A-h-X-cn-̧ n-¡p-¶Xv. B kZ-

Êv A-t±-l-̄ n-sâ I-Y-bnÂ ]-¦m-fn-I-fm-Ip¶p. B-ZÀ-i-tem-I-

hpw b-YmÀ-°-tem-Ihpw X½nepÅ ssh-cp-²y-am-Wv \-¼ym-cp-sS

]-cn-lmk-̄ n-sâ A-Sn-thcv. “A¼p-sIm-Åm-̄ -h-cnÃ Ip-cp-¡-

fnÂ” F-¶v ]-d-bp-¶Xp-t]m-se \-¼ym-cp-sS ]-cn-lm-k-i-c-§Ä

GÂ-¡m-̄ -h-cm-bn A¶-s¯ tI-c-f-k-aq-l-̄ nÂ B-cp-ap-

−m-InÃ. s]m-cn-sh-bn-enÂ F-gp-]-s¯-«v hb-Êv Xn-I-ª {_m-Ò-

W³ Np-«p-s]m-Åp-¶ I-j-−n-bp-am-bn {]-Xn-{K-l-̄ n-\mbn Hm-Sp-

¶-Xpw, a-{´-hm-ZnIÄ, hym-P-ssh-Zy-·mÀ, IÅ-tPymÕ-·mÀ, P-f-

{]-̀ p-¡Ä A-§n-s\ FÃm-hcpw A-t±-l-̄ n-sâ hn-aÀ-i-\-̄ n-\v

]m{-Xo-̀ -hn-̈ n-«p−v.

a-e-bm-f-̄ n-se B-Zy-s¯ P-\-Io-b I-hn-bm-bn-cp-¶ \-

¼ymÀ kz-́ w PohnXw sIm−pw Ir-Xn-IÄ sIm−pw km-[m-c-W-

¡mÀ-¡p th-−n {]Xn-tcm-[w XoÀ-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp¶p. I-s−-gp-̄ v

\S-̄ n IÀ-jI-sc Ip-Sn-bn-d-¡p-¶ P-·n-am-sc A-t±-lw C-§n-s\

]-cn-l-kn-¡p¶p.

212

I−-§-sfm-¡-th, ‘I-s−-gp-Xn’s¡m-−p

]-−m-c-am-¡n Ir-jnbpw Xp-S-§n-̈ p

]-−mcp-tamÀ-¡m-̄ ]m-« acym-Zbpap-−m-¡n s\-sÃ-Sp-̧ n¨p, kz-

cp-]n- v̈ [-\-amÀ-Ön-¡p-¶ IÀ-j-I-P-·nI-sf A-t±-lw Xp-d-¶p-

Im-Sp¶p. Z-cn-{Z\m-b H-cp Ip-Spw-_n-\n-bp-sS ]-mc-h-iyw A-t±-lw

Nn-{Xn-I-cn-¡p-¶p-−v t\m¡p.

D-sÅm-cp s\Ãpw ]-Whpw ]m-tS

I-Åp-Ip-Sn-¨p ap-Sn¨pw

I-ªn-Ip-Sn-̧ m-\nÃm-sª-¶p-sS

Ip-ªp-§-tfmäp \-S-̧ m-Xmbn

A-[x-]Xn-¨ H-cp k-ap-l-¯n-sâ ZpÀ-_-eam-b {]-Xn-tcm-[-am-Wv \-

ap-¡m- Ir-Xn-IfnÂ Im-Wm³ I-gn-bp-¶Xv. 18þmw \p-äm-−n-se Ie-

§n a-dn-ª tI-c-f-̄ n-sâ Nn-{Xn-I-c-W-̄ n-ep-sS \o-Xn-tI-Sn-s\

Xn-cn-̈ -dn-bm³ A-t±-lw km-[m-c-W¡m-tcm-Sv B-lzm-\w sN-

¿p¶p. “Xp-ÅÂ km-£m-Xv-¡-cn-¨ e-£y-§-tfm-¶v tem-I Po-hn-X-

{]-Xn-̂ -e-\-̄ n-eq-sS F-Ãm P-\-hn-̀ m-K-§Ä¡pw X-§-sf X-s¶

Im-Wm\pw At_m[m-ß-Iam-b kz-bw kw-kv-¡-c-W-̄ n-ep-sS

X§-sf X-s¶ Xn-cn- -̈dn-bm³ Ignª-Xp-amWv. hn-aÀi-\w H-cÀ-

°-̄ nÂ Nm-IymÀ-Iq-̄ n-sâ hn-I-k-\hpw hn]pen-I-c-W-hp-am-bn-

cp¶p. F-¶mÂ Nm-Iym-·m-cp-sS k-Z-Ên-\v H-cp ]-cn-[n-bp-−m-bn-

cp¶p. D-Õ-h-̧ -d-¼p-I-fn-se \-¼ym-cp-sS k-Z-ÊmI-s« hf-sc hn-]p-

ehpw ssh-hn[y-]qÀ-®-hpam-b P-\-k-©-b-am-bn-cp¶p. B k-Z-

Êp-am-bn -̂e-{]-Z-am-bn kw-h-Zn-¡m³ I-gn-ª-Xm-Wv Xp-ÅÂ {]-

Øm-\-̄ n-sâ P-\Io-b ASn¯-d. ]-d-b³ XpÅÂ, io-X-¦³ Xp-

ÅÂ Xp-S§n-b P-\Io-b I-em-cq-]§-sf ]-cn-jv-¡-cn-¨m-Wv A-

t±lw Cu Zr-iy-I-em-cq-]w B-hn-jv-¡-cn- -̈Xv.

213

]m]m]m]m----«p«p«p«p-- --kmkmkmkm----lnlnlnln-- --XyXyXyXy-- --¯n¯n¯n¯n----se `se `se `se `----ànànànàn

X-an-gv-\m-«n-em-Wv P-\-Io-bam-b `-àn-{]-Øm-\w B-Zy-am-

bn B-cw-̀ n-¨Xv. AD 10, 11 \q-äm-−p-I-fnÂ A-hn-sS \m-«p-ImÀ-¡v

a-\-Ên-em-hp-¶ `m-j-bnÂ, a-t\m-l-cam-b X-an-gnÂ k-\ym-kn-amcm-

b `-à-I-hn-IÄ Ip-td kv-tXm-{X-§fpw `-àn-Km-\-§fpw c-Nn-̈ n-

cp¶p. ssi-h-k-\ym-kn-amcm-b I-hnI-sf \m-b-\mÀ-am-sc¶pw

ssh-jv-W-h-̀ -àn-Km-bI-sc B-gv-hmÀ, F¶pw hn-fn¨p tN-c-am³

s]-cp-amÄ \-b-\mÀ XpS§n-b tI-c-fo-bcmb `-à-I-hn-Ifpw B

Ip-«-̄ nÂ D-−m-bn-cp¶p. F-¶mÂ Ah-cnÂ A-[n-Iw t]cpw

ssI-th-e-¡mcpw IÀ-j-I-cp-am-bn-cp-¶p. Cu `-àn-Km-\-{]-hm-l-

¯nÂ DÄs -̧« Ip-e-ti-J-c B-gv-hm-cp-sS s]-cp-amÄ Xocp-sam-gn-

bn-em-Wv cm-a-I-Ym-]-cm-aÀ-iw B-Zy-am-bn Im-Wp-¶Xv. IoÀ-̄ -\-

Ir-Xnbm-b Cu s]-cp-amÄ Xncp-sam-gn-bp-sS NphSp ]n-Sn-̈ m-Wv Nn-

cm-aI-hn cm-a-N-cn-{X-sa-gp-Xn-bn-cn-¡p-¶Xv. F¶mÂ B-gvhmÀ Ir-

Xn-I-fnÂ Im-Wp-¶ 'ip-²`-àn'bÃ cm-a-N-cn-X-̄ n-ep-Å-Xv. cm-a-N-

cn-Xw ]mcmbWw sN-¿p-¶-hÀ-¡pw, A-Xv tIÄ-¡p-¶-hÀ¡pw

FÃmhn-[ `uXn-It{ibÊpw ssI-h-cp-sa-¶v I-hn 164þmw ]-S-e-

¯n-se ]¯mw ]m-«nÂ D-d-̧ p-\ÂIp¶p. ‘CS-tcX-]-samcp-t]m-

Xp-aW-bm’ (Hcn-¡epw Zpx-Jw- h-cn-I-bnÃ) [\§fpw [m-\y-§fpw

\Ã-t]m-se hn-fbpw F-¶n-§-s\ `u-Xn-I-t£-a-̄ nÂ Du¶n-bm-

Wv -̂e-kn²n. `-àn-km-[-Icmb I-hn-IÄ-¡v s]m-Xp-sh Im-Wp-

¶ Pm-Xn Nn- -́bv-¡-Xncm. H-cp `-àn A-XnÂ Im-Wp-¶nÃ. am-{X-

aÃ “Nm-sse-hn-fbpw I-\n-hv th-Zn-b-cnÂ” F¶v ({_m-Ò-W-cnÂ Z-

b-bp-−m-Ipw) F-¶p Ip-Sn ]d-ªp sh-bv-¡p-¶p−v. Pm-Xn Nn´-

¡v hn-t[-b-am-Wv Nn-cm-a-I-hn-bp-sS `-àn F-¶À°w. I-®-È-̧ -Wn-

¡-cp-sS Ir-Xn-I-fnepw Cu {_m-Ò-W-hµ-\w Im-Wm-sa-¦nepw {]-I-

214

Sam-b H-cp hy-Xym-k-ap−v. FÃm {_m-Ò-W-tcbpw A-t±-lw h-µn-

¡p-¶nÃ. A-\p-]-acm-b `q-tZ-h-h-c-·msc, Xn-I-ª Z-bbpw k-ln-

jv-W-X-bp-ap-Åh-sc am-{X-am-Wv h-µn-¡p-¶-Xv. (\nc-Ww Ir-Xn-I-fp-

sS Im-e-am-b-t¸m-sg¡pw {_m-Ò-Wm-[n-]Xyw tI-c-f-¯nÂ hym]n-

¡m³ Xp-S-§n-bn-cp-¶p.) `-àm-{K-Wnbm-b Xp©-̄ v F-gp-̄ -Ñ-

\n-se-̄ p-t¼mÄ {_mÒ-W-tcm-Sp-Å A-t±-l-̄ n-sâ k-ao]-\w

kq£v-a hn-i-I-e\-̄ nÂ am{Xw I-s−-̄ m-hp-¶-XmWv. A-²ym-

ß-cm-am-b-W-̄ n-sâ Xp-S-¡-̄ nÂ A-t±-lw {_m-ÒW-sc {]-iw-

kn-¡p-¶p−v.

B-[m-cw \m-\m-P-·-K-·-b\mw `-K-hm\pw

th-Z-sa-¶tÃm Kp-cp-\m-Y³ Xm-\-cpÄ sN¿p.

th-Z-̄ n-¶m-[m-c-̀ q-X-·m-cn-¡mWm-sbm-cp

`q-tZ-h-{]-h-c-·mÀ, X-Zvh-c-Km-]m-Zn-IÄ

A-h-cp-sS h-c-hpw im-]hpw {]-[m-\-amWv. F-s´-¶mÂ `q-an-bnÂ

th-Z-̄ n-sâ Ip¯-I A-hÀ-¡mWv. Cu h-cn-I-fnÄ F-gp-̄ -Ñ³

[z-\n-̧ n-¡p¶-Xv F´mWv? Xm³ th-Z-im-kv-{X-§Ä-¡-[n-Im-cn-b-

sÃ-¶p hn-[n-̈ k-t¦-X-{_m-Ò-W-cp-sS hn[n-tbm-Sp-Å hn-{]-Xn-]-

¯n-bm-Wo-Xn-se-¶v kq£v-a hm-b-\-bnÂ t_m-²y-s¸-Spw bYmÀ-

°-̄ nÂ `-àn-km-lnXyw C-́ y-bnÂ FÃm-bn-S¯pw Pm-Xn-Nn- -́

IÄ-s¡-Xn-cm-bn-cp¶p, F-gp-̄ -Ñ³ \-S¯n-b cm-a-Ir-jv-Wm-hm-X-

c-§Ä tIh-ew C-Xn-lm-k-]pcp-j-·m-cp-sS A-h-Xm-c-§Ä am-{X-

am-bn-cp-¶nÃ. A-¶ph-sc \n-e-\n-¶ Ah-Xm-f-§Ä-s¡-Xn-sc-bp-

Å A-h-Xm-c-§-fm-bn-cp¶p. t]mÀ-¨p-Ko-kv P-·n-̄ m-[n-Im-c-§-

fmÂ ap-dn-th-ä cm-{ã-L-S\-sb `-àn-bn-ep-sS H-«n-̈ v C-¯-cw A-h-

Xm-c§-fneqsS t\cnSm-\m-Wv `-àn-{]-Øm-\w {i-an-¨Xv. Xp-f-kn-

Zm-kpw, F-gp-̄ -Ñ\pw ]q´m\hpw DÄs -̧« `-àn-I-h-nX-IÄ C-

¯-c-̄ nÂ P-\-Io-b-amb-cp cm-{ã-̀ q]Ss¯ `m-h-\ sN-¿p-I-bm-

215

bn-cp¶p. A-Xn-\p-th-−n-bm-Wv “De-Iv kr-ãn- v̈ `-cn-̈ v kwl-cn-¡p-

¶” H-cp ]mÀ-°-km-c-Yn-sb A-hÀ lr-Z-b-I-a-e-§-fnÂ {]-Xn-jvTn-

¨Xv. Np-cp-¡-̄ nÂ `-àn-{]-Øm-\-̄ n-se kv-Xp-Xn Ko-X-§Ä-¡v

t]mepw Ir-Xyam-b Nne N-cn-{X-Zu-Xy-§-fp-−m-bn-cp¶p.

AAAA----[n[n[n[n-- --ImImImIm----cccc----hyhhyhhyhhyh----ØØØØ----tbmtbmtbmtbm----SpSpSpSp-- --Å BÅ BÅ BÅ B----`n`n`n`n-- --apJywapJywapJywapJyw

A-[n-Im-c-hyh-Ø-tbm-Sp-Å hn-t[-bXzw hy-à-am-¡p-¶p.

B-Zy-]m-«p-Ir-Xn sN-dp-tÈ-cn-bp-sS Ir-jv-W-Km-Y-bmWv F¶v ]-d-

bmw. tIme-̄ v \m-«n-se D-Z-b-hÀ½sâ IÂ-]-\-{]-Im-c-am-Wv

Xm³ Ir-jv-WKm-Y c-Nn-¡p-¶-sX-¶v sN-dp-tÈ-cn KmYm B-cw-̀ -

¯nepw

BÚ-bm tIm-e-̀ q-]-ky

{]m-Ú tkym-Z-b-hÀ½-W

F-¶v A-h-km-\-̄ nepw tc-J-̧ -Sp-̄ n-bn-cn-¡p¶p. Np-cp-¡-̄ nÂ

sN-dp-tÈ-cn tIme v̄ \m-Sv `-cn-̈ n-cp-¶ H-cp D-Z-b-hÀ-½sâ (sImÃ-

hÀjw 620þ641) B{inX\pw k-Z-ky-\p-am-bn-cp-¶p-sh-¶v hyàw.

X-sâ c-£m-IÀ-̄ mhn-t\m-Sp-Å hn-t[-b-Xz-am-Wv Im-hy-c-N-\-bv-¡v

]n-¶n-ep-Å-sX-¶v sh-fn-s¸-Sp-̄ p¶-Xv A-\u-NnXy-am-bn A-¡m-e-

¯mcpw I-cp-Xn-bn-cp-¶nÃ. am-{X-aÃ Z-Þn-sb-t¸m-ep-Å kwkvIr-

X-I-hnI-sf am-Xr-I-bm-¡p-¶ sN-dp-tÈ-cn-¡v cm-P-kw-c-£-Whpw

t{]m-Õm-l-\-hpw, {]-tNm-Z-\-am-bn X-s¶ A-\p-̀ -h-s¸-«n-cn¡-Ww

Ir-jv-W-Km-Y-bp-sS Ahkm-\-̀ mK-̄ v {io-Ir-jv-W³ `-cn-¡p-¶ Zzm-

c-I-bn-se kp-J-k-t´m-j-§-sf-¡pdn- v̈ hÀ-®n-¡p-¶ ‘cm-P-Øn-

Xn-I-Y’ F-¶ H-cp sNdn-b kÀ-¤-ap-−v

Zp-Øn-Xnsb¶-Xv Zq-sc-sh-̈ §-s\

kz-Ø-\m-bv ta-hn-\m³ tKm-hn-µ-³ -Xm³

216

F-¶n§-s\ B-ZÀ-im-[n-jvTn-Xam-b H-cp A-[n-Im-c-hy-hØ-sb

A-t±-lw hn`mh\w sN-¿p-¶pap−v.

F-gp-̄ Ñ-sâ c-N-\-I-fn-eq-sS I-S¶p-t]m-Ip-t¼mÄ sa-¨-

s -̧« H-cp A[nIm-c-hyhØ-sb A-t±-lw hn-̀ mh-\w sN-¿p-¶-Xm-

bn Im-Wm³ I-gn-bpw. “im-iz-X-am-bp-Å [À-½w \r-]-Xn-IÄ-¡m-

{in-X-c-£-W-sa-¶p im-kv-t{Xm-ànbpw” F-¶v A-t±-lw A-²ym-

ß-cm-am-b-W-̄ nÂ cm-P-[À-½-sa-s -́¶v Nq-−n-¡m-Wn-¡p¶p.

{io-al`mcX¯n-sem-cnS-̄ v

]r-Yn-hn-]m-e-I³ Kp-W-hm-s\-´m-InÂ

Ir-X-bp-K-̄ nepw I-en-bp-Kw \Ãq

F-¶n§-s\ \Ã A-[n-Im-c-hyh-Ø-tbm-Sp-Å B-̀ n-ap-Jyhpw {]-I-

Sn-̧ n-¡p-¶p−v.

A-[n-Im-c-hyh-Ø-tbm-Sv AÂ-]w t]mepw B-̀ n-ap-Jy-anÃm-

¯ I-hn-bm-Wv ]q´m-\w

Øm-\-am-\-§Ä sNmÃn-¡-e-ln-̈ p

\m-Ww sI-«v \-S-¡p-¶n-Xp Nn-eÀ

a-Z-aÕ-cw Nn-́ n-̈ v Nn-́ n-̈ v

a-Xn-sI-«v \-S-¡p-¶n-Xp-NneÀ

F-¶n§-s\ A-[n-Im-c- B-̀ n-ap-Jy-s¯ A-t±-lw ]-cn-l-kn-

¡p¶p.

AAAA----[n[n[n[n-- --ImImImIm----cccc----hnhnhnhn-- --aÀiaÀiaÀiaÀi----\\\\wwww

A-[n-Im-c-tI-{µ§-sf hn-aÀ-in-¡p-¶ Im-cy-̄ nepw ]q-´m-\w X-

s¶ ap¼³

Ir-]-Iq-Sm-sX ]o-Un-̧ n-̈ n-Sp¶

\r-]³ N-s¯m-cp Ir-an-bm-bv-¸n-d-¡p¶p

217

F-¶v cm-P-hm-gv-N-¡me-̄ v A-t±-lw i-à-am-b- Xm-¡n-Xv cm-Pm-

¡-·mÀ-¡v \Â¡p¶p. F-gp-̄ -Ñ³ P-·-tZ-iw hn«p-t]mb-Xp B-

ß-c-£mÀ-°-am-sW-¶v kqNn¸n-¡p-¶ h-cn-IÄ \-½p-¡v {io a-lm-

`m-c-X-̄ nÂ I-s−-̄ mw.

Xy-Pn¡mw P-\-]-Z-kymÀ-t° tIh-ew {Km-aw

Xy-Pn-¡m-am-ßm-Àt°, X³ \m-Sp-sa-¶-dnbWw

A-[n-Im-c-hn-aÀ-i-\-̄ n-\v sIm-Sp-t¡-−n h-¶ hn-e-bm-Wv km-aq-Xn-

cn-bp-sS kzm-[o-\-̄ nÂ \n-¶p-Å {]-tZi-̄ v \n-¶v sIm¨n-cm-Pm-hn-

sâ Io-gn-ep-Å Nn-äq-cn-te-¡v At±-l-̄ n-\v am-td-−n h¶-Xv F¶v

Du-ln-¡p-¶-XnÂ sX-änÃ.

A-[n-Im-c-tI-{µ-§-tfm-Sv B-̀ n-apJyw ]p-eÀ-̄ p-Ibpw

A-tX ka-bw A[nIm-c-{]-`p-Xz-s¯ \nÀ±-bw hn-aÀ-in-¡p-Ibpw

sNbv-X a-lm-{]-Xn-̀ -bm-Wv Ip©³ \-¼ymÀ. H-cp Xp-Å-enÂ X-

sâ kw-c-£-I-\m-bn-cp-¶ N-¼-I-tÈ-cnbn-se tZ-h-\m-cm-b-W³ F-

¶ cm-Pm-hn-s\ {]-iw-kn-¡p¶-Xv t\m¡p.

N-¼-I-tÈ-cn hm-W-cp-fn-Sp-sa-¶p-sS X-¼p-cm³

N-¼-Imh-en tIm-a-fm-Ir-Xnbm-b tZ-h-\m-cm-b-W³

kmw-{]-Xw Xp-W-bm-bv h-tc-W-sa-\n-¡v \Â-¡p-e-`q-

jW³

B-Nm-tcym-̄ -a³ _m-e-c-hn, a-µm-c-Zm-cphmw _m-ec-hn F-s¶Ãmw

A-t±-lw \-µn-¡m-«v D-®n-c-hn-Ip-dp-̧ v F-¶ A-¶ Zm-Xm-hn-s\bpw

{]-iw-kn-¡p-¶p−v. a\t¡m-«v _m-e-cm-a-\-̈ ³ F-¶ B-{i-b-Zm-Zm-

Xm-hn-t\bpw A-t±-lw in-h-]p-cm-Ww In-fn-̧ m«nÂ kv-Xp-Xn-¡p-

¶p−v. Xn-cp-h-\-́ -]pc-̄ v A-¿-̧ ³ amÀ-¯m-Þ-̧ n-Å F-¶ Zf-

h-bm-bn-cp-¶p Ip-©³ \-¼ym-cp-sS kw-c-£³

eo-em-c-k-Pv\mw A¿-̧ m amÀ-̄ mÞ

_m-ea-{´n-{]-hcs\

218

A-t±-lw l-\pa-Zv D-Zv̀ -hw io-X-¦-³Xp-Å-enÂ h-µn-¡p-¶p-−v.

A-tX ka-bw A-[n-Im-cw tI-{µ-§-fn-se Xn·-sb \nÀ`-

bw hn-aÀ-in-¡pm\pw A-t±-lw a-Sn-̈ nÃ. Xn-cp-h-\-́ -]pc-̄ v cm-P-

k-Z-Ên-se B-Øm-\-hn-Zzm-\m-bn Xmakn-¡p-¶ Ime- v̄ cm-P-

sIm-«m-c-̄ nÂ \n-¶v In-Sp-¶ `-£-W-hn-lnXw (c-t−-¡mepw tIm-

¸pw) H-cp ]-−m-e (sIm-«m-cw D-tZym-KØ³) \n-tj-[n-¡p-I-bp-

−mbn. D-S³ X-s¶ Ip-©³-\-¼ymÀ -Cu hnj-bw a-lm-cm-Pm-hn-

sâ ap-¼nÂ C-{]-Im-cw Ah-X-cn-¸n¨p.

c-t−-Im-se-¶v IÂ-]n-̈ p

c-t−-Im-se-¶n-X-¿\pw

Dt−m Im-se-¶p ]-−me

D-−nÃn-{X t\-chpw

A-X-bm-Xv cm-P-IÂ-]-\ c-t−-Im-en-\m-Wv AXp-sIm-−v c-t−

Im-en-\À-l-X-bp-s−-¶v \-¼ymÀ ]-−m-e-tbm-Sv hm-Zn¨p. F-¶mÂ

c-t−-bp-Åq Im-enÃ F-¶m-bn ]−m-e-bp-sS hym-Jym\w. A-Xn-

\mÂ A-¶v ]-«n-Wn-bn-embn. C-{]-Im-cw A-[n-Im-c- Z-pÀ-Æn\n-tbm-

Kw A-t±-lw Xp-d-¶p-Im-Wn-¡m³ X-¿m-dmbn. Cu cn-Xn-bnÂ A-

[n-Im-c-tI-{µ-̄ nÂ B-ßm-̀ n-am-\w ]W-bw sh-̈ v A-[n-I-Im-ew

Xp-S-cm³ A-t±-lw B{K-ln-̈ nÃ. A-[n-Im-c-X-e-Øm\-̄ v \n-¶v

]n-cn-ªp t]m-cp-t¼mÄ A-t±-lw alm-cm-Pm-hn-\v k-aÀ-¸n-¨ H-cp

tÇm-I-̄ n-se D-̄ -c-]m-Z-¯n-se h-cn-IÄ B AXr]v-Xn-sb hy-

à-am-¡p¶p.

tIm-ew sI-«p-I, tIm-e-I-§-fnÂ \-S-s¡-¶ th-e-bv-¡n-\n

Im-ew hmÀ-²-I-am-I-sIm-−-Sn-b-W-̄ m-Sns¡m-em

Zq]tX

219

Np-cp-¡-̄ nÂ A-[n-Im-c-hy-hØ-sb A-\p-Ip-en¨pw {]-Xn-Iq-

en¨pw [m-cm-fw hcnIÄ \-½p-sS ]m-«p-km-ln-Xy-̄ nÂ I-s−-

¯mw.

hnhnhnhn-- --iiii----ZZZZ----]T]T]T]T----\\\\¯n¯n¯n¯n\\\\vvvv

1. 1. 1. 1. aaaa----lmlmlmlm----`mc`mc`mc`mc----Xw InXw InXw InXw In-- --fnfnfnfn-- --¸m¸m¸m¸m----Sv þ hnSv þ hnSv þ hnSv þ hn-- --cmcmcmcm----SSSS----]À]À]À]À----ÆwÆwÆwÆw

{io-a-lm-̀ mc-Xw hn-cm-S-]À-Æ-¯nÂ \n-s¶-Sp-̄ n-«p-Å `m-

K-am-Wv Io-N-I-h[w. kq-X-cm-Pmhm-b tI-Ib-sâ ]p-{X-\m-Wv In-

NI³. Io-NI-sâ k-tlm-Z-cnbm-b kptZ-jv-W-sb, hn-cm-S-cm-

Pmhm-b am-Õy³ hn-hm-lw sN-bv-X-t¸mÄ Io-NI\pw ktlm-Z-c-

·m-cpw hn-cm-S-cm-Py-̄ v h-¶v Xm-a-kn-¡m³ Xp-S§n. hn-cm-S-cm-Py-

s¯ tk-\-\m-b-I-\m-bn Io-NI³. Cu Im-e-̄ m-Wv ]m-Þ-h-

·mÀ A-Úm--X-am-k-̄ n-\m-bn hn-cm-S-cm-Py-̄ v F-̄ n-b-Xv. th-j-

{]-Ñ-¶-cm-bn AhÀ Hmtcm tPm-en-IfnÂ GÀ-s -̧«v hn-cm-S-cm-Py-̄ v

I-gn-ªp-IqSn. ò-a-tk\³, h-e-e³ F-¶ t]-cnÂ ]m-N-I-¡m-c-\m-

bn A-Sp-¡-f-bn-epw, ]m-©m-en am-en-\n-sb-¶ t]-cnÂ ssk-c-{Ôn-

bmbn (apSn H-cp-¡p-¶hÄ) A-́ x-]p-c-¯nepw Xm-a-k-am¡n. H-cn-

¡Â Io-N-I³ ]m©m-en-sb-¶ ‘am-en-\n’sb Im-Wm-\n-S-bmbn. ]n-

¶n-Sv ]-e X-h-W- Im-am-kà\mb IoNI³ A-h-tfm-Sv t{]-am-̀ yÀ-

°-\ \-S¯n. K-Xy-́ -c-anÃm-sX AbmÄ k-tlmZ-cn kp-tZ-jv-W-

bp-sS k-lm-bw tX-Sn. k-tlm-Z-cn-bp-sS k-lm-b-t¯m-sS amen-\n-

sb _-emÂ-¡m-cw sN-¿m³ A-bmÄ H-cp¡n-b ]²-Xn ]-cm-P-b-

s¸«p. IoNI-sâ ieyw k-ln-bv-¡m³ h-¿m-Xm-b-t¸mÄ ]m-©m-en

ò-a-tk\-sâ ASp¡Â ]-cm-Xn-s¸«p. òa-sâ \nÀ-t±-i-{]-Im-cw A-

hÄ ASp-̄ cm-{Xn-bnÂ \m-Sy-im-e-bn-se-̄ m³ Io-NI-s\ £-

Wn¨p. B cm-{Xn-bnÂ k-t¦-X-Øm-\am-b Iq-̄ -c-§nÂ (\m-Sy-

im-e) ]m-©m-en-bp-sS Øm\-̄ v ò-a-tk-\³ aq-Sn-¸pX-̈ v In-S¶p.

220

Io-N-I-\mI-s« ssk-c-{Ôn-bp-sS hm-¡v tI-«v k-t´m-

jn v̈, X-\n¡v ‘sskzcw’ (imń) h-cp-sa-¶p-d-¸n-̈ v, F-®-tX-̈ v Ip-

fn-̈ v ‘ssa-tc-b’ sa-¶v aZyw tk-hn v̈ Xmw-_q-e-NÀÆ-Ww \S¯n.

]q-am-e-IÄ NqSn, Znhy-h-kv-{X-§fpw B-̀ -c-W-§-fp-Wn-ªv, kÀ-

Æmw-K-kp-µ-c-\m-bn \m-Sy-im-e-bn-te-¡v ]p-d-s¸«p. A-hn-sS aq-Sn-

¸pX- v̈ In-S-¡p-¶ ò-a-tk\-sâ k-ao]-̄ v ]m-©m-en-sb-¶ [m-c-

W-bnÂ F-̄ n-t¨À¶p. Im-am-k-àn-\n-an-̄ w A-Ô\m-b A-

bmÄ hÀ-²n-̈ Iu-Xp-I-tXmX-sS aZa-̄ -\m-bn A-h-fp-sS k-ao]-

v̄ tNÀ-¶v In-S¶p. ]m-©m-en-bp-sS ar-Zp-eam-b ape-sam-«p-I-fm-

sW-¶v k-¦Â-]n- v̈ B i-coc-s¯ B-enwK-\w sN-bvXp. A-

t¸mÄ A-hn-sS ImTn-\y-t¯m-sS I-\w s]m§n, hoÀ-̄ p-In-S-¡p-

¶ IqÀ-̄ -kv-X-\-]À-ÆX§-fm-Wv I-−Xv. C-sX-s´mcp ambw?

C-hÄ F-sâ {]n-b-s -̧« Zm-kn-b-sÃ-¶v hcptam? F-¶n-{]-Im-cw kw-

bn-s -̈¦n-epw, AXpw H-cp Iu-Xp-I-sa-¶ `m-h-̄ nÂ ImamÀ-̄ n

k-ln-¡m-sX A-bmÄ B i-coc-s¯ iàn-tbm-sS B-enwK-\w

sN-bvXp. Xm-a-kn-̈ nÃ ò-a-tk-\³ F-¶ ]m-©men, Xn-cn-̈ v Io-N-I-

t\bpw B-enwK-\w sN-bvXp. ho−pw ho−pw B-enwK-\w sN-bv-Xv

ò-a-tk-\³ Io-N-I-i-co-c-̄ n-se AØnIÄ Hm-tcm-¶m-bn X-sâ

_-en-jvTamb ssI-IÄ sIm-−v sR-cp-¡n \pdp¡n, AXp-t]m-

cm-ªv ap-ãn Np-cp-«n ]-e X-hW B i-co-c-̄ nÂ Ip¯n. a-{X-aÃ

t{]-a-¡p-d-hm-sW-¶v kw-i-bn-¡m-Xn-cn-¡m³ Io-N-I-i-co-c-̄ nÂ ]-

e-bn-S¯pw \-J-ap-{Z-Ifpw ]-Xn-̧ n¨p.

Io-N-I-\mI-s« B Im-ap-In-bp-sS I-cm-f-l-kv-X-§-fnÂ

sR-cn-ª-aÀ¶v “At¿m a-Xn-bmtb, kp-µcn, Zb-hp sN-bv-Xp

I-¿-b-¡tW” F-¶v \n-e-hn-fn-̈ v Xp-S§n. “AÃtbm Hm-a-em-tf b-

YmÀ-°-̄ nÂ C-Xv \o X-s¶bmtWm ? AtXm a-äp hÃ-hcp-tam.

221

\o F-s¶ ]d-ªv ]-än-¡p-I-bm-bn-cpt¶m ? am-\n-sâ amÀ-±-h-tadn-

b ico-c-am-sW-¶v k-¦Â-]n-̈ v Rm³ -B-enwK-\w sN-bv-XXv. H-cp

I-cn-¦-Ãn-s\-bm-bn-cp¶p. A-Xv XoÀ-̈ ” ]-e-hn-[-̄ nÂ C-{]-Im-c-

tam-scm-¶v ]-d-bp-¶-Xn-\n-S-bnÂ Ah³ I-®p Xp-dn- v̈ hn-[n-h-imÂ

N-̄ p-a-e¨p. hm-bp-]p-{X\m-b ò-a-\mI-s« CsXm¶pw A-dn-ª-

Xm-bn `m-hn-¡m-sX Ø-ew hn«p.

Io-N-SI-sâ H-Sp-§m-̄ Im-a-\-bp-sS A-\n-hm-cyam-b

Aýw \À-½w IeÀ¯n-bm-Wv F-gp-̄ -Ñ³ B-Jym-\w sN-¿p-

¶Xv. Xp-S-¡-̄ nÂ X-s¶ A-iq`m -́b kq-N-\-bp−v. ‘sskz-

cw’ (imń) X-\n-¡v h-cp-sa-¶v IÂ-]n-¨m-Wv ]pd¸mSv. ap³-]nÂ Nn-

-́bnÃm-sX Im-am-Ô-\m-bn ò-a-tk\-sâ Zr-U-i-co-c-̄ nÂ Ib-dn-

¸n-Sn-¡p¶p. Cu kw-K-a-hÀ-®-\ F-gp-̄ Ñ-sâ Ir-Xn-I-fnÂ A-

]qÀ-Æw Xs¶. G-Xp k-µÀ-`hpw hÀ-®n-¡m³ X-sâ Xp-en-I-bv-¡v

I-gn-bp-sa-¶v Fgp¯Ñ³ Cu B-Jym-\-̄ n-ep-sS hn-Z-Kv-[-am-bn

sX-fn-bn¨n-cn-¡p-¶p.

2. Úm-\¸m-\: Cu-iz-c-k-¦oÀ-̄ -\-̄ n-sâ {]m-[m-\y-s¯-¡p-dn¨v

Du-¶n- -̧d-bp-¶ `-àn-̧ m-\-bm-Wv ]q-´m-\-̄ n-sâ Úm-\-̧ m-\.

]qÀ-Æn-Icm-b \-½p-sS E-jn-IÄ ]e {K-Ù-§-fn-em-bn sNmÃn-̄ -

¶ K-l-\-X-Xz-§-sf-bm-Wv e-fn-X-am-bn a-e-bm-f-̄ nÂ ]q-́ m-\w

\-s½ ]m-Sn tIÄ-̧ n-¡p-¶Xv.

I-en-bp-Kw ]m-]n-I-fp-sS- bp-K-am-sW-¶m-Wv a-lm-̀ mc-Xw

hn-h-cn-¡p-¶Xv. alm-̀ mc-Xw h-\-]À-Æ-̄ n-Â (188þmw A-²ymbw)

amÀ-¡mtÞ-b ap-\n ]-d-bp-¶-Xv. “I-en-bp-K-̄ nÂ FÃm-hcpw

A-k-Xy-hm-Zn-I-fm-bn Xo-cpw. bm-Khpw [À-½hpw \m-a-am-{X-am-bn

Xncpw {_m-Ò-WÀ iq-{Z-cp-sS IÀ-½-§Ä sN¿pw.” F¶n-§-s\

222

F-¶mÂ ]q-́ m-\-̄ n-sâ A-̀ n-{]m-b-̄ nÂ \m-ep-bp-K-̄ nepw

sa-̈ pw (\Ãp) I-en-bp-Kw F¶mWv. A-Xv F´p-sIm-−m-Wv

F¶tÃ ? \m-a-k-¦oÀ¯-\w H-¶psIm-−p am{Xw ap-àn-t\-Smw.

A-Xv a-\-Ên-em¡n-b a-äp ]-Xn-\m-ep tem-I-§-fn-ep-Å h-cpw, B-

dp Zzo-]p-I-fn-ep-Å-h-cpw, `mc-Xw DÄ-s¡m-Åp-¶ Pw-_p-Zzo-]w F-

¶ `q-JÞ-s¯ BZc-]qÀ-Æw ssI-Ip-̧ n kv-Xp-Xn-¡p¶p. Pw-

_p-Zzo-]-̄ n-se H¼-Xv J-Þ-§-fnÂ H¶m-Wv `mc-Xw I-en-

Ime v̄ Cu `m-c-X-̄ nÂ P-\n-¡m-\n-S-bm-bmÂ \m-a-k¦oÀ¯-

\w sIm-−v am{Xw ap-àn-t\-Smw. C-hn-sS h-¶v ]pÃm-bn ]n-d-¡m³

IgnªmÂ F-́ v alm-̀ mKyw F-¶m-Wv aäp-tem-I-§-fn-ep-Å-hÀ

`m-cX-s¯ ]p-I-gv-̄ p-¶Xv. C-Xv I-en-bp-K-amWv. \mw P-\n-̈ v h-

fÀ¶-Xv ]p-Wy-̀ q-anbm-b `m-c-X-̄ nemWv, AXpw a-\p-jy-Ip-e-

¯nÂ C-sXÃmw \mw Xn-cn- -̈dn-bWw. C-{X \Ã Hchk-cw D-−m-bn-

«pw, Cu-iz-c-k-¦oÀ¯-\w \-S-̄ msX, \m-hnÃm-̄ aq-I-·m-sc-

t¸mse Cu P-·w \mw ]m-gm-¡n I-f-bp-Itbm I-ãw I-ãw ! (\m-

S³-̀ m-j-bp-sS ku-µcyw B Np-«p-Xn-¶Â F-¶ {]-tbm-K-̄ n-

ep−v) F-{X am{Xw ]pWyw sNbvXn-«m-Wv, Cu a-®nÂ a-\p-j-y-Pm-

Xn-bnÂ h-¶v \mw ]n-d-¡p-¶Xv. A-t\-Iw P·pw P-e-¯nepw a-e-

¯nepw I-gn-̈ v Iq«n, ]n-s¶ Ip-td P-·w Cg-P-́ p-¡-fm-bpw, ]-e

Pm-Xn-a-c-§-fm-bn¸n-d¶pw Im-ew I-gn v̈, am\-̄ v ]-d¶pw a-®n-e-

cn¨pw Iãs¸«v Ip-td P-·-§Ä ]m-gm-¡n-¡-f-ª-Xn-\p-ti-j-am-

Wv \mw H-cp a-\p-jy-am-Xm-hn-sâ KÀ-̀ -]m{X-̄ nÂ h-¶p ho-gp-¶Xv.

H-Sp-hnÂ a-\p-jy-in-ip-hm-bn ]n-d-¡p-¶Xv. AXp-sIm-−w I-gn-

ªnÃ \-½p-sS P-·-t¢-i§Ä. ]-̄ p-am-kw am-Xm-hn-sâ

hbänÂ, ]n-s¶ ]-̄ p ]-{ -́−p sImÃw _m-eym-h-Ø-bnÂ H-Sp-

hnÂ {]m-b-]qÀ-̄ n-bm-Ip-t¼m-tgm, \mw X-s¶ FÃmw F-¶-an-Yym-

`n-am-\-̄ nÂ Po-hn-Xw X-Ån \o¡p¶p. C-\n F-{X-Im-ew Pn-hn-̈ n-

223

cn¡pw F-¶-dn-bm-\p-Å H-cp kn-²nbpw \ap¡nÃ. H-cp sh-Å-

¡panf t]m-se ZpÀ-º-eam-b Cu i-co-c-̄ nÂ H-cp t\À-̄ izm-

kw am{Xw X-§n \nÂ-¡p¶p. A-{]-Xo-£n-Xam-b H-cp \n-an-j-

¯nÂ A-Xv t\À-̄ v t\À- v̄ CÃm-Xm-tb-¡mw. C-{Xbpw N-©-

eam-b H-c-h-Ø-bnepw Hcp Cu-iz-c-\m-aw t]m-epw \-½p-sS hm-

bnÂ \n-¶v h-cp-¶nÃ-tÃm. I-ãw Xs¶!

]-e-X-c-̄ n-ep-Å ]-Z-hnbpw ta-\nbpw ]-dªv, e-Ö-

bnÃm-sX XÀ-¡n-̈ v \S¡p-I-bm-Wv ]-e-cpw. a-Õ-c-̄ nÂ e-l-cn-]n-

Sn-̈ v a-äp Nn-eÀ _p-²n-sI-«v \S¡p¶p. I-Sm-£-§-sf-s¡m-−v ]p-

cp-j-·m-sc h-in-I-cn-¡m³ sIÂ-]p-Å kv-{Xn-IÄ X-§-fp-sS C-

ã-¡m-sc Ip-©n-cm-a-s\-t¸mse (]-−p-Ime-̄ v Ip-d-h-·mÀ

Ipc§-·m-sc ]n-Sn- v̈ ho-Sp-I-fnÂ sIm-−p t]m-bn I-fn-̧ n-¡p-am-

bn-cp-¶p.) A-h-cp-sS A`n-cq-Nn-¡-\p-k-cn-̈ v Xp-Ån-I-fn-̧ n-¡p¶p.

a-äp Nn-eÀ tIm-hn-e-I-§-fnÂ ]-än-Iq-Sn tk-h-I-·m-cm-bn sR-fn-

bp¶p. C-\nbpw Nn-eÀ Ip-Spw-_w ]p-eÀ-̄ m-\m-bn I-ã-s¸«v ]-e

t£-{X-§-fnÂ im-́ n sN-bv-Xv k-Ôy-bm-Ip-¶-Xp-h-sc Ae-ªv

Xncnbp¶p. Nn-e A-½-amÀ sIm-©n-̈ v h-fÀ¯n-b B-tcm-aÂ-¡p-

ªn-\v I-ªn sh v̈ sIm-Sp-¡m³ I-gn-hnÃm-sX hnÂ-¡p¶p. a-äp

Nn-e-cmI-s« kz-́ w A-Ñ\pw A½-bv¡pw `m-cy¡pw `-£-W-̄ n-

\p-Å hI sIm-Sp-¡msX, A-án-km-£n-bm-bn hn-hm-lw sNbv-X

]-Xv-\n-sb kz-]v-\-̄ nÂ t]mepw HmÀ-½n-¡m-sX \mSpw hoSpw Dt]-

£n-̈ v sX-−n \-S-¡p¶p. km-Xzn-I-·mÀI-−v Kp-W-tZm-jn-¡p-

t¼mÄ AhtcmSv I-bÀ-¡p¶p. am-\y-·m-sc Im-Wp-¶ k-ab¯v

Ahsc A-[n-t£-]n- v̈ kw-km-cn-¡p-¶-h-cp-ap−v. F-sâ kw-km-

cw H-¶p sIm-−p-am-{X-amWv Cu tem-Iw C-t¸m-gw tI-Sp-]m-Sp-

IÄ Iq-Sm-sX \n-e-sIm-Åp¶-Xv F-¶m-Wv Nn-e-cp-sS `mhw. Xsâ

{_m-ÒWyw taÂ-¡p-ta-e-§n-s\ D-bÀ-¶v Xm³ {_m-Òm-hn-s\-

224

¡mÄ ta-te-bm-Wv F-¶v Nn-eÀ sR-fn-bp¶p. ]-W-¯n-\p-Å

BÀv-Xn hÀ-²n- v̈ bm-Kw \S-¯n ]Ww t\-Sm-\m-Wv Nn-e-cp-sS {iaw.

a-äp Nn-eÀ kzÀ-®hpw \-h-c-Xv-\-§fpw aäpw I¨h-Sw sN-bv-Xp [-

\w k-¼m-Zn-¡p-¶p. \Ã Ip-Xn-cI-sf hm-§n h-n-äpw, kz- -́am-bn I-

¸Â X-«n-Iq-«n-bpw, inh ! inh ! F-s´Ãmw h-gn-I-fn-eq-sS-bm-Wv

B-fp-IÄ ]-Ww t\-Sp-¶Xv. H-cp hr-̄ nbpw sh-Sp¸pw CÃm-sX

A-t§m-«p-an-t§m«pw Ae-ªv Xncnªv shdpw ]-Ww am{Xw

tam-ln-̈ v F-{X-bm-fp-IÄ \m-i-̄ n-sâ ]-Sp-Ip-gn-bnÂ ]-Xn-¡p¶p.

F-¶mÂ H-¶v a-\-kn-em-¡Ww. F-{X ]-Ww k-¼m-Zn-

¨mepw H-cn-¡epw HcmÄ-¡v Xr-]v-Xn h-cnÃ. ]-̄ v I-¿nÂ In-«n-bmÂ

A-Xv \q-dm-Ip¶-Xv h-sc H-cp kzØ-X-bp-anÃ. I-ãn-̈ v \q-dv Xn-I-

ªmÂ ]n-s¶ Bbn-c-am-¡m-\m-Wv tamlw. Bbncw I-¿n-se-

¯nbmtem A-Xv ]-Xn-\m-bn-c-am-bn-cp-s¶-¦nÂ F-{X \-¶m-bn-

cp¶p F-¶v A-Ûp-X-s -̧Spw. C-̄ -c-̄ n-ep-Å B-im-]m-i-̄ nÂ

]n-Sn-ap-dp-¡n Ib-dn I-b-dnt¸m-Im-\m-Wv FÃm-hÀ¡pw B-{K-lw.

(]q-́ m-\-̄ n-sâ Im-em-̄ v C¯-cw I¬-sI-«p hn-Zy-IÄ {]-Nm-c-

¯n-ep-−m-bn-cp-¶n-cn-¡Ww. H-cp \Ã D-t±-iy-̄ n-\m-bn k-ao-]n-

¨mÂ t]mepw Cu Zp-ã-·mÀ AÂ]w t]mepw sIm-Sp-¡nÃ. N-

¯p t]mIp¶ k-ab-̄ v H-cp I-jv-Ww XpWn-t]mepw sIm-−p

t]m-Im-\m-InÃ. AÂ-]w t]mepw ]-Ým-̄ m-]w Xo-−m-sX a-lm-

]m-X-I-§Ä sN-bv-Xp-Iq-«p-¶-h-cp−v. [\¯n-\p-Å A[n-tam-lw

\n-an-̄ w Nn-eÀ kXyw Xy-Pn-¡p¶p. F-¶mÂ Úm\n-IÄ kXyw

X-s¶-bmWv. Cu-iz-c³ F-¶v A-dn-bp-¶p. b-YmÀ-°-¯nÂ hnZy-

sIm-−v F-¶m-tWm A-dn-tb-−Xv. A-Xv A-dn-bm-sX hn-Zzm-·m-cm-

bn \Sn¡p¶p. Ip¦p-a-̄ n-sâ km-¶n²yw A-dn-bm-sX A-Xv Np-a-

¡p-¶ I-gp-X-sb-t¸mse BtemNn-̈ mÂ Cu h-I {`-a-§Ä-

s¡Ãmw Imc-Ww Xr-jv-W-bm-sW-¶v Im-Wmw. Hmtcm Znh-kw I-

225

S¶p-t]m-Ip¶-Xv F-®n-s¡m-−n-cp-¶mÂ B-bp-Êv Ipdªv

Ipdªv h-cp¶-Xv Im-Wmw. tam-l-§Ä A-{X-bv-¡-{X-¡v Ip-Sp-

¶-Xpw. HmWw h¶p-t]m-b-t¸m-sg¡pw C-Xm hn-jp h-s¶¯n.

AÃ Cu hÀj-s¯ Xo-cp-hmXn-c D−mbn-sÃ-¶pt−m? Ipw-̀ -am-

k-̄ n-se A-iz-Xn-bm-Wv \-½p-sS ]n-d-¶mÄ. hr-Ýn-I-¯nÂ H-cp

{im²w Du-«p-hm-\p−v. C-t¸mg-s¯ Ime-̄ v k-Zy- I-gn-bv-¡-sem-

s¡ {]-bm-k-amWv. H-cp D-®n ]nd-¶v A-Xv h-fÀ-¶p h-ep-Xmbn.

AXn-sem-cp D®n D−m-bn-¡-−n-«v th-Ww F-\-ns¡m-¶v I-®-S-

¡m³ ! A-Sp-̄ p-Å Ir-jn-\n-ew C\n a-ämcpw Im-Ww hm-§n-\n-

Sbm-I-cpXv. C-§n-s\-tbm-tcm-¶v Nn-́ n-̈ n-cn-¡p-t¼mÄ a-\p-jyÀ ]-

ecpw a-cn-¨p t]m-Ip-¶p. lm.. I-ãw Xs¶.

Np-äp-ap-Å Po-hn-X-Zr-iy-§-sfÃmw H-cp ssh-cm-Kn-bp-sS Zr-

ãn-bn-eq-sS I-−v hn-e-bn-cp-¯p-I-bm-Wv ]q-´m\w. kq-£v-a-am-Wv

A-t±-l-̄ n-sâ \o-cn-£-W-]m-Shw. P-\-§-fp-sS C-S-bn-en-d-§n-s¨-

¶v FÃmw I-−-dn-ªv DÄ-s¡m-− `m-j-bn-se BZys¯ P-\Io-

b I-hn-bm-W-t±lw. hf-sc A-tem-N-\m-ar-Xam-b X-Xz-§-fm-Wv

A-t±-lw \-½p-sS ap-¶nÂ hn-f-¼p-¶Xv. H«pw Pm-S-bnÃm-sX X-«pw

X-S-hp-anÃm-sX B Nn- -́I-f§-s\ {]-h-ln-¡p-I-bmWv. B-I-̧ m-

sS H-cp ]-c-kv-]-c_-Ôw C-sÃ-¶p tXm-¶-em-Wv hm-b\-ImÀ-¡p-

−m-hpI.

hnihnihnihni----ZZZZ----]T]T]T]T----\\\\----¯n¯n¯n¯n\\\\vvvv

3. k-Xym-kz-bwhcw Hm-«³-XpÅÂ: k-Xym-kz-bwhcw Hm-«³-Xp-Å-

en-se D-ÅS-¡w Xm-c-X-tay-\ A-{]-[m-\am-sbm-cp `m-K-h-X-I-Y-

bmWv. bm-Z-h-\m-b-I-\m-bn D-b-cp-¶ {io-Ir-jv-W³ cp-ÜnWn, k-

Xy-̀ m-a, Im-fnµn, an-{X-\-µ XpS-§n ]-e bphkp-µ-cn-Itfbpw hn-

hm-lw sN-¿p-¶ Iq-«-̄ nÂ A-tbm-²y-bn-se cm-Pm-hm-bn-cp-¶

226

‘\-á-Pn¯n’sâ a-IÄ k-Xy-tbbpw hn-hm-lw sN-¿p-¶ I-Y-bm-

Wv {]-Xn-]m-Zn-¡p-¶Xv. A-tbm-²y-bn-se cm-Pm-hv A-¡me-̄ v ]-e

cm-Pm-¡-·mcpw sN-bv-XXp-t]m-se aIÄ¡v ho-c\pw km-l-kn-I-

\pam-b H-cp h-c-s\ e-̀ n-¡p-¶-Xn-\p-th-−n H-cp hoc]co-£ \-S-

¯m³ \n-Ý-bn¨p. B ho-c-]co-£ F-́ m-sW¶tÃ? A-t±-l-

¯nsâ sIm-«m-c-̄ n-Â sa-cp-¡n h-fÀ-̄ n-bn-cp-¶, A-\n-b-{´n-X-

_-e-ap-Å G-gv Imf-I-fp−v. Ah-sb sa-cp-¡n \n-b-{´-W-̄ nÂ

sIm-−p-h-cp-¶ [o-c-\p-am-{X-ta aI-sf hn-hm-lw sN-bvXp-sIm-Sp-

¡p-I-bp-Åp F-¶m-bn-cp-¶p A-t±-l-̄ n-sâ Xocpam-\w. Cu hr-

¯m-́ w {io-Ir-j-vW-sâ sN-hn-bn-ep-sa¯n. {io-Ir-jv-W³ hoc]-co-

£-bv-¡m-bn AÀ-Pp-\-t\mSpw ssk-\y-§-tfmSp-sam-̧ w A-tbm-

²y-]p-cn-bnse¯n. cm-Pm-hv {io-Ir-jvW-s\ BZ-c-thm-sS kzo-I-

cn¨p. ]p-{Xn-sb e-̀ n-¡p-¶-Xn-\v ho-c-]-co£-¡v X-¿m-dm-sW-¶v {io-

Ir-jv-W³ A-t±l-s¯ A-dn-bn¨p. {ioIrjv-W-sâ BKa-t¶m-

t±iyw A-dn-ª cm-P-Ip-am-cn k-Xybpw {io-Ir-jv-W³ X-s¶ hn-

hm-lw sN-¿m³ kwK-Xn h-c-W-sa-¶v a-\-ÊnÂ {]mÀ-°n¨p.

{ioIrjvW³ D-S³ X-s¶ B km-l-kn-I-]-cn-£-W-¯n-\v X-¿m-

dm-bn D-̄ -co-bw A-c-bnÂ ap-dp-¡n A-t±-lw kz-i-coc-s¯ G-gm-

bn Xn-cn-̈ v H-tc k-ab-̄ v X-s¶ G-gp Im-f-I-tfbpw t\-cn«p.

Ah-sb \n-jv-{]-bm-kw Io-gS-¡n cm-P-k-a£-̄ v sIm−v sN-¶v

\nÀ-̄ n. Atbm-²y-bn-se cm-Pm-hv k-t´m-j-t¯m-sS ho-c-]-co-£-

bnÂ hn-P-bn-¨ {io-Ir-jvW-\v ]p-{Xn-sb \Â-Im³ Xo-cp-am-\n¨p. Xp-

SÀ-¶v hen-b B-tLm-j§m-tfm-sS A-t\-Iw {_m-ÒW-sc hn-fn-̈ v

k-Zy \Â-In kw-Ko-X-hm-Zy-§-fp-sS A-I-¼Sn-tbm-sS k-Xy-sb {io-

Ir-jvW-\v kz-bwh-cw sN-bv-Xp \ÂIn. Zzmc-I-bn-te-¡v Xn-cn¨p-t]m-

Ip-¶ {io-Ir-jv-W-\pw ]p-{Xn-bv¡pw A-t\-Iw ]-ip-¡tfbpw B-

\-I-tfbpw Zm-kn-am-tcbpw cm-Pm-hv k-½m-\n¨p. B hn-hm-l-̄ n-

227

sâ hr-̄ m-́ w A-dn-ªv Zp-c-l-¦m-cn-Ifm-b Nn-e cm-Pm-¡-·mÀ

{io-Ir-jv-W-t\bpw kwL-t¯bpw h-gn-bnÂ XS-ªp \nÀ¯n.

A-t¸mÄ Km-Þo-h-[m-cnbm-b AÀ-Öp-\³ hnÃp-am-bn Ah-sc

F-XnÀ-¡m³ X-¿m-dmbn. A-t¸mÄ A-hÀ `-b-s -̧«v ]n³-Xncnªp.

{io-Ir-jv-W\pw k-Xybpw Zzm-c-I-bn-se¯n. k-kp-Jw Xm-a-kn¨p.

kw-LÀ-j-̀ -cn-Xam-b \m-S-Io-b-cw-K-§fpw G-äp-ap-«epw a-

äp ]-e Xp-Å-Â-I-Y-I-tfbpw A-t]-£n-̈ v Cu Xp-Å-enÂ Ip-d-

hmWv. F-¶mÂ “hÃh-\p ]pÃp-am-bq-[-sa-¶ a-«nÂ” \n-dw a§n-

b C-Xn-lm-k-hr-̄ sX B-[m-c-am-¡n H-cp Xp-ÅÂ c-Nn-̈ n-cn-¡p-

¶p \-¼ymÀ XpÅ-en-sâ {]m-cw-̀ -̄ nÂ A-t±-lw hy-à-am-¡p-

¶Xp-t]m-se

I-Å-a-Ip-¶ I-hn-Xz-hn-ti-jw

X-Ån X-Ån h-cp-¶ Z-im-bw

D-ÅnÂ I-]-SX D-Å-P-\§-sS

`Åpw hn-cpXpw \n-jv̂ -e-amIpw

km-ap-ly-hn-aÀ-i-\-am-Wv X-sâ e-£y-sa-¶-t±-lw Xpd-¶p ]-

dbp¶p. k-aq-l-̄ nse A-l-¦m-cn-I-tfbpw s]m-§-̈ -¡m-

tcbpw FÃmw ]-cn-lm-k-¯n-eq-sS kz-bw hn-aÀ-i-\-¯n-\v t{]-cn-̧ n-

¡p-I-bm-W-t±lw. C-Xn-\p-Å ]-cn-{i-a-̄ n-sâ H¶mw L«w, B

]p-cm-W-IY-sb tI-c-fo-bam-b A-́ -co-£-̄ n-te-¡v ]p-\-{]-Xn-

jvTn-¡p-I-bmWv. k-Xy-mkz-bwh-cw \-S-¡p¶-Xv tI-c-f-¯n-emWv.

A-§n-s\ H-cp k-¦Â-]-¯n\v A-t±-lw Hcp bm-YmÀ°y {]-Xo-Xn

P-\n-̧ n-¡p¶p. {io-Ir-jvW-sâ hoc]co£bpw hn-P-b-hp-saÃmw D-

Õm-lw Øm-bn-̀ m-h-am-bp-Å ho-c-ck-s¯ Dt¯-Pn-¸n-¡p¶p.

A-§n-s\ k-Z-kyÀ-¡v B-th-ihpw B-Imw-£bpw \Â-In

sIm−m-Wv A-t±-l-̄ n-sâ hn-hc-Ww X-sâ k-Z-Ênsâ Cu {]-

tXy-I-X \-¼ymÀ \Ã t]m-se a-\-Ên-em-¡n-bn-cp¶p.

228

Nn-cn-¡p-¶ I-Y tI-«m-en-cn¡pw

A-sÃ-¦nÂ Xn-cn-¡pw

F-¶n§-s\ Im-Wn-I-fp-sS a-\-Èm-kv{Xw A-t±-l-̄ n-\v Xn-I¨pw

A-dn-bmw. Zr-iy-Iem-Im-c\m-b A-t±-l-̄ nsâ Hmtcm I-Ym-]m-{X-

hpw, B-Jym--\-̄ nÂ A-t±lw A-t±-l-̄ n-\v C-Ñ-¡-\p-k-cn-¨m-

Wv {]-hÀ-̄ n-¡p-I. A-h-cp-sS kw-̀ m-jWw, s]cpam-äw FÃmw

B-Zy-´w tI-c-fo-b-am-bn-cn-¡pw. ‘k-Xym-kz-bw-h-c’¯n-se {ioIrjv-

W-\pw, k-Xybpw Cu s]m-Xp-\n-b-a-̄ n-\v A-]-hm-ZaÃ. hn-aÀ-in-

t¡-−Xpw ]-cn-l-kn-t¡-−-Xpam-b bm-sXm-¶n-s\bpw A-t±-lw

hn-«p-I-f-bnÃ. tZ-h-am-\-h-t`-Z-anÃm-sX A-t±-lw hy-àn-kz-̀ m-h§-

sf hn-aÀ-in¡pw t`m-P-\-{]n-b\m-b Hcp {_-Ò-W-hr²-s\ k-Xym-

kz-bw-h-c-̄ nÂ A-t±-lw C-§n-s\ A-h-X-cn-̧ n-¡p¶p.

ap-Xp-hn-{]³-amÀ ]-W-sa-t¶mÀ-̄ mÂ

]p-Xp-hn{]-·msc-s¶m-cp `m-hw

F-gp-]-s¯-gp hb-Êv Xn-I-sªm-cp

In-g-h {_m-ÒWn-X t]m-Ip¶p.

sIm-Sp-sh-bnÂ X-«n Np-«-I-j-−n-bnÂ

H-cp ]n-Sn-s\ÃmÂ a-e-cp-h-dp¡mw

C-§n-s\ t\m-¡n-bmÂ 18þmw \p-äm-−n-se tI-cfo-b Po-hn-X-̄ n-

sâ \n-d-ª Bhn-jv-¡m-c-am-Wv Xp-ÅÂ I-YIÄ. Zr-iymw-i-̄ n-

\v Iq-Sp-XÂ {]m-[m\yw \Â-In sIm-−m-bn-cn¡pw Nn-{Xo-I-cWw.

C-Xn-hr-̄ -̄ nÂ F-hn-sS-sbÃmw ]-cn-lmk-s¯ D-]m-[n-

bm¡mtam A-hn-sS-sbÃmw \-¼ym-cp-sS hn-aÀ-i-\-_p-²n sX-fn-

bpw. CXnhr¯-t¯bpw I-Ym-]m-{X-§-tf-bp-saÃmw X\n-¡p-Np-

äp-apÅ temI-s¯ hnaÀin-¡m³ A\p-tbm-Pyam-b hn-[w ]m-I-

s -̧Sp-̄ n-sb-Sp-¡p-¶-Xn-\p-Å I-gn-hv Cu IrXnbnepw sX-fn-ªv

Im-Wmw.

229

4. Ip-tN-e-hr-̄ w h-©n-̧ m«v : cm-a-]pc-̄ v hm-cn-b-m-cp-sS I-cp-tN-

e-hr-̄ w h-©n-̧ m«n-se C-Xn-hr-̄ w `m-K-h-X-{]-kn-²am-b ‘kp-Zm-

am-hn’sâ (Ip-tN-esâ) I-Y-bmWv. I-hn-bp-sS {]-Xy-£-Po-hn-X-̄ n-

se Zm-cn-{Zy-Zpx-J-am-Wv B-Jym-\-̄ n\v angn-hv \Â-Ip-¶Xv. “CÃ Zm-

cn-{ZymÀ¯n-tbm-fw h-ep-Xm-bn-s«m-cmÀ-̄ n-bpw” F-¶v Ir-Xnbn-sem-

cnS-̄ v Ip-tN-e-]-Xv-\nsb-sIm-−v A-t±-lw ]-d-bn-̧ n-¡p-¶p−v.

`m-cy-bp-sS \nÀ-_-Ô-{]-Im-cw k-XoÀ-°y\m-b {io-Ir-jvW-s\ I-

−v k-lm-bw tX-Sp-¶-Xn-\m-bn Zzm-c-I-bn-te-¡v F-̄ p-¶ Ip-tN-

e³ Im-Wp-¶ sF-iz-c-k-ar-²am-b Zzm-c-Im-]p-cn k-½m-\n-¡p-¶

hn-kv-a-bhpw B-Z-chpw {]-I-Sn-̀ -hn-¡p-¶ h-cn-I-fm-Wv hn-i-Z-]T-\-

¯n-\v \Â-In-«p-ÅXv.

]-«nWn InS-¶v A-h-i\mb B {_m-Ò-W-]-ÞnX-\v Zzm-c-

Im-\K-cw I¬-ap-¼nÂ {]-Xy-£-s¸-«-t¸mÄ Xs¶, A-Xp-h-sc-bp-

−m-bn-cp-¶ hn-i¸pw Zm-l-hp-saÃmw A-I-¶-Xm-bn tXm¶n. am-

{XaÃ Cu-iz-c`-àn H¶p-sIm-−p am{Xw hf-sc {]-bm-k-s -̧«mÂ

H-gnªp-t]m-Ip-¶ kw-km-c-Zpx-J-§fpw A-kv-X-an¨p. _-e-cma-

k-tlm-Z-c\m-b {io-Ir-jvW-sâ k-¶n²yw sIm-−v A-e-¦-cn-¡-

s¸« B cm-P-\K-cn A-t±-l-̄ n-\v kÂ-¡m-c-th-f-bnÂ k-½m-

\n¨ B tcm-am-©-¡p-¸mbw, A-f-hnÃm¯ B-\-µm-{iq-hmÂ

\\-ªv Ip-Xn-cp-Ibpw B ]m-h-̄ n-sâ ap-t¶-m«p-Å KXnsb X-

S-Ê-s -̧Sp-̄ p-¶ H-cp Np-aSm-bn Xo-cp-I-bpw sN-bvXp. F-¶mÂ \n-

jv-¡-f-¦am-b Cu-iz-c-̀ -àn-b-mIp-¶ Im-änÂ A-t±-l-̄ n-sâ

ku-̀ m-Ky-am-Ip-¶ k-ap-{Z-¯nse Xn-c-am-e-I-fp-bÀ-¶v s]m-§p-

Ibpw B ]m-hw F-§ns\-sbms¡tbm ZzmcIm-]p-cn-bp-sS I-

hm-S-̄ n-se-̄ n-t -̈cp-Ibpw sN-bvXp.

230

Zzm-c-I-bp-sS k¼-̄ v k-ar-²n-¡p-ap-¶nÂ ]-I¨p-t]mb

B Z-cn-{Z-{_mÒWsâ A-¦-em¸pw B-Ëm-Z-hp-saÃmw B A-e-

¦m-c-̄ n-eq-sS I-hn-hy-à-am¡p¶p. Ip-tNe-\v Zzm-c-Im-\K-cw I-

−-t¸mÄ tcm-am-©-ap-−m-Ibpw B-\-µ{ip I-®p-I-fnÂ \n-d-

bp-Ibpw sN-bv-Xp F-¶m-Wv I-hn kq-Nn-̧ n-¡p-¶Xv.

{io-Ir-jvW-\v k-XoÀ-°y\m-b Ip-tNe-s\ AI-se \n-¶v

I-−-t¸m-gp−m-b ]m-c-h-iyhpw B Iq-Sn-Im-gvN-sb hn-]-co-X-Zz-µ-

fp-sS hn-hc-Ww sIm-−v k-́ p-en-X-am-¡m³ I-hn-¡v I-gn-bp-

¶p−v.

a-lm-e-£v-an-b-sSm-̧ w am-fn-I-bp-sS G-gmw-\n-e-bnÂ hn-{i-

an-¡p-t¼m-gm-Wv {ioIr-jv-W³ Ip-tNe-s\ Im-Wp-¶-Xv. AI-se

\n-¶v I-−-t¸mÄ X-s¶ k-XoÀ-°y\m-b Ip-tNe-s\ Xn-cn-̈ -dn-ª

{io-Ir-jv-W³ k-t´m-j¯-sS Xm-tg-¡v Cd§n-s -̈¶v Ip-tNe-s\

kzo-I-cn-¡m³ X-¿m-dm-bn. A-Sp-̄ v h-cp-¶ Ip-tNe-s\ I−-

t¸mÄ {io-Ir-jvW-sâ I-®v \n-dªp. A-sX´p-sIm-−m-bn-cn-

¡mw? a-\p-jy-Pohn-X-̄ n-se kw-{`-am-P-\-Iam-b ]-e Zp-c-́ -§Ä-

¡v ap-¶nepw ]-X-dm-Xn-cp¶ B [o-c³ F´p-sIm-−v Zpx-Jn-X-

\mbn. Zm-cn-{Zyw h-cp-̄ n XoÀ-¡p-¶ Z-b-\o-bhpw AÊ-l-\o-b-

hpam-b ]-co-Wm-aw A-t±l-s¯ kv-X-¼-[-\m-¡n-bn-cn¡Ww?

apjnªv ]-gIn-b H-ä h-kv{Xw D-Sp-̄ v A-XpX-s¶ Np-a-enÂ D-

¯-co-b-am-¡n ad- v̈, H-cp XpWn-s¸m-Xnbpw th-Z-]p-kv-X-Ihpw I-

£-̄ nÂ Xn-cp-In sh v̈, s\-än-bnÂ hnip²am-b `-kv-a-¡p-dn-b-

Wnªv, s]m«n-s]m-fn-ª H-cp Ip-Sbpw N-en-̧ n-̈ v At±lw \S-

¶p A-Sp-¡p-¶p! I-gp-̄ nÂ H-cp cp-{Zm-£-am-e-b-Wn-ªv, k-Zm-

Np-−p-I-fnÂ \ma-k-¦oÀ¯-\w D-cp-hn«v, a\-Êv ]-c-{_-Ò-̄ nÂ X-

s¶-bp-d-¸n- v̈ km-h-[m\w Ip-tN-e³ {io-Ir-jv-W-k-hn-[-¯n-se¯n.

Zm-kn-P-\§Ä A¼c-¶p \nÂ¡p-t¼mÄ A-t±-lw Ip-tNe-s\

231

ssI ]n-Sn-̈ v kzo-I-cn- v̈ am-fn-I- ap-I-fn-te-¡v \-bn-̈ v N-{]-a-©-̄ n-en-

cp-̄ n Ip-i-em-t\zj-Ww Xp-S§n. A-hÀ ]qÀ-Æ-Im-e-IYIÄ Hm-

tcm-¶mbn HmÀ-s¯-Sp-¡p-I-bmWv. km-µo]-\n ap-\n-bp-sS B-{i-

a-̄ nÂ Xm-a-kn-¡p-¶-Xn-enS-¡v H-cp Znh-kw hnd-Iv ti-J-cn-¡m-\m-

bn Im-«nÂ t]m-b-Xpw, I\-̄ v a-g-bnepw Im-änepw s]-«v H-cp

cm{Xn ap-gp-h³ a-c-̄ n-sâ ap-I-fnÂ I-gn-̈ v Iq-«n-bXpw ]n-tä-¶v {]-

`m-X-̄ nÂ X§-sf Im-Wm-sX B-i-¦-s -̧«v \nÂ-¡p-¶ Kpcp-

]Xv-\n-bp-sS k-hn-[-̄ nÂ F-̄ n-t¨À-¶Xpw aäpw a-äpam-b `q-X-

Im-e-kw-̀ -h§Ä. B k-XnÀ-°y-·m-cp-sS k-am-K-ahpw k-w-̀ m-j-

Whpw I-hn-bp-sS \o-cn-£-W-Iu-Xp-I-̄ mÂ B]m-Z-a-[pc-am-bn-

cn-¡p¶p!

A-Xn-en-S-bv-¡n-Xm A-Ý-cy-I-cam-sbm-cp Ir-jv-Weoe !

hn-ti-j-§-fn-\nbpw sNmÃmw _-Ôw hn-\m

hn-i-¡p-¶ \-ap¡-Xp k-ln-¨p IqSm

A-Xm Ip-t¼-c-\m-Y-\m-b {io-Ir-jvW-\v A-Im-c-Wam-b H-cp hni-

v̧ Ip-tN-e³ I£-̄ nÂ a-d-̈ p-sh-̈ n-cp-¶ A-hnÂ-s¸m-Xn X-«n-sb-

Sp-̄ v IÃpw s\Ãpw I-eÀ¶ B A-hnÂ H-cp ]n-Sn hm-bn-en-Sp¶p.

e-£v-an-tZ-hn-bm-b cp-Ün-Wn h-¶p X-Sp-̄ n-sÃ-¦nÂ A-Xp ap-gp-

h³ H-ä-b-Sn-¡v Xn-¶v XoÀ-t¯t¶ ? ]n-s¶ Xn-cm-̄ I-S-̧ m-Sp-

ambn Ip-tN-e-Kr-l-̄ nÂ B sF-iz-cy tZ-hX ]m-Sp In-S-t¡-−n-h-

cp-am-bn-cp¶p. G-Xm-bmepw `m-Ky-h-imÂ BWv A-hnÂ-s¸m-Xn

\n-tÈ-jw XoÀ-¡m³ cp-Ün-Wn k½-Xn-¨nÃ. ]m-hw ip-²m-ßmhm-b

Ip-tNe-\v I¬ap-¶nÂ \S-¶ Cu \m-S-I-̄ nsâ DÅpIÅn-

sbm¶pw A-dn-bm-\m-bnÃ. {io-Ir-jvW-t\ I-−v kw-km-cn-̈ tXmsS

bm-{X-bp-sS e£yw \n-d-th-ä-s -̧« Nm-cn-XmÀ-°y-¯nÂ A-t±-l-

¯n-\v bm{X ]-d-bm-\p-Å Xn-Sp-¡-ambn. `m-cy-bp-sS ZuXyw þ Zm-cn-

232

{Zy-Zpx-J-̄ n-\v ]cnlmcw \Â-Im-\p-Å At]£ þ A-t±-lw a-

d¶p-t]mbn. B-h-iy-s¸«-Xv C-{X am-{Xw.

`-hy-bXmw `-àn-̀ -hn-t¡-Ww aa t]mI-s« Rm³

AtX, A-{X-tb B-{K-ln-¨p-Åq. CÃ-t¯-¡p-Å a-S-¡-bm-{X-

bnÂ {io-Ir-jvW-sâ kv-t\-lm-Z-c-§-fp-sSbpw kÂ-¡m-c-̄ n-

sâbpw k-t´m-j-ap-lpÀ-¯§Ä HmÀ-½n-¨§-s\ \-S¶p. B

t]m-Ip-¶ h-gn-bnÂ CÃw \n-¶-Zn-¡n-em H-cp henb sIm«mcw! F-

v́ X-\n-¡v h-gn-sXäntbm ? A-t¸mg-Xm an{X-tIm-Sn-{]-̀ -bp-Å B

]p¯³-]p-c-bnÂ \n-¶v Ip-tN-e-]-Xv-\nbpw k-Jnbpw C-d-§n-h-

cp¶p {io-Ir-jv-W-I-Sm-£-¯n-sâbpw e-£v-an-{]-km-Z-¯n-sâ am-

lm-ßyhpw A-\p-̀ -hhpw B `m-cy A-t±-l-̄ n-\v hn-i-Zn-I-cn-̈ p

sIm-Sp-̄ p.

233

bqbqbqbq----WnWnWnWn----äv þ äv þ äv þ äv þ 4444

aaaa----WnWnWnWn----{]{]{]{]----hmhmhmhm----ffff----ImImImIm----hy ]mhy ]mhy ]mhy ]m----cccc----¼¼¼¼----cywcywcywcyw

`m-jm km-ln-Xy-N-cn-{X-§-fnÂ X-s¶ hf-sc A-]qÀ-Æ-am-bn-¡m-

Wp-¶ H¶mWv aebm-f-̄ n-se a-Wn-{]-hm-f-{]-Øm\w. a-Wn-{]-hm-

fw F-¶ ]-Zw BZyambn D]tbm-Kn -̈Xv {In-kv-Xp-hÀ-jw H-¼Xmw

i-X-I-̄ n-ep−m-b P-b[-h-f F¶ ssP-\-{K-Ù-̄ n-em-Wv. (t]Pv

144 þ kw-kv-Ir-X-kzm-[o-\w {Zm-hn-U-̀ m-j-IfnÂ þ F³. hn Ir-jv-W-

hm-cnbÀ) A-XnÂ kw-kv-Ir-X-̄ nepw {]m-Ir-X-̄ n-epapÅ hm-Iy-

§Ä Iq-«n-I-eÀ-̄ n \nÀ-½n-̈ {K-Ù-̀ m-K-§-sf-bmWv ‘a-Wn-{]-

hmfw’ F¶p hnti-jn-̧ n-̈ n-cn-¡p-¶Xv. ssP-\-·m-cpsS Cu a-Wn-{]-

hm-f-co-Xn-¡v ]nÂ¡me-̄ v AÀ-°-t`-Zw kw-̀ -hn¨p. {]m-tZ-in-I-̀ m-

j-bn-sebpw kw-kv-Ir-X-̄ n-tebpw ]-Z-§Ä ]-Þn-X-·mÀ H-tc

hm-Iy-̄ nÂ C-S-I-eÀ-̄ n F-gp-Xm³ Xp-S§n. B-i-b-hy-àX-

¡p th−n-bmIWw Cu co-Xn kzo-I-cn-¨n-cn-¡p-I. tUm. sI. F³

F-gp-̄ -Ñ³ C§ns\ F-gp-Xp¶p. kw-kv-Ir-Xw [m-cm-f-̄ n-e-[n-

Iw hn-̀ -ày- -́]-Z-§-fpÄ -̧sS {]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶ ]-Xn-hv X-an-gnÂ

ssP-\cpw ssh-jv-W-h-cp-am-Wv \-S-̧ n-em-¡n-bXv (ap¯pw ]-hn-

ghpw þ ]p-dw 15) `mjm, `m-jm-an-{iw, a-Wn-{]-hm-fw Fs¶Ãmw

]dªn-cp-¶ Cu an{i-ssi-en Xp-S-¡-̄ nÂ im-kv-{X-Ir-Xn-Ifpw

kmln-Xy-Ir-Xn-Ifpw F-gp-Xm³ H-cp t]m-se D-]-tbm-Kn-̈ n-cp¶p.

ssh-Zyhpw tPymXn-jhpw h-sc aWn-{]-hm-f-̄ n-se-gp-Xn-bn-cp¶p.

ap-¼v kq-Nn-¸n- -̈t]m-se hyXy-kv-X-̀ m-j-I-fn-ep-Å hm-Iy-§-fp-sS H-

cp an-{i-W-am-bn B-cw-̀ n-̈ a-Wn-{]-hmfw, ASp-̄ -L-«-¯nÂ H-tc

234

hm-Iy-̄ nÂ X-s¶ hy-Xy-kv-X-̀ m-jm-]-Z-§Ä C-S-I-eÀ-¯p-¶ co-Xn-

bn-te-¡v hn-I-kn¨p. a-Wn-{]-hm-f-h-fÀ-̈ -bp-sS A-Sp-̄ L-«w kw-

kv-Ir-X-hym-I-c-W-\n-b-a-§-fnÂ X-\n-{Zm-hn-U-]-Z-§-tf-bpw (D-Zm-

lcWw: ta-s¼m-Snw, Iognw þ Be-̄ pÀ a-Wn-{]hmfw) {Zm-hn-U-

hym-I-c-W-\n-b-a-§Ä-¡v hn-t[-b-am-bn kw-kv-Ir-X-]-Z-§-tfbpw

{]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶-Xm-bn-cp¶p. (D-Z: ]-b-kn-Xp-\-h-c-t¨mÀ-¡ngnw þ A-

e-̄ pÀ a-Wn-{]hmfw) C-hnsS HmÀ-t¡-− H-cp {]-tXy-I-X X-an-gv H-

gn- v̈ a-äp {Zmhn-U-̀ m-j-IsfsbÃmw kw-kv-Ir-X-kzm-[o-\w au-en-I-am-

bn X-s¶ am-än a-dn¨p. ae-bmf-s¯ kw-_-Ôn-̈ n-S-t¯m-fw km-ln-

Xy-cN-\m am-²y-a-am-bn `m-j D-]-tbm-Kn-¡m³ XpS§n-b L-«-

¯nÂ X-s¶ \-½p-sS `m-j-kw-kv-Ir-X-̄ n-sâ K-l-\am-b kzm-[o-

\-̄ n-\v hn-t[-b-am-bn kzbw ‘an-{i-̀ mjm’ A-sÃ-¦nÂ- `m-jm-an{iw

F-¶ `mjm-ssien-¡v hn-t[-b-ambn. Cu B-h-iy-̄ n-te-¡m-bn

\mw \-½p-sS hÀ-®-am-e Xs¶ am-än F-gp-Xn. Cu ‘a-Wn-{]-hm-f-hÀ-

®-am-e’ A-hn-I-e-am-bn F-gp-Xp-¶-Xn-\v {K-Ùm-£-c-en-]n ]-cn-jv-¡-

cn-̈ v \mw B-cy F-gp-̄ v F-¶ ]pXn-b en-]n k{¼Zmbw B-hn-jv-

¡-cn¨p. a-Wn-{]-hm-f-̄ n-sâ B-Zy{]-tbm-K-§Ä a-e-bm-f-¡-c-

bnÂ B-cw-̀ n¨-Xv Iq-̄ v Iq-Sn-bm-«w Xp-S§n-b t£-{X-I-e-I-fp-

am-bn _-Ô-s -̧«mWv. cm-P-cm-P-tNmf-sâ Im-ew apXÂ (985þ1016

AD) t£-{X-\nÀ-½m-W-̄ n\pw t£{X-I-e-IÄ t{]m-Õm-ln-̧ n-

¡p-¶-Xn-sâbpw `m-K-am-bn kw-kv-Ir-X-\m-S-I-§Ä \r-Xy-cq-]-

¯nÂ t£-{X-§-fnÂ hn-ti-jn-¸n¨pw in-h-t£-{X-§-fnÂ Nm-Iym-

·m-cpw (Nm-¡-¿-·mÀ) \-§ymÀ-am-cpw (\-§-¿-amÀ) Iq¯pw Iq-Sn-

bm-«hpw F-¶ t]-cp-IfnÂ A-h-X-cn-̧ n-¨n-cp¶p. A-̀ y-kv-X-hn-Zycm-

b kZ-Ên-\v ap³-]nÂ A-hÀ kw-kv-Ir-Xhpw k-Z-kyÀ-¡-dn-bm-hp-

¶ kw-km-c-̀ m-jbpw Iq-«n I-eÀ-̄ n D-]-tbm-Kn-̈ p-h¶p tI-c-f-

235

¯n-se ssP-\-hn-Zym-e-b-§fpw kw-kv-Ir-Xm-̀ n-cp-Nnbpw Cu

{]hWX¡v D-t¯P-\w \ÂIn. ‘B-«-{]-Im-cw’ F-¶ \m-Sy-im-kv-

{X-{KÙ-s¯ ASnØm-\-am-¡n Nm-Iym-·mÀ K-Zy-]-Zy-an-{iam-b H-

cp hm-Nn-Im-̀ n\-b-ssi-en {]tbm-Kn-̈ p h¶p. DZml-c-W-̄ n-\v

‘kp-{Z-Zm-[-\-Rv-Pbw’ F-¶ Iq-Sn-bm-«-I-Y-bnÂ AÀ-Öp\sâ

tXmg\mb hn-Zp-j-I³ ]-d-bp-¶ hmNIw {i²n-¡p-I. B-Im-i-

bm{X-bnÂ kp-̀ -{Z-¡v A-]I-Sw kw-̀ -hn-̈ v Xm-sg ]-Xn-¡p-bm-sW-

¦nÂ F-́ p kw`hn-¡p-sa-¶v hn-Zq-j-I³ hn-̀ mh-\w sN-¿p-I-

bmWv.

A-{X -ho-gp-In-e-kv-am-Iw

tXm-gÀ-¡-\y-{X -ho-gp-InÂ

at²y hn-gp-In-e-¡\ym

]-̧ m-Xn hn-̀ -Pn¡Ww

A-kw-̀ m-hyam-b Hcp `m-h-\-bm-Wn-sX-¦nepw A-XnÂ {]-tbm-Kn-̈ n--

cp¡p-¶ a-Wn-{]hm-f-ssi-en. Nm-Iy-·m-cp-sS kw-̀ mj-W-ssi-en-

bp-sS am-Xr-I-bmWv. I-Ym-I-Y-\-̄ nÂ kw-kv-IrXw A-dn-bm-̄

{Zm-hn-U-tcbpw c-kn-̧ n-¡m³ th-−n-bmI-Ww {Zmhn-U-]-Z-§Ä C-

S-I-eÀ-̄ n C-{]-Im-c-sam-cp a-Wn-{]-hm-f`m-j {]-tbm-Kn-̈ n-«p-−m-

hpI ‘tXm-e³’ F-¶ sF-Xn-ly ]p-cp-j-\p-am-bn _-Ô-s -̧Sp-̄ n-

bm-Wv C¯-cw aWn-{]-hm-f-tÇm-I-§Ä {]-N-cn-¡-s -̧«n-cp-¶Xv.

kw-kv-Ir-Xn-Ir-X-i-Ð-§Ä G-ä-hp-a[n-Iw {]-Nm-c-¯n-ep-−mbn-

cp¶-Xv C¯-cw H-ä tÇm-I-§-fn-emWv.

XmÄ-]q-«-b-́ n-X-Icmx Idn-sImbv-X ti-jm

a-−-́ n-]mÙ-\n-h-l-]-Sn_Ô-t]Sym

Im-Im-Icªp a-c-ta-dn-bp-d-§b-́ o

an-¶m-an\p-§p-\n-h-lmÝm-an-\p-§b´o

236

C-sXm-cp k-Ôym-hÀ-®-\-bmWv. X-I-c-s -̈Sn-bn-e-IÄ I-dn-¡-cn-

ª-Xn-\p-ti-jw hmSn-̄ p-S-§p-I-bpw, bm-{X-¡mÀ ]-Sn¸p-c hm-

XnÂ _-Ôn-̈ p I-fbptam F-¶v `bs¸«v Hm-Sn-̄ p-S-§p-Ibpw

Im-¡-IÄ tN-t¡-dp-Ibpw an-¶m-an-\p-§p-I-fp-sS Iq-«w an-¶n-Xn-f-

§p-Ibpw sN-bv-Xp. C-{]-Im-c-ap-Å tÇm-I-§Ä hm-sam-gn-bm-bn

X-e-ap-d-Ifm-bn {]-N-cn-̈ n-cp-¶-Xn-\mÂ A-h-bp-sS ip-²am-b cq-]w

I-s−¯p-I {]-bm-k-amWv. F-s´m-s¡bm-bmepw eo-emh-Xn Sn-

¨À A-̀ n-{]m-b-s¸« t]m-se a-Wn-{]-hm-f-{]-Øm-\-̄ n-sâ DÂ]-

¯n hn-Im-k-]-cn-Wm-a-§Ä-¡v Iq-Sn-bm-«w F-¶ kw-kv-Ir-X-\m-S-

Im-̀ n-\-b-̄ nÂ h-cp¯n-b ]-cn-jv-¡m-c-§Ä Ip-d-̈ Ã tl-Xp-hm-

bn `-hn-̈ n-cn-¡pI (t]Pv 43 þ a-ebm-f I-hn-Xm km-ln-Xy-N-cn-{Xw)

F-¶mÂ Iq-Sn-bm-«-̄ n-tebpw N-¼p-¡-fn-tebpw `m-jm-an-{is¯,

a-Wn-{]-hm-fw F-¶v eo-em-Xn-e-I-Im-c³ Aw-Kn-I-cn-¡p-¶nÃ. A-t±-

lw ]-d-bp¶p. `m-jm-kw-kv-Ir-X-§Ä-¡v ]pd-ta tNm-f-`mjtbm

asäm I-S-¶p-h-¶mÂ AXv ‘an-{ita’ B-I-bpÅp. a-Wn-{]-hm-fw

kqNn¸n¡p-¶ `m-jm-an-{i-Whpw X-ap-gv a-e-bm-f-§-fp-sSbpw kw-

kv-Ir-X-̄ n-sâbpw k-½n-{i-Wam-b `m-jm-an-{i-hpw c−pw c-

−mWv. \nc-Ww Ir-Xn-I-fn-se `m-j a-Wn-{]-hm-faÃ. `m-jm-an-{i-

amWv. a-Wn-{]-hm-f-Im-hy -hy-àn-Xz-̄ n-\v hn-I-eam-b `mjm{]-tbm-

K-§Ä D-Å-̄ n-\m-emImw N-¼p-IrXn-IÄ H-cp-S¯pw X-§-fp-]-

tbm-Kn-¡p¶-Xv a-Wn-{]-hm-f-am-sW-¶-h-Im-i-s¸-«n-«nÃ. Cu km-l-

N-cy-̄ n-em-Wv bYmÀ° a-Wn-{]-hm-fw F-¶v hy-à-am-¡p-¶ H-cp

e-£-W-{K-Ùw eo-em-Xne-Iw þ D-−mbXv

aaaa----WnWnWnWn----{]{]{]{]----hmhmhmhm----ffff----¯n¯n¯n¯n----\\\\v eov eov eov eo-- --emememem----XneXneXneXne----Iw Iw Iw Iw \\\\ÂÂÂÂ----IpIpIpIp----¶ ¶ ¶ ¶ \\\\nÀnÀnÀnÀ----ÆNÆNÆNÆN----\\\\wwww

eo-em-Xn-e-I-am-Wv a-Wn-{]-hmf-s¯ Ip-dn- v̈ {]-Xn-]m-Zn-¡p-

¶ BZys¯ e£-W-im-kv-{X-{K-Ù-w. \-J-ep-tI-NnZ-t\ym a-Wn-{]-

237

hm-f-e-£-W-{KtÙm∫kv-Xn F¶v A-t±-lw {K-Ù¯n-sem-cnS-̄ v

{]-kv-Xm-hn-¡p-¶p-−v. (aWn-{]-hm-f-̄ n-\v asäm-cp e-£-W-{K-Ù-an-

sÃ-¶À°w) Cu IrXn kw-kv-Ir-X-hym-I-W-{K-Ù-§-sf-t¸m-se X-

s¶ kq-{X-§fpw Ah-sb tkm-Zm-lc-Ww hn-h-cn-¡p-¶ hr-̄ n-

`m-Khpw A-S-§n-b-XmWv. a-Wn-{]-hm-f-e-£Ww, i-co-c-\n-cp-]Ww,

`mjmk-Ôn hn-h-cWw, tZmjm-tem-N\w, Kp-W-\n-cq-]Ww, i-Ðm-

em-¦mc-hnthN\w, AÀ-°m-e-¦m-c-hn-h-cWw, c-k-{]-Ic-Ww F-

¶n§-s\ F-«p-inÂ-]-§fp−v. a-Wn-{]-hm-f-im-J-bpsS al\ob-

X hy-à-am-¡p-I-bmWv Cu e-£-W-imkv-{X-̄ n-sâ e-£yw.

“`m-jm-kw-kv-Ir-X-tbm-tKm a-Wn-{]-hm-f” F-¶ kq-{X-¯n-

sâ hn-h-c-W-̄ nÂ `m-jm F-¶Xp-sIm-−v tI-c-f-̀ m-j-bm-Wv hn-h-

£n-X-sa¶pw A-Xn-\v kw-kv-Ir-X-t¯m-Sp-Iq-Sn-bpÅ tbm-K-am-Wv

a-Wn-{]-hm-fw F-¶ t]-cpsIm-−v kq-Nn-̧ n-¡p-¶-sX¶pw ]-d-ªn-

cn-¡p¶p. tI-c-f-̀ m-j-bnÂ tNm-f-Zn-̀ m-j-I-fp-sS I-eÀ-¸p-s−-¶

hmZ-s¯ t\-cn«p-sIm-−v I-eÀ-̧ nÃm-̄ H-cp tZ-i-̀ m-jtbm tZ-

itam Im-Wp-I-bn-sÃ-¶-t±-lw kq-Nn-̧ n-¡p¶p. C-X-c-̀ m-j-I-fnÂ

\n-¶v kzo-I-cn-¡-s¸-«n-«p-Å iÐ§sf \-½Ä ]-cn-K-Wn-¡m-hq F-

¶ hn-im-e-Nn-´m-K-Xn-bm-Wv A-t±-lw {]ISn¸n-¡p-¶Xv.

`m-j-bn-epÅ sam-̄ w ]-Z-§-tfbpw A-t±-lw “tZ-in-

kw-kvIr-X `-h; kw-kv-Ir-X-cq]o F¶n§-s\ aq-¶m-bn hn-̀ Pn-

¡p¶p”. A-t -́hn-Ir-Xw kw-kv-Ir-Xw kwkv-Ir-X-cq]w F-¶ kq-

{X-̄ n-sâ hnhc-W-̄ nÂ Ip-¦paw, Im-cWw, I-ew Xp-S§n-b i-

Ð-§-fnÂ Im-Wp-¶ ‘a’Im-cw `m-jm-himÂ h-¶n-«p-Å-Xm-

sW¶pw kw-kv-Ir-X-̄ n-se Øn-Xn-b-\p-k-cn-¨n-«p-Å-XsÃ¶pw ]-

d-ªn-cn-¡p-¶p. “Du-l\o-b kw-kv-Ir-X-{]-Ir-Xn kw-kv-Ir-X`hm”

F¶ kq-{X-̄ n-sâ hym-Jym-\-̄ nÂ `m-j-bn-ep-Å tXhÀ, hÀ¡w,

238

N§-X, ]-e-I Xp-S§n-b i-Ð-§Ä kw-kv-Ir-X-{]-Ir-Xn-bnÂ \n-

¶v P-\n- -̈Xm-sW¶pw kq-Nn-̧ n-¡p¶p. A-tX ka-bw `m-j-bn-ep-

Å FÃm i-Ð-§Ä¡pw kw-kv-Ir-X-{]-IrXn Du-ln-¡p¶-Xv i-cn-b-

sÃ¶pw D-Zm-l-c-W-̄ n\v ‘h-bdv’ F-¶p-Å-Xn-sâ {]-IrXn

‘sshcn’ F-¶m-Im³ h-gn-bn-sÃ¶pw hym-Jym-\n-¡p-¶p−v. {]m-Ir-X-

¯nÂ \n-¶v h¶ Nn-e i-Ð-§-fm-bn ]-fp§v, h-¡mWw, Nn-cn-tX-

hn F-¶nh-sb D-Zm-l-cn-¡p¶p. D-Ñm-c-W-t`-Zw A-\p-k-cn- v̈ AÀ-

°-t`-Zw kw`hn-¡p-¶ i-Ð-§-fm-bn Im¬-I, \m-hnÂ F¶n-h D-

Zm-l-cn-¡p¶p.

aq¶mw inÂ-]-̄ nÂ hn`-àn-sb-¡p-dn-̈ v NÀ-¨ sN-¿p-

t¼mÄ `m-j-bp-sS kz`mh-̄ n-\p tbm-Pn-¡m-̄ {]-tbm-K-co-XnI-

sf H-gn-hm-t¡-−-Xp-s−-¶v hy-à-amIp¶p. ‘hy{Lm-Zv̀ oX’ F-¶-

Xn\v “]p-en-bn-¦Â \n-¶v t]-Sn¨p” F¶pw ‘D-Z-bm-ZotXy-Pm-X’ F-

¶-Xn\v “D-Zn-¡n-sâ B-Zn-Xy-\nÂ ]n-d-sâm³” F¶pw aäpw

{]tbmKn-¡p-¶Xv. `m-j-bv-¡v tNÀ-¶-X-sÃ-¶v A-t±-lw ]-d-bp¶p.

\memw inÂ-]-̄ nÂ “\-J-ep-kw-kv-Ir-X-\ym-bx kÀthm-

]n `m-jm-bmw {]hÀ-̄ tX” F-¶p sh-̈ mÂ kw-kv-Ir-X-hn-[nI-sf

Xym-P-{Km-ly-_p-²n-tbm-sS am{X-ta `m-j-bnÂ B-Z-cn-¡m-hq F-¶v

hy-à-am-bn X-s¶ ]-d-bp-¶p−v. “XZp¯aw `m-jm-c-k-{]m-[m-

t\y” F-¶ kq-{X-̄ n-eq-sS {]m-[m\yw F-¶Xp-sIm−v kq-Nn-

¸n¡p¶-Xv kw-kv-Ir-X-]-Z-§-sf-¡mÄ kw-Jym-]-cam-b B-[nIyw

`mjm-]-Z-§Ä-¡p-−m-bn-cn¡-Ww F-¶-Xm-sW-¶v hy-à-am-

¡p¶p. `m-j-bn-se kap-̈ -b-\n]mXam-b ‘Dw’ kw-kv-Ir-X-s¯-

t¸m-se H-cn-S-̄ v am{Xw hn-\y-kn-̈ mÂ t]msc¶pw sh-fp-sh-sf-cp-

Nn-sh-Åw Xn-¦fpw NqSpthm\nÂ F-¶ h-cn-bnÂ shÅhpw, Xn-

239

¦fpw F¶v Hm-tcm-]-Z-¯n\pw ‘Dw’ F-¶ k-ap-̈ -b-\n-]m-Xw

tNÀ¡W-sa¶pw ]-d-bp-¶p−v. Np-cp-¡-̄ nÂ `m-j-kw-kv-Ir-X-

§-fp-sS kq-£v-a-kz`mh-s¯ \Ãh-®w \ncn-£n-̈ ]-Þn-X-\m-

Wv en-em-Xn-e-I IÀ-̄ m-hv F-¶v hyàw.

Z-Þn-bpsS ‘Im-hym-ZÀ-iw’, a-½-S-̀ «sâ ‘Im-hy-{]-Im-iw’,

A-̧ -¿-Zo£n-X-cpsS ‘No-{X-ao-amw-k’, c-k-Kw-Km-[cw, km-ln-Xy-ZÀ-

¸Ww, A-e-¦m-c-kÀÆkzw XpS§n A-t\Iw v{]-No-\m-Nm-cy-·m-

tcbpw Ir-Xn-I-tfbpw A-t±-lw ]-cm-aÀ-in-¡p¶p−v.

A©mw inÂ-]am-b Kp-W-\n-cq-]-W-̄ nÂ ]qÀ-Æm-Nm-cy-

·m-cp-sS \n-K-a-\-̄ nÂ \n-¶v hn-cp-²-am-bn i-Ð-s¯-bm-Wv “X-kv-

am-Ñ-{¼v-Zm a-Wn-{]-hmf-ky i-cn-cw `h-Xn” F-¶n§-s\ i-Ð-s¯-

bm-Wv A-t±-lw Im-hy-i-co-c-am-¡n IÂ-]n-̈ n-cn-¡p-¶Xv. C-hn-sS P-

K-\m-Y-]-Þn-X-cp-sS “c-a-Wn-bmÀ-°-{]-Xn-]mZ-Ix i-Ð-Imhyw”

F¶ B-i-b-s¯-bm-Wv A-t±-lw ]n³-Xp-S-cp-¶Xv.

Np-cp-¡-̄ nÂ `m-a-l³ XpS-§n P-K-\m-Y-]-Þn-XÀ-h-sc-

bp-Å km-ln-Xym-Nmcy-·m-cp-sS a-X§-sf b-YmÀ-lw k-am-Z-cn-̈ v

`m-jm-kw-kv-Ir-X-tbm-Kam-b a-Wn-{]hm-f-̄ n-\v A-\p-Kp-W-§fm-

b \q-X-\-X-Xz-§-sf DÄ-s -̧Sp-̄ n-s¡m-−v \nÀanX-§-fm-Wv eo-

em-Xn-e-I-̄ n-se kq-{X-̀ m-Khpw hr-̄ n-̀ m-Khpw

hnhnhnhn-- --hnhnhnhn-- --[X[X[X[X----cw acw acw acw a----WnWnWnWn----{]{]{]{]----hmhmhmhm----fwfwfwfw

hf-sc k-¼-¶hpw ssh-hn-[y-hp-ap-Å-Xm-Wv a-e-bm-f-¯n-

se a-Wn-{]hm-f-imJ. G-I-tZ-iw ]-Xn-\memw \q-äm-−n-em-cw-̀ n-̈ v ]-

e cq-]-t`-Z-§Ä ssI-sIm-−v \½p-sS K-Zy-̄ nepw ]-Zy-̄ nepw

`m-j-W-̄ nepw A-Xv k-ao-]-Im-ew h-sc \n-e-\n¶p. a-e-bm-fn-IÄ

Cw-¥o-jv a-e-bm-f an-{i-̀ m-j B-cw-̀ n-¡p-¶-Xph-sc Xp-S-¡-̄ nÂ

240

B an-{iWw C-¶-s¯ Cw¥o-jv an-{iWw -t]m-se X-s¶ A-tcm-N-

I-am-bn-cp¶p. K-an-¡p-I, hÀ¯n-¡p-I, l-kn¡p-I Xp-S§n-b ]-Z-

§-fn-se kw-kv-Ir-X-{]IrX-§-tfm-Sv {ZmhnU-{]-Xy-bw tNÀ-¡p¶-

Xv A-¶v A-k-ly-am-bn ]-eÀ¡pw tXm¶n-bn-cn-¡Ww. C-¶v tKm-

hp-I, kv-ämâp-I, kzn¨p-I Xp-S§n-b ]-Z-§Ä \ap¡n-ã-s¸-Sm-

¯Xp-t]mse hm-kv-Xh-̄ nÂ `m-jm-an-{i-W-̄ n-sâ H-cp A-\n-

hmcy-kz-̀ m-hw BWv C¯-cw hÀ-®-]-cn-Wm-aw {I-ta-W -a-e-bmf-

s¯ kw-_-Ôn-¨n-S-t¯m-fw k-w-kv-Ir-Xn-I-X iÐ-§Ä H-cp

Øm-bn-̀ m-h-am-bn amdn. \-¼q-Xn-cn-amcpsS B-K-a-\-t¯m-sS

Bcw`n¨ t£-{X-§-fp-sSbpw t£-{X-I-e-I-fp-sS {]-Nm-c-W-̄ n-

\v th-−n Xp-S-§n-sh¨- Iq-̄ v Iq-Sn-bm-«w Xp-S§n-b \m-Sy-I-e-

IÄ hy-h-lm-c-̀ m-j-bnÂ Hcp ]pXn-b aWn-{]-hm-f-̄ n-\v XpS-¡w

Ip-dn-̈ p. C-Xn-sâ `m-K-am-bn kw-kv-Ir-X-Úm-\-anÃm-̄ km-[m-c-

W-¡mÀ-¡p-Iq-Sn I-Ymc-kw ]-IÀ-¶p sIm-Sp-¡p-¶-Xn-\v th−n.

Iq-Sn-bm-«-̄ n-se hn-Zp-j-I-·mÀ \m-«p-̀ m-jbpw kw-kv-Ir-Xhpw Iq-

«n-I-eÀ-̄ n-tÇm-I-§Ä \nÀ½n-¡p-Ibpw kw-km-cn-¡p-I-bpw sN-

bvXp. Cu Bhiy-¯n-te-¡m-bn Iq v̄, Iq-Sn-bm-«w F-¶o t£-{X-

I-e-IÄ ]m-c-¼-cy-am-bn \S¯n-t¸m-¶ Nm-IymÀ-Ip-Spw-_-§Ä Nn-

e B-«-am-Xr-I-IÄ en-Jn-X-am-bn kq£n¨ncp¶p. B-«-{]-Im-cw {I-

a-Zo]n-I Xp-S§n-b B-«-{I-a-§Ä F-gp-Xn sh¨ncp¶ {K-Ù-§-fn-

em-Wv a-Wn-{]-hm-f-̄ n-sâ B-Zy-{]-h-W-X-IÄ \mw I-−p-ap«p-

¶Xv. {]mNo-\ a-Wn-{]-hm-f-¯n-sâ B-Zy-am-Xr-I-§Ä F-¶v \mw

Ch-sb ImW-¡m-¡p-t¼mÄ X-s¶ X-e-ap-d-Ifmbn ssI-am-dn

h¶ A-h-bp-sS `m-j-bnÂ Im-em-\p-kr-Xam-b am-ä-§Ä kw-̀ -hn-

¨p-−mIpw F-¶p Iq-Sn I-W-¡m-¡Ww. F¦nepw Nn-e {]mNo-\ a-

Wn-{]-hm-f-Aw-i-§Ä A-h-bnÂ Is−-̄ mw. D-Zm-l-c-W-̄ n\v

‘iqÀ-̧ -W-Jm¦w’ {I-a-Zn-]n-I-bn-se H-cp hmIyw t\m¡p. “]n-s¶

241

{Zp-X-̄ nÂ Cc-−p \S-¶v Du-̄ -̄ nÂ apSn¨p-sIm-Åq.”

(\S\pÅ \nÀ-t±-i-am-Wv CXv) kwkvIr-X-]-Z-§fpw a-e-bm-f-]-Z-

§fpw CSIeÀ¯n hn-Zp-j-I-·mÀ \-S-̄ p-¶ kw`m-j-W-̀ m-

K§Ä (kp-̀ -{Zm-[-\-Rv-P-b-¯n-se H-cp `m-Kw Xp-S-¡-¯nÂ tNÀ-

¯n-«p−v) Cu Ime-s¯ a-Wn-{]-hm-f-̀ m-j-bv-¡p-Zm-l-cW-am-Wv `-

K-h-Z-Öp-Io-bw F-¶ Iq-Sn-bm-«-̄ nsâ ‘{I-a-Zo]n-I’bnÂ

‘imÞn-ey³’ F-¶ hn-Zp-j-I³ Xm³ hni-̧ p k-ln-¡m³ Ign-

bmsX ‘]-Ån-bmÀ’ a-Xw (_p²-aXw) kzo-I-cn-¡m³ Xn-cp-am-\n-¨-

Xn-sâ Hcp hn-h-c-W-ap−v. Iq-Sn-bm-«-̄ n-se aWn-{]-hm-f-̄ n-\v H-

cp an-I-¨ DZmlcW-am-WnXv. _p-²-a-X-{]-th-i-̄ n-sâ B-Zy-]Sn-

bmbn ‘D-]m-k-I³’, {io-ic-W-Ka-\w \-S-̄ p-¶Xpw Xp-SÀ-¶v {i-a-

W-{h-Xw kzoI-cn-¡p-¶Xpw ]n-s¶ C-cp-]Xp-sImÃs¯ ‘Zo-£’

A-\p-jvTn-¡p-¶Xpw AXn\v ti-jw a-äp _p-²-Zn-£p-I-tfm-

sSm¸w \-Zn Xoc-̄ v sN-¶v ‘D-]-k-am-]vXn’ \S-̄ p-¶Xpw aäpw hn-

h-cn-¡p-¶p−v. Ncn-{X-]-c-am-bn _p-²-a-Xhpw a-Wn-{]-hm-f-̄ n-\v

{]Nm-cw \Â-In-bn-cp-¶-Xmbn Cu hn-hc-Ww hy-à-am-¡p-¶p−v.

Np-cp-¡-̄ nÂ aWn-{]-hm-f-{]-Øm-\-̄ n-sâ DÂ]¯n. hn-Im-k-]-

cn-Wm-a-§Ä-¡v Iq¯pw Iq-Sn-bm«hpw hen-b kw-̀ m-h-\-IÄ

\Â-In-«p−v.

Iq-Sn-bm-«-̄ nÂ {]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶ lm-ky-c-k-{]-[m-\am-b

hn-t\m-Z-tÇm-I-§fpsS IÀ-̄ m-hv tXme³ F-¶ C-Xn-lm-k-]p-cp-

j-\m-sW¶pw C-t±-lw a-tlm-Zb-]pc-̄ v `m-kv-¡-c-c-hn-hÀ-½³

F-¶ s]-cp-am-fn-sâ k-Z-ky-\m-bn-cp-¶p-sh¶pw DÅqÀ Du-ln-

¡p¶p. G-Xm-bmepw bm-sXm-cp \n-b-a-hy-h-Ø-bp-anÃm-sX

A¡me v̄ I-hn-IÄ ]-S-̈ p-hn-«n-cp-¶ I-hn-XI-sf I-fn-bm¡n.

]-Xm-\o Im¬-aq-cnI-sf IW-s¡

242

I-hn I-cn-¦-¿À ]n-ssW-¡v amdv

F-¶n-§-s\-bp-Å ]-cn-lm-k-hN-\w sXm-Sp-̄ v hn«-Xv tXm-e-\m-

sW-¦nÂ A-t±-lw H-cp D-¯-a B-kzm-Z-I-\m-bn-cp-¶p sh-́ v k-

½-Xn-¡m-sX h-¿. B-Zy-Ime-̄ v lmky{]-tbm-K-̄ n-\p- th-−n-

bm-bn-cn¡-Ww C¯-cw tÇm-I-§Ä c-Nn-̈ n-cp-¶Xv. c−v {_m-Ò-

W-{Km-a-§-fm-b ]-¶n-bq-cpw, ip-I-]p-chpw X-½n-ep-Å I-el-

s¯ Nn{Xn-I-cn-¡p-¶ H-cp tÇm-Iw t\m¡p.

]-]q-In-tc ]-́ -eI-̄ v NqI-cm

N-Nq-Sn-tc am-e ]-dn-t¨m-tcmÀ¯-sc

X-XÃn-tc X½n-e Xo-h-tLm-c-am-bv

a-a-−n-tc sIm-−v a-Wm«n X-s¶bpw

tIh-ew lm-ky-tÇm-I-§Ä am-{X-aÃ Im-hy-̀ w-Kn-bp-Å a-t\m-l-

cam-b a-Wn-{]-hm-f-tÇm-I-§fpw kw-kv-Ir-Xn-Ir-Xam-b a-e-bm-f-

¯n-sâ B L-«-̄ nÂ c-Nn-¡-s -̧«n-cp¶ Kw-̀ o-cam-b H-cp kÔym

hÀ®-\w Xs¶ D-Zm-lcWw

XmÄ-]q-«b-´n X-Icm! Idn-sIm-bv-X tijm;

a−-́ o ]m-Ù \nh-lm ]-Sn _-Ô-t]Sym

Im-Im-Ic-ªp a-c-ta-dn-bp-d-§-b-́ o

an-¶m-an-\p-§-\o-h-lm-Ý-an-\p-§b´o

a-Wn-{]-hm-f-im-J-bn-se a-säm-cp {][m-\ hn-̀ m-Kw a-ln-fm-fn-a-lm-kv-

]-Z-am-b (kv{XnI-sf kw-_-Ôn v̈) c-N-\-I-fm-bn-cp¶p. H-cp

Ime v̄ ‘a-Wn-{]-hmfw’ F-¶ ]Z-̄ n-\v kv-{Xo-kv-Xp-Xn-]-cam-b hÀ-

®-\-IÄ F-¶À-°w h-¶p-tNÀ¶p. Im-a-Zl\w N-¼p-hnÂ Im-a-

tZh-sâ ac-W-ti-jw A-]v-k-c-kp-I-fp-sS A-h-Ø-sb-Ipdn¨v

hÀ-®n-¡p-¶ Iq-«-̄ nÂ

km-c-ky-̄ n-\v sN-s¶m-cp¯-\p an-cn-̧ n-em-cp-a-t½\-Im

im-c-̄ nÂ \m-e-pa-Wn-{]-hm-f-ap-b-sc sNmÃq-Xp-anÃm-cp-ta...

243

F-¶n§-s\ {]-kv-Xm-hn-̈ p Im-Wp-¶-Xn-\mÂ K-Wn-I-I-sf§-sf

kv-Xp-Xn-¡p¶ Ihn-X-I-sf-bm-Wv a-Wn-{]-hm-f-sa-¶v kq-Nn-̧ n-̈ n-cp-

¶-sX-¶v hyàw. F¶mÂ C¯cw ‘A-̈ n-Ncn-X’§Ä tI-c-f-̄ n-

se a-Wn-{]-hm-f-̄ n-sâ am{Xw {]tXy-I-X-bmbncp-¶nÃ. C-́ y-bn-

seÃm-bn-S¯pw ]p-cm-X-\-Im-ew ap-XÂ-¡pX-s¶ t£{Xt¯-mS-

\p-_-Ôn- v̈ tZ-h-Zm-kn-IÄ Xm-a-kn-¡p-Ibpw {]-̀ q-¡-·mcpw

cmPm¡·mcpw AhÀ¡v [m-cm-fw k-¼-̄ p-IÄ \Â-Ip-Ibpw

sN-bv-Xn-cp¶p. aWn{]-hmfkmlnXy-̄ nse Hcp {]-[m-\-aln-f-Im-

hy-am-Wv ssh-in-I-X-{´w. tZhZm-kn k-{¼-Zm-bw ]tcm-£-am-bn K-

Wn-Im-hr-̄ n A{X-tam-i-s -̧«-X-sÃ-¶v Øm-]n-¡p-I-bm-Wo-Imhyw

sN-¿p-¶Xv.

IÃn-s\-s -̧cn-b-Im-b-em-¡nSmw

Im-b-se-s¸cn-b IÃpam-¡emw

hÃ-hm-dp ]-e-\m-fp-g-bv-¡nepw

hÃp-hm-\-dn-b-sXmâp ‘ssh-inIw’

F-¶m-W-Xn-sâ {]-I-S-\]-{Xn-I C-XnÂ {]-Xn-]m-Zn-¡-s -̧Sp-¶ Po-hn-

X-Nn{Xw k-aq-l-̄ n-se D-]-cn-X-e-̄ n-se IÀ-½-\n-c-X-cÃm-̄ \À-

½-]q-cn-Xam-b H-cp hn-̀ m-K-¯n-tâ-XmWv.

a-Wn-{]-hm-f-̄ n-se A-Sp-¯ L«w A-̈ n-N-cn-X-§-fp-sS-

XmWv. D-®-b--¨o-NcnXw, D-®n-bm-Sn-N-cnXw, D-®n-̈ n-cp-tX-hn-N-cn-Xw

F-¶n-h-bm-Wv C-h-bnÂ {][m\w. a-t\m-l-cam-b ]-cn-k-c-hÀ-®-\-

IÄ, N-cn-{X-]-cm-aÀ-i§Ä, B-Nm-c-coXnIÄ, Km-\m-ß-Iam-b {]-

mk-̀ wKn, hr-̄ -K-Ônbm-b KZyw A-§n-s\ H-t«-td ]p-Xp-a-I-fp-

Å c-N-\-I-fmW-h. ‘Nt{µmÕhw’ th-iym-{]-IoÀ-̄ -\-Ir-Xn-I-fp-

sS Iq«-̄ n-ep−m-b A-h-km-\-Ir-Xn-sb-¶m-Wv D-ÅqÀ, C-fw-Ip-

fhpw hy-à-am-¡n-bn-«p-ÅXv. A-©p-kÀ¤-§-tfm-Sp IqSn-b H-cp

244

\o-− Ir-Xn-bm-WnXv. “ta-Zn- \n -sh-®nem-hn-sâ {]ikvXn” F-¶ \n-

e-bv-s¡-gp-Xn-b Im-hy-̄ nÂ tI-c-f-̄ n-se FÃm-hm-c-\m-cn-amcpw

tNÀ-¶v H-cp A-̀ n-tj-I-tLm-j-bm-{X \-S-̄ p-I-bpw, Im-a-tZh-\v

AÀ-̈ -\ \S¯p-Ibpw A-Xn-sâ A-ý-̄ nÂ N-{µ³ {]-Xy-£-

s -̧«v Ah-sf A-\p-{K-ln-¡pIbpw sN-¿p-¶-Xm-Wv C-Xn-hr¯w.

G-Xm-bmepw B Ime-s¯ hm-c-\n-X-IÄ¡pw k-ap-Zm-b-̄ n-

ep−m-b am-\y-Xbpw kzm-[o-\-hpw hy-à-am-¡p-¶-Xm-Wo-IrXn.

A-Sp-̄ a-Wn-{]-hm-fim-J a-Wn-{]-hm-f-̄ nÂ c-Nn-¡-s -̧«

e-Lp Im-hy-§fmWv. D¯-cm-N-{µn-I, Iu-tWm¯-c, C-f-bö, sN-

dn-bö, aÃn-\n-em-hv F-¶o tZhZm-knI-sf {]-IoÀ-̄ n¨p-sIm-−p-Å

C¯-cw Im-hy-§-fnÂ c-a-Wo-bam-b Ae¦m-c-§Ä, lr-Z-bwK-

aam-b ckm-hn-jv-¡m-cw hn-Nn-{Xam-b {]-W-b-k-¦Â-]-§Ä F¶n-

h Im-Wmw.

ASp-̄ im-J k-tµ-i-Im-hy-§-fm-Wv A-h-bnÂ {]-[m-\-

s -̧« H¶mWv. D®n\n-en k-tµiw. tÇm-I-inÂ-]-ssh-Z-Kv[yw \nd-

ªp \nÂ-Ip-¶ Ir-Xn-bmWn-Xv D-®n-\o-en-k-tµ-i-̄ nÂ \m-bn-I-

tbm-sSm-̧ w D-d-§n-bn-cp-¶ \mbIs\ Hcp b-£n F-Sp¯p-sIm-

−v B-Im-i-̄ n-eq-sS ]-d-¡p-¶Xpw DWÀ-¶v \m-b-I³ \c-knw-

l-a{´w P-]n-¡p-¶-tXm-sS A-hÄ A-t±l-s¯ hn-Sp-¶p. -\m-b-

I³ Xm-sg `qan-bnÂ ]Xn-¡p¶p. A-t±-lw Xm³ BZyw I-−

B-Zn-Xy-h-À-½m-sb-¶ cmPmhn-sâ ]-¡Â \m-bnI-¡v H-cp k-tµ-

i-a-b-¡p¶p. Xncp-h-\-́ -]p-cw ap-XÂ ISp-ªp-cp¯n hsc-bp-

Å {]-tZ-i-§-fp-sS hÀ-®-\-I-fm-Wv N-cn-{X-]-c-ambn Cu Im-hy-

¯n-sâ ta-·. ‘tIm-I-k-tµ-Iw’ -tÇm-I-inÂ-]-̀ w-Kn-bnÂ D-®p-

\nen. k-tµ-i-t¯m-Sv InS]n-Sn-¡p-¶ Ir-Xn-bm-Wv A-Xn-sâ \nÀ-½m-

W-Im-ew 1400 \-Sp-̄ mWv. a²ytIcf-̄ nÂ sh-tÅm-«p-¦-c

apXÂ (Kp-cp-hm-bq-cn-\p h-S-¡v) C-S-¸Ån (F-d-Wm-Ipfw) h-sc

245

hÀ-®n-¡-s -̧«n-cn-¡p¶p. hn{]-tbm-K-hÀ-®\w F-¶-Xn-t\-¡mÄ

Ø-e-hÀ®-\w F-¶ \ne-bv-¡m-Wv A-h-bp-sS-sbÃmw B-kzm-Zy-

X. Im-I-kµ-iw F-¶ lm-ky-hn-Uw-_\-Imhyw Cu Iq-«-̄ nÂ

Im-Wp-¶p−v. ktµ-i-̄ n-sâ N-«-IqSnÃmsX H-cp Øe-hÀ-®-\

Ir-Xn-bm-Wv A-\-́ -]p-c-hÀ-®\w. Xn-cp-h-\-́ -]p-c-am-Wv hÀ-®y-

hnjbw. A-hn-sS-bp-Å t£-{X§Ä, XoÀ-°§Ä, A-§m-Sn-IÄ

F¶n-h hÀ-®n-¡p¶p. 14þ17 \q-äm-−p-I-fnÂ A-t\-Iw a-Wn-{]-

hm-f-ap-à-I-§fpw c-Nn-¡-s -̧«n-cn-¡Ww. irw-Km-c-c-k-{]-[m-\-am-

Wv C-h-bn-e-[n-Ihpw . Cu-iz-c-kv-Xp-Xn-]-cam-b ap-à-I-§fpw [m-

cm-f-ambn-«p−v. cm-P-kv-Xp-Xn-]-cam-b ap-à-I-§fpw CXp-t]m-

se c-Nn-¡-s -̧«p-Im-Wpw.

a-Wn-{]-hm-f-km-ln-Xy-N-cn-{X-¯n-sâ B-Zy-L-«--̄ nÂ hn-h-

[X-cw a-Wn-{]hmf-co-Xn-I-fm-Wn-h. C-h-bv-¡p ]pd-sa a-[y-Im-e-a-Wn-

{]-hm-f-N-cn{Xw A-Sp-̄ - L«-s¯- Ip-dn-¡p-¶p.

aaaa----WnWnWnWn----{]{]{]{]----hmhmhmhm----ffff----¯n¯n¯n¯n----se `mse `mse `mse `m----jjjj----Ifpw AIfpw AIfpw AIfpw A----hhhh----bpbpbpbp----sS tNsS tNsS tNsS tN----cpcpcpcp----hhhh----IfpwIfpwIfpwIfpw

a-Wn-{]-hm-f-̄ n-se `m-jm-]-Z-§fpw kw-kv-Ir-X-]-Z-

§fpw X-½n-epÅ s]mcp¯w, AY-hm k-Pm-Xo-b_-Ôw Nq-−n-

¡m-Wn¨p-sIm-−v FÃmX-cw `m-jm-kw-kv-Ir-X-tbm-K-§fpw a-Wn-

{]-hm-fw F-¶ t]-cn-\v AÀ-l-a-sÃ-¶v en-em-Xn-e-I-Imc³ Nq-−n-

¡m-Wn-¡p-¶p−v. A-t±-l-̄ n-sâ A-̀ n-{]m-b-̄ nÂ “`m-jm-kw-

kv-IrX-tbm-Kw F-¶Xp-sIm-−v AÀ-°-am-¡p¶-Xv tI-c-f-̀ m-jp-

sSbpw kw-kv-Ir-X-̀ mj-bp-sSbpw tbm-K-h-im-ep-Å `m-jm-km-¦-

cy-s¯-bm-Wv”. a-Wn-{]-hm-f-¯n-se kw-kv-Ir-Xw `m-j-tbm-sSm-̧ w

A-Xn-{]-kn-²hpw kp-Ip-am-c-h-À-®-L-Sn-Xhpw B-bn-cn-¡Ww. `m-

jbpw {]m-tb-W-]m-a-c-P-\-§-fp-sS C-S-bv-¡p-Iq-Sn {]-Nm-c-̄ n-ep-

246

Å-Xm-bn-cn-¡Ww. B C-W-¡-̄ n-sâ ku-jvTh-s¯ kq-Nn-¸n-

¡p-\v ]-Z-am-Wv a-Wn-{]hmfw. H-tc \q-enÂ tImÀ-̄ am-WnIy(a-

Wn)¯n\pw ]-hn-g-̄ n\pw Xp-eyam-b hÀ-®-apÅ-Xp sIm-−v

c−pw A-̀ n-¶-§-fm-sW-¶ {]-Xn-Xn P-\-n-¡p¶p. t\-tc adn v̈ am-

Wn-Iy-̄ n\pw ap-̄ n\pw X½n-tem ]-hn-g-̄ n\pw \o-e-¡Ãn\pw

X½ntem B {]-Xo-Xn D-f-hm-Ip-¶nÃ. C-{]-Im-cw `m-j-¡pw (aWn)

kw-kv-Ir-X-̄ n\pw sFIy-{]-Xn-Xn tXm-¶n-¡p¶ tbm-Kw D-−m-bn-

cn¡-Ww F-¶À-°w. a-Wn-{]-hm-fw F-¶ kw-Ú AÀ-ln-¡p-¶

bm-sXm-cp {K-Ù-̄ nepw tNm-f-̀ m-j (X-angv) AY-hm ]m-Þy-̀ m-

jm-km-cq]yw D-−m-bn-cn-¡p-¶-Xv F-¶mÂ FÃmX-cw a-Wn-{]-hm-f-

§fpw h-k-́ -Xn-e-Im-Zn tÇm-I-cq-]-̄ n-em-bn-cn-¡-W-sa-¶n-

sÃ¶pw K-Zy-cq-]¯n-tem, N-¼p-cq-]¯ntem a-Wn-{]-hm-fw {]-tbm-

K-¡m-sa¶pw A-t±-lw ]-d-bp-¶p−v. a-Wn-{]-hm-f-̄ n-se kw-kv-

Ir-X-]-Z-§Ä `m-jm-]-Z-§Ä t]m-se X-s¶ A-Xn-{]-kn-²hpw

kp-Ip-am-c-£-c-\n-_-Ôhpw Bn-cn-¡-W-sa-¶v \nÀ-_-Ô-ap-Å-Xn-

\m-em-bn-cn¡-Ww kw-kv-Ir-Xw _m-lp-tey-\ Im-W-s -̧Sp-¶ N-

¼p¡-sf A-t±-lw a-Wn-{]-hm-f-̄ nÂ \n-¶v Hgn-hm-¡n-bXv. A-Xv

`m-jm kw-kv-Ir-X-an-{i-Ww am-{X-amWv. “an-{i-Ww c-−p co-Xn-bn-

ep−v. \o-c-£n-c-\ym-b-̄ n-epw, (]mepw sh-Åhpw t]mse) Xn-e-X-

Þp-e-\ym-b-̄ n-epw (A-cnbpw FÅpw t]mse) B-Zy-t¯-Xv hn-e-

b-\m-ßIw. c-−m-a-t¯-Xv k-¼À-¡m-ß-Iw” (a-e-bm-f-I-hn-Xm-k-

ln-Xy-N-cn{Xw þ Fw. eo-emh-Xn þ t]-Pv 40) hn-e-b-\m-ß-Iam-b `m-

j-ssi-en-bm-Wv eo-em-Xn-e-I-Im-c³ Du-¶n-̧ -d-bp-¶-Xv. “XZp¯-aw

`m-jm-c-k-{]m[m-t\y” F-¶ kq-{X-̄ nÂ a-e-bm-f`m-jm-]-Z-§Ä

IqSnbn-cn-¡-W-sa-¶v A-t±lw. \n-jv-¡À-jn-¡p¶p. ‘N-t{µ-mÕ-

h’¯nÂ aWn{]hmf-s¯ hnti-jn-̧ n-¡p-¶-Xn-§n-s\-bmWv.

247

a[p-c-a-[p-c-̀ m-jm-kw-kv-Ir-Xm-t\ym-\y-kt½þ

f\ kp-c-̀ n-bn-e-kva-Zv Im-hyhm-Wn-hn-ZqXym

a-Wn-{]-hm-fw F-¶ kw-k-Ú-bnse ‘aWn’ F-¶XpsIm-−v `m-

j-tbbpw ‘{]hmfw’ F-¶Xp-sIm-−v kw-kv-Ir-X-t¯bpw A-[y-h-

km-\w sN-bv-Xn-cn-¡-bmWv. hÀ-®-km-Pm-Xy-am-Wv C-hn-sS {]-[m\w.

A-Xn-\v A-\p-Kp-W-ambn “X-an-gv a-Wn kwkvIr-X ]-hn-gw tImÀ-

¡n-tâ³, hr-̄ -am-¶ sN-¶p-t·Â” F-¶ ‘tbmK]©I’¯n-se

h-cn-Ifpw B-Nm-cy³ HmÀ-s¯-Sp-¡p-¶p−v. A-hn-sS X-an-gv F-¶v

kqNn¸n-¡p¶-Xv a-e-bm-f-s¯-bmWv (]m-T-I-̄ n-\v \-¼ym-·mÀ D-]-

tbm-Kn-̈ n-cp-¶ a-e-bm-f-]mT-s¯ \-¼ymÀ X-an-gv F-¶m-Wv hn-ti-jn-

¸n-¨n-cp-¶-Xv).

a-e-\m-«p X-an-gn-Â kw-kv-Ir-Xw I-eÀ-̄ n-bp-−m¡n-b k-

¦-c-̀ mj-sb `m-jm-an-{i-sa-¶m-Wv BZyw hn-ti-jn-¸n-̈ n-cp-¶Xv. ]n-

¶n-Sm-Wv kw-kv-Ir-Xhpw \m«p-samgnbpw G-Xp-hn-[-̄ nÂ tN-c-W-

sa-¶ \nÀ-t±-in-¡p-¶ ‘a-Wn-{]-hmfw’ F-¶ kwÚ D-S-se-Sp-¡p-

¶Xv. hy-Xy-kv-Xam-b H-cp an{i-W k-¦Â-]-hp-ap−v. “ap¯p¡-fm-

ep-anl, \Â-̧ -hn-g-¦-fm-ep sam-̄ p I-eÀ¶p” h-cp¶- H-cp `m-jm-

an-{iw. kw-kv-Ir-X-amIn-\ sN§-gn \o-cpw \-ä-an-gm-In-\ (\Â-̄ -an-

gm-In-\) ]n-̈ -I-a-ecpw Iq-Sn-¡-eÀ¶ t]m-se-bp-Å `m-jm-an-{iWw.

Cu c-−nepw hÀ-®-ssh-Pm-Xy-am-Wv ku-µ-cy-e£W-am-bn ]-d-

ªn-«pÅ-Xv ap-̄ p-I-fp-an-lm-\Â-̧ -hn-g-¦fpw H-̄ p tNcp¶-Xv

F¶ e-£-W-̄ nÂ kq-Nn-¸n-¡p-¶Xv. G-I hÀ-®-{]-Xo-XnbÃ. _-

lp-hÀ-®-̀ w-Kn-bmWv. AXp-t]m-se X-s¶-bmWv.

kw-kv-Ir-X-am-In-\-sN-§-gn-\ncpw

\-ä-an-gm-In-\ (\Â-̄ -an-gm-In-\) ]n-̈ -I-a-ecpw

248

G-I-I-eÀ-¶ I-cn-¼-I amemw

hr¯-a-t\mÚmw {K-Y-bn-tjyX.

F-¶n e-£-Whpw I-cn-¼-I-am-e (I-eÀ-̧ p-Å-am-e) F-¶ hÀ-®-

ssh-hn[y-s¯-bmWv kq-Nn-¸n-¡p-¶Xv. A-\-́ -]p-cn-hÀ®-\w sN-

¼p-hnepw kw-kv-Ir-Xhpw Xangpw Iq-Sn-¡-eÀ-¶-Xns\ ‘C-Xp-−-am-

e’ F-¶m-Wv hn-ti-jn-̧ n-¡p-¶Xv. hnhn[Xcw ]q¡Ä-sIm-−p-Å

I-cn-¼-I-ame, ‘C-−’am-e F-¶n k-¦Â-]-§Ä hyXy-kv-X-X-bn-em-

Wp-¶Â \Â-Ip¶-Xv D-®p-\o-en k-tµ-i-̄ n-se

b-Zv-kXyw `h-Xp ]p-WÀ-Xw \mÄ ]n-d-s¶-§Ä Im-́ ³

h-¶n-«n-tâ a-a a-\-kn-P¨p-sSm-gn-¡n-sâ Xm-InÂ

C-̄ -c¯n-ep-Å `m-jm-an{iw D-̄ -aam-b a-Wn-{]-hm-f-am-I-bn-sÃ-

¶v “XZp¯aw `mjm-c-k-{]m-[m-t\y” F-¶ kq-{X-̄ n-ep-sS eo-em-

Xn-e-I-Im-c³ hy-à-am-Ip-¶p-−tÃm. DZm-l-c-W-̄ n-\v \nc-Ww

Ir-Xn-I-fn-se `m-jm-an{iw X-an-gv aebmf-§-fpsSbpw kw-kv-Ir-X-

¯n-sâ-bpw k½n-{iWamW-Xn-ep-ÅXv. AXp-sIm-−pXs¶ `m-

jm-kw-kv-Ir-X-tbm-K-s¯ km-am-\y-co-Xn-bnÂ \nÀ-h-Nn- v̈ N-¼p

{]_Ô-§-fS-¡w FÃmw a-Wn-{]-hm-f-am-sW-¶v ]-d-bp¶-Xv i-cn-

bm-bn-cn-¡-bnÃ. B-e-̄ pÀ a-Wn-{]hm-f-sa¶ ssh-Zy-im-kv-{X-

{KÙ-s¯ ]-cm-aÀ-in-̈ v A-Xn-se `mj-bv-¡v k-lr-Z-b c-Rv-P-

IXzw CÃm-̄ -Xn\mÂ aWn-{]-hm-f-sa-¶v ]-d-bp¶-Xv i-cn-b-sÃ-¶v

At±lw kq-Nn-̧ n-¡p-¶p−v.

]nÂ-¡me-̄ v a-Wn-{]-hm-fw F-¶ `m-jm-co-Xn hf-sc Iq-Sp-

XÂ `mj-sb kzm-[n-\n¨p. tUm. tKm-Z-hÀ-½ a-Wn-{]-hm-f-s¯-¡p-

dn-̈ p-Å H-cp te-J-\-̄ nÂ Nq−n-¡m-Wn-¡p-¶Xp-t]m-se F-gp-

¯-Ñ³ Ir-Xn-I-fnÂ `m-jm-kw-kv-Ir-X-§-fp-sS kp-µ-cam-b k-

t½f-\w ]-e-bn-S¯pw Zr-iy-am-Ip-¶Xp-sIm-−v A-h-bn-se `m-jm-

249

coXn-sb a-Wn-{]-hm-f-sa-¶v hy-]-tZ-in-¡p-¶-XnÂ bm-sXm-cp A-\p-

]-]-̄ n-bp-anÃ. Ip-©³ \-¼ym-cnÂ F-̄ p-t¼m-tg¡pw A-t±-l-

¯n-sâ {io-Ir-jv-W-N-cn-Xw a-Wn-{]-hmfw D-̄ -aam-b a-Wn-{]-hm-f-

¯n-sâ \n-ZÀ-i-\-am-bn X-s¶ Xn-f-§p¶p.

a-[p-cn-]p-N-cn-Xw a-t\m-̀ n-cm-aw

a-[p-c-]-Zm-I-en-Xw a-Wn-{]-hmfw

F-¶-h-cn-IÄ eo-em-Xn-e-I-Im-c-sâ e-£-Wm-co-Xn-sb kÀ-Æmß-\m

km-[q-I-cn-¡p¶p.

F-¶mÂ ]n¶n-sSm-cn-¡Â eo-em-Xn-e-I-Imc-sâ e-£-W-

¯n-se a-Wn F¶Xv sIm-−v `m-j-tbbpw {]-hm-fw F¶-Xv sIm-

−v kw-kv-Ir-X-t¯bpw k¦Â]n-̈ -Xn-\v t\-tc hn-]-co-X-am-bn F.

BÀ cm-P-cm-P-hÀ-½ a-Wn-{]-hm-f-imIp- -́f-̄ n-sâ k-aÀ-̧ -W-

tÇm-I-̄ nÂ kw-kv-Ir-X-s¯ ‘a-Wn’bmbpw ‘{]-hmf’-s¯

aebm-f-ambpw I-W-¡m-¡n hn-]-co-Xam-b H-cp ]pXn-b a-Wn-{]-hm-

f-k-¦Â-]w apt¶m-«v sh-bv-¡p-I-bp-−mbn. Im-e-{I-a-¯nÂ a-e-

bm-fn B ]-cn-jv-¡mc-s¯ ]pÑn v̈ X-Åp-I-bm-Wp-−m-bXv.

{]mNo{]mNo{]mNo{]mNo\\\\ þ aþ aþ aþ a----[y[y[y[y-- --ImImImIm----eeee----aaaa----WnWnWnWn----{]{]{]{]----hmhmhmhm----ffff----hpw, ]nÂhpw, ]nÂhpw, ]nÂhpw, ]nÂ----¡m¡m¡m¡m----eeee----]]]]----cncncncn-- --WmWmWmWm----ahpwahpwahpwahpw

kw-kv-Ir-X-̀ m-jm-k-¼À-¡w sIm-−v a-e-bm-f`m-j H-cp

]pXn-b cq-]w ssI-sIm-−v h-fÀ-¶p Xp-S§n-b Im-ew apXÂ

({I-nkv-Xp-hÀ-jw G«mw i-X-I-sa-¶v DÅqÀ tI-c-f-k-ln-Xy-N-cn{Xw

c−mw `m-K-̄ nÂ) `m-jm-an-{i-Ww F-¶ {]hWXbpw i-àn-s¸-

«p. BbpÀ-tÆZw, tPym-Xnjw, Xp-S§n-b im-kv-{X-§Ä ]Tn¡p-¶-

Xn-\p-th-−n-bm-bn-cn¡-Ww B-Zy-Ime-̄ v `m-jm-an-{i-Ww B-cw-̀ n-

¨Xv.

250

`m-jm-an-{iw s]m-gp-Xp-IY-bm

ap-Zy-\mÄ-]-¡ am{Xw

F-¶ ap-lqÀ-̄ ]-Z-hn-bn-se h-cn-bnÂ \n-¶v a-e-\m-«p-X-an-gpw (a-e-

bmfw) kwkvIrXhpw Iq-Sn-t¨À-¶ k-¦-c-̀ m-j-bm-Wv `m-jm-an-{i-

Ww F-¶v a-\-Ên-em-¡mw. ]n¶nSpw Iq-Sn-bm-«w F-¶ kw-kv-Ir-X-\m-

S-Im-̀ n-\-b-hp-am-bn _-Ô-s -̧«v hn-Zq-j-I³ hy-h-lm-c-̀ m-j-bnÂ h-

cp¯n-b an-{i-W-am-Wv A-Xv hn-I-kn-¡m³ C-S-bm-¡n-bXv. Cu `m-

jm-an-{i-W-̄ n-sâ km-t¦-Xn-ImÀ-°w kq-Nn-¸n-¡p-¶ ]-Z-am-Wv a-

Wn-{]hmfw ]nÂ-¡me-̄ v km-ln-Xy-]-c-aÃm¯ (-B-e-¯pÀ a-Wn-

{]-hm-fw F-¶ t]À {i-²n¡pI). H-cÀ-°w h-¶p-tNÀ¶p. eoem-Xn-e-

I-̄ nsâ Im-e-am-b-t¸m-tg¡pw D¯-aam-b a-Wn-{]-hm-fw `m-j-bv-

¡v {]m[m-\yw \ÂIn-bn-«p-Å-Xm-hWw F¶p h¶p (“X-Zp¯-aw

`m-jm-c-k-{]m[mt\y” F-¶ kq{Xw {i²n¡pI) F¶mÂ

‘sshin-IX-{´’¯n-sâbpw N-t{µm-Õ-h-̄ n-sâbpw H-s¡- Im-e-

am-b-t¸mÄ a-Wn-{]-hmfw “aln-fm-fn a-lm-k-v]Zw” am-sW-¶v k-

¦Â]-̄ n-te-¡v h-gp-Xn hoWp. C¯-cw I-hn-X-I-fp-sS h-k- -́hn-

em-k-am-Wv A-¡m-e-̄ p-−mb-Xv F-¶v eoem-Xn-e-I-̄ n-se D-Zm-l-

c-W-tÇm-I-§Ä km-£y-s -̧Sp-̄ p¶p.

Cu {]-No-\-a-Wn-{]-hm-f-L-«-¯nÂ \n-¶v a-[y-Im-e-a-Wn-{]-

hm-f-̄ n-te¡v hcp-t¼mÄ kw-̀ -hn-̈ H-cp {][m-\ ]-cn-Wm-aw `m-

jm-hn-j-b-̄ n-emWv. kµÀt` kw-kv-Ir-Xn-Ir-XNmx F-s¶m-cp

\nb-aw eo-em-Xne-Iw a-Wn-{]-hm-f-̄ n-\v IÂ-]n-¡p-¶p−v. A-Xmb-

Xv Im-hy k-µÀ-̀ -§-fnÂ kwkv-Ir-Xo-Ir-Xam-b a-e-bm-f-]-Z-§fpw

B-hmw. Cu \n-b-a-a-\p-k-cn- v̈ kw-kv-Ir-X-̄ n-se [m-Xp-¡-tfm-Spw,

{]m-Xn-]m-Zn-I-§-tfmSpw a-e-bm-f-{]-Xy-b-§Ä tNÀ-¡p-¶Xp-

t]mse, a-e-bm-f-̄ n-se [m-Xp-¡-tfmSpw {]m-Xn-]m-ZnI-§-tfmSpw

251

kw-kv-Ir-X-{]-Xy-b-§Ä tNÀ¯pw {]-tbm-Kn-¡mw. Cu kzm-X{´w

B-ZyIm-e a-Wn-{]-hm-f-I-hn-IÄ kzo-I-cn-̈ n-cp¶p. tXme-sâ Im-e-

L-«-̄ n-se H-cp k-Ôym-hÀ-®-\-bnÂ

a−-́ n ]m-Ù \n-hm-lm]-Sn _-Ô-t]Sym

F-¶Xp-t]m-se-bp-Å {]-tbm-Kw D-®p-\o-en k-tµ-iw hsc (]m-

ehpw ]n-¶o-tSYm) \n-e-\n-¶n-cp¶p. F-¶mÂ a-[y-Im-e-N-¼p-I-fp-sS

Im-e-am-b-t¸mÄ Cu kw-kv-IrXnIr-X a-e-bm-f-cq-]-§Ä Xos-c hÀ-

Ön-¡-s¸«p. A-tX ka-bw kw-kv-Ir-X-cq]§fpw {]-tbm-K-

§fpw [m-cm-f-am-bn Xp-S§n.

{]m-No-\hpw a-[y-hpam-b a-Wn-{]-hm-f-L-«-§Ä-¡n-S-bn-se

a-säm-cp {][m-\ ]cn-Wm-aw hn-j-b-kzo-I-c-W-̄ n-sâ-XmWv. B-Zy-

Im-e-a-Wn-{]-hm-f-̄ n-\v hn-j-b-Kuc-hw D-−m-bn-cp-¶nÃ. km-ln-Xy-

hn-j-b-am-tI-− H-cp B-hn-jv-¡m-c-̀ m-hw A-h-bv-¡p−m-bn-cp-

¶nÃ. {]-[m-\-ambpw k-aq-l-̄ n-se K-WnI-sf ]m-Sn kv-Xp-Xn-¡p-

¶ B-̈ o N-cn-X-§-fm-bn-cp-¶p A-h. F-¶mÂ a-[y-Im-e-a-Wn-{]-hm-

f-̄ n-sâ Im-e-am-Ip-t¼m-tf¡pw B-Øn-Xn ]m-sS amdn. a-Wn-{]-

hm-f-hn-j-b-§Ä¡pw B-hn-jv-¡m-c-coXn-IÄ¡pw Kuc-hw hÀ-

²n¨p. ]p-\-̄ n-sâbpw a-g-a-e-¡-e-̄ n-sâbpw aäpw ]qcm-W-{]-

kn-²-§fm-b I-Y-I-fÄ DÄ-s¡m-Åp-¶ N-¼p-¡Ä D-S-se-Sp-̄ -

tXm-sS aWn-{]-hm-f-̄ n-\p-Å Aw-KoIm-chpw {]-kn-²nbpw hÀ-

²n¨p.

a-²y-Im-e-a-Wn-{]-hm-f-N-¼p-IÄ Iq-̄ n\pw Iq-Sn-bm-«-

¯n\pw D-]-tbm-Kn-¨n-cp¶-Xm-bn I-W-¡m-¡-s -̧Sp-¶p−v. cm-am-b-

W-N-¼p-hn-se ko-Xm-kz-bwh-cw {]Xn]m-Zn-¡p-¶ H-cp {]-_-Ô-

`mj-Ww D-ÅqÀ ‘`m-jm-N-¼p¡Ä’ F-¶ ]p-kv-X-I-¯nÂ tNÀ-

¯n-«p−v. am-{X-aÃ eo-em-Xn-e-Ihpw Cu \n-K-a\-s¯ km-[q-I-cn-

¡p-¶ H-cp {]-kv-Xm-h-\ \Â-Ip-¶p−v. iq-c-\m-Sv Ip-ª³-]n-Å-

252

bp-sS eo-em-Xn-e-I-]-cn-̀ mj-bnÂ ‘eo-em-Xn-e-I’¯n-se C-{]-Im-c-

sam-cp hmIyw Øm-\w ]n-Sn-̈ n-«p−v. “amÀ-{Zw-Kn-I-·mÀ (an-gmhp-

sIm-«p-¶ \-¼ym-·mÀ) \m-Sy-¯nepw aäpw X-an-gv F-¶ Nne I-Ym-{]-

_-Ôw ]-d-bp-¶p-−v” (X-an-gv F-¶v kq-Nn-̧ n-¡p¶-Xv a-e-\m-«p X-

angv (a-e-bmfw) B-Wv ) (]p-dw aq¶v þ eo-em-Xn-e-I-]-cn`m, þ iq-c-

\m-Sv Ip-ª³-]n-Å)

a-²y-Im-e-̄ nÂ C¯-cw a-Wn-{]-hm-f-{]-_-Ô-§Ä ]mT-

I-̄ n-\v D-]-tbm-K-n-̈ n-cp-¶-Xmbpw A-Xn-sâ {]-tbmKco-Xn F-§n-

s\-bm-bn-cp-¶p-sh¶pw kq-Nn-̧ n-¡p-¶ {K-Ù-amWv ‘]mT-I-I-Ym-

am-en-I’ F-¶ A-{]-Im-in-X-IrXn. {]m-No-\-N-¼p-¡-fnÂ \n¶v D-Å

kw-kv-¡m-cn-Iam-b H-cp ]-cn-Wm-aw \ap-¡n-hn-sS Im-Wmw. Iq-̄ n-

\v D]tbm-Kn-¡p-¶-Xn-\v Nm-Iym-·mÀ-¡p-th-−n-bm-Wv `m-j-bnÂ N-

¼p-¡Ä D-−mb-Xv F-¶v h-S-¡pw-IqÀ cm-P-cm-P-h-À-½ (km-ln-Xy-

a-Rv-Pp-jn-I) bnÂ A-̀ n-{]m-b-s¸Sp¶p−v.

C-hn-sS {i-²n-¡-s -̧t«-− a-säm-cp h-kvXp-X eo-em-Xn-e-I-

¯n-se DZml-c-W-]-Zy-§-fnÂ Im-Wp-¶ a-Wn-{]-hm-f-̄ n-sâ

Nmcp-X a-[y-Im-e-a-Wn-{]-hm-f-N-¼p-¡-fnÂ Im-Wp-¶nÃ. F-¶mÂ N-

¼pa-Wn-{]-hm-f-§-fnÂ Cu a-Wn-{]-hm-f-XXzw Zo-£n-¡p-¶-XnÂ D-

Zm-ko-\-X-bm-Wv Im-Wp-¶Xv. A-h-bn-se ZoÀ-L-k-am-k-§fpw D-

²-Xam-b cN-\m-co-Xnbpw a-Wn-{]-hm-f-kz-̀ m-h-̄ n-\v hn-cp-²-amWv.

a-Wn-{]-hm-f-Im-hy-§-fn-se hn-j-b-kzo-I-c-Whpw N-cn-{Xhpw

km-ln-Xy-\n-cp-]-W-Zrãym ]cn-tim-[n-¡p-t¼mÄ a-Wn-{]-hm-

f-Im-hy-§-fp-sS H-cp {][m\ t]m-cmbv-a Ku-c-ham-b H-cp Po-hn-Xm-

hn-jv-¡m-c-̄ n-sâ A-̀ m-h-amWv. lm-kym-ß-I-X-bv-Im-Wv ap³-

Xp¡w. `mjm-ssi-en D-̄ -a-am-bn-cn-¡-W-sa-¶v ]-d-bp-t¼mgpw `m-

hm-ß-I-X-bp-sS Im-cy-̄ nÂ e-£-W-{K-Ùam-b eo-em-Xne-Iw t]m-

253

epw au-\w ]m-en-¡p-I-bmWv. eo-em-Xn-e-I-̄ n-se D-Zm-l-c-W-tÇm-I-

§Ä X-s¶ C-Xn-\v sX-fn-hv \Â-Ip-¶p−v.

a-Wn-{]-hm-f-I-hn-IÄ-¡v A-h-cp-sS Dàn-ssh-Nn--{Xyhpw `m-

jm-an-Ihpw Xq-¡n-bn-Sm-\p-Å A-b-t¡mÂ am-{X-am-bn-cp-¶p C-Xn-

hr¯w.

eo-em-Xn-e-I-Im-hy-̄ n-\v ap³-]v {]-Nm-c-̄ n-ep-−m-bn-cp-

¶Xpw {]m-No-cp-X-asa-¶v hn-ti-jn-̧ n-¡m-hp-¶-Xpam-b Im-hy-am-Wv

ssh-in-I-X-{´w. G-sX-¦nepw thiy- X-sâ a-IÄ-¡v hym-]m-c-c-l-

ky-§Ä ]d-ªp sIm-Sp-¡p-¶ a-«n-ep-Å Aw-t¼m-]-tZ-i-§Ä

a-e-bm-f-̄ nÂ ]nÂ-¡me- v̄ [m-cm-f-am-bn {]-N-cn-̈ n-cp¶p.

{]kvXp-X Im-hy-{]-Øm-\-¯n-sâ B-cw-̀ w kw-kv-Ir-X-̄ nÂ Zm-

tam-Z-c-Kp-]v-X-s\gpXn-b Ip-«n-\n-aXw (8þmw i-XIw) F-¶ Ir-Xn-

bnÂ \n-¶m-sW-¶v ]-d-bmw. `n¶-hr-̄ -§-fn-em-bn C-cp\q-tdm-fw

tÇm-I-§-fp-Å Ir-Xn-bm-Wv ssh-in-I-X-{´w. at\m-l-cam-b a-Wn-

{]-hm-f-ssi-en-bm-Wv A-Xn-sâ B-IÀ-j-I-Xzw. D-Zm-lcWw;

IÃn-s¶-s¸cn-b Im-b-em-¡memw

Im-b-se-s¸cn-b IÃp-am-¡emw

hÃ-hm-dp- ]-e-\m-fp-g-bv-¡nepw

hÃp-hm-\-cn-b-sXmâp ssh-inIw

Np-cp-¡-̄ nÂ C¯-cw Awt_m-]-tZ-i-§Ä kw-kv-Ir-X-km-ln-

Xy-̄ n-sâ Np-h-Sp-]nSn-̈ p-−m-b-XmWv.

D-®p-\o-en k-tµ-i-am-Wv a-säm-cp {]m-No-\-a-Wn-{]-hm-f-

IrXn. Im-fn-Zmk-sâ ta-L-k-tµ-i-am-Wv C-Xn-hr-̄ -¯nÂ A-Xn-

sâ am-Xr-I. tZ-i-N-cn-{X-hp-am-bn _-Ô-s -̧« Nn-e hn-h-c-§Ä A-Xn-

s\ tI-c-fo-b-am-¡p¶p. {]m-No-\-a-Wn-{]-hm-f-Ir-Xn-I-sfÃmw Xs¶

{]-Yo-X-Ifm-b kv-{XoIsf hÀ-®n-¡m³ th-−n-bp-−m-¡n-b-XmWv.

Ah-sc ]m-Sn ]p-I-gv-̄ p-¶-tXm-sSm¸w A-h-cp-sS {]n-b-X-a-·m-cm-

254

bn-cp-¶ cmPm-¡-·mcpsS {]o-Xn t\Sp-I F-¶ e-£yhpw D-−m-bn-

cn-¡Ww. D-®nb-̈ o N-cn-Xm-Zn N¼p-¡fpw N-t{µm-Õ-hm-Zn Im-hy-

§fpw kzo-I-cn-̈ n-cn-¡p-¶ {]-[m-\-hnj-bw tZ-h-Zm-kn hÀ-¤-s¯-

¡p-dn- v̈ kv-Xp-Xn-]m-S-em-bn-cp¶p. tZ-h-Zm-kn hÀ-¤-̄ n-\v ]−p

apX-se \-½p-sS k-aq-l-̄ nÂ H-cp D-¶-X-Øm-\-ap-−m-bn-cp¶p.

sX-¶n-́ ybn-sem-«m-sI-bp-Å Øn-Xn-bm-WnXv. \r-̄ -kw-Kn-Xm-Zn-I-

e-I-fnÂ \n-]p-W-Ifpw ku-µ-cy-[m-a-§fpw B-bn-cp-¶ C-hÀ-¡v

k-aq-l-̄ nÂ t{i-jvTam-b H-cp ]-Z-hn-bp-−m-bn-cp¶p. Cu Iq«-

sc ]-än Im-hy-§Ä c-Nn-¡-epw, B-kzm-Zn-¡epw, hym-Jym-\n-¡epw

a-äp-am-bn-cp-¶p k-aq-l-̄ n-se D-]-cn-hÀ-¤-̄ n-sâ hnt\mZw. irw-

Km-c-̄ n-\Ã ]-e-t¸mgpw kw-t`m-K-irw-Km-c-̄ n\v B-bn-cp-¶p

ChbnÂ {]m-[m-\yw. {]-[m-\-ambpw ]-Xn-aq-¶v ]-Xn-\m-ev i-X-I-§-

fn-emWv Cu IrXn-IÄ \nÀ-½n-¡-s -̧«-sX-¶v km-ln-Xy-N-cn-{X-Im-c-

·mÀ Du-ln-¡p¶p.

tUm. sI. F³ F-gp-̄ -Ñ³ k-tµ-i-Im-hy-§-fp-sS {]-

tXy-I-X-I-sf-¡p-dn-̈ v ]d-bp-¶ H-cp te-J-\-̄ nÂ tI-c-f-N-cn-{X-Im-

c-·mÀ-¡v H-gn-hm-¡m³ h-¿m-̄ Ncn{X-tc-J-I-fm-Wv D-®p-\n-en k-

tµ-iw t]m-ep-Å a-Wn-{]-hm-f-Im-hy-§Ä F-¶v kq-Nn-¸n-¡p¶p.

tI-c-f-̄ n-se ]-g-b t£-{X§Ä, B-Nm-c§Ä, \m-SpIÄ,

sFXnly§Ä, N-cn-{X-h-kv-Xp-X-IÄ C-h-sbÃmw \-ap¡v Cu Im-

hy-§-fnÂ \n-¶v e-̀ n-¡p-¶p. \-½p-sS N-¼p-km-ln-Xy-§fpw k-tµ-

i-km-ln-Xy-§fpw \ÂIn-b asämcp {]-[m-\-kw-̀ m-h-\ ]-g-b-tI-

cfo-b k-ap-Zm-b-s¯-¡p-dn¨pw hnhn-[ hÀ-¤-̄ nepw sXm-gn-enepw

s]-«-h-sc-¡p-dn-̈ p-ap-Å hn-h-c-W-§fpw A-h-cp-sS kw-̀ m-j-W-

§fpw aäpw X-·-b-Xz-t¯m-sS A-h-X-cn-¸n- v̈ N-cn-{X-]-cam-b [m-

cm-fw hn-h-c-§Ä \Â-Ip-¶-XmWv. Zm-tam-Z-c-Nm-Iy-cp-sS D-®n-bm-So

N-cn-X-̄ n-se A-§m-Sn hÀ®-\, atlm-Z-b-]pcw, I-−n-bqÀ Xp-

255

S§n-b Ø-e-§-fp-sS hÀ-®-\-IÄ FÃmw N-cn-{X-{]m[m-\y-ap-Å-

XmWv.

N-cn-{X-{]m-[m-\y-ap-Å H-cp k-µÀ-̀ w D-®p-\n-en-k-tµ-i-

¯nÂ Im-Wp¶-Xv thWm-Sn-sâ tXm-hm-f A-XnÀ-̄ n-I-fnÂ B-

{Ia-Ww \-S-̄ n-bn-cp-¶ Xp-ep-¡³-]Ssb k-tµ-i-l-c\m-b B-Zn-

Xy-hÀ-½ F-XnÀ-̄ p tXmÂ-]n-̈ p F-¶ h-kv-Xp-X-bmWv.

hym-bm-aw sIm-−-g-In-ep-ZnXm-tam-Zap-ss -̈{i-hmhnþ

\m-bm-kw sN-bv-X-\-e-Xpc-Km \oI-tcdp-Z-imbmw

F-¶ h-cn-IÄ B N-cn-{X-kw-̀ -hs¯ HmÀ-½n-̧ n-¡p¶p.

Nt{µm-Õ-h-̄ nse hm-c-\m-cn-am-scÃmw kw-K-an-¡p-¶ Nn-än-e- -̧Ån-

\m-Sv I−³-tIm-X F-¶ Øm-\-t¸cp-Å a\-¡p-fw þ Nnä-ªq-cv

X-¼q-cm-¡-·mÀ C-t¸mgpw Ip-¶w-Ip-f-̄ n-\-Sp-̄ pÅ a-W-¡p-fw

cm-P-IpSpw-_-hp-am-bn _-Ô-s -̧«v \nÂ-¡p¶p. Np-cp-¡-̄ nÂ

tIc-f-̄ n-se ]-e-\m-Sp-Ifp-tSbpw Ncn-{X-kw-̀ -h-§-fp-sSbpw ]-

cm-aÀ-i-ap-Å a-Wn-{]hm-f-N-¼p-¡Ä B \ne-bnÂ {]m-[m-\y-ap-Å-

XmWv. ]-¶n-bqÀ {Km-a-¡m-sc {`-ãv IÂ-]n-̈ kw`hw “]q]q-In-tc

]-́ eI-̄ v Nq-IcÀ” F-¶p Xp-S-§p¶ a-Wn-{]-hm-f-tÇm-I-

¯nÂ ]cmaÀin-¡-s -̧Sp¶p.

eoem-Xn-e-I-̄ n-se D-Zm-l-c-W-]-Zy-§-fnÂ ]-e-cm-Pm-¡-

·m-tcbpw ]-cm-aÀ-in-¡p-¶p−v. F-«p-km-a-́ Zq-]-·m-cp-sS \-Sp-

hnÂ N-{µ-\m-bn {]-tim-̀ n-¡p-¶ H-cp tImX-amÀ-̄ m-Þs\- sIm-

fw-t¼-iz-cm-bn h-À-®n-¨n-cn-¡p¶p. ]-−p-\-S-¶-Xm-bn ]cm-aÀ-in-¡p-

¶ kw`-hw aq-jn-I-hw-i-cm-Pm-hn-s\-¡p-dn-̈ m-Im-\m-Wv km-[y-X. b-

Zp-]-Xnbm-b H-cp th-Wm-«p cm-Pm-hv ]m-Þy-cm-Pm-hn-s\ tXmÂ-]n-

v̈ aI-sf hn-hm-lw sN-bv-X-Xm-bn {]-Jym-]n-¡p-¶ H-cp tÇm-Ihpw

256

“th-Wm-«n-\p-S-b ho-c-c-hn-hÀ-½m (Jy), b-Zq\mw ]Xn” F-¶p hn-ti-

j-W-t¯m-sS tc-J-s -̧Sp-¯n-bn-cn-¡p¶p.

t£t£t£t£----{X{X{X{X----kwkwkwkw----kvkvkvkv-- --¡m¡m¡m¡m----chpw hchpw hchpw hchpw h----tctctctc----WyWyWyWy----PoPoPoPo-- --hnhnhnhn-- --Xhpw aXhpw aXhpw aXhpw a----WnWnWnWn----{]{]{]{]----hmhmhmhm----ffff----¯nÂ¯nÂ¯nÂ¯nÂ

tI-c-f-t£-{X-§fpw t£-{Xm-cm-[m-\-co-Xnbpw {]m-am-Wyw

t\-Sp¶-Xv tN-c-̀ cW-Im-e-L-«-̄ n-emWv. a-Wn-{]-hm-f-c-N-\-IÄ A-

t\-Iw t£-{X-§-sfbpw A-h-tbm-Sp _-Ô-s -̧« B-Nm-c-§-

sfbpw ]-cm-aÀ-in-¡p-¶p−v. t£-{X-\nÀ-½-W-§-fp-sS {]m-cw-̀ -

Ime-̄ v t£-{X-§Ä B-cm-[m-\m-e-b-§Ä F-¶-Xn-ep]-cn km-

aq-ly-̀ c-W-\n-b-{´-W-tI-{µ-§Ä F-¶ \n-e-¡m-Wv {]-hÀ-̄ n-¨Xv.

`-àn-{]-Øm-\-̄ n-eqsS Cu-iz-c-k-t¦-Xw F-¶ Bi-bw _-e-s¸-

«-Xn-s\ Xq-SÀ-¶m-Wv B-cm-[-\m-Zn-IÄ-¡v {]m-[m\yw hÀ-²n-¨Xpw

t£-{X-§Ä B-cm-[m-\m-tI-{µ-§Ä F-¶ \n-e-bn-te-¡v Db-À-¶-

Xp-sa-¶p-am-Wv t£-{X-N-cn-{X-§Ä sX-fn-bn-¡p¶-Xv B-Zy-Ime-

v̄ \m-tSm-Sn-I-fm-bn-cp-¶ {_m-Ò-W-cp-sS hn-{i-a-tI-{µ-§Ä B-

bn-cp¶p. ‘A-¼-e-§Ä’ hgn-t]m¡cm-b \-¼q-Xn-cn-amÀ-¡v A-́ n-

bp-d-§m³ H-cp a-Þ-]hpw `-£-Whpw hym-]m-cn-Itfm cm-Pm-

¡·mtcm \Â-In-bn-cp¶p. ‘Xn-cp-h-¡ncw’ F-¶mWv Cu `£W-

Zm\-s¯ t£-{X-en-Jn-X-§Ä hn-ti-jn-̧ n-¡p-¶Xv. “tI-c-f-̄ n-se

t£-{X-§Ä {_mÒW \nÀ-½n-Xn-I-fm-sW-¶ hm-Zw \n-cm-kv-]-Z-

amWv. tI-c-f-̄ nÂ C-¶v ImWp¶ a-lm-t£-{X-§Ä H¶pw XpS-

¡w ap-XÂ A-h-cpsS ({_-Ò-W-cpsS) krãn-I-fm-bn-cp-¶nÃ” (]p-

t¯g-̄ v cm-a³ tat-\m³ þ Iq-SÂ am-Wn-¡w t£-{X-kwt£]-

N-cn{Xw). h-m-kv-X-h-̄ nÂ a-e-bm-f-{_m-Ò-WÀ t£-{X-kw-kv-¡m-c-

¯n-sâ h-àm-¡fÃ. A-hÀ th-Z-§-fp-sSbpw bm-K-§-fp-

sSbpw ]m-c-¼-cy-¡m-cmWv. tIcfob t£-{X-§Ä \nÀ-½n-̈ p Xp-S-

257

§p¶Xv AD F«mw iX-Iw ap-XÂ AXmbXv a-tlm-Z-b-]p-cw

hm-Wn-cp-¶ Ip-e-ti-J-c-N-{I-hÀ-̄ nam-cp-sS Im-e-̄ mWv. ]nÂ-

¡me-̄ v t£-{X-\nÀ-½m-Ww t{]m-Õm-ln-¡-s¸«p. hym-]m-cn-I-fm-

Wv {]-[m-\-ambpw t£-{X-\nÀ-½m-W¯n-\v ap³-I-s¿-Sp-̄ Xv.

t£-{X-tI-{µo-Ir-X-am-bn hym]mc-tI-{µ-§Ä A-̀ n-hr-²n-s -̧Sp-I-

bpw t£{X-hp-am-bn _-Ô-s -̧«v [m-cm-fw Bfp-IÄ tI-{µn-I-cn-¡-

s -̧Sp-Ibpw sN-bv-Xp. D-®p-\n-en k-tµ-i-̄ nÂ ‘I-−n-bqÀ X-¼p-

cmsâ’ {]-Xn-jvT-sb-¡p-dn v̈ (823 AD) ]-cm-aÀ-i-ap−v. Hm-S-\m-Sn-

sâ B-Zy-X-e-Øm-\w I-−n-bq-cm-bn-cp¶p. I-−n-bq-À t£-{X-

¯n-se Iq-Sn-bm-«-s¯-¡p-dn-̈ p-Å ]cm-aÀ-iw Zm-tam-Z-c-Nm-Iym-cp-

sS D-®n-bm-Sn N-cn-X¯nÂ Im-Wp-¶p a-e-bm-f-{_m-Ò-W-¡n-S-

bnÂ-AÀ-²-ssk-\n-I-cm-bn {]-hÀ-̄ n-̈ n-cp-¶ H-cp hn-`m-K-am-Wv

Nm-̄ n-c-·mÀ. C-hÀ-t£-{X-§-sf- Np-än]-än Xm-a-kn-̈ p-h¶p. ]nÂ-

¡m-e-§-fnÂ \m-bÀ tbm²m-¡-fp-sS N-§m-X-§Ä B-Wv t£-

{X-kw-c-£-W-Npa-X-e G-sä-Sp-̄ Xv. D®nb¨o N-cn-X-¯nÂ H-cp

Nm-̄ n-c³ AY-hm {_m-Ò-W-hn-ZymÀ-°n-bm-Wv D-®n-b¨n-tbbpw

A-h-fp-sS `-h-\-t¯bpw Ip-dn-̈ v K-ÔÀÆ-s\ hÀ-®n- v̈ tIÄ-̧ n-

¡p-¶Xv. t£-{X-h-cp-am-\w hÀ-²n-̈ -tXm-sS t£-{X-̄ nse ‘tIm-

bn-e-[n-Im-cn’ (cm-P-{]Xn-[n\n) apXÂ ‘A-Sn-¨p X-fn-¡m-cn’ h-sc

[m-cm-fw ip-No-Ic-W-sXm-gn-em-fn-Ifpw aäpw B-h-iy-am-bn h¶p.

{_m-Ò-Wta-[m-hnXzw i-àn-s -̧«-tXm-sS {_m-Ò-W-cp-sS iq{Z-]p-

{X-·mÀ t£-{X-̄ n-se tPm-en-I-fnÂ \n-bp-à-cmbn. {_m-Ò-WÀ

`q DSØcm-bn am-dp-¶-XnÂ t£-{X-§Ä {][m-\ ]-¦p-h-ln¨p.

Xn-c-hÃ t£-{X-hp-ambn _-Ô-s -̧«v e-̀ n-̈ H-t«-sd sN-¼p-en-Jn-X-

§Ä {_mÒ-W-t`m-P-\-̄ n-\m-bn (Xncp-h-¡ncw) \o-¡n-sh-̈ Ir-jn-

bn-S-§-fp-sSbpw ]p-c-bn-S-§-fp-sSbpw hn-kv-Xr-Xamb H-cp ]«n-I

258

\Â-Ip-¶p−v. tZ-h-kz-¯n-\m-bn \o-¡n-sh-̈ Cu h-kv-Xp

hIIsfÃmw Im-e-{I-a-¯nÂ {_-Ò-kz-§Ä ({_m-Ò-W-kz-

¯p¡Ä) Bbn -am-dn. t£-{X-kz-̄ p-¡Ä t£-{X DSa-Ø-cm-b

(Du-cm-f-cpsS) ssI-h-i-̄ n-te-¡v tNmÀ¶p t]m-Im-Xn-cn-¡p-¶-Xn-

\mbn ‘I-̈ ’§Ä F-¶-dn-b-s -̧Sp-¶ \n-b-am-h-en-IÄ ]-e t£-{X-

§-fp-am-bn _Ôs -̧«v D-−m-¡n-bn-cp-s¶-¦n-epw. (‘D-Zm-l-cWw’

aq-gn-¡pfw I¨w) A-h-bv-s¡m-¶n-\pw Du-cm-fn-cn-te-¡p-Å kz-̄ n-

sâ H-gp-¡v XS-ªp \nÀ-¯m-\m-bnÃ. “P-·n k{¼-Zm-bw tI-c-f-

¯nÂ” F-¶ ]p-kv-X-I-̄ nÂ ‘CfwIpfw’ C-§n-s\ tc-J-s -̧Sp-

¯p¶p. Ip-t¼-c-·m-cm-bn XoÀ-¶ \-¼p-Xn-cn-amÀ-¡v ]n-s¶bpw ]n-

s¶bpw [m-cm-fw h-kv-Xp-h-I-IÄ e-̀ n-¨p sIm-−n-cp-¶ G-sX-

¦nepw t£-{X-̄ n-sâ `c-Ww \¼qXncn-am-cp-sS ssIh-iw h-¶p

tNÀ-¶n-«nÃm-bn-cp-s¶-¦nÂ A-Xp-Iq-Sn B-h-gn-¡m-¡n XoÀ-¡m³

cm-Pm-¡-·mcpw {]-̀ p-¡-·mcpw a-Sn-¡m-Xn-cp-¶nÃ. \m-hm-bv-¡p-fw

t£-{Xhpw A-tXm-Sv _-Ô-s -̧« k-I-e-h-kv-Xp-¡fpw AIhqÀ a-

\-bv-¡n-te-¡v \otcmSpw ]q-thmSpw Iq-Sn-NmÀ-̄ n sIm-Sp-¡p-¶ tc-

J-bmWv \m-hm-bv-¡p-fw sNt¸Sv \-¼p-Xn-cn-amÀ am-{X-aÃ A-h-tcm-Sv

_-Ô-s -̧Sp \n¶ncp-¶ \m-bÀ Ip-Spw-_-§fpw tZ-h-Zm-kn Ip-Spw-

_-§-fpw B-h-tc-Wy-hÀ-¤-¯nÂ DÄ-s -̧«n-cp¶p. D-®nb-̈ n N-cn-X-

¯nÂ \m-ep hÀ-®-̄ nepw h-ep-̧ w sIm−v X-§Ä-¡v t\cm-b

h-cn-sÃ-¶v I-cp-Xp-¶ \m-eqÀ {]-kq-Xm-Þy amS-¼n hÀ¤-s¯-¡m-

Wmw. A{_m-Ò-W-k-aq-l-¯nÂ \n-¶p-Å ]-ecpw tIm-ssX,

tIm-a-t¡m-«v \mbÀ, tIm-bnÂ ]pd-̄ v \mb¯n-bmÀ Xp-S§n-b

P-·n-am-sc-¡p-dn¨pw Cfpw-Ip-fw ]-cm-aÀ-in-¡p-¶p−v. tZhkzw `q-

an-bnÂ {]-th-in-¡p-¶-Xpw, kz-̄ p-¡Ä ssI-h-i-s -̧Sp-¯p-Ibpw

sN¿p¶Xv, “]q-¡p-Ibpw s]m-cpÄ-I-h-cp-I-bpw” sN¿p¶Xv

259

“am-Xr-]-cn-{Klw” t]m-se- lo-\am-b {]-hÀ-̄ n-bmbn ‘I-̈ ’§Ä-

]dbp¶p-s−-¦nepw A-h \nÀ-_m-[w Xp-SÀ¶p-sIm-t−-bn-

cp¶p. Xn-cp-hÃ hn-jv-Wp-t£-{X-̄ nÂ tZ-h-Zm-knI-sf kw-c-£o-

¡p-¶-Xn-\v Xn-cp-tZ-h-Zm-kn K-Ww F-¶ t]cnÂ Du-cm-f-·m-cp-sS H-

cp kw-Lw {]-hÀ-̄ n-̈ n-cp¶p. Np-cp-¡-̄ nÂ {_mÒWcpw A-h-

cp-sS B-{in-Xcpw DÄ-s -̧« H-cp h-tc-Wy-hÀ-¤-am-Wv a-Wn-{]-hm-f-

Im-e-L«-s¯ \n-b-{´n-̈ n-cp-¶Xv.

a-[y-Im-e-hnÚm-\ \nÀ-½n-Xn-bnÂ t£-{X-kw-kv-¡m-c-¯n\pw a-

Wn-{]-hm-f-kmln-Xy-̄ n-\-ap-Å Øm-\w

A-Xn k-¼-¶am-b kw-kv-Ir-X-km-ln-Xy-̄ n-sâ ]m-c-¼cyw a-Wn-{]-

hm-f-̄ n-eq-sS `m-j-bnÂ ]p-\À-P-\n-̈ p. DuÀ-Ö-kzeamb H-cp

`mjm-ssi-enbpw A-tXm-sSm-̧ w `m-cXo-b {]Xn-̀ kw-kv-Ir-X-̀ m-j-

bnÂ kw`-cn-̈ p-sh-̈ km-ln-Xy-kw-kv-¡m-chpw aWn-{]-hm-f-̄ n-

epsS \-½p-sS `m-j-bnÂ F-̄ n-t¨À¶p. Im-e-{I-a-¯nÂ {_m-Ò-

W-tI-{µ-§-fm-bn XoÀ-¶v t£-{X-§Ä km-kw-kv-¡mcn-I tI-{µ-

§-fp-am-bn am-dn. Iq-Sn-bm-«w Nm-IymÀ-Iq-̄ v Xp-S§n-b Zriy-I-em-

cq-]-§-fp-sS {]-Nm-cw B-fpI-sf t£-{X-̄ n-se-¡m-IÀ-jn-¡p-

Ibpw ]Xps¡ ]-Xp-s¡ t£-{X-§tfm-Sv _-Ô-s¸-«v- A§mSn-

IÄ Øm-]n-¡-s¸-Sp-Ibpw sN-bvXp. a-Wn-{]hmf-K-Zy-¯n-sâ an-I-

¨ amXrI-bmWv ‘`m-jm-Iu-Sn-enbw’ kwkvIr-X-̄ n-ep-Å AÀ-°-

im-kv-{X-̄ n-sâ hnhÀ-̄ -\hpw hym-Jym-\-hp-amWv. {K-Ù-Im-c³

Bsct-¶m Im-ew G-sXt¶m \nÀ®-bn-¡p-¶-Xn-\v I-gn-ªn-«nÃ.

AD 12þmw i-X-I-̄ n-\p-ti-jw Ip-e-ti-J-c-N-{I-hÀ-¯n-am-cp-sS

Ime-̄ v c-Nn-¡-s¸-«-Xm-bn-cn-¡p-sa-¶v `m-jm-N-cn-{X-Im-c-·mÀ

Duln¡p¶p. `m-jm-Iu-Sn-en-b-̄ nÂ Ir-jn-sb-¡p-dn¨pw Rm-äp-th-

e-I-sf-¡p-dn-̈ pw ]-cm-aÀ-in-¡p¶p. Iq-Sm-sX BbpÀ-thZw,

260

hr£m-bpÀ-th-Zw hm-kv-Xp-hn-Zy-Xp-S-§n-b-h-¡p-dn-¨p-Å ]-cm-aÀ-i-

§fpw tI-c-fo-b-cpsS hn-Úm-\-\nÀ-½n-Xn-bnÂ K-Wyam-b kzm-

[o-\w sN-ep-̄ n-bn-«p−v. am-Xw-K-im-kv{Xw am-Xw-Keo-e Xp-S-§n-b-

h-sb-¡pdn¨pw B-\-]m-̧ m³, Im-hpXn (£pcI³) Xp-S-§n-b-h-

tcbpw ]cm-aÀ-in-¡p¶p. {i-t²-bam-b H-cp h-kv-Xp-X. tIcf-

¯nÂ Hcp ssh-iy-k-ap-lw \n-e-\n-¶n-cp-¶-Xmbn ]-cm-aÀ-in-¡-s -̧

Sp-¶nÃ F¶-XmWv. `m-jm-Iu-Sn-en-b-̄ n-\p-tij-ap-Å ct−m

aqt¶m \p-äm-−p-I-fn-em-Wv a-Wn-{]-l-f-km-lnXyw þ k-tµ-i-

Imhy§Ä, N¼p-¡Ä þ F¶n-h {]-Xy-£-s¸Sp¶Xv. k-ap-l-

¯nse taÂ-̄ «nse kwkvIrXn-bm-Wv. th-iym-hr¯n, th-iym-

h©-\w Xp-S§n-b ]p-cp-jmÀ-°-§-fm-bn Iq-Sn-bm-«-¯nÂ ]-cn-

l-kn-¡-s -̧Sp-¶Xv. `m-jm-Iu-Sn-en-b-̄ nÂ ]m«n\pw Iq-̄ n\pw

]nd-sI t]m-bn ]-Ww ZpÀ-hy-bw sN-¿p-¶h-sc hn-aÀ-in-¡p-¶p−v.

A-§m-Sn-sb Ipdn-̈ p-Å hÀ-®-\-IÄ k-tµ-i-Im-hy-§-fnepw N-

¼q-Im-hy-§fnepw ssh-hn-[y ]qÀ-®a-m-b ImÀ-jn-I-hn-̀ -h§-sf ]-

cn-N-b-s -̧Sp-̄ p-¶Xv. ImÀjn-I hn-Úm-\w hf-sc-tb-td A-̀ n-hr-

²n-s -̧«n-cp¶p F¶v sX-fn-bn-¡p¶p.

]nÂ-¡me-̄ v t£-{X-kw-kv-¡m-c-̄ n-sâ {]-Nm-c-I-·m-cm-

bn amdn-b {_mÒWÀ X-§-fpp-sS Po-hn-Xw Nn-«-s -̧Sp-̄ p-¶-Xn-\v

]-©-a-th-Zam-b BbpÀ-th-Z-s¯-bm-Wv B-{i-bn -̈Xv A-ãmw-

Kam-b B-bqÀ-th-Z-̄ nÂ {]m-hnWyw t\-Sn-b-hcmWv ‘A-ã-ssh-

Zy-·mÀ’ F-¶-dn-b-s -̧«Xv. A-ãmw-K-lrZ-bw F-¶ B-[n-Im-cn-I-kw-

kv-Ir-X-ssh-Zy-{K-Ù-̄ n-\v i-in-te-J, ]mTyw ssIc-fn XpS-§n H-«-

[n-Iw hyJym-\-§-fp-−m-bn-«p−v. Iq-Sm-sX Nn-In-Õm-a-Rv-Pcn,

tbm-Km-arXw, k-l{k-tbmKw XpS-§n ssh-Zy-hn-j-b-hp-am-bn _-

Ô-s -̧«v A-t\-Iw kz-X-{ -́{K-Ù-§fpw c-Nn-¡-s -̧«n-«p−v. hm-kv-

Xp-hn-Zym-hn-j-b-hp-am-bn _-Ô-s -̧«v A-t\-Iw {K-Ù§Ä Cu

261

Ime-̄ v {]-Nm-c-̄ nÂ h¶p. Cu Im-e-L-«-̄ nÂ \nÀ-½n-¡-s -̧«

N-Xp-cm-IrXn-t£-{X-§Ä-¡v hn-am-\w F-¶ km-t¦Xn-I kw-Ú

\Â-I-s¸«p. tI-c-f-̄ nep-S-\o-fw D¯-cw t£-{X-§Ä Im-W-s -̧

Sp¶p. {io-tIm-hnÂ AY-hm KÀ-̀ -Krl-̄ n-\p-Npäpw Hcp {]-Z-£n-

W-]-Y-t¯m-Sp IqSn-b \nÀ-½n-XnIsf ‘km-Ôm-c-hnam\’sa-¶v hn-

ti-jn-̧ n-̈ n-cp¶p. tZ-h-Zm-kn-IÄ \r-̄ w sN-bv-Xn-cp¶Xv Cu

{]Z£n-W-]-Y-̄ n-em-bn-cp¶p. ho-Sv \nÀ-½m-W-hp-am-bn _-Ô-s¸«v

‘a-\p-jym-e-b N{µn-I’ Xp-S§n-b {K-Ù-§fpw Cu Im-e-b-f-hn-ep-

−mbn.

a-Wn-{]-hm-f-km-ln-Xy-Ime- v̄ tPym-Xn-im-kv{Xw tI--c-f-

¯nÂ hf-sc B-̀ n-hr-²n-s -̧«n-cp¶p. ]-c-ln-X-k-{¼-Zm-bw {]-Nm-c-

¯nÂ h-cp-̄ n-b l-cn-Z¯³ (AD 650 þ 700) tI-c-fo-b-\m-bn-

cp-¶p a-lm-̀ m-kv-¡-co-b-¯n-\v `m-jy-sa-gpXnb tKmhn-µ-kzman

(AD 800 þ 850) a-säm-cp tPym-Xn-im-kv-{X-]-Þn-X-\m-bn-cp¶p.

tKmhn-µ-kzman-bp-sS in-jy-\m-bn-cp-¶ i-¦-c-\m-cm-b-W³. e-Lp-̀ m-

kv-¡-cn-bw Ct±l-̄ n-sâ Ir-Xn-bmWv. a-tlm-Z-b-]pc-s¯ tPym-

Xn-im-kv-{X \n-co-£-Wme-bw C-t±-l-̄ n-sâ taÂ-t\m-«-̄ n-em-bn-

cp¶p. ‘th-Wzm-tcmlw’ F-gpXn-b am-[m-hm-Nm-cy³ Zr-Kv K-Wn-X-k-

{¼Zm-bw I-s−¯n-b h-S-tÈ-cn ]-c-ta-iz-c³ XpS-§n tI-fÃqÀ

\o-e-I-WvT-tkm-a-bm-Pn h-sc (1443þ1543) h-sc \o-−p In-S-¡p-¶

H-cp tPym-Xn-im-kv-{X-]c¼c aWn-{]-hm-f-{]-Øm-\-Ime- v̄ Po-hn-̈ n-

cp¶p.

8þmw \q-äm-−nÂ Pn-hn-̈ n-cp-¶ Z-Þn ‘Im-hym-ZÀ-i’-

¯nÂ am-Xr-Z¯³, `h{Xm-X³ F-¶o tI-cfo-b ]-Þn-X-·m-sc ]-

cm-aÀ-in-¡p-¶p−v. ‘I-ev-]-kq{XSoI’bp-sS IÀ-̄ mhm-b `-h-{Xm-

X³ ap- -̧̄ n-aq-t¶m-fw bm-K-§Ä \-S-̄ n-bn-«p-−-s{X.

262

X-Xz-im-kv-{X-cwK-s¯ tI-c-f-̄ n-sâ a-l¯m-b kw-̀ m-h-

\-bm-Wv A-ssZz-Xm-Nm-cy\m-b ‘{io-i-¦c³’ th-Zm-́ Nn-́ -bp-sS

A-\o-tj-[y B-Nm-cy\m-b A-t±-l-̄ n-sâ Ir-Xn-IÄ FÃmw X-

s¶ kw-kv-Ir-X-̀ m-j-bn-em-sW-¦nepw tI-c-fo-bam-b Hcp sshZn-I

]m-c-¼-cy-̄ n-sâ kr-ãn-bm-bn-cp-¶p A-t±lw. \m-S-I-km-ln-Xy-

cwK v̄ tI-c-f-̄ n-sâ a-l¯m-b kw-̀ m-h-\-bmWv

iàncp{Zsâ ‘B-Ý-cy-NqUmaWn’. Z-£n-Wm-]-Y-̄ nÂ \n-¶p-

Å B-Zy-s¯ \m-S-I-IÀ-̄ m-hm-W-t±lw. X-]-Xn-kw-hc-Ww

kp`{Zm-[-\-RvP-bw Xp-S§n-b B-«-{]-Im-c-§fpw A-h-bv-¡v

th−n c-Nn-¡-s -̧« {Ia-Zo-]n-I-Ifpw `-Kh-Zv A-Öp-Iw F-¶ Ir-

Xn-bp-sS {IaZn]nI-bpw FÃmw aWn{]hm-f-Ir-Xn-I-fp-sS `m-jm-kz-

`m-hw {]-I-Sn-̧ n-¡p¶XmWv. {]mNo-\ a-Wn-{]hmf-Ir-Xn-I-fp-sS Iq-«-

¯nÂ km-ln-Xy-̀ wKn-sIm-−v anI-¨p \nÂ-¡p-¶-XmWv. `qX-hm-

Iyw KZyw Np-cp-¡-̄ nÂ t£-{X-kw-kv-¡m-c-hp-ambn _-Ô-s -̧«v

hn-]p-eam-b H-cp {K-Ù-k-ap -̈bw X-s¶ \-ap-¡v e-`n-̈ n-«p−v.

a[yIm-e-hnÚm-\ \nÀ-an-Xn-bnÂ A-h {]-[m-\ ]-¦p-h-ln-¡p¶p.

aaaa----WnWnWnWn----{]{]{]{]----hmhmhmhm----ffff----s¯s¯s¯s¯----¸̧̧̧-- --änänänän-- --bpbpbpbp----Å hyÅ hyÅ hyÅ hy-- --XykvXykvXykvXykv-- --X kX kX kX k----aoaoaoao-- --]]]]----\\\\§Ä§Ä§Ä§Ä

kw-kv-Ir-Xw F-hn-sS hym-]n-̈ n-«pt−m A-hn-sS-sbÃw A-Xv tZ-i-̀ m-

j-bp-ambn tNÀ¶v H-cp an-{i`m-j kr-ãn-̈ n-«p−v. tI-c-f-̄ n-se a-

Wn-{]-hm-f-kmlnXyhpw A¯-c-̄ n-ep-Å H-¶m-Wv. cq-]-ku-̀ m-Ky-

am-Wv a-Wn-{]-hm-f-̄ n-sâ t\-«-§fn-sem¶v. ]-e Ir-Xn-Ifpw kv-{Xo-

hÀ-®-\m-]-c-§-fm-sW-¶-XnÂ e-Ön-t¡−-XnÃ. tem-I-km-ln-Xy-

¯n-se hen-sbm-cp `m-Kw irw-Km-c-Im-hy-§-fm-sW-t¶mÀ-¡Ww.

Cu kv{Xo kv-Xp-Xn ]m-c-¼-cyw sX-ep-¦v Xp-S§n-b sX-¶n-́ y³

`mj-I-fnepw ImWp-¶p−v. F-́ pI−v Cu Ime-̄ v tI-c-f-I-hn-

IÄ kv-{Xo-IfpsS _m-ly-kuµ-cy-̄ nÂ B-Ir-ã-cmbn? t£-{X-

263

§-fn-te-¡v P-\§-sf BIÀjn-¡p-¶-Xn-\mbn tZh-Zm-kn k-{¼-

Zm-bw Z-£o-tW-́ y-bnÂ hym-]-I-am-bn Im-W-s¸«p. hn-am-\m-Ir-Xn-

bn-ep-Å t£-{X-§-fnÂ {io-tIm-hn-en-\p- Np-äp-ap-Å KÀ-̀ -Kr-l-

¯nÂ Cu tZ-h-Zm-knIÄ Cu-iz-c-{]o-Xn-¡m-bn \r-̄ w sN-bv-Xn-

cp¶p. a-Wn-{]-hm-f-hn-Zy a-ln-fm-fn a-lm-kv-]-Z-am-Im³ {]-[m-\ Imc-

Ww C-XmWv. k-aq-l-̄ n-se ap-IÄ-̄ -«nÂ hkn¡p-¶ kv-{Xo-c-Xv-

\-§--sf ]m-Sn ]p-I-gv-̄ p-¶-Xn-\v th-−n-bm-Wv A-hÀ Imhy c-N-\

\-S-̄ n-bXv. D-®n-b-¨n-bp-sS ]qÀ-h-I-Y-\-̄ nÂ A-½-bp-sS Xm-h-

gn-tb ]cmaÀ-in-¡p-¶pÅp. F-¶mÂ D-®n-̈ o-cp-tX-hn-cm-b-c t{]-b-

knbm-b \§--¿-bp-sS aIfpw cm-b³-]n-Å-bp-sS ]p-{Xn-bp-amWv.

D-®o-bm-Sn-bm-I-s« km-a -́t{i-jvT\m-b tI-c-f-hÀ½-¡v D-®n-¡p-«-

¯n-bn-ep−m-b ]p-{Xn-bmWv. C-h-scÃmw \-§bm-tcm, \Sn-I-tfm,

\À-̄ -In-Itfm H-s¡-bmWv. G-Xp `m-hhpw c-khpw ssI-Imcyw

sN¿m³ a-Wn-{]-hm-f-I-hn-IÄ-¡v I-gn-ªn-cp-¶p. N-¼p-¡-fnepw

k-tµ-i-Im-hy-§-fn-ep-ap-Å tÇm-I-§Ä A-h-cp-sS tÇm-I-knÂ-

]-Nm-Xp-cn-sb hy-à-am-¡p-¶p−v. am{XaÃ A-h-bn-seÃmw ]-g-b

tI-cfo-b k-ap-Zm-b-§-fn-se hnhn-[ hÀ-¤-̄ nepw sXm-gn-enepw s]-

«-h-cp-sS kw-̀ m-j-Whpw Po-hn-Xhpw A-tX]-Sn Nn-{Xn-I-cn-¡-s -̧«n-cn-

¡p¶p. cq-]-inÂ-]-̄ nÂ I-hn-ªv \nÂ-¡p-¶ `m-h-inÂ-]w B-

Ir-Xn-I-fnÂ ImWp-¶nÃ. c-Xn-sb-t¸m-se a-\p-jy-a-\-Ên-s\ a-Yn-¡p-

¶ H-cp hn-Im-c-s¯-t¸mepw Im-hym-\p-̀ q-Xn-bm-¡m³ A-hÀ-¡v I-

gpn-bp-¶nÃ.

B-ZyIm-e a-Wn-{]-hm-f-Ir-Xn-IÄ a-e-bm-f-̀ m-j-bv-¡v {]m-

[m\yw \Â-In A\m-bm-k-am-bn c-Nn-¡-s¸«p. F-¶mÂ N-¼p-¡-fn-

se `mjm-ssi-en-bnÂ a-Wn-{]hm-f-]-cn-]me-\w th-−-{X Zr-U-am-bn-

cp-¶nÃ. kw-kv-Ir-X-]-£-]m-XnXzw {]-I-S-amb-Xn-\mÂ A-h km-am-

\y-P-\-§-fnÂ \n-¶v A-I¶p.

264

a-Wn-{]-hm-f-Im-e-̄ n-sâ Xp-S-¡-̄ nÂ tZ-h-Zm-kn-IÄ-¡v

k-aq-l-̄ nÂ am-\y-Øm-\-ap-−m-bn-cp¶p. {_m-Ò-W-cpw \m-Sp-hm-

gn-Ifpw A-h-cp-sS ho-Sv kµÀ-in-̈ ncp¶p. Hä t\m-«-̄ nÂ. kw-t`m-

K-irw-Km-c-{]-[m-\-§fm-b Ir-Xn-I-fm-Wv a-Wn-{]hm-f-§Ä F-¶m-

Wv tXm-¶p-I. a-Wn-{]-hm-f-¯n-\v e-£-W-sa-gpXn-b eo-em-XneI-

Im-c³ D-²-cn-̈ D-Zm-l-c-W-tÇm-I-§Ä hgn Cu [m-c-W _-e-

s¸«p. IqSnbm«-̄ n-se ]p-cp-jmÀ-°-Iq-̄ nÂ th-iymhn-t\mZw,

th-iym-h-©\w, A-i-\w (`-£-W-̄ n-\p-Å BÀ¯n) Xp-S§n-b

]-cn-lm-k-cq-]-̄ nÂ hn-aÀ-in-s¸-Sp-¶p−v. A-Xv kq-Nn-̧ n-¡-s¸-

Sp¶-Xv a-Wn-{]-hm-f-Im-e-L-«-̄ nÂ Xs¶ Cu Po-hn-X-co-Xn-s¡-

Xncm-b hn-aÀi-\w D-bÀ-¶p h-¶n-cp-¶p-sh-¶-XmWv. hm-kv-X-h-

¯nÂ A-̈ o Ncn-X-I-fnÂ th-iy-I-fÃ {]-Xy-£-s¸-Sp-¶Xv. kXow D-

®n-b¨o, kXow D-®nb-Sn F-s¶m-¡-bm-Wh-sc hn-ti-jn-¸n-¡p-

¶Xv. kw-t`m-K-hÀ-®-\-I-f-S-¡-apÅ ssew-Kn-I-]-cm-aÀ-i-§Ä {]-

Xy-£-s¸-Sp¶-Xv P-f-̀ m-j-W-§-fn-emWv. A-̈ o N-cn-X-§-fn-se \m-

b-nI-amÀ `m-cy-̀ À-̄ p-Ip-Spw-_-_-Ô-§Ä kq-£n-¡p-¶-h-cmWv.

tI-c-f-N-cn-{X-̄ nse C-cp--fS-ª G-Sp-I-fnÂ C-fw-Ip-fw D-¶-bn-

¡p-¶ hn-aÀi-\w {]-[m-\-ambpw \-¼q-Xn-cn-am-cp-sS I-hn-Xzhpw hn-S-

Xzhpw B-Wv a-Wn-{]-hm-f-Im-hy-§-fnÂ {]Xy-£-s -̧Sp¶-Xv F-¶-

XmWv. F-¶mÂ k-tµ-i-Im-hy-§Ä c-Nn -̈Xv {_m-Ò-W-cm-sW-¶-

Xn-\v hy-à-am-b sX-fn-hp-I-sfm-¶p-anÃ. N-t{µmÕ-hw F-¶ B-

t£-]-klnXy-Ir-Xn F-gpXn-b BÄ \-¼q-Xn-cn-bmIm³ km-²y-X-

bnÃ. Nm-Iym-·m-cm-Wv aWn-{]-hm-f-Ir-Xn-IÄ Iq-Sp-Xepw kw-̀ m-h-\

sN-bv-Xn-«p-ÅXv. am-{X-aÃ `m-jm-Iu-Sn-en-b-̄ nÂ Cu Ip-¯-gn-ª

Po-hn-X-co-Xn-sb i-à-am-bn hn-aÀ-in-¡p-¶p-ap-−v. A¡me-̄ v

{_m-Ò-WÀ {]mtb-W kw-kv-Ir-X-Ir-Xn-I-fm-Wv c-Nn-̈ n-cp-¶Xv.

265

aaaa----WnWnWnWn----{]{]{]{]----hmhmhmhm----ffff----¯n¯n¯n¯n----se hyse hyse hyse hy-- --XykvXykvXykvXykv-- --X ImX ImX ImX Im----hyhyhyhy-- --[m[m[m[m----cIÄcIÄcIÄcIÄ

N-¼p:þ kw-kv-Ir-Xn-N-¼p¡-sf A-\p-I-cn-¨m-Wv a-Wn-{]-hm-f-N-¼p-

¡Ä P\n¨-sX-¦nepw A-h-bv-¡p X-½nÂ cq-]-̄ nepw `m-h-

¯nepw K-Wyam-b Nn-e hyXym-k-§-fp−v. kw-kv-Ir-X-N-¼p-¡Ä

an-¡Xpw B in-tÊm, \-a-kv-{In-btbm sIm-−p Xp-S-§p-¶-

XmWv. F-¶mÂ `m-jm N-¼p-¡Ä-¡v A¯-cw \n-_-Ô-\-IÄ

CÃ. ]-e-t¸mgpw I-Ym kq-N-\ \Â-In sIm-−m-Wv B-cw-̀ n-¡p-

¶Xv. kw-kv-Ir-X-\mS-I-§-sf-bmWv Cu Im-cy-̄ nÂ A-hÀ A-

\p-I-cn-¡p-¶Xv. `m-jm-N-¼p-Im-c-·mÀ kw-kv-Ir-X-hr-̄ -¯n-ep-Å

]-Zy-§Ä¡pw km-[m-c-W-co-Xn-bpep-Å kw-kv-Ir-X-K-Zy-§Ä¡pw

]pd-sa {Zm-hn-U-hr-̄ \n-_-Ôam-b H-cp X-cw `m-jm-KZyw Iq-Sn

D]tbmKn-̈ n-cn-¡p¶p. X-cw-Kn-Wn hr-̄ -t¯m-Sv km-Zri-yw h-ln-¡p-

¶ H-cp KZyamWv A-hÀ [mcm-f-am-bn D-]-tbm-Kn-¨n-«p-ÅXv. {]mNo-

\ N-¼p-¡fm-b D®nb¨o N-cn-Xw D-®n-̈ ncp-tX-hn N-cn-Xw D-®n-bm-

Sn N-cn-Xw F-¶n-h-bnÂ `m-jm-KZy-̄ nÂ ]-eX-cw hr¯-§Ä D-]-

tbm-Kn-̈ n-«p−v. hr-̄ -\n-_-Ô-aÃm-̄ H-cp `mjm-KZyw Im-W-s -̧

Sp¶-Xv D-®n-bm-Sn N-cn-X-¯nÂ am-{X-amWv. C-£p-Z-Þ-Im-Zn `m-

jm-Z-Þ-I-§fpw `m-jm-N-¼p-¡-fnÂ Im-Wmw. `m-jm-N-¼p-¡-fp-

sS a-säm-cp {]tXy-I-X XÂ-¡À-̄ m-IÄ \nÀ-Æ-ln-¨n-«p-Å k-a-

Imen-I k-apZm-b hn-aÀ-i-\-amWv. Ip-©³ \-¼ymÀ¡v Cu hn-j-b-

¯nÂ amÀ-¤-ZÀi-\w \Â-In-bXv. `m-jm N¼p-¡-fmWv. {]mNo-\ N-

¼p-¡-fnÂ ]m-Þy-̀ m-jm-km-cq-]y-ap-Å ]-Z-§-fpw, hn-̀ -ày-́ -kw-

kv-Ir-X-]-Z-§fpw `mjm-]-Z-§fpw Iq-Sn-¡-eÀ-̄ n-bn-«p-Å H-cp

k-½n-{i-̀ m-jm-cq-]-am-Wv Im-Wp-¶Xv. am-{X-aÃ A-h-bp-sS k-t½-f-

\-̄ nÂ kmÀ-Æ-{Xn-Iam-b H-cp \n-b-a-cm-ln-Xy-am-Wv ImWp-¶Xv.

A-h-bn-se kw-kv-Ir-X-an-{i-Ww a-Wn-{]-hm-f-X-Xz-̄ n-\v tbm-Pn-¡p-

¶XÃ. AXp-sIm-−p X-s¶ N-¼p-Im-c-·mÀ X-§-fp-sS Ir-Xn-

266

IÄ a-Wn-{]-hm-fm-imJbmsW-¶v A-h-Im-i-s¸-«n-«p-anÃ. kw-kv-Ir-

X-hr-̄ -̄ n-ep-Å ]-Zy-s¯ A-hÀ ]-Zy-sa-¶pw {Zm-hn-U-hr-̄ -̄ n-

ep-Å ]-Zy-s¯ A-hÀ K-Zy-sa¶pw hn-ti-jn-̧ n-¡p¶p. A-Xmb-Xv

N-¼p-¡-fn-se K-Zyw km-[m-c-W K-ZyaÃ. A-bhpw ]-SÀ-̧ p-ap-Å {Zm-

hn-U-hr-̄ -§-fmWh. ‘a-ln-fm-fn-a-lm-kv-]Zm’ F-¶ a-Wn-{]-hm-f-

hn-ti-j-W-̄ n\\pKpW-am-bn \m-bn-Im hÀ-®-\-am-Wv A-h-bp-

sS e-£yw. A-tXm-sSm-̧ w {]IrXn hÀ®-\IÄ, A-§m-Sn-hÀ-®-

\IÄ, t£-{X-hÀ-®-\IÄ, sIm-«-c-hÀ-W-\IÄ, amS¼n-Kr-l-hÀ-

®-\-IÄ FÃmw A-h-bn-Â Øm-\w ]n-Sn-¡p¶p.

1. D-®nb-̈ o N-cnXw: þ {]m-No-\-a-Wn-{]-hm-f-N-¼p-¡-fnÂ H-¶m-a-t¯-

Xm-Wv D-®n-b¨o-N-cnXw. AD 13þmw \p-äm-−n-sâ B-cw-̀ -¯nÂ {]-

Nm-c-̄ nÂ h-¶ ‘B-\-b v̈’ F¶- \m-W-b-s¯-¡p-dn-̈ v ]-cm-aÀ-i-

ap−v. “tNm-\-I-¡pXnc tNm-Wm-«v hn-ämÂ \a þ ¡m-\-b-̈ pS-\n c-

−m-bn-cw In-«-emw” F-¶ h-cn-IÄ A-\b-̈ v F¶ tNm-f-\mW-bw

tI-c-f-̄ nÂ \-S¸m-b Ime-s¯ ap³-\nÀ¯n Cu Ir-Xn-bp-sS Im-

e-\nÀ®-bw \-S-̄ m-sa-¶v C-fw-Ipfw, 1346 \p ap³-]m-bn-cn¡-Ww

c-N-\m-Im-e-sa-¶v D-ÅqÀ, AXn-b-\Ãq(tk-ew)cnÂ \n-¶v Xn-cp-

s\Ãn-¡v h-¶ Xn-cp-a-cp-XqÀ t£-{X-̄ nÂ \À¯-In-bm-bn Po-hn-̈ ,

h-S-¡³ tIm-«b-s¯ \-t§-̧ n-Å-bp-sS ]q-{Xn-bm-bn-cp-¶p A-¿n-

bmÀ. A-h-cp-sS c-−p s]¬-a-¡-fnÂ C-f-b-h-fm-Wv D-®n-b¨n.

sImÃw, sImSp§ÃqÀ, Zzm-c-k-ap-{Zw, Xr-¡-Wm-a-Xne-Iw F-¶o {]-

[m-\-]-«-W-§-sf-¡pdn¨pw A-XnÂ ]-cm-aÀ-i-ap−v. Xn-cp-a-cp-XpÀ

t£-{X-̄ n-se tZ-h-Zm-kn-bm-bncp¶ D-®n-b-̈ o-bp-sS ku-µ-cy-

¯nÂ B-Ir-ã\m-b H-cp K-ÔÀ-Æ³ Ah-sf ImWm³ h-cp-¶-

Xm-Wn-Xn-se I-Y. B K-ÔÀÆ-\v A-h-fp-sS ]qÀ-Æ N-cn{Xw

hnhcn¨p sIm-Sp-¡p¶-Xv H-cp Nm-̄ nc³ (N-«³ AY-hm {_m-Ò-

267

W-hn-ZymÀ°n) BWv. cm{Xn ap-gp-h³ \nÀ-\n-{Z-\m-bn I-gn-¨p-Iq«n-

b K-ÔÀ-Æ³ cm-hn-se Nm-¯n-c-t\m-sSm-̧ w D-®n-b-̈ n-bpsS ‘tIm-

bn-enÂ’ F-̄ p¶p. \m-bn-Im-Kr-l-̄ n-te¡v t]mIp-¶ h-gn-bnÂ

H-cp A-§m-Sn Im-Wp-¶p−v. \m-bn-I-bp-sS Kr-l-̄ n-se-

¯pIbpw A-hn-sS Im-̄ p- sI-«n-In-S-¡p¶ ssh-Zy-·mÀ, tPym-

Õy-·mÀ, I- -̈h-S-¡m³, \m-b-·mÀ Xp-S-§n-b H-cp hen-b BÄ-

Iq«-s¯ Im-Wp¶p. \m-bnI-sb Hcn¡Â Iq-Sn hÀ-®n-̈ v ]gbw

tN-cn `-{Z-Im-fn-sb- -̧än-bp-Å H-cp kv-XpXn-tbm-sS Imhyw A-h-km-

\n-̧ n-¡p¶p. Xr-̈ q-fcn (Xr-Èn-te-cn), Xn-cp-s\Ãn, Xn-cp-a-cp-XqÀ

XpS§n-b t£-{X-§-tfbpw Xn-cp-a-cp-XqÀ-Nnd, A-§m-Sn Xp-S-

§n-b-h-tbbpw hnkvXcn-̈ v hÀ-®n-¡p¶p. \m-bn-I-Kr-l-¯nÂ Im-

¯p-sI-«n In-S-¡p-¶ h-sc I-hn ]-cn-l-kn-¡p-¶p−v. IÀ-̄ m-hv

tX-h³ {io-Ip-amc³, “tX-h³ Nn-cnImam³-¶ N¼p-ap-ä-hp-am-

ZcmÂ” F-¶v Im-hy-h-km-\-̄ nÂ ]-d-ªn-cn-¡p¶p. ]-gw-tN-cn

`{ZIm-fn-sb Ip-dn-̈ p-Å `m-Kw {]-£n-]v-X-am-Im-\m-Wv km-²y-X. D-

Wn-b-¨n-bp-sS ISm-£-hn-£-W-̄ n-\m-bn Im-̄ p-sI-«n In-S-¡p-

¶-h-cp-sS P-f-̀ m-j-Whpw A-k-̀ y-̧ m-«p-saÃmw I-hn-bp-sS ]-cn-lm-

k-̄ n-\v hn-j-b-am-Ip¶p.

2. D-®n-̈ n-cp-tX-hn-N-cn-Xw:þ ‘KZyw J-tZym-X-I-ev]w’ F-¶v Im-hym-cw-

`-̄ nÂ ]dªn-«p-Å-Xn-\mÂ kz-Ir-Xn-sb i-cnbm-b H-cp N-¼p-

hm-bn X-s¶ A-t±-lw I−n-«n-sÃ-¶v th-Ww I-cp-Xm³. ]-Zy `m-Kw

Xm-c-X-tay-\ Ip-d-hmWv Ir-Xn A]qÀ®-amWv. sh-Åp-h-\m-«nÂ

‘tNm-Incw’ F-¶ {Km-a-̄ nÂ (ip-I-]pcw) \-S-hn-S, Ihn, ]-c-tI-fn

\n-e-bam-b ‘s]m-bn-e v̄’ tXm-«p-hm-bv-̧ -Ån-bnse, hn-Z-Kv[\Sn-

IfpsS B-e-b-̄ n-se \-§-¿-bp-sS Xn-cp-a-I-fm-Wv D-®n-̈ n-cp-

tXhn. Ip-f-¡-c-bnÂ sh-̈ v Ah-fp-sS Im-ap-I³ sNmÃn-b a-Wn-{]-

268

hm-f-tÇm-Iw tI-«v C-{µ³. A-hÄ Bsc-¶v A-t\z-jn-¡p-I-bpw,

Im-ap-I\m-b a-Wn-{]-hm-f-Ihn-tbm-sSm-̧ w B \À-¯-In-bp-sS

tIm-bnÂ A-t\z-jn-̈ v t]m-Ip¶p. h-gn-¡p-Å ]-e Im-gv-N-Ifpw Im-

Wp¶p. A-hn-sS sN-¶-t¸mÄ h-Wn-¡-I-fpw, B-Vy-{_m-Ò-W-cpw,

am-S-¼n-am-cpw, Nm{-X-cpw, \m-b-·mcpw £-am-]qÀ-Æw Im-̄ n-cn-

¡p¶-Xv Im-Wp-hm-\n-Sbm-Ip¶p. C-Xm-Wv In-«n-bn-S-t¯m-fw `mK-

s¯ I-Ymh-kvXp. \m-bn-I-bp-sS Im-ap-I³ H-cp a-Wn-{]-hm-fI-hn

Bbn-cn-¡Ww. ]-¶n-bqÀ {Km-a-¡m-sc ]-gn-¡p-I-bpw tNm-In-cw

{Km-a-¡m-sc kv-Xp-Xn-¡p-Ibpw sN-¿p-¶ `m-Kw Im-hy-̄ nÂ Im-

Wp-¶Xp-sIm-−m-Wv {K-Ù-IÀ-̄ m-hv tNm-In-cw {K-a-¡m-c-\m-bn-cn-

¡-sa¶v Du-ln-¡mw. sh-Åm-«n-cn Iq-äp-Imcmb tNmIncw {K-a-¡m-

tcbpw km-aq-Xn-cn Ip-äp-Imcm-b ]-¶n-bqÀ {Km-a-¡m-scbpw kq-

Nn-̧ n-¡p-¶Xp-sIm−v AD 13þmw i-X-I-̄ n-sâ D-¯-cmÀ-²-

¯nÂ B-bn-cn¡-Ww cN\. Cu Im-e-L-«-̄ n-em-Wv km-aq-Xn-cn

sh-Åm-«n-cn-sb ]-cm-P-b-s -̧Sp-̄ n tNmIn-cw {Km-ahpw h-Åp-h-\m-

Sv cm-P-[m-\nbpw \-in-¸n-¨Xv.

tNm-In-cw {Km-a-̄ n-sâbpw Xp-SÀ-¶p-Å Z-£n-Wm-aqÀ-

¯n-bp-sSbpw s]m-bn-e-̄ n-sâbpw hÀ-®-\ Kw`o-c-amWv. a-[y-Im-

e-k-aq-l-̄ n-sâ Po-hn-X-co-Xnbpw {]IrXn hÀ-®-\-bp-saÃmw tNÀ-

¶v a-Wn-{]-hm-f-Ir-Xn-bp-sS km-am-\y-kz-̀ m-hw shfns -̧Sp-̄ p¶p.

`m-jm-N-cn-{X-Im-·mÀ¡pw tI-c-f-N-cn-{X-K-th-j-IÀ-¡pw Aaq-ey-\n-

[n-bmWv.

]p-Xp-a-eÀ-¡m-hnÂ h-s¶-gp-an-fw sIm-Sn-Ifpw

sIm-Sn-IÄ ]q-hn-X-fnÂ \n-¶-Xncp

a-s¸m-Sn-Ifpw F¶ s]mbn-e hÀ-®-\ a-t\m-l-c-amWv. IÀ-̄ m-hm-

sc-¶-dn-ªp-IqSm. hr-̄ -K-Ônbm-b K-Zy-̄ n-em-Wv cN-\. \mbn-

I hÀ-®-\-am-Wv e-£yw. AtXm-sSm-̧ w hn-j-b-e-¼-S-·m-sc ]-cn-l-

269

kn-¡epw h-c-¼p-aq-Sp-am-dp ‘s\Â-̄ -ssg-s -̈gp-]pe-§-tfm-Sp

Iq-Sn-b’ tXm-«p-hm-bv̧ -Ån IÀ-j-I-k-ar-²n-sb kq-Nn-̧ n-¡p¶p.

3. D-®n-bm-Sn-N-cn-Xw:þ in-h-hn-em-kw F-¶ kw-kv-Ir-X-Ir-Xn-bp-sS

IÀ-̄ mhm-b Zmtam-Z-c-Nm-Iy-cp-sS D-®n-bm-Sn N-cn-Xw N-cn-{X-]-c-am-

bn {]m[m\yw AÀ-ln-¡p-¶ Ir-Xn-bmWv. A-Xn-sâ \nÀ-½-W-Imew

14þmw \p-äm-−nsâ Ahkm-\-am-bn-cn-¡-sa-¶v D-ÅpÀ A-̀ n-{]m-b-

s -̧Sp¶p.

a-tämepw sam-gn am-Xp-®n-¡q-«-̄ n-Iv Ip-e{iobw

I-®n-¶-ar-Xamw am-t\Â-¡-®n-bm-ap-®n-bm-Snsb

hÀ-®n-¡p-I-bm-Wv Im-hy-e-£yw. Hm-S-\mSv (Im-bw-¦pfw) cm-Pm-hm-

bn-cp-¶ tI-c-f-hÀ-½-bp-sS k-Z-ky-\m-bn-cp-¶ Zm-tam-Z-c-Nm-IymÀ.

tI-c-f-hÀ-½-bp-sSbpw I-−n-bqÀ t£-{X-̄ n-se \À-¯-In-bp-am-

bn-cp-¶ sN-dp-I-c-Iq-«-̄ n-bp-sSbpw ]p-{Xn-bm-Wv D-®n-bmSn. H-cp

ic-Xv Im-e-cm-{Xn-bnÂ N-{µ³ `q-temI-̄ v \n-¶v a-t\m-l-cam-b H-

cp ]m«v tI«v. A-Xm-cp-sSsX-¶v A-dn-ªp h-cp-hm³ kp-hmI³,

a-Xn-Zo-]³ F-¶o c−p K-ÔÀ-Æ-·m-sc A-b-¡p¶p. A-hÀ `q-an-

bnÂt¸m-bn A-©p Znh-kw I-gn-ªv Xn-cn- v̈ sN-¶v A-h-cp-sS

A-\p-̀ -h-§Ä N-{µ-s\ hÀ-®n-̈ v tIÄ-¸n-¡p¶p. kp-hm-I-\m-Wv

h-àmhv. Ir-Xn-bp-sS Xp-S-¡-̄ nÂ A-]vk-c, K-ÔÀ-Æ-·m-cp-sS ]-

c-¼c-sb k-hn-kvX-cw hÀ-®n-¡p-¶p−v. K-ÔÀ-Æ-·mÀ Im-Wp-¶

`q-temIw, tI-cfw, \thmZb-]pcw, I-−n-bqÀ in-h-t£{Xw F-¶n-

h-sb hn-kv-X-cn- v̈ hÀ-®n-¡p¶p. NmIymÀ D-®n-bm-Sn-sb ]p-I-gv-

¯n-]m-Sp-¶ ]m-«p tI-«m-Wv K-ÔÀ-Æ-·mÀ I-−n-bqÀ t£-{X-̄ n-

se-̄ p-¶Xv. A-hÀ "tem-I-tem-N\- N-tIm-cn N-{µn-I"bm-b D-®n-

bm-Sn-sb¸-än A-dn-bm-\m-Wv Nm-Iym-sc k-an-]n-¡p-¶-Xv Zm-tam-Z-c-N-

m-Ipcpw K-ÔÀ-Æ-·mcpw D-®n-bm-Sn-bp-sS tIm-bn-¡-se-¯p-t¼mÄ

Im-Wp-¶ Im-gv-N-IÄ a-t\m-l-c-am-bn-cn-¡p¶p. \m-bn-I-bp-sS hn-

270

«p-]-Sn-¡Â Im-̄ p In-S-¡p-¶-hÀ X-½nÂ I-e-ln-̈ v ap-dn-hv ]-än

tNm-c-s]m-Sn-ªmÂ t]mepw A-Xv \m-bn-I-bp-sS i-co-c-̄ n-se

Aw-K-cmKw ]IÀ-¶-Xm-sW-¶p hm-Zn-¡p¶p. ipw-̀ -·m-sc-bm-Wv

A-t±-lw ]-cn-l-kn-¡p¶Xv {]mhyq-«v F-¶ K-ÔÀ-Æ-I-\yI-sb N-

{µ-sâ t{]-b-knbmb tcm-ln-Wn i]n-̈ -Xn-sâ ^-e-am-bn `q-an-bnÂ

A-h-X-cn-¨ a-\p-jy-]p-{Xn-bm-Wv D-®n-bmSn. I−nbqÀ a-äw \Kc-

¯n-sâ hn-em-k-̀ w-Kn-I-fpw, {io-]À-Æ-X¯n-se A-§m-Sn-bn-se Im-

gv-N-Ifpw hni-Z-am-bn hÀ-®n-¡p¶p. \-¼q-Xn-cn-amÀ, C-S-{]-̀ p-¡-

·mÀ, hÀ-̄ -I-{]-am-Wn-IÄ, sN-«n-IÄ F-¶n-§-s\-bp-Å-h-cp-sS

]-e I-£y-Ifpw IS-¶v D-®n-bm-Sn-bp-sS kao] v̄ F-¯p¶p. Xp-

SÀ-¶p-Å tI-im-Zn-]m-Z-hÀ-®-\-bp-sS A-h-km-\-̀ mKw C\nbpw e-

`n-̈ n-«nÃ.

4. D®p-\o-en-k-tµ-iw:þ Cu {]m-Nn-\-a-Wn-{]-hm-f-k-tµ-i-Imhyw `m-

jm-]-c-ambpw kmln-Xy-N-cn{X]-c-ambpw hf-sc {]m-[m\yw AÀ-ln-

¡p-¶-XmWv. eo-em-Xn-e-I-¯n\v ap³-]v c-Nn-¡-s -̧« Ir-Xn ta-L-k-

tµ-iw cm-am-b-W-̄ n-se l-\pa-Zv ktµiw Xp-S§n-b kw-kv-Ir-

X-am-Xr-II-sf ]n³-Xp-SÀ-¶v a-e-bm-f-̄ n-ep−m-b Hcp k-tµ-i-

Im-hy-am-Wv . k-tµ-i-Im-hy-§-fp-sS ap-Jy-e£yw \m-bn-Im-\m-b-I-

·mcp-sS hn-c-lm-h-Ø-bn-ep-−m-b-Ip-¶ hn-{]-ew `-Krw-Km-cc-kw

B-hn-jv-¡-cn-¡-emWv. \m-b-I³ k-tµ-i-lm-cn-sb I-s−-̄ p-I,

\m-bn-Im-Kr-l-̄ n-te-¡p-Å amÀ-¤-\nÀ-t±-iw \ÂIp-I C-{Xbpw

]qÀ-h-̀ m-K-ambpw \m-bn-Im-hÀ®-\, \m-bn-I-bp-sS Zb\o-b-Øn-Xn-

hÀ®-\-k-tµ-i-hmIyw C-{Xbpw D-̄ -c-̀ m-Khpw DÄ-s¡m-Åp¶

136 tÇm-I-§-fp-Å ]qÀ-Æ-̀ m-Khpw 101 tÇm-I-§-fp-Å D-̄ -c-̀ m-

K-hpw, 5 tÇm-I-§fp-Å ]oTn-Ibpw DÄ-s¸s« 242 tÇm-I-§-

fp−v. D-®p-\o-en-k-tµ-i-¯nÂ ]nTnI-sbm-gp-̈ p-ÅsXÃmw a-µm-

271

{Im-́ m-hr-̄ -̄ n-ep-Å-XmWv. I-Sp-̄ p-cp-̄ n-bn-epÅ ‘ho-c-

amWn-¡’sa-¶ \m-bn-I-Kr-l-̄ nÂ \m-b-I³ In-S-¶p-d-§p-

t¼mÄ, At±l-s¯ Hcp b-£n F-Sp¯p-sIm−p-t]m-Ip¶p.

s]-s«-¶v A-t±-lw D-WÀ-¶v \-c-knw-l-a{´w P-]n-¡m³ Xp-S-§n-

b-tXm-sS b-£n-]n-Sn-hn-Sp-Ibpw A-t±-lw Xncph-\-́ -]pc v̄ ]-

ß-\m-̀ -kzm-an t£-{X-̄ n-\-Sp-̄ v km-h-[m-\-̄ n³ Xm-sg ]Xn-

¡p-Ibpw sN-¿p¶p. A-hn-sS-sh-̈ v X-sâ k-XoÀ-°y\pw sImÃw

sIm-«m-c-̄ nse Cf-ap-d-¯¼p-cm-\pam-b B-Zn-Xy-hÀ-½sb I-

−p-ap-«n-b-Xn-\mÂ \m-b-I³ A-t±-l-̄ nsâ ]¡Â D-®p-\o-en-

¡v H-cp k-tµ-iw sIm-Sp-̄ -b-¡p-hm³ Xncpam\n-¡p¶p.

XpSÀ¶v Xn-cp-h-\- -́]pc- v̄ \n-¶v I-Sp-̄ p-cp-̄ n-bn-te-¡p-Å

hgn \nÀ-t±-in-̈ v sImSp-¡p¶p. amÀ-¤-a-²y-̄ n-ep-Å A-t\-Iw

Ø-e-§Ä hÀ¡-e, ]·-\, I−nbqÀ, X-«m-c-¼ew, sN-¶n¯-e,

Xr-¡p-cp«n, ]-\-b-\mÀ-¡mhv, Xn-cphÃ, ap¯päv, Xrs¡m-Sn-̄ m\w,

a-Wn-I-WvT-]p-cw, Xn-cp-h-©m-̧ p-g, G-äp-am-\pÀ F¶n§s\bp-Å

{]tZi-§-fn-ep-sS I-S-¶p-t]m-Ip-¶-Xm-bn hÀ-®n-¨n-cn-¡p¶p.

ktµ-i-Ime-̄ v C-c-hn-hÀ-½-bm-bn-cp¶ sImÃw cm-Pmhv. Xr-̧ m-

¸qÀ-aq- v̧ (C-f-b-cmPm-hv) BZn-Xy-hÀ-½bpw t]m-Ip-¶ h-gn-¡p-Å

]-e kp-µ-cn-a-tcbpw I−v ktµi-l-c³- ]-cnN-bw ]p-Xp-¡p-¶-

Xm-bn hÀ-®n-¡p-¶p−v. A-h-bnÂ ]-ecpw a-äp ]-e aWn-{]-hm-f-

Im-hy-§-fnepw ]-cm-aÀ-in-¡-s -̧«-h-cmWv. h-gn \n-sf-bp-Å {]-Ir-Xn

Zriy-§Ä a-t\m-l-c-am-bn hÀ-®n-¡-s -̧«n-cn-¡p-¶p. km-[m-cW-bm-

bn k-tµ-i-Im-hy-§-sfÃmw k-tµ-i-lc-s\ kq-Nn-¸n-̈ p sIm-−m-

Wv \m-a-IcWw sN¿p-I ]-Xnhv. D®q-\o-en-k-tµiw Cu Im-cy-

¯nÂ H-cp A-]-hm-Z-amWv. C-hn-sS k-tµ-i-l-c³ Hcp cm-P-Ip-

Spw-_mwK-am-bn-«p t]mepw D-®p-\n-en-bp-sS t]-cn-em-Wv Im-hyw. D-

®p-\oen-k-tµ-iw H-cp lm-ky-I-h-\-amWv. Ip-«n-Ir-jv-W-am-cmÀ (ap-

272

−-bv-¡Â k-tµ-iw þ Hcp ap-gp-̄ Nncn) A-̀ n-{]m-b-s -̧«n-«p−v.

F-¶mÂ a-Wn-{]-hm-fw Im-hy-§-fp-sS km-am-\y-kz-̀ m-ham-b lm-

ky-̀ m-h-̄ nÂ I-hn-ª-A ]-cn-lm-k-̄ n-sâ B-[nIyw A-XnÂ

Im-Wm-\nÃ. A§n-§m-bn Im-Wp-¶ Nn-e Hu-Nn-Xy-̀ w-K-§fw,

kwkvIrXvIr-X `m-j-{]tbmK-§-fpw (am-S-¼o\m-a-hn-sSa-c-p-hpw,

]m-ehpw ]n-¶n-tSYx) Iev]\m-ssh-Ir-X-§fpw B-kzm-Z-I-\n-Â Nn-

cn D-WÀ-̄ m-Xn-cn-¡-bnÃ. ]-e ]ÞnX-·mcpw Cu Ir-Xn-¡v hym-Jym-

\-sa-gp-Xn-bn-«p−v. Ir-Xn-bp-sS c-N-\m-Im-ew \nÀ-®-bn-¡p-¶-Xn-\v

k-lm-b-I-cam-b Nn-e N-cn-{X-]-cm-aÀ-i-§Ä Im-hy-̄ n-ep−v. Z-

£n-tW-́ y-bn-se Xp-ep-¡³ ]S-sb B-{I-a-W-̄ nÂ tXmÂ-]n¨

tk\m \mbI-\m-bn B-Zn-Xy-hÀ½-sb kv-Xp-Xn-¡p-¶p−v. Cu ]-

cm-aÀiw 14þmw \q-äm-−nsâ D¯-cmÀ-²-̄ n-em-Wv Imhyw c-Nn-̈ -

sX-¶v hy-à-am-Ip¶p. k-tµ-i-Imhy¯nÂ ‘A-S-bm-f-hm-Iy’am-

bn ]-d-ªn-cn-¡p-¶Xv, ‘-X-Xn-kw-h-cWw’ Iq-Sn-bm-«w \-S-¡p-¶ k-

ab-̄ v X-]-Xn-bp-sS th-jw sI«n-b \-§-bmÀ \m-bI-s\ t\m-

¡n {]mIr-X-̀ mjbnÂ Ft´m ]-d-ªp-sh¶pw A-Xp-tI-«v \mbn-

I ]-cn-̀ -h-t¯m-sS Fgp-t¶-äv t]m-bn F-¶p-amWv. ]-d-ªn-cn-¡p-

¶Xv. Cu A-S-bm-f-hm-Iy-s¯ sNmÃn hn-hm-Z-§Ä ]-e-Xp-ap-s−-

¦nepw I-hnbpw \m-b-I\pw H-cmÄ X-s¶-bm-bn-cn¡pw F¶m-Wv

s]m-Xp-sh ]-Þn-X-·m-cp-sS A-̀ n-{]mbw.

5. tIm-I-k-tµ-iw:þ tI-c-f-¯n-ep−m-b a-Wn-{]-hm-f-k-tµ-i-Im-

hy-§fpw kw-kv-Ir-X-k-tµ-i-Im-hy-§fpw H-tc A-̈ nÂ hmÀ-̄ -

h-bmWv. hn{]-tbm-K-hÀ-®-\-sb-¡mÄ Ø-e-h-À-®-\w F-¶ \n-e-

bv-¡mWv. Cu k-tµ-i-Im-hy-§Ä-¡p-Å {]m-[m-\yw. tIm-I-k-tµ-

i-̄ n-\v N-{I-hm-I-k-tµ-iw F¶pw t]-cp−v. k-tµ-i-l-c³ H-cp

N-{I-hm-I-amWv. ]qÀ-Æk-tµ-i-̄ nse 96 (sXm-®q-ämdv) ]-Zy§Ä

am-{X-sa e-̀ n-¨n-«p-Åq. 1400 t\m-S-Sp-̄ m-Wv c-N-\m-Im-e-sa-¶v Du-

273

ln-¡p¶p. tN-Xn-¦-\m-«nÂ (P-b-knw-l-\m-Sv) (sImÃw) h-k-́ -Ime-

v̄ H-cp cm-{Xn-bnÂ H-cp Im-ap-I³ B-bm-fp-sS {]n-b-X-a-bp-am-bn

kw-̀ m-j-W-̄ nÂ ap-In-bn-cn-¡p-t¼mÄ AIm-c-W-am-bn Im-apI-

sâ I-®p-\n-d-bp¶-Xv I-−v \mbn-I A-Xn-sâ Imc-Ww A-t\z-jn-

¡p¶p. \m-b-I³ Xm³ kz]v-\-̄ nÂ A-\p-̀ -hn-¨ t¢-im-h-ØI-

sf \m-bnI-sb ]-d-ªp-tIÄ-̧ n-¡p¶p. Cu kz-]v-\-{]-kv-Xm-h-\

ip-I-k-tµ-i-̄ n-sâ A-\p-I-c-W-amWv. F-§nt\tbm H-cp B-

Im-i-k-©m-cn \m-bI-s\ Im-ap-In-bnÂ \n-¶v thÀ-s]-Sp-̄ n, Xn-

cp-¶m-hm-bv-¡v k-an-]-ap-Å sh-tÅm-«p-I-c-bnÂ sIm-−p-sN-¶m-

¡n-N-s{X. A-hn-sS hm-]n-X-S-¯nÂ H-cp N-{I-hmX-s¯ I-−v A-

Xn-s\ k-tµ-i-l-c-\m-¡n Im-ap-I³ sImÃ-s¯ ImapIn-bp-sS

A-Sp-¡-te-¡-b-¡p¶p. thtÅm-«p-I-c ap-XÂ C-S-̧ -Ån-h-sc-bp-

Å amÀ-¤-hÀ®s-\-ap-¡v e-`n-̈ n-«pÅp. t£-{X-{]m-[m-\y-ap-Å-h-bm-

Wv hÀ-®y-Øe§Ä. sh-Åm-«pI-c, tKm-hÀ-²-\-]pcw, am-d-

t©cn, B-gp-hm-t©-cn a-\, tKm-hn-µ-]pcw, ssh-c-̄ pÀ, Im-hoSv,

]p-¶-̄ pÀ, I-cp-hm-bqÀ (Kp-cp-hm-bqÀ), -t]mÀ-¡fw, Xr-¡-−m-a-

Xn-eIw, sImSp-§ÃqÀ, ]-hqÀ, tN-cm-\ÃqÀ, C-S -̧Ån C-Xym-ZnI-

sf tI{µ-am-¡n-s¡m-−p-Å hÀ®-\. km-ln-Xym-kzm-Z-I-tcbpw N-

cn-{Xm-t\z-jn-I-tfbpw B-IÀ-jn-¡p-¶ hn-[-am-Wv cN\.

6. N-t{µmÕ-hw:þ a-Wn-{]-hm-f-{]-Øm-\-̄ n-se {i-t²-bam-b H-cp

e-Lp-Im-hy-am-bn A-ªq-dn-te-sd tÇm-I-§-fpÅ Cu Ir-Xn-bpsS

IÀ-̄ m-hv B-tc-¶-dn-bnÃ. F¶mÂ ]p-\w A-t±-l-¯n-sâ k-a-

Im-en-I-\m-sW-¶v Ir-Xn-bnÂ \n-¶v hy-à-amIp-¶p−v. Nnän-e -̧Ån

{]-tZi-s¯ A-h-Wqcpw ]p-̄ p-cw DÄ-s -̧Sp-¶ a-W-¡pfw \m-Sp-

hm-gn--bp-sS A-[n-Im-cm-XnÀ¯n-bm-Wv Im-hy-̄ n-sâ ]-Ým-̄ ew.

Nnän-e -̧Ån {]-tZ-is¯ (Xr-Èq-cn-\v k-an]w) ‘ta-Zn-\n sh-®n-em-hv’

F-¶hm-c kpµ-cn-bp-sS A-̀ n-ap-Jy-̄ nÂ \-S-̄ -s¸-Sp-¶ N-t{µm-

274

Õ-h-am-Wv C-Xn-hr¯w. CXnÂ ]¦p-sIm-Åp-¶-Xn-\m-bn tI-c-f-

¯n-ep-S-\o-f-ap-Å t£-{X-\À-¯-In-Ifpw hmc-kp-µ-cn-amcpw h-s¶-

¯p¶p. Hm-S-\mSv, I-−n-bqÀ, a-Xn-eIw, ]m-e-bqÀ XpS-§n ]e

Ø-e-§-fnÂ \n-¶p-ap-Å tZ-h-Zm-kn-Ifpw A-h-cp-sS ]-Sn-¡Â

]m-dm-hv InS¡p¶ I-hn-Ifpw Im-ap-I-hr-µ-hp-saÃmw A-hn-sS F-

¯n-t -̈cp¶p. F-¶mÂ Cu hn-h-c-W-§-sfÃmw km-aq-ly-Po-hn-X-

¯n-sâ b-YmÀ-° {]-Xn-̂ -e-\-am-sW-¶v IcpXn-Iq-Sm. DÅqÀ kq-

Nn-̧ n-¡p-¶Xp-t]m-se ‘AXyq-àn-N-Xp-c-\m-b’ H-cp I-hn Xsâ

IÂ-]-\m-i-àn sIm-−v H-cp \hy-temI-s¯ kr-ãn-̈ -Xm-bn-cn-

¡Ww. ‘bphP-\-ap-Xp-sI¶pw s]m-·-Wn-̄ -−p-ta-dn’bm-Wv Nn-

e K-Wn-I-kp-µ-cn-I-fp-sS BK-a\w. A-Xyq-àn-bpw lm-kyhpw C-

S-I-eÀ-̄ n-bp-Å h-À-®-\-IÄ a-Wn-{]-hm-f-km-ln-Xy-¯n-se P-·-

kz-̀ m-h-am-bn I-cp-Xn-bmÂ aXn. ]p-\w \-¼q-Xncn, i-¦-c-Ihn, cm-L-

hI-hn Xp-S§n-b t]À-s]-ä I-hn-Ifpw Cu A-I-¼-Sn-¡m-cp-sS Iq-

«-̄ n-ep-−v. Im-hy-̄ n-se H¶mw JÞ-̄ nÂ \m-bn-I-bp-sS am-

Xr-hÀ-®-\-bpw, c−mw J-Þ-̄ nÂ \m-bn-I-am-b taZn-\n sh-®n-

em-hn-sâ P-\\w, _m-eyw, hn-Zym-̀ ym-kw bu-Æ-\m-cw-̀ w F-¶n-hbpw

aq¶mw J-Þ-̄ nÂ \m-bn-Im-Kr-lamb {io-aw-K-e-̀ -h\w, kv{Xo-k-

t½f-\w F¶nh-bpw, \memw J-Þ-̄ nÂ i-c-Xv-¡mew, hn-hn-[-X-c-

¡cmb kv-{Xn-]p-cp-j-·mcp-sS B-Ka-\w F-¶n-hbpw A©mw J-

Þ-̄ nÂ H-cp kÔym-hÀ-®-\bpw \m\m-hn-[-̄ n-ep-Å k-Z-ky-

tcbpw hÀ-®n-̈ n-cn-¡p¶p. Nt{µmÕ-h-̄ n-sâ Ahkm-\-̄ nÂ

N-{µ³ {]-Xy-£-s¸-«v \m-bn-Ibm-b ta-Zn-\n sh-®n-em-hn-s\ hm-c-

kp-µ-cn-am-cp-sS a-Wn-In-cn-S-am-bn A-̀ n-tj-Iw sN-¿p-¶-Xp-am-Wv C-

Xnhr¯w.

275

7. A-\-́ -]p-cn-hÀ®-\w:þ G-I--tZ-iw ]-Xn-\memw \q-äm-−n-sâ Zzn-

Xn-b-]m-Z-̄ nÂ 1325 \pw 50 \pw C-S-bv-¡p−m-b Ir-Xn-bm-Wv A-

\-́ -]p-cn hÀ®-\w

X-an-gv a-Wn-kw-kv-Ir-X-sa-¶pÅ

kp-a-\-Êp-IÄ sIm-s−m-cp

C-−-am-e-sXm-Sp-In-tâ³

]p-Þ-cn-Im-£-]q-P-bmbv

F-¶v I-hn C-sXm-cp kv-t{Xm-{X-Ir-Xn-bbm-Wv ]-cn-K-Wn-¡p-¶Xv.

Cu tÇm-Iw eoem-Xn-e-I-̄ nÂ a-Wn-{]-hm-f-e-£-W-NÀ- -̈bnÂ D-²-

cn-̈ n-«p-Å-Xn-\mÂ Ir-Xn-bpsS ]g¡hpw {]m-[m-\yhpw hy-à-am-

Ip¶p. Cu Ir-Xn-bp-sS c-N-\m-Ime-̄ v Xncp-h-\- -́]p-cw cm-Py-X-e-

Øm-\aÃ. {io-]-Zv-a-\m-̀ -kzm-an-t£-{Xw, {io-I-Wv-tT-iz-c-t£-{Xw, Xp-

S§n-b tZ-h-em-b-§fpw C-{µ-XoÀ°w, tkm-a-XoÀ-°w Xp-S§n-b

]pWy-tI-{µ-§fpw ]-cm-aÀ-in-¡-s -̧Sp-¶p−v. A-\p-jvT-̧ v hr-̄ -

¯n-epÅ 196 ]-Zy-§Ä sIm−m-Wv C-XnÂ Xn-cp-h-\- -́]pc-s¯

hÀ-®n-̈ n-«p-ÅXv. km-ln-Xy-]-cam-b ta-· Ip-d-hm-sW-¦nepw `m-jm-

N-cn-{X-Im-c-·mÀ¡pw N-cn-{X-K-th-j-IÀ¡pw k-lm-b-I-amWv Cu

IrXn. Imiv, ]Ww, Xn-ancw Xp-S§n-b {]mNo-\ \m-W-b-§fpw

IenwKÀ, tNm-\IÀ, tNm-gnbÀ, I-S-bm-cnbÀ-k Xp-enwKÀ (Xp-

ep¡À) Xp-S§n-b P\-hÀ-¤-§sfbpw B]-¶t{i-Wn-bn-se hm-

WnbÀ, hm-Wn`w, a-c¡-e (I¸Â)¯nse Cd¡pa-Xn F-¶n-hbpw

hÀ-®-¡-s¸-Sp-¶p. ]-Sn-]-Sn-bm-bn hÀ-®n-¡p-I-sb-¶ÃmsX, Im-hy-

`w-Kn-sb-¡p-dn-s¨m¶pw I-hn DÄ-¡-WvT-s -̧Sp-¶nÃ.

a-cp-¶p-hn-ev-¡epw Im-Wm-an-cp-¶ Nn-e hm-Wn-bÀ þ Iehm-Wn-bÀ

hn-ev-¡n-sâ Xmew Xfn-I In-®-hpw.... F-¶n§-s\ ]d-ªp t]m-

Ip-¶ I-hn-X. I-hn A-\y-\m-«p-Im-c\m-b H-cp \-¼q-Xn-cn B-bn-cn-

¡p-sa-¶m-Wv D-ÅqÀ Du-ln-¡p-¶Xv.

276

km-ln-Xy-a-Wn-{]-hm-fhpw ssh-Úm-\n-I-a-Wn-{]-hm-f-hpw

km-ln-Xy-a-Wn-{]-hm-f-̄ n-\m-Wv e-£-W-{K-Ùam-b eo-em-Xn-e-I-

¯nÂ {]m-[m\yw \Â-In-bn-cn-Ip¶-Xv L-S-I-§fm-b `m-jm-kw-kv-

Ir-X-tbm-K-§-fnÂ ssh-j-ay-{]XoXn D-s−-¦nÂ a-Wn-{]-hm-f-̄ n-

sâ X-Xzw t\m-¡p-t¼mÄ hn-I-e-§-fm-sW-¶v A-̀ n-{]m-b-am-Wv

B-Nm-cy-\p-ÅXv. X-Zp¯-aw `m-jm-c-k-{]m-[mt\y F-¶ kq-{X-a-\p-

k-cn¨pw a-Wnbpw {]-hm-f-hpw-t]m-se kw-L-Sn-X-am-bn-cn¡p-¶ `m-

j-bm-bn-cn¡-Ww a-Wn-{]-hm-f-̄ n-\v F-¶v A-t±-lw Cu Du-¶Â

\Â-Ip¶p. Cu ]-Ým-̄ -e-¯nÂ a-Wn-{]-hm-f-km-lnXyw F-¶v hn-

ti-jn-̧ n-¡p¶-Xv a-Wn-{]-hm-f-Im-hy§-sf am-{X-amWv. a-ln-fm-hÀ-

®-\m-ß-Iam-b Im-hy-am-Wv a-Wn-{]-hm-fw F-¶v \nÀ-t±-in-¡p-

t¼mgpw A-Xn-sâ km-ln-Xy-h-i-̄ n-em-Wv Du¶Â. \m-bn-I-am-sc

hÀ-®n-¡p-I-k Ah-sc A-[n-I-cn-̈ v kw-t`m-K-irw-Km-chpw hn-{]-ew-

`-Krw-Km-chpw Nn-{X-I-cn¡p-I F¶n-h-bm-bn-cp¶p. a-Wn-{]-hm-f-I-hn-

I-fp-sS Øm-bnbm-b co-XnIÄ. A¯-cw ]Zy§Ä F-gp-Xn k-c-

k-Ifpw hn-Zp-jn-I-fpam-b tZ-h-Zm-knI-sf hm-bn- v̈ tIÄ-̧ n-̈ v c-kn-

¸n¡p-I F-¶-XnÂ I-hn-ªv Im-hy-e£y-sam¶pw A-hÀ-¡p-−m-

bn-cp-¶nÃ. km-ln-Xy-Zr-ãym -t\m-¡p-t¼mÄ c-a-Wn-bam-b k-¦Â-]-

§Ä lr-Z-bw-K-aam-b c-km-hn-jv-¡m-c-§Ä A-e-¦m-c{]-tbm-K-

ssh-Nn-{Xyw F-¶n-h-bp-sS tI-Zm-c-am-bn-cp-¶ aWn-{]-hm-f-Ir-XnIÄ.

{_m-Ò-W-{Km-a-§Ä Iq-Sp-X-ep-Å a-[y-tI-c-f-̄ n-em-Wv a-Wn-{]-hm-

f-km-ln-Xyhpw kw-kv-¡m-chpw ]p-ãn-s -̧«Xv. \-¼q-Xn-cn-amcpsS ‘I-

hn-Xzhpw hn-S-Xz-hpw’ {]-Xn-̂ -en-̧ n-¡p-¶-h-bm-Wv a-Wn-{]-hm-f-Ir-Xn-I-

sf-¶v C-fw-Ip-fw Bt£-]n-¡p¶p. F-¶mÂ G-sX-¦nepw H-cp a-

Wn-{]-hm-f-Ir-Xn c-Nn-̈ n-cn-¡p¶-Xv \-¼q-Xn-cn-bm-sW-¶-Xn-\v sXfn-

shm-¶p-anÃ. b-YmÀ-°-̄ nÂ a-e-bm-f-{_m-Ò-W-cp-sS b-YmÀ-

277

°am-b kw-̀ m-h-\-IÄ kw-kv-Ir-X-km-ln-Xy-̄ n-em-bn-cp¶p. i-¦-

cm-Nm-cyÀ sXm-«v hm-kp-tZ-h-`-«-Xn-cnh-sc A-t\-Iw kw-kv-Ir-X-km-

ln-Xy-Im-c-·mÀ. a-[y-Im-e-L-«-̄ nÂ {_m-Ò-W-k-ap-Zm-b-̄ n-ep-

−m-bn-«p−v. a-Wn-{]-hm-f-Ir-Xn-I-fp-sS IÀ-̄ m-¡-·mÀ `q-cn-]-

£hpw Nm-Iym-·m-cm-bn-cn-¡m-\m-Wv km²y-X. a-Wn-{]-hm-f-km-ln-

Xy-co-Xn a-²y-Im-e-L-«-̄ n-\p-ti-jhpw a-e-bm-f-̀ m-j-bnÂ K-Wyam-

b kzm-[o-\w sNep¯n. F-gp-̄ -Ñ³ A-²ym-ß-cm-a-b-W-̄ n-se

kp-µ-c-Im-Þw ap-gp-h\pw a-Wn-{]-hm-f-ssi-en-bn-em-Wv c-Nn-̈ Xv.

Ip-©³ \-¼ymcpw a-[pc-a-t\m-l-cam-b a-Wn-{]hm-f-̄ n-em-Wv c-N-

\-IÄ \-S-̄ n-bXv. Np-cp-¡-¯nÂ a-e-bm-f-km-ln-Xy-cwK-̄ v k-an-

]-Im-ew h-sc a-Wn-{]-hm-f-km-ln-Xy-kzm-[o-\w \n-e-\n-¶p.

ssh-Úm\n-I a-Wn-{]-hmfw: þ B-bpÀ-thZw, tPym-Xn-im-kv-{Xw,

K-Wn-Xw Xp-S-§n-b-h kw-kv-Ir-Xw A-dn-bm-̄ km-[m-c-W-¡m-sc

]Tn-̧ n-¡p-¶-Xn-\p-th-−n-bm-Wv `mjbpw kw-kv-Ir-Xhpw Iq-«n-I-

eÀ-̄ n Hcp ‘an-{i-̀ m-j’ B-Nm-cy-·mÀ D-]-tbm-Kn¨p h¶p. B an-

{i`m-j km-ln-Xy-Ir-Xn-I-fnÂ {]-bp-à-am-b-t¸mÄ ‘a-Wn-{]hmfw’

F¶ t]-cnÂ {]-kn-²-ambn. Xp-S-¡-̄ nÂ `m-jm-an{iw H-cpX-cw

tIm-am-fn-̀ m-j-bmbn-cp-¶p. (]-Sn _-Ô-t]-Sym... Xp-S§n-b h-cn-I-

fnÂ Im-Wp-¶Xp-t]mse) AXp-sIm-−m-Wv

`m-jm-an{iw s]m-gp-Xp-IYm-b ap-Zy-

\mÄ-]-¡-am-{Xw hÃpw tem-tI

ln-X-aoXnX-Xx £-́ y-aÀ-l-´nk-´x

F¶pw a-äpw (Xc-W \ÃqÀ `mj) XÂIÀ-̄ m-¡Ä £-am-

{]mÀ°-\-tbm-sS FgpXn Xp-S-§n-bXv. F-¦n-epw Im-e-{I-a-̄ nÂ

B an-{i`m-j kzm-̀ m-hn-I-̀ m-j-bmbn Aw-Kn-I-cn-¡s¸«p.

B-e-̄ pÀ a-Wn-{]-hm-fw F¶ ssh-Zy-im-kv-{X-{K-Ù-

¯nÂ a-e-bm-f-{]-Ir-Xn-I-tfm-Sv kw-kv-Ir-X-{]-Xy-b-§Ä tNÀ-̄ p-

278

−m-¡p-¶ ]-Z-§-fpw, kw-kv-Ir-X-hn-̀ -ày-́ -]-Z-§-fpw, a-e-bm-f-

{]-Xy-bw tNÀ-̄ p-Å kw-kv-Ir-X-]-Z-§fpw Im-W-s¸-Sp¶p. DZm:

“D-−m-b-sem«p-t_m-[w ]-I-cp-I, sN-dpXmw ]-©-aq-en-I-jm-bw

sIm-Åp-I, tat¼mSow £n-c-_-e-]-cp-Ip-I-¸mÂ¡p-dp-t´m-«n-bq-

jw c-−p-c-Izm-Y-bp-tà-]b-kn Xp-\-h-c-t¨mÀ-¡ngnw ap-àn-ap-

àn-I-t−-Sw sa¿n-tem-̧ nSp-I I-cpXn, a-cp-·À±-\w tXbv-¡-ssX-

emw” C-XnÂ ta-t¼m-Snw, In-gnw, ap-Xem-b i-Ð-§Ä a-e-bm-f-{]-Ir-

Xn-bnÂ kw-kv-Ir-Xw tNÀ-¯-h-bmWv. ]-b-kn-kw-kv-Ir-X-hn-̀ -ày-

-́]-Z-amWv.

A-ã-ssh-Zy-·mcn-sem-cm-fm-Wv B-e-̄ pÀ \¼n. a-e-̧ p-dw

PnÃ-bn-se Be¯n-bqÀ X-s¶-bm-Wv B-e-̄ pÀ. B B-e-

¯pÀ a-Wn-{]-hm-f-̄ n-sâ IÀ¯mhv B-e-̄ pÀ \-¼n-am-cp-sS ]-

c-¼-c-bnÂ-s -̧« `n-j-Kz-c-\m-bn-cn-¡Ww. eo-em-Xne-Iw B-e-̄ pÀ a-

Wn-{]-hm-f-s¯-¡p-dn- v̈ ]-cm-aÀ-in-¡p-¶-Xn-§-s\-bmWv. kmln-Xy-

am-I-W-sa-¦nÂ `m-jm-kw-kv-Ir-X-tbm-Kw k-lr-Z-b-lr-Z-b-c-Rv-P-

I-am-IWw. B-e-̄ pÀ a-Wn-{]-hm-f-̄ nÂ c-kn-I-·m-sc c-kn-¸n-¡-

X-¡-h-®-ap-Å `m-jm-kw-kv-Ir-X-tbm-K-anÃ. AXp-sIm-−v A-Xn-

s\ a-Wn-{]-hm-f-km-ln-Xy-¯nÂ DÄs¸Sp-̄ n-¡p-Sm... F-¶mÂ c-

kn-I\pw k-lr-Z-b\pw th-sd th-sd-bm-sW¶pw imkv-{X-{K-

Ùhpw lr-Z-b-c-Rv-I-amImw F¶pw Ip-Sn kq-Nn-̧ n-̈ v eo-em-Xn-e-I-

Im-c³ A-Xn-s\ a-Wn-{]-hm-f-am-bn I-W-¡m-¡p¶p.

{]mNo-\ a-Wn-{]-hm-f-Im-hy-fn-se A-§m-Sn-hÀ-®-\-Ifpw tZ-i-hn-h-c-

W-§fpw \ÂIp-¶ N-cn-{X-hn-Úm-\w

tI-c-f-̄ n-\-I-̄ p-Å hnhn[ sXm-gnÂ DÂ-]m-Zn-¸n-¡p-¶-

hbpw ]pd-̄ v \n¶v sIm-−ph-cp¶-Xpamb N-c-¡p-I-sfÃmw

hnÂ-¡-s -̧Sp-¶-h-bm-bn-cp-¶ {]m-No-\-a-Wn-{]-hm-f-Im-hy-§-fn-se

279

A-§m-SnIÄ. A-§m-Sn-Ifpw A-§m-Sn-hÀ-®-\-Ifpw Ahn-sS X-

Sn-̈ v Iq-Sp-¶ ]p-cp-jm-c-hp-am-Wv A-h-bn-se {]-[m-\-hÀ-®\IÄ.

P-e-KXmK-Xw hgnbp-Å hym-]m-cw C-¡me-̄ v hf-sc A-̀ n-hr-²n-

s -̧«n-cp¶p. D-®p-\n-en k-tµ-i-̄ nÂ I-S-enÂ \n-¶v hf-sc A-I-

se-bp-Å I-Sp-̄ p-cp-̄ n-bnÂ h-sc No-\-¡m-cp-sS sNm-¦nepw N-

¼m-Wn-bn-ep-am-bn h-cp-¶ N-c-¡p-Itfbpw tXm-Wn-I-sf-¯n Ib-

än-bn-d-¡p¶-Xpw hÀ-®n-¡-s -̧Sp¶p. Xn-cp-s\Ãn-bn-ep-Å A-§m-Sn-

bn-epw (D-®n-b¨n-N-cnXw) h-fÀ-]-«-W-̄ nepw a-c-¡-e-¯nepw sNm-

¦nepw N-¼m-Wn-bnepw hcp¶ N-c-¡p-I-fp−v. DÄ{]-tZ-i-§-fn-ep-

Å A-§m-Sn hÀ-®-\-I-fn-seÃmw tem-I-̄ n-sâ \m-\m-̀ m-K-̄ p-

ap-Å a-\p-jycpw `m-j-Ifpw Iq-Sn-I-e-cp-¶-Xn-sâ hn-i-`-hÀ-®-\-

IÄ Im-Wmw. a-[y-Im-e-tI-c-f-̄ n-se {]-[m-\-Po-hn-X-N-cy-I-fnÂ H-

¶m-bn-cp-¶p hm-Wn-Pyw. tNm-gnbÀ, B-cyÀ, IÀ-®m-SIÀ, i-I-

·mÀ, Xp-enwKÀ, Ip-enwKÀ, tNm\IÀ, K-uUÀ, ]m-−n-\mS-·mÀ, Ip-

S-bm-cnbÀ, am-fhÀ, Ip-©-cÀ, _-c-_cÀ, No\À, Xp-ep-¡ F-

¶n§-s\ I-̈ -h-SmÀ-°w h-cp-¶-h-cp-sS ]«n-I \o-−p-InS¡p¶p.

B-Zy-a-Wn-{]-hm-f-Ir-Xnbm-b D-®nb-̈ n N-cn-X-̄ n-se Xn-cp-

s\Ãn A-§m-Sn hÀ-®-\ Xp-S-§p¶-Xv ]-e t]-cp-I-fn-ep-Å ‘A-

cn’sb kq-Nn-̧ n¨p-sIm-−mWv. tImX¼w. sNmfw, h-cn-s\Ãv,

FÅv, Nm-a, Xn-\, h-cIv, ap-Xn-c, D-gp¶v, IS-e. ]bÀ. Aa-c Xp-

S§n-b [m-\y-§fpw hnÂ-]-\-bv-¡v sh-̈ n-cn-¡p¶p. sh-Åcn,

I¼f§, tN¼v, I-bv̧ -¡, Xmfv, h-gp-Xn\-§, ap-fIv, Nn-c, hm-g-

¸n−n, I-̄ -cn-¡, I-Zfn, hm-g-bv-¡, ap-cn-§, IqÀ¡ XpS§n-b ]-

-̈¡-dn-IÄ sIm-̄ w ]-mecn, DÅn, I-cn-©n-cIw, Imbw, I-cn-¼v

Xp-S§n-b ]-e-N-c-¡pIÄ, C©n. a-ªÄ Xp-S§n-b In-g-§p-

hÀ-¤§Ä, tX-§, am-§. N-¡. A-S-bv-¡, D-̧ p-am-¼gw, \mc-§,

]n-®m¡v, ap-´n-cn Xp-S§n-b `-£-W-km-[-\-§Ä A-hnÂ, aeÀ,

280

Hm«-S, N¡-c, sh-fn-s -̈® XpS§nbh. Np¡v, Xn-¸ew. A-ap-¡pcw,

P-Sm-a©n, A-b-tam-ZIw, ssXew, KpÂKpep XpS§n-b I-jm-b-

Iq-«pIÄ, s]m¶v, shÅn, sN¼v, C-cp-¼v Xp-S§nb tem-l§Ä,

I-«nÂ, InS-¡, h«n, Ddn, h«-I, Nm¡v, k©n, tIm-cn-I, Du-cn,

Nc¡v, I-¼nfn, NqcÂ-]m-b, D-cev, De-¡, I¯n, N-«pIw, NW-w Xp-

¼, ]-\¼v, hnidn, hnf-Iv taÂ-¡«n, C-S-§gn, I-bdv, {Xmkv, ]p-en-

t¯mev, Ir-jv-Wm-Pn\w, a¬-̀ -cWn, A-cn-hmÄ, Nm-äqfn, In−n, In-

Sm-cw Xp-S-§n hnhn-[ X-cw ho-«p-]-I-c-W-§Ä ]-Wn-bm-bp[-§-

fpw, N-µ-\w, A-InÂ, IÀ-¸pcw, sh-cp-In³ s\¿v, ]-\n-\oÀ, Ikv-Xp-

cn, Ip¦p-aw Xp-S§n-b kp-K-Ô-{Z-hy-§fpw \oe-¡Ãv, sshcw,

iwJv, ap v̄, am-Wn-Iyw, Rmen, tam-Xn-cw Xp-S§n-b B-̀ -c-W-§-

fpw, ]-̈ -¸«v, sN-¼«v, DjvWnjw, tImWIw, ap-e-¡-̈ hn-cm-fn-]m«v,

Im-©-\-̧ «v, Ip«n-bp-Sp- v̧ Xp-S§n-b h-kv-{X-§fpw, ho-W, XqSn,

I-cn-́ pSn, s]-cp-¼-d Xp-S§n-b hm-tZym-]-I-c-W-§-fpw, sN¼Iw,

]n-̈ Iw, tI-XIw, Iq-h-fw Xp-S§n-b ]q-¡fpw , {KÙw, C-̄ nÄ,

D v̧, BSv, tImgn, \n-ch-[n an-\p-IÄ F-¶n§-s\ B- A-§m-Sn-

bnÂ In-«m-̄ -Xm-bn H¶p-anÃ. hn-̀ -h-k-¼-¶am-b H-cp km-aq-ly-Po-

hn-X-̄ n-sâ {]-Xn-̂ -e-\-am-Wv \mw Cu hÀ-®-\-I-fnÂ Im-Wp-¶-Xv

]-Ww X-s¶-bm-Wv {][m\ ssI-am-äp am-[yaw. an³-I-̈ h-Sw an-¡-

hmdpw ssIam-ä-I-̈ -h-S-amWv. A v̈, B-\-b v̈, I¼n, Imiv,

iemI, Kp-fn-I, aÀ-½mWn, ]Ww, ]mIw, s]m¶v, X-cw, Xn-an-cw F-

¶n§-s\ a-Wn-{]-hm-f-Po-hn-X-hp-am-bn _-Ô-s -̧«v H-t«-td \m-W-b-

§-fp−v. {io-Imf³, I-ei³, iw-J³ Xp-S-§n ]-̄ v ap-̧ -tXm-fw

\m-W-b-§-fp-sS t]-cv A-\-́ -]p-c-hÀ-®-\-bn-ep−v. ]p-cp-jmÀ-

°-Iq-̄ nÂ ]-̄ -¨n-\v C-cp]-Xv ]-Ww F-¶ H-cp ssI-am-ä

IW¡v Im-Wmw. Xmfpw X-I-cbpw h-sc tI-c-f-̄ n-se A-§m-Sn-

I-fnÂ A-¶v hnÂ]-\-N-c-¡mWv. iÀ-¡-cbpw I-cn¼pw I-cp -̧-«n

281

iÀ-¡-cbpw FÃm A-§m-Sn-I-fn-ep-ap−v. DÄ-\m-Sp-I-fnÂ \n-¶v

Ip-cp-ap-fIw, A-S-bv-¡-bpw, sIm-{]-bpw, G-e-hpw, sh-än-ebpw

aäpw h³-tXmXnÂ ti-J-cn v̈, tXm-SpIÄ, ]p-g-IÄ Xp-S§n-b DÄ-

\m-S³ P-em-i-b-§Ä h-gn Xp-d-apJ-̄ v F-̄ n-̈ -h³ tXm-XnÂ I-

¨h-Sw sN-bv-Xn-cp-¶ A©p-h®w, a-Wn-{Kmaw, \mÂ-̧ -s¯m-®m-

bn-chÀ, h-f-©n-bÀ- \m-\m-tZ-io-IÄ XpS-§n \p-dp-I-W-¡n-\m-fp-

I-fp-sS irw-J-e-IÄ C-hn-sS {]-hÀ-̄ n-̈ n-cp¶p.

aaaa----WnWnWnWn----{]{]{]{]----hmhmhmhm----ffff----ImImImIm----eeee----LLLL----««««----¯n¯n¯n¯n----se tZse tZse tZse tZ----i§Äi§Äi§Äi§Ä

tZ-i-§-fm-Wv tI-c-fn-b-{Km-a-§-fn-se G-ähpw sNdn-b L-SIw. \-

¼q-Xn-cn {Kma-§Ä {]-Xy-£-s -̧«p-¶-Xn\v ap³-]v X-s¶ tZ-i-§Ä

cq-]-s -̧«n-cp¶p. ae_mdnse Nn-e ap-Jy-DÂ-]m-Z-\-ta-J-e-I-fnÂ \n-

¶v In-«p-¶ sX-fn-hp-IÄ sh-̈ v ]dªmÂ B-imcn, ap-imcn, X-

«m³, s]-cp-s¦mÃ³, h-®m³, sh-fp-t¯S³, the³, N¡me³,

Nmenb³, Cu-gh³, I-W¡³, ]-d-b³ F-¶o sXm-gnÂ hn`mK§-

sf tI-{µo-I-cn-̈ m-Wv tZ-i-§Ä cq-]-s¸«Xv Cu tZ-i-§-fm-Wv

km-aq-ly-kw-kv-¡mcn-I Po-hn-X-§-fp-sS A-Sn-Øm-\-am-Xr-I-I-fm-

bn ]-cn-W-an-̈ Xv. tZi-s¯ A-Sn-Øm-\-s¸-Sp-̄ n ]-e B-Nm-c-

§fpw N-S-§p-Ifpw D-−m-bn-cp¶p. {_m-Ò-WcpsS BKa-\-

t¯msS Hm-tcm tZ-i-§-fnepw A-²ymßn-I tI-{µ-§-fm-bn t£-

{X-§Ä {]-Xy-£-s -̧«p Xp-S§n. tZi-t£{Xw H-cp {]-[m-\ kw-kv-

¡mcn-I tI-{µ-ambn. tZ-i-hm-kn-IÄ-s¡-Ãmw Nn-e A-[nIm-c A-h-

Im-i-§Ä tI-{µ-hp-am-bn _-Ô-s -̧«v \Â-I-s¸«p. XÀ-¡-§Ä

tZhkm-¶n-²y-̄ nÂ tZi-k-̀ Iq-Sn ]-cn-l-cn-̈ n-cp¶p. {_m-Ò-Wm-

[n-]Xy-Ime-̄ v Nn-e t£-{X-k-t¦-X§Ä. tZ-i-̀ c-Ww ssI-¿m-fn-

bn-cp¶p. \m-Sp-hm-gn-IÄ t]mepw t£-{X-k-t¦-X-§-fn-se `-c-W-\-

S-]-Sn-I-fnÂ CS-s]-«n-cp-¶nÃ. tZ-i-acym-Z Hmtcm sXm-gn-se-Sp-¡p-¶

282

hcpw ]men-̈ n-cp¶p. Irjn-bn-S-̄ nÂ sh-̈ v Ie-̧ (I-cn)bv-¡v tI-Sp-

]-än-bmÂ, IÀ-j-I³ A-Xv A-hn-sS X-s¶ sh-̈ v t]m-Ip-Ibpw

tZi-s¯ Bim-cn A-hn-sS-sb-̄ n A-Xv tI-Sp-]m-Sp-IÄ t]m-¡n

{]-tbm-K-£-a-am-¡p-Ibpw sN-bv-Xn-cp¶p. C-̄ -cw tZ-i-acym-Z-

IÄ FÃm-hcpw ]m-en-̈ n-cp¶p. a-Wn-{]-hm-f-Im-hy-§Ä Im-Wp-¶

H-cp BNmcw þ \m-Sp-hm-gnI-sf tZ-h-Zm-kn-IÄ Xm-e-s¸men-

tbmsS kzo-I-cn-¡p-¶-Xv þ Hcp X-cw tZ-i-a-cym-Z-bm-bn-cp¶p. a-

cWw, hn-hm-lw XpS§n-b A-Sn-b- -́c-L-«-§fnÂ {]-Xn -̂ew Iq-

Sm-sX tZ-i-hm-kn-IÄ k-l-I-cn-̈ p h¶p. F-¶mÂ hmWnPyw A-

`n-hr-²n-s¸-«-XsS, A-§m-Sn-IÄ Øm-]n-¡-s¸-«-tXm-s« tZ-i-§-fp-

sS {]m-[m\yw Ipd-ªp h¶p. B-im-cn-am-cpw, aq-im-cn-amcpw

aäpw tZim-XnÀ-̄ n-IÄ hn-«v A-h-cp-sS DÂ-]-¶-§Ä k-ao-]-ap-Å

A-§m-Sn-bnÂ sIm−p-t]m-bn hnÂ-]-\ -N-c-¡p-I-fm-bn am-äp-¶

{]h-W-X a-Wn-{]-hm-f-Im-hy-§-fn-se A§m-Sn hÀ-®-\-IfnÂ Im-

Wmw. \m-Sp-hm-gn-IÄ t]mepw hm-Wn-Py]p-tcmK-Xn e£yw sh-̈ v

kz-́ w tZ-i-§Ä D-t]-£n- v̈ hm-Wn-Py-tI-{µ-§-fn-te-¡v

XeØm\w am-äp¶p. G-d-\mSnsâ A-[n-]-Xnbm-b G-d-\m-«p-S-

bhÀ (km-ap-Xncn) hmWn-Py-X-e-Øm-\w sa-Sn-bncp¸nÂ \n-¶v tIm-

gn-t¡m-t«-¡v am-äp¶-Xv D-Zm-l-cWw.

aaaa----[yIm[yIm[yIm[yIm----e ae ae ae a----WnWnWnWn----{]{]{]{]----hmhmhmhm----ffff----ImImImIm----hyhyhyhy-- --§§§§----fnfnfnfn-- --se hnse hnse hnse hn-- --jjjj----bbbb----hyhyhyhy-- --XnXnXnXn-- --bmbmbmbm----\\\\wwww

a-[yI-m-e-L-«-̄ n-se a-Wn-{]-hm-f-km-ln-Xy-̄ nÂ kw-̀ -hn-

¡p-¶ hnjb-hyXn-bm-\w N-¼p-¡-fn-em-Wv {]-[m-\-ambpw kw-̀ -hn-

¡p-¶Xv. ]-Zyhpw KZyhpw C-S-I-eÀ-̄ n c-Nn-̈ Ir-Xn-I-fm-Wv N-

¼p¡Ä. K-Zyw, ]-Zyw, an{iw F-¶n-h-bnÂ an{iw F-¶ hn-`m-K-̄ n-em-

Wv N-¼p¡-sf A-\p-I-cn-¨m-Wv `m-j-N-¼p-¡Ä cNn- -̈sX-¦nepw

A-h-bp-sS cq-]-̄ nepw `m-h-̄ nepw K-Wyam-b A- -́c-ap−v.

t£{X-I-e-I-fp-am-bn _-Ô-s -̧«m-Wv a-[yIm-e N-¼p-¡Ä D-−m-

283

bXv. tI-c-f-¯nÂ t£-{X-§-fp-sS Bcw`-Ime-̄ p X-s¶ A-hn-

tS-¡v B-fpI-sf B-IÀ-jn-¡p-¶-Xn\p-th-−n ]p-cm-W-I-Y-IÄ

hn-kv-X-cn-¡p-¶ amÀ¤w ({]-_-Ô-§Ä) B-hn-jv-¡-cn-̈ n-cp¶p.

Iq¯pw IqSn-bm-«-hp-am-bn B-Zy-Im-e-§-fnÂ Iq-̄ n\pw Iq-Sn-

bm-«-̄ n\pw aäpw D-]-b-Kn-̈ n-cp-¶ K-Zy-]-Zy-§Ä a-e-bm-f-̀ m-j-

bnÂ {]-tXy-I-am-bn ]d-ªp ]Tn¡p-I-bm-bn-cp¶p. Cu h-I {]-

_-Ô-§Ä¡v ‘X-angv’ F-¶mWv (`-m-j F¶À°w) ]d-ªp h-

¶n-cp-¶-sX¶pw A-Xv b-YmÀ-° a-Wn-{]-hm-f-a-sÃ¶pw eoem-Xn-e-I-

Im-c³ Nq-−n-¡m-Wn-¡p-¶p−v. F-¶mÂ Im-e-{I-a-̄ nÂ Cu co-

Xn A-{]-mtbm-Kn-I-am-b-Xn-\mÂ NmIy·mÀ ]p-\w \-¼q-Xncn, taÂ-

]-̄ pÀ \m-cm-b-W `-«-Xn-cn Xp-S-§n-bhsc Cu B-h-iy-̄ n-te-

¡m-bn k-ao-]n-¡m-\n-S-bmbn. a-[y-Im-e-L-«-̄ n-emWv Cu {]h-W-X

B-cw-̀ n-¡-s -̧«-Xv. h-Sw-¡q-IpÀ cm-P-cm-P-hÀ-½ ‘km-ln-Xy-a-RvPp-

j’bnÂ C-{]-Im-cw A-̀ n-{]m-b-s -̧Sp¶p. “Iq-̄ n-\v D-]-tbm-Kn-¡p-

¶-Xn-\m-bn N-m-Iym-·mÀ-¡v th-−n-bmWv `m-j-bnÂ N-¼p-¡Ä D-

−m-b-Xv.” Cu hm-Z-K-Xn-sb Nn-eÀ F-XnÀ-̄ n-cp¶p. ]nÂ-¡me-̄ v

Nm-Iy-·mÀ kw-kv-Ir-X-tÇm-I-§Ä am{Xw D-]-tbm-Kn-¡m³

XpS§nb-Xv sIm-−m-Wv hn-hm-Z-ap-−m-bXv. G-sX-¦nepw H-cp

Ime-̄ v ]p-\-̄ n-sâXp-t]m-ep-Å N-¼p-Ir-Xn-IÄ Iq-̄ n-\p-]-

tbm-Kn-̈ n-cp-¶p F-¶v J-Þn-¨p ]dbm³ \n-hr-̄ n-bn-sÃ-¦nepw \-

¼ym-·mÀ (an-gmhp-sIm-«p-¶-hÀ þ amÀ-±w-Kn-I-·mÀ F-¶v eo-em-Xn-e-

I-Imc³) A-h D-]-b-Kn-¨n-cp-¶p-sh-¶v D-ÅqÀ {]-kv-Xm-hn-

¡p¶p−v. Xn-cp-h-\-́ -]p-cw am-\p-kv-{In]-äv sse-{_-dn-bnÂ kq-

£n-̈ n-«p-Å ‘]mTII-Ym-am-en-I’ F-¶ A-{]-Im-in-X-{K-Ù-̄ nÂ

]mT-I-̄ n-\v D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶-Xn-\m-bn ]p-\-̄ n-sâ cm-am-b-W-N-

¼p-hnÂ \n-¶p ]-e a-Wn-{]-hm-f-tÇm-I-§-fpw ZÞ-I-§fpw F-

284

Sp-̄ v tNÀ-̄ n-«p-Å-Xm-bn ]-Þn-X-K-th-j-I\m-b iq-c-\m-«v

Ipª³-]n-Å kq-Nn-̧ n-¡p¶p. “en-em-\n-e-Ihpw ]mT-I-am-en-

Ibpw \Â-Ip-¶ sXfn-hp-I-fp-sS A-Sn-Øm-\-̄ nÂ `m-jm-cm-am-

b-W-N-¼phpw AXp-t]m-ep-Å a-Wn-{]-hm-f-N-¼p-I-fpw cw-K-̄ nÂ

{]-tbm-Kn-̈ n-cp-¶-sh-¶v kwi-bw Iq-Sm-sX ]-d-bm-hp-¶-Xm-Wv.” F-

¶v A-t±-lw `m-jm-cm-am-b-W-s¯-¡p-dn-̈ p-Å ]T-\-̄ nÂ

kqNn¸n¡p¶p.

Cu ]-Ým-̄ -e-̄ nÂ th-Ww `m-jm-cm-am-b-W-N-¼p-hn-ep-

sS ]p-\w Xp-S-¡-an« hn-j-b-hy-Xn-bm\-s¯ hn-e-bn-cp-¯m³. C-hn-

sS A-t±-l-̄ n-\v am-Xr-I-bmb-Xv {]mNn-\ a-Wn-{]-hm-f-Ir-Xn-IfÃ.

]m-«p-km-ln-Xy-im-J-bn-ep−m-b \nc-Ww IrXnIfpw Ir-jv-a-Km-Y-

bp-amWv. kw-kv-Ir-X-̄ n-se cm-am-bWw, `m-cXw, `m-Kh-Xw Xp-

S§n-b C-Xn-lm-k-Ir-XnI-sf `m-jbn-te-¡v ]-IÀ¯n-b \nc-Ww

I-hn-I-sf-bmWv A-t±-lw A-\p-I-cn-̈ Xv. ]m-«n-sâ h-gn-¡Ã a-Wn-

{]-hm-f-amÀ-¤-̄ n-eq-sS-bm-Wv A-t±-lw k-©-cn- -̈sX-¦nepw hn-j-

b-kzo-I-c-W-̄ n³ A-t±-lw a-Wn-{]-hm-f-IhnIsf ]n³-Xp-SÀ-¶nÃ.

]mT-I-̄ n\pw aäpw D-]-tbm-Kn-¡m³ ]ä-nb cq]¯nemWv cm-am-

b-W-N-¼p-hn-sâ L-S-\ -cwK-̄ v Im-Wp-¶ H-cp tXmg-s\

A`nkwt¼m-[-\ sN-bvXp -sIm-−mWv Hmtcm kÀ-¤hpw B-cw-̀ n-

¨n-cn-¡p-¶Xv. cwK{]-tbm-K-¯n-\v ku-I-cy-{]-Zam-b co-Xn-bn-em-Wv

hn-j-b-§Ä thÀ-Xn-cn- v̈ {]tbm-Kn-̈ n-«p-Å-Xpw. F-¶mÂ kw-kv-Ir-

X-̄ n-se ]-e {]-Øm-\-§-tf-bpw, ktµiw, a-lm-Im-hyw Xp-S-§n-

bh-sb t]m-se N-¼p-¡-fp-sS Im-cy-̄ nepw A\pIc-W-am-Wp-

−m-b-sX-¶v hm-Zn-¡p-¶-h-cp-ap−v. F-¶mÂ Xmc-X-tay\ h-µ\w,

I-Ym-kqN\w, h-kv-Xp \nÀ-t±-iw Xp-S§n-b kw-kv-Ir-X-\m-S-I-co-Xn-

I-sf-bm-Wv `mjm-N¼p-¡Ä ]n³-Xp-SÀ-¶Xv. F-́ m-bmepw a-[y-

Im-e-a-Wn-{]-hm-f-Ir-Xn-I-fn-se hnjbhy-Xn-bm-\-̄ n-sâ kq-{X-[m-

285

c³ ]p\w X-s¶ an-¡ a[yIme-N-¼p-¡-fn-se CXn-hr¯w. cm-am-

bWw, a-l-̀ m-cXw, `m-Kh-Xw ap-Xem-b C-Xn-lm-k-§-fnÂ \n-¶v

kzo-I-cn-̈ n-«p-Å-h-bmWv. F-¶mÂ IY-¡v hen-b {]m-[m\y-sam¶pw

N-¼p-Im-c-·mÀ IÂ-]n-̈ n-«nÃ. {]m-No-\-a-Wn-{]-hm-f-̄ nepw a-[y-Im-e-

a-Wn-{]-hm-f-̄ nepw Hcpt]mse Im-Wp-¶ H-cp {]h-W-X k-a-

Imen-I k-ap-Zm-b-hn-aÀi\amWv. alnfmfn a-lm-kv]-Z-§-fm-b {]-

No-\-a-Wn-{]-hm-f-§-fp-sS {]-Nm-ctem-]-\-̄ n-\v H-cp Imc-Ww A-h-

bp-sS ‘`m-h-Zm-cn-{Zw’ X-s¶-bm-Wv eo-em-h-Xn So-¨À Nq-−n-Im-Wn-

¡p-¶p−v. c-Xn-bp-sS B-hn-jv-¡-c-W-̄ nÂ X-s¶ a-\-Ên-s\ a-Zn-

¸n-¡p-¶tXm a-Yn-¸n-¡p-¶-tXm B-bsX-m-¶p-anÃ. G-Xv a-[p-chpw

{Ita-W sN-Sn-¡p¶p F-¶p ]d-ª-t]m-se a-ln-fm-fn a-lm-Ø-Z-

§fm-b A-̈ n N-cn-X-§Ä B-kzm-Z-I-cnÂ H-cp X-cw aSp-̧ p-

−m¡n. ]mT-Iw t]m-ep-Å cw-Km-hn-jvI-c-W cq-]-§Ä-¡v D-]-

tbm-Kn-¡p-¶ km-ln-Xy-cq-]-̄ n-\v A¯-cw B`m-k {]-I-S-\-

§Ä A\p-tbm-Py-aÃ-tÃm. hn-j-b-hy-Xn-bm-\-̄ n-\v H-cp {]-[m-\-

Imc-Ww C-Xp X-s¶-bm-bn-cn-¡Ww.

t£t£t£t£----{X{X{X{X----IIII----eeee----IIII----fpfpfpfp----amamamam----bpbpbpbp----Å _ÔwÅ _ÔwÅ _ÔwÅ _Ôw

a-Wn-{]-hm-f-N-¼p-¡Ä Iq-Sn-bm-«-̄ n-\v D-]-tbm-Kn-̈ n-cp-¶p-sh-¶v eo-

em-Xn-e-I-Imc\pw ]mT-I-I-Ym-am-en-Ibpw kq-N-n-¸n-¡p¶p. Cu cw-

Km-hn-jv-I-c-W-̄ n-sâ {][m-\ t{]-£IÀ. t£-{X-̄ nÂ h-cp-¶

{_m-Ò-W-cp-am-bn-cp¶p. sIm-̈ n `m-jm-]cn-jvI-c-W I-½n-än-bp-sS

H-cp {]-kn-²n-I-c-W-̄ nÂ (sIm-̈ n `m-jm-]-cn-jv¡-c-W I-½n-än {]-

km[-\w {]-kv-Xm-h\ þ ]pdw 67) C-{]-Im-cw ]-d-bp¶p. “t£-{X-

§-fnÂ D-Õhw. tX-hÀ tk-h ap-X-em-b-hn-ti-j-§Ä D-Å-t¸mÄ

A-hn-sS Iq-Sp-¶ kpIpam-c-Iem-tIm-hn-Zcpw km-ln-Xy-Ip-Xq-In-I-

fpam-b {_m-Ò-Wm-Zn k-lr-Z-b-·mÀ¡v \nÀ-±-nã hn-t\m-Zam-b `-Kh-

286

Xv I-Ym-Im-e-t£-]-̄ n-\m-bn Nm-Iym-·mÀ Iq¯pw {]-_-Ôhpw a-

äp Nn-eÀ ]m-T-Ihpw ]-d-bp-¶ ]-Xn-hv C¶pw a-e-bm-f-¯nÂ \-S-̧ p-

Å-Xm-W-tÃm.” G-I-tZ-iw C-cp-\p-dp-hÀ-j-§Ä-¡v ap³-]v sIm-¨n-

\m-«p-cm-Py-ambn-cp-¶ Ime-s¯ H-cp {]-kn-²n-I-c-W-¯n-em-Wv.

t£-{Xhpw N-¼p-¡fpw X½nep-Å ]-c-kv-]-cm-{in-Xz-s¯ C-{]-Im-

cw hn-i-Zo-I-cn-¡p¶-Xv {]m-No-\-a-Wn-{]hmfw t£-{X-]-cn-k-c-§-fn-

em-Wv h-fÀ-¶v hn-I-kn¨-Xv an-¡ a-Wn-{]-hm-f-Ir-Xn-Ifn-tebpw \m-bn-

I-amÀ tZ-h-Zm-kn hn-̀ m-K-̄ nÂ-s -̧«-h-cm-Wv tI-c-f-̄ nÂ

tZhZmkn-I-sf-Ip-dn-̈ v ]-cm-aÀ-in-¡p-¶ [m-cm-fw t£-{X-en-Jn-X-

§Ä I-s−-̄ n-bn-«p-−v. s\-Sp-¼pdw, tNm-IqÀ, Xn-cphÃ, I-−n-

bqÀ F-¶o t£-{X-en-Jn-X-§-fnÂ tZh-Zm-kn-I-sf-¡p-dn-̈ v kq-N-\-

bp−v. D-®p-\o-en-k-tµ-i-¯nÂ Xn-cp-h-\-́ -]p-cw apXÂ hSaXn-c

h-sc-bp-Å amÀ-¤-\nÀ-t±-i-¯nÂ amÀ-¤-a-t²y-bp-Å hÀ-¡-e

IrjvW-t£{Xw, I-−n-bqÀ t£{Xw Xp-S§n-b t£-{X§-sf

hÀ-®n-¡p¶p. D-®n-bm-Sn-N-cn-X-̄ nÂ I-−n-bqÀ t£-{X-̄ n-en-cp-

¶ D-®n-bm-Sn-sb Nm-IymÀ ]-mSn-¸p-I-gv-̄ p¶-Xv tI-«m-Wv K-ÔÀ-

Æ·mÀ A-h-sf-¡p-dn- -̈dn-bm³ Nm-Iymsc- k-ao-]n-¡p-¶Xv. Np-cp-¡-

¯nÂ {]m-No-\-a-Wn-{]-hm-f-I-hn-XI-fn-seÃmw tZ-h-Zm-kn-Ifpw t£-

{X-§fpw X½nepÅ th-gv-N -hy-à-amWv. a-[yIm-e a-Wn-{]-hm-f-§-

fnÂ Nne-Xv t£{X-\nÀ½m-W-s¯-¡p-dn¨pw t£-{X-{]-Xn-jvT-bp-

sS sF-Xn-ly-s¯-¡p-dn¨pw aäpw D-Å-XmWv. sNÃqÀ \m-tYm-Zbw,

\m-cm-b-Wnbw, sX-ss¦-e \m-tYmZ-bw F¶o-h bYm{I-aw X-fn-̧ -d-

¼n-se s]-cn-s©ÃqÀ t£-{X-̄ -sn-¡p-dn-¨pw, Xr¸pWn¯p-d

]pÀ®-{Xbn-i t£-{X-s¯-¡p-dn-¨pw, Xr-Èn-h-t]-cqÀ h-S-¡pw-\m-Y-

t£-{X-s¯-¡p-dn-̈ p-Å-XmWv. H-cp \o-e-I-WvT³ \-¼q-Xn-cn-bmWv

Cu {KÙ§fpsS ImÀ-̄ m-sh-¶v km-ln-Xy-N-cn-{X-Im-c-·mÀ Du-

ln-¡p¶p. Cu N¼p¡fnse `m-jm{]-tbm-Kw Hä{In-bm]-Zw am-{X-

287

a-S-§p-¶, {]-[m-\-hm-Iy-hp-ambn, hn-ti-j-W-hn-ti-jy-̀ mh¯nÂ

sIm-S¡p-¶ A-t\-Iw A-hm-́ -c-hm-Iy-§Ä tNÀ v̄ A-Xn-ZoÀ-

Lam-b HähmIyw sIm-−v H-cp hÀ-®-\-]qÀ-¯n-bm-¡p-¶

kwkvIr-X-N-¼p-I-fn-se KZyssi-en-bm-Wv kzo-I-cn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶Xv.

tI-c-f-̄ n-se alm-t£-{X-§-fp-am-bn _Ô-s¸-«v A-h-bp-sS {]-

Xn-jvT-kw-_-Ôn-̈ sF-Xnlyw CXn-hr-̄ -am-bn kzoIcn v̈ C¯cw

N-¼p-IÄ \n-e-I-WvT-I-hn-bp-sS ap³]pw ]n³]pw C¯-cw H-cp

Im-hy- cN-\ \-S¯n-b B-cp-anÃ.

`m-jm-cm-am-b-WN¼p: ]p-\w \-¼q-Xn-cn-bp-sS `m-jm-cm-am-b-WN-

¼p km-lnXy-temI-̄ n-se H-cp A-Xv-̀ q-X-kv-Xw-̀ -amWv. cm-h-Wm-Zn-

I-fp-sS P\-\w ap-XÂ {iocmasâ kzÀ¤m-tcml-Ww h-sc-bp-Å

hn-im-eam-b cm-a-IY-sb C-cp]-Xv `m-K-§fm-bn hn-̀ -Pn- v̈ {]-Xn-]m-

Zn-¡p¶p. c-−m-bn-c-̄ -e-[n-Iw ]-Zy§Ä, Z-Þ-I-§Ä DÄ-̧ -sS

150 þÂ ]-cw K-Zy-̀ m-K-§Ä FÃmw tNÀ-¶v H-cp _r-l-Zv c-N-\-

Xs¶. Hmtcm tÇm-Ihpw Hmtcm K-Zy-J-Þ-hpw, Hmtcm Z-Þ-

Ihpw a-tlm-l-cam-b cN-\m Nm-Xpcn-sIm-−v B-IÀ-j-I-amWv.

i-ÐmÀ-°-k-¼¯pw I-hn-Xm-Nm-Xp-cnbpw tIm-cn-t¨m-cn-ªv A-

t±-lw A-\p-hm-N-I-tcbpw t{im-Xm-¡-tf-bpw B-\-µ-hn-Im-c-§-

fnÂ B-a-á-cm-Ip¶p.

]p-f-tIm-Zv-a-Im-cn-h-Nx-{]k-cw

]p-\ta-h ]p-\x-]p-\-cm-kv-Xpatl

F-¶v k-a-Im-en-I\m-b D-±-W-U-Ihn, {]-iw-kn -̈Xv sh-dp-sXbÃ.

N-¼p-¡-fp-sS Iq«-̄ nÂ ]p-cm-tW-Xn-lmk-s¯ C-Xn-hr-̄ -am-bn

kzo-I-cn-¡p-¶ B-Zy-I-hn-bm-Wv ]p-\w \-¼q-Xn-cn. I-Ym-I-Y-\-̄ n-

\pw, hÀ-®-\-̄ n-\pw, hn-Im-cm-hn-jv-¡-c-W-̄ n-\p-saÃmw A-t±-lw

tÇm-I-§Ä A-\m-bm-kw D-]-tbm-Kn-¡p¶p. hr-̄ -K-Ônbm-b

aebm-fw K-Zy-§Ä G-I-tZ-iw A³-]-tXm-fw hcpw a-p -̧tXm-fw

288

kw-kv-Ir-X-K-Zy-§fp-ap−v. K-Zyhpw ]-Zyhpw hn-Z-Kv-[-am-bn ssI-

Imcyw sN-¿m³ I-gn-bp-¶ D-̀ -b-I-ho-iz-c-\m-W-t±lw. t`m-P-N¼p,

A-\À-L-cm-Lhw, l-\p-a-Xv-\m-SIw, _m-e-cm-amb-Ww c-Lp-hwiw,

c-Lp-ho-c-hnP-bw Xp-S§n-b kw-kv-Ir-X-Im-hy-§Ä A-t±-l-̄ n-\v

D-]-Pn-hy-§-fm-bn-«p−v. {]-Xn-]mT-\-co-Xn-bnÂ H-cn-S¯pw A-t±-lw

hmÂ-an-In-sb A\p-I-cn-¡p-¶nÃ. hn-in-ã-k-µÀ-̀ -§fpw B-i-b-

§fpw D-ÅnÂ ]-Xn-bm³ X¡h®w A-t±-lw B hn-jv-¡-cn-

¡p¶p. A-án-{]-th-i-k-a-b-¯p-Å ko-X-bp-sS `m-h-s¯-̧ -än

Xm]-hp-aÃXp, tIm-]-hp-aÃ-Xp

tJ-Z-hp-aÃXp, tam-Z-hp-aÃ-Xp

tI-h-e-k-̄ m-Øn-Xn-sb-t¶Xpw `m-hw

{]-Xn-kw-{]-Xn a-t\y.....

F-¶n-§-s\-bp-Å hn-hc-Ww F-{X B-e-N-\m-ar-X-amWv. c-N\m-

ssh-Nn{Xw hcp¯m³ A-t±-lw a-e-bm-f-K-Zy-§Ä D-]-tbm-Kn-

¡p¶p.

Iz-Nn-Zv hn-{]-hr-µw s]m-Sp-s¶-¶

X-½nÂ sX-fnª-«tlm ! i-¦-c³

sX-¡p-\n-t¶-t¸mÄ h-¶p `hm³

F³-{]-a-̄ ³ sh-en-s¡-́ p t]mÂ h-cmªp

Nne-bnS-̄ v C-{]-Im-cw km-am-\y-P-\-§-fp-sS `m-j-bn-epw A-t±-

lw K-Zy-§Ä \n_Ôn-̈ n-«p-Å-Xm-bn Im-Wmw. A¶-s¯ tI-c-fo-

b-Po-hn-X-̄ -n-sâ \À-½-̀ -cam-b B-hn-jv-¡c-Ww cm-am-b-W-N-¼p-

hnÂ Im-Wm³ I-gn-bpw. \-¼ym-cp-sS Xp-ÅÂ {]Øm-\-̄ n-sâ

B-Zy-amXr-I cq-]-̄ nepw `m-h-̄ nepw Cu N-¼p-hnÂ \-ap-¡v

Is−-̄ mw.

cm-am-b-W-N-¼p-hn-se Z-Þ-I-§Ä a-e-bm-f-̀ m-jm-Z-Þ-I-§-

fnÂ A-Xyp-¶-X-Øm\ v̄ \nÂ-Ip¶p. Cu Z-Þ-I-§-fnÂ C-

289

£wZ-Þn-I, N¬-Un-hr-ãn-{]-̀ m-Xw F¶nh A-t±-lw A-b-Xv-\-e-

fn-am-bn D-]-tbm-Kn-¨n-cn-¡p¶p. Nn-e Im-hy-k-µÀ-̀ -§Ä ]nÂ-¡m-e-

I-hn-IÄ A-h-bp-sS B-kzmZy-X \n-an-̄ w A-dn-bm-sX ]-IÀ-̄ n-

sh-̈ n-cn-¡p¶p. ko-X-tZ-hn h-c-W-am-ey-hp-am-bn kz-bw-h-c cwK-̄ v

{]-Xy-£-s¸Sp¶ `mKw.

aq-fnSpw `rwi-]m-fn-hn-h-e-\-a-[pcmw am-enImw

ssI-̄ -te-t¯À-̄ n-«m-fn Z-̄ m-h-ew-¼y-\nP-X\p

a-l-km-cw-K-ap-tZym-X-b´nx

F-¶n hÀ-®-\bpw ‘{hn-fm-\-\-an-S-bn-S-bnÂ I«p-t\m¡n’ F-¶ `m-h-

`w-Knbpw ]nÂ¡me-̄ v \nc-Ww I-hn-bv¡pw F-gp-̄ -Ñ\pw A-\p-

I-c-Wn-b-am-bn Xo-À-¶p. GXm-bmepw H-¶p XoÀ-¨ a-\p-jy-lr-Zb-

s¯ A-̀ n-c-an-¸n-¡p-¶ im-iz-X-ku-µ-cy-̀ mh-§fpw k-ap-¶-X-Nn-

-́I-fpw, inÂ-]-ku-µ-cy-ap-Å C¯-cw a-lm-inÂ-]-§Ä Ime-

s¯ A-Xn-Po-hn¡p-I X-s¶ sN¿pw.

`m-jm-\u-j-[N¼p: ]p-\-̄ n-sâ cm-am-b-WN-¼p I-gn-ªmÂ `m-

jm-N-¼p-¡-fnÂ {]-[m-\w a-j-a-µv-K-e-̄ n-sâ `mjm-ss\-j-[-N-¼p-

hmWv. a-lm-̀ m-c-X-̄ n-se \fNcnX-s¯ A-Sn-Øm-\-am-¡n-bp-Å

Cu N-¼p-hn-\v ]qÀ-Æ-̀ m-Khpw D-̄ -c-̀ m-K-hpap-−v. I-hn-bp-sS a-

t\m-[À-½hpw IÂ-]-\m-Nm-Xp-cnbpw hn-f-bm-Sp¶-Xv ]qÀ-Æ-̀ m-K-

¯n-emWv. {]-kn-²am-b {io-lÀj-sâ ss\-j[n-b N-cnX-s¯

]nÂ-Xp-S-cm-sX kzX{´am-b co-Xn-bn-em-Wv Im-hy-w c-Nn-̈ n-«p-ÅXv.

Im-hym-cw-̀ -̄ n-se kp{]kn²am-b h-µ-\-tÇmIw “A³-

s]ms¯m-¶-£-cm-fn I-en-X-Xp-\p-e-tX...” F¶p XpS-§p-¶ c-N-

\ k-lr-Z-b-tI-c-f-̄ n-sâ Aw-Kn-Im-cw t\-Sn-b-Xm-Wv. {InkvXp-

hÀjw 16þmw \p-äm-−n-em-Wv a-g-awK-ew \m-cm-b-W³ \-¼q-Xn-cn-

290

bp-sS Pohn-X-Imew. sIm-̈ n-bn-se ho-c-tI-c-f-cm-Pm-hn-sâ k-Z-ky-

\m-bn-cp-¶p A-t±lw.

ss\-j-[N-¼p B-cw-̀ n-¡p¶-Xv tZ-h-Xm-kv-XpXn-tbm-sS-

bmWv. BZyw Xncphe-bm-[o-iz-cn-sb (Du-cI-̄ v `-KhXn) kv-Xp-Xn-

¨p sIm-−p-Xp-S-§p¶p. ]n¶nSv alm-hn-jv-Wp-hn-s\ kv-Xp-Xn-

¡p¶p. Xp-SÀ-¶v \n-j-[-cm-Pm-hm-b- \f-s\-¡pdn-̈ p-Å hÀ-®-\-bm-

Wv A-Xn-\p-ti-jw Z-a-b-́ n-bp-sS \-K-cam-b Ip-Þn-\-]pcs¯

hÀ-®n-¡p-¶p. ò-a-cm-P-]p-{Xnbm-b Z-a-b-ń-bp-sS P-\-\hpw ku-

µ-cy-ineym-Zn-Ifpw lr-Zyam-b hn-[-̄ nÂ hÀ-®n-̈ n-cn-¡p¶p.

Z-a-b-́ n-bp-sS ku-µ-cy-ku-in-eym-Zn-I-sf-¡p-dn-̈ v tI-«v \-

f³ A-h-fnÂ A\pc-à-\m-Ip-¶Xpw X-sâ ssh-hiyw XnÀ-

¡m³ D-Zym-\-̄ n-te-¡v t]m-Ip-¶Xpw A-hn-sS sh-̈ v A-c-b-¶-hp-

am-bn I-−p-ap-«p-¶Xpw A-b-c¶-s¯ Ip-Þn-\-]p-c-̄ n-te-¡v

Zq-X-\m-bn ]-d-ª-b-¡p-¶Xpw a-äpam-b Im-cy-§Ä X-·-b-Xz-

t¯m-sS hÀ-®n-̈ n-cn-¡p¶p. A-cb-¶w Ip-Þn-\-]p-c-¯n-se-̄ n

Z-a-b-́ n-sb¡-−v \f-sâ ktµiw A-dn-bn-¡p-Ibpw Xn-cn-s -̈

¯n Z-a-b-́ n-bp-sS k-tµ-iw \f-\v ssI-am-dp-Ibpw sN-¿p¶p. ]n-

¶n-Sv Z-ab-́ n kz-bwh-cw \n-Ý-bn-¡-s¸«p. C-{µm-Zn-Zn-Iv-]m-e-I-·mÀ

\-f-th-j-̄ nÂ kzbw-h-c-a-Þ-]-̄ n-se-̄ p-Ibpw ]-t£ Z-a-b-

ń-bp-sS {]mÀ-°-\-bnÂ a-\-Ê-en-ªv A-hÀ Xm-́ m-§-fp-sS

X\-Xp cq-]w {]-Xy-£-s -̧Sp-̄ p-Ibpw sN-¿p¶p. Xp-SÀ-¶v b-

YmÀ-° \f-s\ Xn-cn-̈ -dn-ªv Z-ab-́ n At±ls¯ h-c-W-ameyw

A-Wn-ªv kzo-I-cn-¡p¶p. ]ns-¶ \-f-Z-a-b-́ n-amÀ ss\-j-[-cm-Py-

v̄ F-̄ n B-\-µn-̈ t¯msS hÀ-̄ n-¡p-¶-tXm-sS ]qÀ-Æ-̀ m-Kw

Ahkm\n¡p¶p.

{K-Ù-IÀ-̄ hm-b a-g-aw-K-e-¯n-sâ `m-h-\m-hn-em-k-§Ä Ir-Xn-bn-

ep-S-\o-fw Im-Wm-hp-¶-XmWv. hÀ-®-\-I-fp-sS Im-cy-¯nÂ A-Xp-

291

ey-\m-W-t±lw. \f-sâ `-c-W-Ime-s¯ hÀ-®n-¡p-¶ k-µÀ-̀ -

¯nÂ, an-{Xm-]mbw, tZm-jm-K-a\w, IÀ-®-tÑ-Zw s]m¶n³ Z-Þw

Xp-S§n-b tÇ-j-{]-tbm-K-§Ä {]-tXy-Iw {]-iw-k-\n-b-amWv.

kzbw-h-c a-Þ-]-̄ n-se-¯p-¶ Z-a-b-´n-sb

I-e-b-́ oI-tc amemw

Xp-e-b-́ o-c-Xo--cp-Nm

Z-ab-́ n K-Xm-cw-Kw

\-ab-́ o aq-Jmw-_pPw

F-¶n§-s\ hÀ-®n-¡p-¶p AXp-t]m-se \n-im-K-a\-s¯ kq-Nn-

¸n-¡p-¶

A-kv-X-Kn-cn-iz-c-a-kv-X-I-koa-\n

`m-kv-¡-c-̀ -K-hm³ a-dbpw t\cw

F-¶ K-Zy-hÀ-®-\bpw hf-sc a-t\m-l-c-amWv. hn-hmlm-tLm-j-§-

fnÂ ]-s¦-Sp-¡m-s\¯n-b tPym-Õ-am-tcbpw a-{ -́hm-Zn-I-tf-bp-

saÃmw I-W-¡n-\v I-fn-bm-¡p-¶p−v. hn-hm-l-̄ n-\v ]p-d-s¸-Sp-¶

kv-{Xo-I-fp-sS N-a-b-]p-d-¸m-Sv c-k-I-c-am-bn hÀ-®n-¨n-cn-¡p¶p. t{]-

a-ssh-hiyw sIm-−p-g-ep-¶ \-f-Z-a-b-́ n-am-cp-sS A-h-Ø hn-h-cn-

¡p-¶ ‘k-¦Â-]-kw-K-a-kp-Jn-\p-̀ -hky’ D-Åp-cn-sâ {]iw-k ]n-Sn-

¨p-]än-b c-N-\-bmWv. Npcp-¡-̄ nÂ A-Npw-_n-Xam-b Bi-b-

ssh-Nn-{Xy-§-sf-s¡m−pw hÀ®-\m-NmXpcn sIm−pw ]-cn-lm-

kw sIm−pw aäpw `m-jm-s\-j-[N-¼p ap³-]-́ n-bnÂ \nÂ-¡p-

¶ c-N-\-bmWv.

sN-ÃqÀ \m-tYmZ-bw N¼p: sNÃqÀ \-tYm-Zbw, \m-cm-b-Wobw, sX-

ss¦-e \mtYmZ-bw F-¶n§-s\ aq-¶p-a-[yIm-e a-Wn-{]-hm-f-N-¼p-

¡Ä c-Nn-̈ a-lm-kmlnXy-Im-c-\m-Wv \o-e-I-WvT-Ihn. C-t±-lw in-

h-Zz-P-k-ap-Zm-bmw-K-am-bn-cp¶p (apÊ-Xv). sNÃqÀ \m-tYm-Z-b-̄ n-

se I-Ym-h-kv-Xp-hn-sâ G-I-tZ-i-kw-{K-lw C{]Im-c-amWv. k-Z-Ên-

292

en-cn-¡p-¶ H-cp tXmg-\v I-Y ]-dªp-sIm-Sp-¡p-¶ co-Xn-bnem-Wv

A-h-X-cWw. D-c-s]-cp-In-\-sNÃq-c-[oiw Kn-coiw F-¶n§-s\

sNÃqÀ\mYs\ h-kv-Xn¨p-sIm-−v I-Y Xp-S-cp-¶p. {io ]mÀÆ-Xn ,

K-W-]-Xn, kp{_-Ò-Wy³, a-lÀ-jn-amÀ, `q-X-KW-§Ä F-¶n-h-tcm-

Sp-Ip-Sn ssI-em-k-]À-Æ-X-¯nÂ h-gp-¶ {io-]-c-ta-iz-c-s\-bm-Wv

BZyw hÀ-®n-¡p-¶Xv. H-cp Znh-kw {_Òmhn-sâ t\-Xr-Xz-̄ nÂ a-

lm-hn-jvWp, tZ-th-{µ³ F-¶n-hÀ k-I-e-tZ-h-·mtcmSpw Iq-Sn A-

hn-sS-sb¯n. hn-iz-IÀ-½mhnsâ ]p-{Xnbmb kw-Úm]-Xnbm-b

kq-cy-sâ Xm-]w k-ln-¡m³ I-gn-bmstX ]n-Xmhn-t\m-Sv ]-cm-Xn-s¸-

Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp. hn-iz-IÀ-½m-hmI-s« N-{I-b{´-w D]tbm-Kn¨v

kq-cy-sâ tXP-Êv Ip-d¨p. Cu kab v̄ in-h-enw-Km-Ir-Xn-bn-Â aq-

¶p I-e-IÄ kq-cy-\nÂ \n-¶v sX-dn- v̈ t]mbn. B-_nw-_-{X-bw

temI-cm-£mÀ-°w {io-]-c-ta-iz-c³ kz-bw kzo-I-cn¨p.

A-Xn-enS-¡v inh-sâ IÂ-]-\-{]-Im-cw `q-X-e-̄ nÂ h-¶v

Ip-t`m-Z-c³ sNÃqÀ {Km-a-¯n-se {_m-Ò-W-cp-sS B-Nm-cm-\p-

jvTm-\-§Ä I-−v a\-Êv kt´mjn-̈ v inh-s\ B- hn-ti-j-W-

§Ä A-dn-bn¨p. Xp-SÀ-¶v a-lm-tZh-\v sNÃqÀ {Kma-s¯ X-sâ

km-¶n²yw sIm-−v A-\p-{K-ln-¡-W-sa-¶m-{K-l-ap-−mbn. A-

§n-s\ Ccn-s¡ [À-½n-jvT\pw in-h-̀ -à-\pam-b i-X-tk-a³ A-

[n-Im-c-̄ nÂ h¶p. A-t±-lw A-K-kv-Xy-ap-\n-bp-sS D-]-tZ-i-{]-Im-

cw I-en-bp-sS tZm-jw ]-cn-l-cn-¡p-¶-Xn-\v in-h-enw-K-{]-XnjvT \-S-

¯m³ Xo-cp-am-\n¨p. A-Xn-\m-bn A-t±-lw X]Êm-cw-`n¨p. i-X-

tkma-sâ X-]-ÊnÂ A-kz-Ø\m-b in-h³ H-Sp-hnÂ ]mÀ-Æ-Xn-tZ-

hn \n-Xy]q-P \-S-̄ n-bn-cp-¶ in-h-enw-Kw i-X-tkma-s\ FÂ-]n¨p.

]-c-a-in-h³ _nw-_w i-X-tkma-\v \Â-In-b hmÀ-̄ tI-«v ]mÀÆ-Xn

tIm-]n-jvT-bmbn. tZhnbpsS tIm-]w X-Wp-̧ n-¡m-\m-bn i-X-tkm-

a³ tZ-hn-bp-sS ImÂ-¡Â-ho-Wv £a tNm-Zn¨p. Xp-SÀ-¶v {io-]ÀÆ-

293

Xn tZ-hnbpw {io-]-c-ta-iz-c\pw i-X-tkma-s\ A\p-{K-ln-¡p-

Ibpw _nw-_w {]-Xn-ãn-Im³ A-\p-hm-Zw \Â-Ip-Ibpw sN-bv-Xp

iXtkm-a³ A-K-kv-Xy ap-\n-bp-sS km-¶n-²y-̄ nÂ in-h-enw-K- {]-

XnjvT \-S¯n. Xp-SÀ-¶v t£-{X-hÀ-®-\ tI-im-Zn-]m-Z-hÀ®-\,

t£-{X-]-cn-]m-e-\-hy-h-Ø-IÄ F¶n-h hÀ-®n-¡p¶p. A-Jn-e-tem-

I-c-£-WmÀ-°w sNÃpÀ \mY-s\ {]-Xn-jvTn- v̈ cm-Pm-hv tem-I-

sa§pw X-sâ IoÀ-̄ n hym-]n¨p.

sNÃqÀ \m-tYm-Z-b-̄ nÂ sNÃq-cnÂ t£{Xw ]Wn-X cm-

Pm-hv tI-c-f-cm-Pm-hm-sW-¶v I-hn Øm-]n-¡p¶p. F-¶mÂ aq-jn-

I-hw-iw F-¶ kw-kv-Ir-X-Im-hy-̄ nÂ A-t±-lw aq-jn-I-cm-Pm-hm-

sW-¶pw i-X-tkm-a³ F-¶m-W-tZ-l-̄ n-sâ t]sc¶pw {]-kv-Xm-

hn-¡p-¶p−v. C-Xn-\p-]pd-sa sNÃqÀ \m-tYm-Z-b-̄ nÂ

hÀ®n¡p¶-Xv X-fn-̧ -d-¼n-se s]cpw Xr-t¡m-hnÂ t£-{X-s¯-bm-

sW-¶p \n-K-a-\-̄ n\pw N-cn-{X-]-camb sX-fn-hp-I-fnÃ.

sX-ss¦-e\m-tYm-Zbw: sNÃqÀ \m-tYm-Z-b-N-¼p c-Nn-¨ \n-e-I-WvT-

I-hn-bp-sS asämcp {]-_-Ô-Im-hy-am-Wv sX-ss¦-e\m-tYmZ-bw .

Xr-Èn-h-t]-cq-cn-ep-Å h-S-¡pw-\m-Y-t£-{X-̄ n-se aq-e-{]-Xn-jvT-bp-

sS am-lm-ßy-am-Wv C-XnÂ hÀ-®n-̈ n-cn-¡p¶Xv I-Ym-kw-{K-lw C-

§ns\.

]-c-iq-cm-a³ £-{Xn-b-hw-i§-sf \-in-¸n-̈ -Xn-\p-ti-jw X-sâ tIm-

]w i-an-¸n- v̈ a\Ê-am-[m-\w ho-s−-Sp-¡p-¶-Xn-\p-th-−n a-tl-{µ-

]ÀÆ-X-̄ nÂ sN-¶v X-]-Êm-cw`n-̈ p. A-t¸mÄ k-\ym-kn-amcpw th-

Z-IÀ-½-§Ä sN¿p-¶ {_m-Ò-Wcpw At±ls¯ k-ao-]n- v̈ bm-

Km-Zn-hn-ln-X-IÀ-½-§Ä A-\p-jvTn-¡p-¶-Xn-\p-th-−n k¼v-X-k-ar-

²am-b H-cp `q-̀ m-Kw X-§Ä-¡v IÂ-]n-̈ p X-c-W-sa-¶-t]-£n¨p.

hn`h§-sfÃmw H-Sp-§n ]-cm-[n-\-bm-bn C-cn-¡p-¶ ]-c-iq-cma-\p

{_m-Ò-W-cpsS Cu At]-£ kzo-I-cn-¡m³ \n-hÀ-̄ n-bp-−m-bn-

294

cp-¶nÃ. Xp-SÀ-¶v A-t±-lw ]-Ýn-a-Xo-c-s¯ -sN-¶v k-ap-{Zm-[n-]\m-

b h-cp-W-t\m-Sv I-S-en-sâ hn-kv-Xm-cw Ipd-̈ v A§n-s\ \nI-¶p

In-«p-¶ Ø-ew {_m-Ò-WÀ-¡v \Â-Im-\m-h-iy-s¸«pw h-cp-W³ b-

Úm-bp-[am-b iqÀ-̧ w I-S-en-te-¡v F-cn-ªv A-Xv F-hn-sS-s -̈

¶p-hn-gp¶pthm A-Xv h-sc-bp-Å Ø-ew I-S-sem-gn-ªv I-c-bm-

¡n F-Sp-¡m-\-\p-h-Zn-̈ p. (iqÀ-̧ mcIw F-¶mÂ bm-K-̄ n-\p-]-

tbm-Kn-¡p-¶ apdw-t]m-se-bp-Å `q-an-bp-sS H-cp sNdn-b tIm¬

F-¶À°w) A-§n-s\ I-S-enÂ \n-¶v ho-s−-Sp-̄ `mK-s¯

]ciq-cm-a³ {_m-Ò-WÀ-¡m-bn Zm-\w sN-bv-Xp. ({_m-Ò-W-]p-cm-

W-̄ nse Cu I-Y ]-e ‘tIctfmÂ-]-̄ n’I-fn-epw B-hÀ-̄ n-¡p-

¶p−v) B `q-a-n-sb ]-cn-]m-en-¡m³ kqcyhw-i-cm-Pmhm-b tI-cf-

s\ Np-a-X-e-s¸-Sp-̄ p-Ibpw sN-bvXp. Xp-SÀ-¶v ]cipcm-a³ {io-

]-c-ta-izc-sâ B-Øm-\amb ssI-em-k-̄ n-se-¯p-Ibpw

]cainh³ {io-]mÀÆ-Xn k-ta-X-\m-bn Xm³ \nÀ-½n¨ B `q-J-Þ-

¯nÂ Fgp¶Ån \n-Xy-km-¶n²yw sN-¿-W-sa¶pw A-t]-

£n¡pIbpw sN-¿p¶p. inh`à\pw injy\pam-b ]-c-iq-cma-

sâ A-̀ n-ãw \n-d-th-än-s¡m-Sp-¡-W-sa-¶v ]mÀ-Æ-Xnbpw At]-£n-

-̈Xn-\mÂ ]-c-ta-iz-c³ ]-c-iq-cm-a-\nÀ-½n-Xam-b tI-c-f-¯nte-¡v

]cnhmcw F-gp-¶-Åm³ Xo-cp-am-\n¨p. ]mÀÆ-Xn ]-c-ta-iz-c-·mÀ

hrj`mcp-V-cmbn (Im-f-¸p-d v̄) kp-{_-Ò-Wy³, K-W]-Xn F-¶n-

h-tcm-sSm¸w ‘sIm-¦-W-̀ qan’bnse¯n. sIm-¦-W-̀ q-an-bpsS a[y-

¯n-se-̄ n-b-t¸mÄ `-K-hm-sâ hm-l-\am-b Im-f H-cp-Øe-̄ v

kw-hm-k-Ir-Xq-l-en-bm-bn \nÂ-]p-d-¸n¨p. B Øe v̄ F-gp-¶-

Ån-bn-cn-¡m³ in-h\pw \n-Ý-bn¨p. in-h³ hn-jv-Wp-hn-s\ sX¡p-

`m-K-̄ n-cn-¡p-hm³ \n-tbm-Kn-¡p-Ibpw Xm³ tPym-XnÀ-am-bam-b

kz-cq-]w kzoI-cn- v̈ h-S-¡pw-`mK v̄ k-¶n-[m-\w sN-¿p-Ibpw sN-

bvXp. `-K-hm³ tam-lm-Zn-ZqXcm-b km-[m-c-W-¡mÀ-¡v A-t`-Z-_p-

295

²n-bp-f-hm-¡p-¶-Xn-\p-th-−n sX¡pw hS¡pap-Å- aqÀ-̄ n-

IfpsS \-S-hnÂ ‘i¦c-\m-cm-b-W-\mbn’ h-kn¨p. A-§n-s\-bn-cn-

¡p-¶ Ime-̄ v sIm¦-W-cmPyw hm-gp-¶ tI-c-f³ hn-[n-{]-Im-cw

cm-Py-]cn]me\w \nÀ-Æ-ln-̈ v hmÀ²-Iy-k-a-b-̄ v sX-ss¦-em-k-am-

b (sX¡pÅ ssIemkw) `q-an-bnÂ h-¶p tNÀ-¶v inh-s\ tk-

hn¨p-sIm-−v X-]-Êm-cw-̀ n¨p. Hcn¡Â {io-]-c-ta-iz-c³ kz-]v-\-

¯nÂ A-t±-l-̄ n-\v ZÀi-\w \Â-Ip-Ibpw ]ctaizc-sâ A-

cpÄ-̧ m-Sv A-\p-k-cn-̈ v A-hn-sS t£-{Xw, a-XnÂ, tKm-]p-c-§Ä,

kc-Êp-IÄ F¶n-h ]-Wn- sN-¿p-Ibpw sN-bvXp. Xp-SÀ-¶v t£-

{X-̄ n-te-¡-hiyamb `q-an tZ-h-kz-am-bn hn«p-sIm-Sp-¡p-Ibpw

{_m-Ò-WÀ Xp-S§n-b t£-{Xm-́ -hm-knI-sf k-ao]-Xv kw-Ip-Spw-

_w Xmakn-̧ n-¡p-Ibpw sN-bvXp.

sIm-̈ n cm-Pm-hm-bn-cp-¶ ho-c-tI-c-f-hÀ-½ X-¼q-cm-sâ

(AD 1591 apXÂ 1615 hsc) `-c-W-Ime-̄ v sX-ss¦-e\m-tYm-Z-b-

¯n-sâ \nÀ-½n-Xn A-t±-l-¯n-sâ B-Ú-{]-Im-cw {io-\n-e-I-

WvTI-hn \nÀ-½n-̈ {]-_-Ô-am-Wv sX-ss¦-e\m-tYm-Zbw. A-t±-l-

¯n-sâ a-äp-c-−p-N-¼p-¡fm-b sNÃqÀ \m-tYm-Zbw, \m-c-b-Wo-bw

XpS§n-b IrXn-I-fp-sS kzm-[o\w Cu Ir-Xn-bnÂ Im-Wmw.

]nÂ]nÂ]nÂ]nÂ----¡me¡me¡me¡me----¯v a¯v a¯v a¯v a----WnWnWnWn----{]{]{]{]----hmhmhmhm----ffff----¯n¯n¯n¯n----\\\\v Iv Iv Iv I----emememem----cqcqcqcq----]]]]----§§§§----fpfpfpfp----amamamam----bp−mbp−mbp−mbp−m----b _b _b _b _----

ÔwÔwÔwÔw

Ir-jv-W-\m«w, cm-a-\m-«w, I-YI-fn F-¶o aq-¶v {]-[m-\-s -̧«

\r-Xy-I-em-cq-]-§-fm-Wv tI-c-f-̄ n-ep-−m-bXv. \rXyw `m-hm-ß-

Ihpw ]-ZmÀ-°m-̀ n--\bm-ß-I-hpamb H-cp I-em-cq-]-amWv. km-

lnXyw A-XnÂ H-cp {]-[m-\-L-S-I-amWv. AXpt]m-se X-s¶ \r-

¯-hpw. \-½p-sS a-Wn-{]-hm-f-I-hn-X-IÄ B-cw-̀ n-¡p-¶-Xp-Xs¶

t£{X-\À-̄ -In-I-fm-bn-cp-¶ tZ-h-Zm-kn-I-sf Np-än-̧ -än-bmWv. tam-

296

ln-\n-bm«w, A-ã-]-Zn-bm-«w Xp-S§n-b \r-̄ -cq-]-§Ä t£-{X-

§-fn-se \m-Sy-im-e-I-fnÂ 11þmw \p-äm-−p ap-XÂ X-s¶ A-c-

t§-dn-bn-cp¶p F-¶v ‘aq-jn-I-hw-i-Im-hyw’ sXfn-bn-¡p¶p. a-Wn-

{]-hm-f-N-¼p-¡-fp-sS B-hnÀ-`m-hw X-s¶ Iq-̄ v, Iq-Sn-bm«w, ]mT-

Iw Xp-S§n-b t£-{X-I-e-I-fp-sS D-]-tbm-K¯n-\p-th-−n-bm-bn-

cp-¶p F-¶v Nne K-th-j-I-]-Þn-X-·mÀ A-̀ n-{]m-b-s -̧«n-«p−v.

Iq-Sn-bm-«-̄ nÂ kw-kv-Ir-X-]-Zy-§Ä-s¡m¸w, kw-kv-Ir-X-̀ m-j-]-cn-

N-b-anÃm-̄ Im-Wn-IÄ-¡p-th-−n hn-Zp-j-I³ A-h-bp-sS `m-jm-

-́c-]-Zy-cq-]-§-fpw (a-Wn-{]-hm-f§Ä) sNmÃp-I ]-Xn-hm-bn-cp¶p,

A¯-cw {]-Xn-tÇm-IÄ a-Wn-{]-hm-f-{]-Nm-c-W-̄ n-\v kl-m-bn-¨p

F-¶v eoemh-Xn So-̈ À Nq-−n-¡m-«p-¶p−v. a-Wn-{]-hm-f-N-¼p-¡Ä

Nm-Iym-·mÀ-¡v Iq-̄ n-\v D]tbmKn-̈ n-cp-¶-Xm-bn hy-àam-b sX-

fn-hp-I-fnÃ. A-tX ka-bw ]mT-Iw F-¶ Zriy-I-em-cq-]-̄ n-\v cm-

am-b-Wm-Zn-N-¼p-¡Ä D-]-tbm-Kn- -̈Xmbn. ‘]mT-I-I-Ym-amenI’ F-

¶ ]q-cm-W-{K-Ùw sX-fn-hv \Â-Ip-¶p−v. B-«-¡-Y-I-fn-se Z-Þ-

I-§fp-sSbpw N-¼p-¡-fn-se K-Zy-§-fp-sS-bpw [À-½w G-I-tZ-iw

H-¶p Xs¶. B«¡Y-I-fnÂ A-h-X-c-W-tÇm-I-§Ä kw-kv-Ir-X-

¯nepw ]-Z-§fpw Z-Þ-I-§fpw a-Wn-{]-hm-f-̄ n-ep-am-Wv c-Nn-

¡-s -̧«n-«p-ÅXv. P-b-tZ-h-I-hn-bp-sS kw-kv-Ir-X-̄ n-ep-Å io-tXm-

tKm-hn-µw tI-c-f-̄ nÂ hym-]-Iam-b {]-Nm-cw t\-Sn-bn-cp¶p. AXn-

se Km-\§Ä ‘A-ã-]-Zn’sb-¶ t]-cnÂ tI-c-fn-b-t£-{X-§-fnÂ

sIm-«n-̧ m-Sn tk-h-bv¡pw aäpw ]-−p apX-se D-]-tbm-Kn-̈ n-cp¶p.

Cu ]-Xn-hnÂ \n¶v ‘Aã]Zn-bm«w’ F-¶ H-cp Zr-iy-I-em-cq-]w X-

s¶ D-cp-Xn-cn-ªp h-¶n-cp¶p. ]nÂ¡me¯v Ir-jv-W-\m-«-

¯n\pw I-Y-I-fn-b-v¡pw aäpw {]-tNmZ-\w \Â-InbXv Cu B-«-hn-

ti-j-amWv. I-Y-I-fn-bnÂ C¶pw ‘taf-̧ -Z’¯n-\p-]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶

297

‘aRvPpX-c’ F-¶ Km-\w KoXm-tKm-hn-µ-̄ n-ep-Å-XmWv. A-ã]-

Zn ]m-Sp¶ tkm]m-\-kw-Ko-X-co-Xn I-YI-fn kw-KoX-s¯ hf-sc

kzm-[o-\n-̈ n-cp¶p. km-ap-Xn-cn am-\-th-Z³ cm-P-bp-sS Ir-jv-W-\m-«-

¯n-\p-th-−n c-Nn-̈ Ir-jv-W-Kn-Xn-bnepw KoXmtKm-hn-µ-̄ n-sâ

kzm-[o-\w Im-Wmw. Ir-jv-W-\m-«hpw A-Xn-s\ A-\p-I-cn-̈ p-−m-b

cm-a-\m-«-hp-am-Wv ]nÂ-¡me-̄ v I-Y-I-fn-sb-¶ Zr-iym-hn-jv-¡m-c-

¯n-\v {]tNm-Z-\-am-bXv. I-YI-fn Iq-Sn-bm-«-̄ n-se ssI-ap-{Z-Ifpw

th-j-hn-[m-\-§fpw DÄs¡m-−v Iq-Sp-XÂ ]-cn-j-¡-cn-¡-s¸«p.

F-¶mÂ tI-c-f-̄ n-se \m-«nÂ ]p-d-§fnÂ {]-Nm-c-̄ n-ep-−m-bn-

cp-¶ Zm-cn-Ih-[w t]m-ep-Å \m-«p-\m-S-I-cq-]-§fpw IY-I-fn-bp-

sS B-hn-jv-¡m-c-̄ n-\v k-lm-bn-̈ p-−m-IWw.

A-«-¡-Y-I-fn-se ]-Z§Ä (kw-̀ m-j-W-̀ m-K§Ä) {]-[m-\-

ambpw a-Wn-{]-hm-f-̀ m-jm-bn-em-Wv c-Nn-¡-s -̧«n-«p-ÅXv. a-Wn-{]-hm-f-

Im-hy-§-fm-bn-cp-¶ A-h-bp-sS {]tNm-Z-\-tI-{µ§Ä. a-Wn-{]-hm-

f-km-lnXyw ssI-sIm-«n-¡-fn-̧ m-«p-IÄ¡pw hen-b t{]m-Õml-\w

\Â-In. a-̈ m-«n-f-b-Xn-sâ ssImsIm-«n I-fn-̧ m-«pIÄ (Xn-cp-hm-Xn-c-

Ifn-sb¶pw t]-cp−v) a-[y-tI-c-f-̄ nÂ [mcm-fw {]-Nm-cw t\-Sn-bn-

cp¶p. B-«-I-Ym-Ir¯m-b C-c-bn-a³ X-¼n-bpsS ‘Hm-a-\-̄ n-¦Ä-

¡nSm-thm’ Xp-S-§n-b Xm-c-«p-]m-«p-Ifpw D-®m-bn-hm-cn-b-cp-

sSbpw C-c-bn-a³ X-¼n-bp-sSbpw B-«-¡-Y-bn-se ]-e ]Z§fpw

ssI-sIm-«n-I-fn-sb-¶ \r-¯-cq-]-̄ nÂ [-m-cm-f-am-bn D-]-tbm-Kn-

¨p h¶p.

B«¡B«¡B«¡B«¡----YYYY----bpbpbpbp----sS NcnsS NcnsS NcnsS Ncn---- ----{Xhpw cw{Xhpw cw{Xhpw cw{Xhpw cw----KKKK----IIII----emememem----____----ÔhpwÔhpwÔhpwÔhpw

‘I-Y-Ifn’ F-¶- Zr-iy-I-em-cq-]-̄ n-\v A-h-ew-_am-b km-ln-Xy-i-

J-bm-Wv B«¡Y. I-YI-fn \r-Xy-hpw, \m-Sy-hpw, \r-̄ hpw kw-

298

tbm-Pn-¡p-¶ Zr-iy-I-em-cq]-amWv. ]-ZmÀ-°m-̀ n-\-bn-̄ n-t\bpw `m-

hm-̀ n-\-bn-̄ n\pw {]m-[m-\y-ap-Å-Xn-s\-bmWv \rXyw F-¶p ]-d-bp-

¶Xv. Cu c-−p L-N-I-§Ä-¡pw cwK-̄ v -̂en-̧ n¡¯-I h-®-ap-

Å H-cp hm-Ü-b-̄ n-\v cq-]w \Â-Ip-I-sb-¶-Xm-Wv B-«-¡-Y-

cNbn-Xm-hv t\-cn-Sp-¶ shÃp-hn-fn. B-«-I-Ym-km-ln-Xy-̄ n-sâ XpS-

¡w ‘cma\m«’¯n-¶m-[m-cam-b F-«p-cm-am-b-W-IY-I-tfm-sS-

bmWv. sIm-«mc-¡-c X¼pcm³ c-Nn-̈ ]p-{X-Im-taãn, ko-Xm-kz-bw-

hcw, hn-Ñn-Ón-tjIw, J-c-h[w, _men-h[w, tXm-c-W-bp-²w, tk-Xp-

_-Ô\w, bp-²w F-¶n-h-bmWv. C-h-bnÂ _men-h-[hpw, tXm-c-W-

bp-²hpw am-{X-am-Wv C-t¸mÄ {]-Nm-c-̄ n-ep-ÅXv. tIm«bw X-

¼pcmsâ B-«-¡-Y-I-fm-Wv I-Y-I-fn¡pw B«-¡-Y km-ln-Xy-

¯n\pw ]pXn-b am\-§Ä \Â-In-bXv. cm-ta-X-c-I-YI-sf B«-

¯n-\p-Å I-Y-I-fm-bn cq]s -̧Sp-̄ nbXv tIm-«-b-¯ X-¼p-cm-

\mWv. tIm-«b-̄ v X-¼p-cm-sâ \m-ep-IYIÄ, _Ih[w, I-eym-W-

ku-K-ÔnIw, IoÀ-½o-c-h[w, Im-e-tI-b-h[w, IYIfn-bp-sS au-en-

Iam-b k-¦Â-]-§Ä-¡v C-W-§p-¶-Xpw. BSm\pw ]m-Sm\pw

]än-b IYIÄ F-¶v B-«-¡mÀ G-I-I-WvT-am-bn Aw-Kn-I-cn- -̈

Xpam-b c-N-\-I-fmWv. At±l-̄ nsâ Im-e-am-b-t¸m-tg¡pw I-Y-

I-fn-bnÂ ]m-{X-kz-̀ m-h-̄ n-\pw, Bhnjv¡-c-W-kz-̀ m-h-̄ n\pw

A-\p-Kp-W-am-bn A-©pX-cw th-j-hn-[m-\-§Ä an\p¡v, I¯n,

Icn, ]-̈ , XmSn F¶n-h \-S-¸n-em-bn I-gnªp. ]m-{X-{]-Ir-Xn¡pw

B-hn-jv-¡mc-̀ m-h-̄ n\pw A-\p-Kp-Wam-b H-cp B-lm-cy-kw-hn-

[m-\w G-ähpw A[nIw hn-I-kn¨-Xv I-Y-I-fn-bn-emWv, D-®m-bn-hm-

cn-b-cp-sS \-f-N-cn-Xw B«-¡-Y-bm-Wv B-«-¡-Ym-km-ln-Xy-̄ n-se

an-I-¨ km-ln-Xy-kr-ãn. a-lm-`m-c-X-̄ n-se h\]À-Æ-̄ nÂ \n-s¶-

Sp-̄ \-f-N-cn-Xw IY-sb \m-ep-hn-̀ m-K-§-fm-bn Xn-cn-̈ v \m-ep Znh-

kw sIm-−v B-Sn XoÀ¡m³ I-gn-bp-¶ B-Zn-a-[ym- -́ap-Å an-I-̈

299

I-Y-I-fm-Wv A-t±-lw cq-]-IÂ-]-\ sN-bv-Xn-«p-ÅXv. \-f-N-cnX-

s¯ a-Wn-{]-hm-f-IrXn-I-fnÂ {]Y-a-K-W-\o-b-sa-¶m-Wv F. BÀ,

cm-P-cm-P-hÀ-½ A-t±-l-̄ nsâ ‘Im-́ -c-XmcIw’ F-¶ hym-Jym-\-

¯nÂ A-̀ n-{]m-b-s -̧«n-«p-ÅXv. G-I-tZ-iw {In-kv-Xp-hÀjw 1675

t\m-S-Sp-̄ m-Wv \-f-N-cn-X-¯n-sâ B-hnÀ-̀ mhw.

a-äp {]-kn-²-§fm-b B-«-¡-Y-IÄ ImÀ-̄ n-I- Xo-cp-

\mÄ a-lm-cm-Pm-hn-sâ cP-kqbw, kp-̀ -{Zm-lc-Ww _-I-h[w, ]m-

©m-en-kz-bwh-cw F-¶n-h-bmWv. A-iz-Xn Xn-cp-\m-fn-sâ ]u¬{U-

I-h[w, Aw-_-cn-j-N-cnXw, cpÜ-Wn kz-bw-hcw. ]q-X-\m-tam-£w

F-¶n-h-bm-Wv a-äp B-«-¡-YIÄ. C-c-bn-½³ X-¼n-bp-sS D-̄ -cm-

kz-bw-hcw, Io-N-I-h[w, Z-£-bm-Kw F-¶n-hbpw In-fn-am-\pÀ cm-P-

cm-P-hÀ½ tIm-bn-̄ ¼p-cm-sâ cm-h-W-hn-P-bhpw K-W-\o-bam-b

B-«-¡-Y-I-fmWv.

tIm-«w hn-s«m-cp tIm«-bw I-Y-IÄ \mev, A-©m-sX h-©n-iz-c-

t{i-jvT³ X-¶p-sS \m-ev, X-¼n-bp-sS aq-¶v H-¶m-¡-co-{µ-sâbpw

F-¶n§-s\ B-Sm³ ]-äp-¶ ]-g-b B«-¡-Y-IÄ ]-g-b B-im-

·mÀ ]-{ -́−n-sem-Xp-¡p¶p. ]nÂ-¡me-̄ v C-Xn-lm-k-]p-cm-Wm-

ZnI-sf B-Ø-Z-am-¡n H-«-\h-[n B-«-¡-Y-IÄ a-e-bm-f-̄ n-ep-

−m-bn-«p−v. B-[p-\n-I-Im-e-L-«-̄ n-se B-«-¡-Y-I-fnÂ h-Å-

t¯m-fnsâ Hu-j-[m-l-cWw, ]¶n-tÈ-cn \m-Wp-]n-Å-bp-sS \n-gÂ-

¡p¶v, F³. hn Ir-jv-W-hm-cn-b-cp-sS _p-²-NcnXw, Nn-{XmwK-Z, H-f-

-̧a-®-bp-sS Aw-_-I-em-aÞ-ew tI-ih-sâ im-Ip -́fw hnhn-

Pb-sâ a-Wn-I-WvT-hnP-bw amen (am-[-h³ \mbÀ) bp-sS IÀ-®-

i]-Yw F¶nh DÄ-s -̧Sp¶p.

cw-K-I-e-sb-¶ \n-e-bnÂ I-Y-I-fn-bp-sS Øm-\w A-Xp-

eyhpw kÀ-Æ-tem-I-{]i-kv-Xn t\-Sn-b-Xp-amWv. \m-Syw, \r¯w,

\rXyw F-¶o {Xn-Kp-W-\r-¯-co-XnI-sf Bw-K-nIw, km-XznIw, B-

300

lmcyw F-¶o A-̀ n-¶-tbm-]m-[n-I-fp-am-bn _-Ô-s¸Sp¯n. k-a-\z-

bn-̧ n-̈ v A-h-X-cn-¸n-¡p-¶ H-cp cw-K-I-e-bm-Wv I-Y-Ifn. I-Y-I-fn-

bnÂ \S-s\ kw-_-Ôn-̈ n-S-t¯m-fw hm-Nn-Im-̀ n-\-b-anÃ. A-Xn-sâ

Øm\-̄ v ]n³]m-«p-ImÀ ‘]-Z’§Ä F-¶v km-t¦-Xn-I-am-bn ]-d-

bp-¶ Ko-X-§Ä Be]n¡p¶p. B-em-]\-s¯ A-I-¼-Sn-tk-hn-

¡p-¶ hm-Zy-ta-f§Ä, Nn-{X-I-e-bpsSbpw inÂ-]-I-e-bp-sSbpw

kw-bp-à-tim-̀ -\Â-Ip-¶ th-j-hn-[m-\-§Ä F¶nh A-Xn-sâ

B-hn-jv-¡m-c-̀ w-Kn hÀ-²n-¸n-¡p¶p. b-YmÀ-°-̄ nÂ tI-c-f-

¯nÂ ]-−p-Im-ew ap-XÂ \-S-̧ n-ep-−m-bn-cp-¶ a-X-]-chpw km-ap-

ln-I-hpam-b At\-Iw I-em-cq-]-§-fnÂ \n-¶v ]-cn-W-an-̈ p-−m-b-

Xm-Wv I-YI-fn F-¶ Zr-iy-I-em-cq-]w tam-ln-\n-bm«w, Iq-Sn-bm«w,

A-ã-]-Zn-bm-«w, Ir-jv-W-\m-«w Xp-S-§n Zr-iy-I-e-IÄ I-Y-I-fn-bp-

sS cq-]-̄ n\pw `m-h-̄ n\pw amÀ-¤-\nÀ-t±-iw \Â-In-bn-«p−v.

tÇmI§Ä aptJ-\ I-Ym-]m-{X-§-f cw-K-̄ -h-X-cn-¸n-¡p-Ibpw

]-Z-§Ä AY-hm ]m-«p-IÄ aptJ-\ k-w-̀ m-j-W-§Ä \-S-̄ p-

Ibpw Z-Þ-I-§Ä AY-hm I-Ym-hn-h-c-W-§Ä aptJ-\ I-YmK-

Xn kq-Nn-̧ n-¡p-I-bp-am-Wv B-«-¡-Y-I-fp-sS B-Jym-\-coXn. ‘tam-

ln-\n-bm-«’¯nÂ \n-¶v em-ky-k-{¼-Zm-b-hpw, A-ã-]-Zn-bnÂ \n-¶v

tkm-]m-\-kw-Ko-X-co-Xn-bpw, Iq-Sn-bm-«-̄ nÂ \n-¶v Bw-KnIw, km-

Xzn-Iw F-¶o A-̀ n-\-b-co-Xn-Ifpw Ir-jv-W-\m-«-̄ nÂ \n-¶v tÇm-I-

k-{¼-Zm-bhpw I-YI-fn kzmw-io-I-cn¨p. F¶mÂ C¶-s¯ \n-e-

bnÂ I-YI-fn H-cp k-¼qÀ-®-I-Y-bm-bn hn-I-kn-¡p-¶-Xn\v, hÀj-

§-tfm-fw A-t\-Iw {]-Xn-`-I-fp-sS kw-̀ m-h-\-I-fp-−m-bn-«p-−v.

sh«-̄ v cmPmhv, I-¹n-§mSv \-¼q-Xncn, IÃ-Sn-t¡m-Sv \-¼q-Xn-cn F-

¶n-h-cm-bn-cp-¶p I-Y-I-fn-bp-sS B-ZyIm-e ]-cn-jv-¡À-¯m¡Ä.

I-Y-I-fn-¡v C-¶p-Å kmÀ-Æ-tZin-b {]ikvXn e-̀ n-¡p-¶-Xn-\v

301

kÀÆ-io C-«n-cm-cn-̈ tat\m³, ]-«n¡mwsXm-Sn cm-ap-®n tat\m³,

Kp-cp-Ip-©p-Ip-dp¸v, sN-§-\qÀ cm-a³ ]n-Å B-im³, hm-sg-¦-S

Ip-©p-\mbÀ, am-¦p-fw hn-jv-Wp-\-¼q-Xncn, I-em-aÞ-ew Ir-jv-

W³ \mbÀ, Im-hp-§Â i-¦-c³-Ip-«n ]-Wn-¡À, I-emÞ-ew cm-

a³ Ip-«n \mbÀ, I-em-aÞ-ew tKm-]n-Xp-S§n-b \-S³-am-cpw, I-

em-aÞ-ew \-¼ni³, D-®n-Ir-jv-W-Ip-dp v̧, tIm-«-bv-¡Â s\-Sp-

§mSn, I-em-aÞ-ew ssl-Z-cmen, I-em-aÞ-ew i-¦-c³ F-{¼-

´ncn, sh¬aWn lcn-Zm-kv Xp-S§n-b `m-K-h-XÀ-am-cpw, aq¯-a-\

\-¼q-Xncn, sh-¦n- -̈kzman, at©-cn i-¦p-®n \mbÀ, Ir-jv-W³ Ip-

«n-s¸m-Xp-hmÄ, A-̧ p-¡p-«n s]m-Xp-hmÄ, Ip-«³-am-cmÀ Xp-S§n-b

]-¡-ta-f-¡mcpw A-h-cp-sSXm-b ]-¦v h-ln-̈ n-«p−v. \r¯w, kw-

KoXw, A-̀ n\-bw F-¶n-h-bp-sS ku-µ-cy-̄ n-I-hm-Wv I-Y-I-fn-sb

H-cp {]-[m-\-cw-K-I-e-bm-bn D-b-À-̄ n-bXv. Xm-sg sIm-Sp-¶-h-cm-Wv

B I-Y c-N-\-bn-se A-Xn-Im-b-·mÀ

1. tIm-«b-̄ v X-¼q-cm³: þ hS-s¡ a-e-_m-dnÂ 17þmw \q-äm-−n-

sâ D-̄ -cmÀ-²-̄ nÂ Po-hn-¨n-cp-¶, tIm«-bw cm-P-hw-i-¯n-se H-

cw-K-am-Wv tIm-«b-̄ v X-¼p-cm³. I-Y-I-fn-sb hy-h-Øm-]n-Xam-b

cq-]-̄ nÂ {]-Xn-jvTn-¡p-Ibpw {]-i-kv-Xam-b \m-ev B-«-¡-Y-IÄ

c-Nn-̈ v A-Xn-sâ {]tbm-K-̀ w-Kn Nn-«-s -̧Sp-̄ p-Ibpw sN-bv-Xv C-t±-

l-amWv. C-t±-l-̄ n-sâ _-I-h[w, InÀ-½n-c-h[w, I-eym-W-ku-K-

ÔnIw, \n-hm-X-IhN-Im-e-tI-bh-[w F¶n-h B-«-I-Y-IÄ B-Sn-

¡m-Wm-\pw, ]m-Sn-tIÄ-¡m-\pw, hmbn¨p-c-kn-¡m\pw H-cp t]m-se

tbm-Ky-amWv. kw-KoXw, km-ln-Xyw, A-̀ n\-bw Xp-S-§n-b-h- im-kv-

{Xo-b-X-bnÂ H-Xp§n, I-Y-I-fn-bp-sS km-t¦-Xn-I-X-bnÂ CW-

§n Im-Wp-¶Xv tIm«-bw I-Y-I-fmWv. ]nÂ-¡m-e-̄ p−m-b B-

«-¡-Y-IÄ-¡v am-Xr-I-bm-Wv A-t±-l-̄ n-sâ c-N-\IÄ. tIm«-bw

I-Y-IÄ B-Sn - -̂en-̧ n-¡p-¶-Xn-eq-sS am{X-ta I-YI-fn A-̀ yk-\w

302

]qÀ-̄ n-bm-Ip F-¶v C¶pw I-YI-fn Bim·mÀ hnizkn-¡p¶p.

Ct±lw Hcp tI-c-f-hÀ-½-bp-sS A-\-́ -c-h-\m-sW-¶v B-«-¡-Y-

IfnÂ kqN\-bp−v. F-¶mÂ ]g-Èn tI-c-f-hÀ-½-bp-sS ap³-Km-

an-bm-sW¶v Duln¡-s¸-Sp¶p. _-I-h-[-̄ n-se I-Y, ]m-Þ-h-

·mÀ G-I-N-{I-bnÂ h-kn-¡p-¶ Ime v̄ _I-\v B-lm-c-]-ZmÀ-

°-§-fp-am-bn a-c-W-̄ n-te-¡v t]m-tI-−n-h-cp¶p. aIs\ HmÀ-

v̄ Zpx-Jn-¡p-¶ {_m-Ò-W-Z-¼-Xn-I-fp-sS ]-cn-Xm-]-I-cam-b A-h-

Ø I−v A-h-cp-sS A-Xn-Ynbm-bn Xm-a-kn-¡p-¶ Ip-ń-tZ-hn a-

I³ ò-atk\-s\ {_mÒ-W-Ip-am-c-\p-]-I-c-am-bn _I-sâ B-Sp-

¡-te-bv-¡-b-¡p-¶Xpw _-I³ Ahs\ h-[n-¡p-¶-Xp-am-Wv {]-[m-

\I-Y. InÀ-½n-c-h-[-̄ n-ep-S-\o-fw [À-½-]p{XcpsS \m-bI-Xz-am-Wv

{]-I-So-̀ -hn-¡p-¶Xv. A-t±-lw kq-cy-s\ {]n-Xn-s¸-Sp-̄ n A£b-

]m{Xw k-¼m-Zn-¡p-¶-Xpw, ZpÀ-Æn-ã\m-b ZpÀ-hm-Êm-hn-s\ kzo-I-cn-

v̈ kt´m-jn-̧ n-̈ -b-¡p-¶Xpw a-äp-am-Wv {]-Xn-]m-Zn-¡p-¶Xv. ò-a-

tk-\³ InÀ-½nc-s\ h-[n-¡p-¶ kw`-hw A-{]-[m-\-am-bn am{Xw Nn-

{Xn-I-cn-¡p¶p. ‘I-eym-W-ku-K-ÔnI’¯nÂ ò-a-tk-\³ ]m-©m-

en-bp-sS XmÂ-̧ -cy-{]-Im-cw ku-K-Ôn-I-]p-jv-]w At\z-jn-̈ v ]p-d-

s -̧«p-¶-Xpw, h-gn-bnÂ sh-̈ v tPy-jvT\m-b l-\p-am³, D-²-X\m-b

ò-a-tk\-s\ ]-cn-£n-¡p-¶Xpw H-Sp-hnÂ Im-cy-km-²y-¯n-\m-bn

A-\p-{K-ln- v̈ BinÀ-h-Zn-¡p-¶-Xp-am-Wv I-Y. \n-hm-X-I-h-N-Im-e-

tI-b-h-[-̄ nÂ ]m-ip-]-Xm-kv{Xw t\-Sn-sb-Sp-̄ AÀ-Öp\-s\

Im-Wp-¶-Xn-\m-bn tZ-th-{µ³ km-c-Ynbm-b ‘amX-en’sb Zq-an-bn-

te-¡b-̈ v AÀ-Öp\-s\ kzÀ-¤-̄ n-te-¡v hn-fn- v̈ h-cp-¯p-¶Xpw

kÂ-¡-cn-¡p-¶-Xp-am-Wv I-Y. A-hnsS sh-̈ v kzÀ-¤-kp-µ-cnbm-b

DÀh-in hnP-b-\nÂ A-\p-c-à-bm-Ip-¶-Xpw, am-Xr-Øm-\nbm-b

Ah-sf AÀ-Öp-\³ Xockv-¡-cn-¡p-¶Xpw A-hÄ AÀ-Öp\-

303

s\ i-]n-¡p-¶Xpw hn-h-cn-¡p¶p. I-Y-bpsS A-h-km-\-̄ nÂ

AÀ-Öp-\³ \n-hm-X-I-h-N-Im-e-tI-b-·m-tc h-[n-¡p¶p.

tIm-«b-̄ v X-¼p-cm-sâ B-«-¡-Y-I-fp-sS {]-tbm-K-

tbmKy-X k-hn-ti-j-\-c-amWv. A-t±-l-̄ n-sâ cw-K-{]-th-i-t¯m-

sS I-Y-I-fn-bp-sS amäpw a-ln-abpw hÀ²n¨p. \n-ÊÀ-K-Nm-Xp-cn-bp-

Å c-k-k-¼p-ãam-b km-ln-Xy-c-N-\-I-fm-Wv A-t±-l-̄ nsâ B-«-

¡-Y-IÄ, “kp-e-fn-X-]-Z-hn-\ym-k, cp-]n-cm-e-¦m-c-im-en-\n am[p-c”

Fs¶Ãmw hm-c-kp-µ-cnbm-b DÀ-Æ-in-¡v \Â-¡p-¶ Kp-W-K-W-§-

sfÃmw B I-hn-X-bv¡pw _m-[-I-amWv. X-¼p-cm³ GÀ-s -̧Sp¯n-

b Nn-«-IÄ I-Y-I-fn-bp-sS A-h-X-c-W-̀ w-Kn-¡v am-äp-Iq«n, A-t±-lw

F-gpXnb tXm-S-bhpw h-µ-\-tÇm-Ihpw C-¶pw IYIfn A-c§-

v̄ \n-e-\nÂ-¡p¶p.

2. D-®m-bn-hm-cnbÀ: þ \-f-N-cn-Xw B-«-¡-Y-bmWv D-®m-bn hm-cn-b-

cp-sS {]ikvXn¡p Im-c-W-am-bn XoÀ-¶Xv. Cu IY {In-kv-Xp-

hÀjw 1752þÂ an-\-am-k-¯nÂ {io]-ß-\m-̀ -kzman t£{X-̄ nÂ

A-c-t§-dn-b-Xm-bn t£-{X-tc-J-IÄ hyà-am-¡p¶p. A-Xn-\-Sp-

¯p-Å G-sX-¦nepw Im-e-L-«-̄ n-em-bn-cn¡-Ww ]n-dhn. A-km-

[m-c-Wam-b ]m-Þn-Xyhpw A-\pilnam-b I-hn-Xzhpw G-In-̀ -hn-

¨ {]-Xn-̀ m-im-en-bmWv D®m-bn-hm-cn-bÀ a-lm-̀ mc-Xw h-\-]À-Æ-̄ n-

ep-ÅXpw {io-lÀj-sâ ss\-j-[n-b-Im-hy-̄ nÂ hn-kv-X-cn-̈ v hn-h-cn-

¨n-«p-Å-Xpam-b I-Y-bm-Wv ‘\-f-N-cn-Xw’. DtZz-K-̀ -cn-Xam-b H-cp Po-

hnX-I-Y Xn-I¨pw \m-S-Io-bam-b cq-]-hn-[m\-§-fp-sS Ac§-̄ -

hX-cn-̧ n-¡p-I-bm-W-t±lw. \-f-N-cn-X-̄ nÂ ]m-{X-kz-̀ m-h-Nn-{Xn-Ic-

Ww A-Xy-[n-Iw B-IÀ-j-Ihpw I-hn-bp-sS a-t\m-hn-Úm-\w hf-

sc A-Km-[hpw BWv. \nÀ-¦-i-X-bm-Wv A-t±-l-̄ n-sâ c-N-\-bp-

sS hy-àn-ap-{Z. “an-fn-Xw-]-Z-bp-K-tf-amÀ-¤n-X-bmeXbm” F-¶n§-

304

s\ tXSn-b h-Ån Im-enÂ Np-än F-¶ a-e-bm-f-̄ n-se \mS³-

sNmÃn-s\-t¸mepw A-t±-lw kw-kv-Ir-X-am-¡n-¡-f-bpw. \-f-N-cn-Xw

IY-sb \m-ep-Znhk-am-bn hn-`-Pn-̈ -Xnepw Hm-tcm-Zn-h-k-hpw (Hm-tcm-

I-Ym-̀ m-K-hpw) kz-bw ]qÀ-®-am-¡p-¶-Xnepw A-t±-l-¯n-sâ \m-S-

I-{]Xn-̀ A-km-am-\y hnP-bw t\-Sn-bn-cn-¡p¶p. H¶mw Zn-hk-s¯

I-Y-bnÂ \-f-Z-a-b-́ n-am-cp-sS hn-hm-lw h-sc-bp-Å IYIÄ.

c−mw Zn-hk-s¯ I-Y-bnÂ \-f\pw ]p-jv-¡-c-\p-am-bp-Å Nq-Xv,

h\bm{X, Im-«nÂ sh-̈ v \-f-\mÂ D-t]-£n-¡p-s -̧Sp-¶ Z-a-bń.

I-̈ -h-S-kw-L-̄ nsâ k-lm-b-t¯m-sS tN-Zn-cm-Py-̄ v F-̄ p¶-

Xv tN-Zn-\r-[-]p-{Xn-bp-sS kJnbm-bn hm-gp-¶-Xpam-b `m-K-§Ä

DÄ-s -̧Sp-̄ n-bn-cn-¡p¶p. aq¶mw Zn-hk-s¯ I-Y-bnÂ Im-«nÂ

sh-̈ v \f-\v ImÀ-t¡m-S-I-Zw-i-\-ta-äev¡p-¶Xpw I-en-_m-[-bnÂ

\n-¶v tamNn¡-s -̧Sp-¶-Xpw E-Xp-]À-®-cm-P-[m-\n-bmÂ F-̄ n-t¨-

cp-¶Xpw AXnenS¡v òa-cm-Pm-hv ar-X-·mÀ hn-«v Z-a-b-ń-sb kz-tZ-

i-t¯-¡v F-̄ n-¡p-¶-Xpam-b `mK§Ä DÄ-s¡m-Ån-̈ n-cn-

¡p¶p. \memw Zn-h-k-̄ nÂ Z-a-b-́ n-bp-sS ]p\À-hnhml-hn-fw-¼-

c-hpw, E-Xp-]À®-sâ Ip-Þn-\-]p-c-t¯-¡p-Å bm-{Xbpw Zab-

ń \-f-·m-cp-sS ]p-\x-Ê-amÀ-Khpw DÄ-s -̧Sp-̄ n-bn-cn-¡p¶p. C-Xn-

hr-̄ hn-̀ -P-\-̄ nÂ I-hn Im-Wn-̈ \m-S-Io-b-X-bm-Wv Ir-Xn-bp-sS

ssN-X-\y-̄ n-sâ {]-[m-\-Im-cWw. a\p-jy-{]-Ir-Xn-bm-Wv I-hn-bp-

sS hnjbw: A-]-IÀ-j-t_m-[-hpw, A-kq-bbpw sIm−v ]o-Un-

X\m-b ]p-jv-I-c-\pw, ]-tcmÂ-¡À-jm-k-ln-jv-W-X-sb¶ tcm-Kw

_m[n-̈ I-enbpw hn[n-ssh-]-co-Xy-̄ nepw {]-W-bi-àn hn-Sm-̄

Z-a-b-́ nbpw klr-Z-b\pw irw-Km-c-c-kn-I-\pam-b E-Xp-]À-®-\pw,

sN-bv-X-kÂ-¡À-½§Ä-t]mepw A-\À-lam-b A-̀ n-em-j-̄ n-sâ

tlm-am-án-bnÂ N-¼-em-Ip¶p. Im«mf\pw, h-Õ-e\m-b ò-a-cm-Pm-

hp-saÃmw a-\-ÊnÂ X-§n \nÂ-¡p¶p. IYm]m{X-§-fmWv. \-f-N-

305

cn-Xw H-cp X-cw sh-¦-e-̀ m-j-bnÂ c-Nn-̈ -Xpw, I-YI-fn \S·mÀ-¡v

A-̀ n-\-bn- v̈ -̂en-̧ n-¡m³ {]-bm-k-ap-ÅXpw H-s¡ B-sW-¦nÂ-

t¸mepw a-\p-jy-Po-hn-Xm-hnjv-¡-c-W-̄ nÂ A-\p-]-aamb ssh-in-

ãyw t\Sn-b Ir-Xn-bmWv. D®m-bn-hm-cn-b-cp-sS hy-àn-Po-hn-X-s¯-

¡p-dn- v̈ hf-sc hn-h-c-§-sfm¶pw e-̀ yaÃ. C-cn-§m-e-¡p-S-bm-Wv P-

·-tZ-i-sa-¶v hn-iz-kn-¡-s¸-«p¶p. ]n³-Km-an-I-fnÃm-sX t]mb H-cp

Ip-Spw-_-am-sW-¶pw {ip-Xn-bp−v. Xn-cp-h-\-́ -]pc-̄ v sIm-«m-cw

A-t -́hm-kn-bm-bn Po-hn-̈ n-cp-¶ Ime-̄ v Ip-©³-\-¼ym-tcbpw D-

®m-bn hm-cn-b-tcbpw _-Ô-s -̧Sp-̄ n ]-e sF-Xn-ly-§fpw {]-Nm-

c-̄ n-ep−v. G-Xm-bmepw Ip-©³-\¼ym-sc-t¸m-se X-s¶ kq-£v-

aam-b Po-hn-X-\o-cn-£-Ww D-Å I-hn-bm-bn-cp¶p.

3. C-c-bn½³ (c-hn-hÀ½³) X-¼n : þC-cbn½³ 1783 apXÂ 1856

h-sc Po-hn¨p. Xn-cp-h-\-́ -]p-cw cm-P-sIm-«m-c-̄ n-se A-t -́hm-kn-

bm-bn-cp¶p. a-e-bm-f-I-hn-bpw, B-«-I-Ym-Ir-̄ pw -kwKoX Km-\-c-

Nn-Xm-hp-am-bn hn-cm-Pn-̈ A-Ûp-X-{]-Xn-̀ -bmbncp¶p Ccbn-½³

X¼n. tNÀ-̄ -e \-Sp-hn-e-tIm-hn-eI-̄ v tI-c-f-hÀ-½ X¼pcm-

sâbpw ]p-Xp-a-\ A½-̈ n hn-«nÂ ]mÀÆ-Xn X-¦-̈ n-bp-sSbpw ]p-{X-

\mbn 1763 Â P-\n¨p. Xo-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn-se cm-P-Ip-Spw-_mw-K-§-

fp-sSsbÃmw {]n-Xn {]-iw-k-IÄ-¡v ]m-{X-am-bn Po-hn¨p. kw-KoXw,

km-ln-Xyw F-¶n-hbmÂ _meyw ap-XÂ I-gn-hv t\-Sn-bncp¶p. A-

t±-l-̄ n-sâ Io-N-I-h[w, D-̄ -cm-kzbw-hcw, Z-£-bm-Kw F-¶o

B«¡-Y-IÄ tIm«-bw I-Y-I-sf-t¸m-se-bpw, \-f-N-cn-Xw t]m-se-

bp-Å I-Y-I-fn-cwK-̄ v {]-kn-²n t\Sn. C-h-¡p-]pd-sa kp-̀ -{Zm-

lc-Ww ssI-sIm-«n-¡-fn-¸m«v, apdP]-̧ m-\, cm-P-tk-hm-{I-aw F-

¶n-hb-psS c-Nn-¨n-«p−v. kÀ-Æmw-K-kp-µ-cam-b Hma\-̄ n-¦Ä-¡n-

Smthm F-¶ Xm-cm-«v C-c-bn-½³ X-¼n-bp-sS-XmWv. In-N-I-h-[-

¯nse “t£m-Wn-cq-]-Xv-\n-bp-sS hmWnw \ni-ay þ ]p-\-tc-Wnhn-

306

tem-N-\ \-Sp§n” Xp-S-§p-¶ ZÞ-Iw `m-h-]qÀ-®hpw Nn-{X-k-Zr-

i-hp-amWv. ]m-©m-en t£m-Wncq-]Xv-\n-bp-sS hm-¡v tI-«v \-Sp-

§p-¶Xpw ,k-a-kv-X-P-\-lm-kyam-b \n-P-Zmkyw \n\ v̈ B-kyw\-

an-¡p-¶-Xpw, {i-a-k-en-ew-Xp-S-¡p-¶-Xpw, hn-h-i-X-bn-emIp-¶-Xp-

saÃmw `w-Kn-bm-bn Nn-{Xo-I-cn-I-cn-̈ n-cn-¡p¶p. H-t«-td IoÀ-̄ -\-§-

fpw (I-cp-W-sN¿m-s\-́ p-Xma-kw Xp-S§n) irw-Km-c-I-h-\-§-

fpw ({]m-W-\m-Y-s\-\n-¡v \ÂInb ]-c-am-\-µ-hpw, a-äpw) {]-kn-²-

§-fmWv. C-c-bn-½³-X-¼n-bp-sSXm-bn- I®mS-I-kw-Ko-X-̄ nÂ

A-©p-hÀ-®-§-fp−v. Z-£n-tW-́ y³-kw-Ko-X-̄ n-se {XnaqÀ-̄ n-

I-fp-sS Im-e-L-«-̄ nÂ kzm-Xn Xn-cp-\m-fn-sâ B-{in-X-\m-bn A-

t±-lw Po-hn¨p.

hnihnihnihni----ZZZZ----]T]T]T]T----\\\\----¯n¯n¯n¯n----\\\\vvvv

DDDD----®n®n®n®n----bmbmbmbm----SnSnSnSn-- --NNNN----cncncncn-- --XwXwXwXw

C-́ y-bn-se hn-in-jytI-c-f-¯nÂ ln-µp-a-X-hpw A-Xn-sâ

\n-ZÀ-i-\-§fm-b t£-{X-§fpw tZ-h-Zm-ko k-{¼-Zmb-s¯ ZoÀ-

L-Im-ew kw-c-£n-̈ -Xn-sâ ]-cn-W-X- -̂e-§-fm-Wv `m-j-bnÂ \n-Xy-

h-k-́ -am-bn hn-cm-Pn-¡p-¶ a-ln-fm-fn-a-lm-kv-]Z§fmb a-Wn-{]-

hm-f-Ir-Xn-I-fn-se \m-bn-I-am-cnÂ H-cm-fm-Wv D-®n-bm-Sn

am-tämepw sam-gn-am-Xp-®n-

(Ip-e-{iobw) ¡p-«-̄ n-¡v Ip-e-{io-bw

I-®n-¶-ar-Xamw am-t\Â

(D-®n-bm-Snsb) ¡-®n-bm-ap-®n-bm-Sn-sb

hÀ-®n-¡p-I-bmWv Cu Im-hy-̄ n-sâ ap-Jy-e-£yw. X-§-fp-sS \m-

bn-I-amÀ-¡v IoÀ¯nbpw ku-̀ m-Kyhpw ssI-h-cp-̄ p-I-bm-Wv Im-

hy{]-tbm-P-\-sa-¶v a-Wn-{]hmf-I-hn-IÄ hn-iz-kn-̈ n-cp¶p. ‘io-h-hn-

307

emkw’ F-¶ kw-kv-Ir-X-Im-hy-̄ n-sâ IÀ-̄ mhm-b Zm-tam-Z-c-Nm-

Iym-cp-sS a-Wn-{]-hm-f-Im-hy-am-Wv D-®n-bm-SoN-cnXw. inhhn-em-k-sa-

¶ kw-kv-Ir-X--Im-hy-̄ nÂ D-®n-bm-Sn-bp-sS hn-hm-l-am-Wv hÀ-®n-

¨n-«p-ÅXv. Hm-S-\m-Sv cm-Pm-hm-bn-cp-¶ tI-c-f-hÀ-½-bp-sS k-Z-ky-

\m-bn-cp-¶ Zm-tam-Z-c-NmIymÀ. A-Xn-\mÂ D-®n-bm-SoN-cn-X-̄ n-sâ

\nÀ-½mWw 14þmw \p-äm-−n-sâ Ahkm-\-am-bn-cn-¡p-sa-¶v D-

ÅqÀ A-̀ n-{]m-b-s -̧Sp¶p.

H-cp i-c-Xv-¡m-e-cm-{Xn-bnÂ N-{µ³ B-Im-i-hn-Yn-bnÂ k-

©-cn¡-th `qtemI v̄ \n-¶v D-b-cp-¶ lr-Z-b-lm-cnbm-b H-cp

Km-\w tI-«v A-Xm-cp-sS-sX-¶v A-dn-ªp h-cp-hm³ kp-hmI³, a-

Xn-Zo-]³ F-¶o c-−p K-ÔÀ-Æ-am-sc A-b¡p¶p. A-hÀ A-©p-

Znh-kw `q-an-bnÂ h-¶v Im-cy-§Ä A-t\z-jn-̈ -dnªv, Xn-cn-̈ v sN-

¶v N-{µ-s\ X-§Ä-¡p−m-b A-\p-̀ -h-§Ä hÀ-®n- v̈ tIÄ-̧ n-

¡p¶p. kp-hm-I-\m-Wv kw-`-h-§Ä hÀ-®n-¡p-¶-Xv. (a-säm-cp a-

Wn-{]-hm-f-Ir-Xnbm-b N-t{µm-Õ-h-̄ nepw H-cp K-ÔÀ-Æ³ `q-an-

bnÂ h-¶v B-dp Znh-kw Xm-a-kn-̈ v N-t{µmÕ-hw I-−v Xn-cn-̈ v sN-

¶v Im-ap-In-sb hn-ti-j-§Ä hÀ-®n-̈ v tIÄ-̧ n-¡p-¶ co-Xn-bn-em-

Wv LS-\. Aam-\pjn-I H-cp ]-Ým¯-ew Ir-Xn-IÄ-¡p-−m-¡n

sIm-Sp-¡p-I-bm-bn-cn¡-Ww cN-bn-Xm-¡-fp-sS e-£yw) A-]v-k-c-

kw-̀ -h-I-fm-bn-«m-Wv tZ-h-\À-¯-In-am-sc hntijn-̧ n-¡m-dp-ÅXv. D-

®n-bm-SoN-cn-X-̄ n-sâ Xp-S-¡-̄ nÂ A-]v-k-c-Êp-I-fp-sS bp-wK-

ÔÀ-Æ-·m-cp-sSbpw ]-c-¼c-sb hÀ-®n-̈ v D-®n-bm-Snbpw H-cp A-]v-

k-c-Ênsâ AhXm-c-am-sW-¶v Øm-]n-¡p¶p. {]m-hr-q«v F-¶ K-

ÔÀ-h-I-\y-I-bp-sS A-h-Xm-c-am-Wv D-®n-bmSn. D-Z-b-]À-Æ-X-̄ nÂ

c-−p K-ÔÀ-Æ-hw-i-ap-−m-bn-cp¶p. AXn-sem-¶n-em-Wv kp-µ-co-c-

Xv-\am-b {]m-hyq-«v P-\n-̈ Xv. A-hÄ k-Jnam-tcm-sSm-̧ w P-e-{IoU \-

S-̄ n-s¡m-−n-cn-¡p-t¼mÄ N-{µ³ Ah-sf I-−v Im-a-]o-Un-X-\m-

308

bn Ahtfm-sSm-̧ w c-an¨p. N-{µ-]-Xv-\nbm-b tcm-ln-Wn C-X-dn-ªv

Ah-sf `q-an-bnÂ h¶v a-\p-jy-Ip-e-̄ nÂ P-·-sa-Sp-¡m³ i-

]n¨p. A-§n-s\-bm-Wv B K-ÔÀ-Æ-kpµcn Hm-S-\m-«nÂ Ip-«-̄ n-

bp-sS a-I-fm-bn ]n-d-¶Xv. \r-̄ -Ko-Xm-Zn-I-fn-ep-Å Ahfp-sS {]m-

hoWyw ]p-\À-P-·-̄ nepw ]n³-Xp-SÀ¶p. A-h-fp-sS a-\w a-b-¡p-

¶ Km-\w tI-«m-Wv K-ÔÀ-Æ-·mÀ `q-an-bn-se-̄ p-¶Xv. D-®n-bm-So-

bp-sS ]qÀ-Æ-IY-IÄ FÃmw hn-k-X-cn- v̈ kp-hm-I³ `q-an-bnÂ I-

− Im-gv-N-IÄ hn-h-cn-¡p¶p. `qan, `mcXw, a-e-\m-Sv F¶n-h hÀ-®n-

¡p-¶ Z-£n-W-ssI-em-k-\mY-s\ h-µn-¡p¶p. XpSÀ-¶v s]m-cp-

¼S-̧ v kz-cp-]-t¯bpw a-tlm-Z-b-]p-c-t¯bpw hÀ-®n-¡p¶p.

HmS\m-«n-se I-−n-bqÀ a-äw \-K-c-̄ n-sâ hn-em-k-̀ w-Kn-I-fpw, {io-

]À-Æ-Xw A-§m-Sn-bn-se Im-gv-N-Ifpw hÀ-®n-¡p¶p. Iq-«-̄ nÂ

I-−n-bqÀ io-h-s\-̧ -än ZoÀ-Lam-b Hcp kv-Xp-Xn-bp−v. t£-{X-

¯n-en-cp-¶v D-®n-bm-Sn-sb-¡p-dn-¨p-Å tÇm-I-§Ä sNmÃp-¶ Zm-

tam-tZm-c-Nm-Iy-sc-bm-Wv K-ÔÀ-Æ-·mÀ Im-Wp-¶-Xv...

\-fn-\-a-IÄ-I-S-¡p¬-Nm-cp-eo-em-bn-Xm \mw

sXfna s]m-en-shgpw I-®m-Sn-bm-ap-®n-bm-So

C-f-ap-e-bn-W-NoÀ-s¯m-«mIpetem-e-a²yw

X-f-n-scm-fn-s]-Sp-aw-Kw-Xmh-Iw shÂ-hpXm-I

D-®n-bm-Sn-sb ]m-Sn-]p-I-gv-¯p-¶ Cu tÇm-Iw a-Wn-{]-hm-f-c-N-\-

bp-sS am-Xr-I-bmWv.

Cu ]Zyw sNmÃn-t¡-«mWv ‘tem-I-tem-N-\ N-tIm-c N-{µn-I’bm-b

D-®n-bm-Sn-sb¸än A-dn-bm³ K-ÔÀ-Æ-·mÀ Nm-Iym-sc k-an-]n-¡p-

¶-Xv. Cu-b-h-k-c-̄ nÂ Ihn D-®n-bm-Sn-sb hÀ-®n-¡p¶p.

H-cn-µp-_nw-_w hZ-\w Ip-imw-Kymx

a-c-µ-[m-cm-sam-gnInw {]em-ss]x

l-c³ X-\n¡pw [r-Xn-km-c-at¨m

309

l-c-́ n-Km-{X-§-tfm-tcmâpapjym

“N-µ-_nw-_w t]m-se-bp-Å ap-Jw-Ir-iam-b DSÂ. in-h\p-t]mepw

Xn-Sp-¡-ap-−m-¡p-¶ kp-µ-cam-b Km-{X§Ä Hm-tcm-¶pw. At¿m

B `w-Kn ]-d-bm-hXÃ”

]-c-a-{]-Yn-Xw a-t\m-l-cm-Kn

s¡m-cp t]-c-©n-X-ap-®n-bm-Sn-sb-sâ

Xn-c-fn-sâ-Xp aäp-samân Zm\nw

Xo-cp-\m-aw `p-hn-am-c-am-e-sbsâp

kpµ-cn-am-cnÂ ap³-]nÂ \nÂ-Ip¶ B a-t\m-lcn. D-®n-bm-Sn F-

¶ t]-cn-\mÂ Ae-¦-cn-¡-s -̧Sp¶p. F-¶mÂ ku-µcy-t[m-c-Wn-

bp-sS Xn-f-¡-̄ mÂ `q-an-bnÂ AhÄ am-c-te-J-sb-¶-dn-b-s -̧

Sp¶p.

{io-]ÀÆ-Xw A-§m-Sn hn-̀ -h-k-ar-²am-b A-t\-Iw D-]-t`m-K-h-kv-

Xp-¡-sf-s¡m-−v A-ew-Ir-Xam-b {io-]ÀÆ-Xw A-§m-Sn-bp-sS hÀ-

®-\ a-²y-bp-K-§-fn-se tI-c-f-̄ nsâ hym-]m-c-̀ n-hr-²n-sb kq-Nn-

¸n-¡p¶p. a-Wn-{]-hm-f-Ir-Xn-I-fn-seÃmw A\nhmcy-am-bn Im-Wp-¶

H-cp km-ln-Xy \nb-aw t]m-se-bm-Wv A-§m-Sn-hÀ-®-\IÄ. D-®n-

bm-Sn-bn-se A-§m-Sn hÀ-®-\-bnÂ No-\À-{]-Xy-£-s¸-Sp-¶p−v.

am-§, tX-§, hm-fp-d. \q-dp-Iþ

c-−n I-d§pI tam-S an-S§-gn

F-¶p XpS-§n

I-«nÂ, I-Sp¯-e, I-̄ n, ]-cp¯nbp

e-bv-¡-bne-¡-dn N¡-c, Nn¡-c

A-§n-s\ t]m-Ip-¶p A-§m-Sn-bn-se N-c-¡pIÄ. k¼-Xv k-ar-

²-am-bXpw sshhn[y-amÀ-¶-Xpam-b H-cp k-ap-l-̄ n-sâ Nn-{X-am-

W-Xv Im-gv-N-sh-¡p-¶Xv. I¨h-S-¡mÀ A-sÃ-¦nÂ hym-]-m-cn-IÄ

F-¶ AÀ-°-̄ nÂ ]-e X-cw hm-Wn-bÀ ]cm-aÀ-in-¡-s -̧Sp-

310

t¼mÄ F-hn-sSbpw ‘Pm-Xn’bp-amb-Xv tNÀ-̄ p-sh-¡p-¶nÃ.

A§m-Sn-I-fnÂ Xo-−-enÃm-sX kp-e-̀ -am-bn hym-]m-cw \-S-̄ p-¶

ap-¡-h-kv-{XoI-sf Im-Wmw.

2. D-®p-\o-en-k-tµ-iw:þ (]qÀ-Æ-̀ m-Kw) eo-em-Xn-e-I-Im-e-¯n-\v ap³-

]v D-Û-hn-̈ n-«pÅ a-Wn-{]-hm-f-Ir-Xn-I-fnÂ G-ähpw ap-Jyam-b H-¶m-

Wv D-®p-\o-enk-tµiw. taLk-tµ-iw sXm-«p-Å FÃm Im-hy-§-

fnepw H-cp km-am-\y-\n-b-a-hn-t[-b-X ImWmw. Im-ap-InIm-ap-I-·m-

cp-sS hn-c-lm-h-Ø-bnÂ Im-ap-I³ AY-hm \m-b-I³ Hcp k-tµ-

i-lm-cn-sb I-s−-̄ p-I. A-\ -́cw k-tµ-i-lc-\p \m-bn-Im-Kr-

l-̄ nÂ F-̄ n-t -̈c-¶-Xp-h-sc-bp-Å amÀ-¤w \nÀ-t±-in¡p-I C-

{Xbpw DÄ-s¡m-Åp-¶-Xm-bn-cn¡pw ]qÀ-Æ-̀ mKw. D-®p-\o-en k-tµ-

i-̄ nÂ h-S-¡pw-IqÀ cm-Py-¯n-sâ XeØm\am-b ‘h-S-a-Xn-c’ F-

¶ ‘Ip-S-t´cn’ AY-hm I-Sp-̄ p-cp-̄ n tZi v̄ ‘hoc-am-Wn-

¡’sa-¶p Iq-Sn t]À-]d-ªp h-cp-¶ ap-−-bv-¡Â `-h-\-̄ n-se

D®p\nen-¡v A-h-fp-sS {]n-b-X-a³ Xn-cp-h-\-́ -]pc-̄ p \n-¶v H-cp

k-tµ-i-a-b-¡p-¶-Xm-Wv C-Xn-se C-Xn-hr¯w. Xn-cp-h-\-́ -]p-cw

apXÂ ‘h-S-a-Xn-c’ h-sc-bp-Å- amÀ¤-am-Wv C-XnÂ hÀ®n-¡p-¶-Xv.

71 apXÂ 97 h-sc-bp-Å tÇm-I§Ä

“c-ay-amWv, {io-a-̄ mWv, \-b-\-kp-̀ -K-am-Wv F¶pw aäpw

Hm-tcm-h-kv-Xp¡-sf \m-«p-ImÀ hÀ-®n-¡m-dp−v. Cu \-K-c-s¯-

bmI-s« tIhew ‘sImÃw’ F-¶p am{Xw hn-ti-jn-̧ n-¡p¶p. F-

¶mÂ Cu-tcgp-tem-I-̄ nepw C-Xn-\v Xpeyw H-¶p-anÃ. shdpw

sImÃw F-¶ t]-cnÂ X-s¶ B ]«-Ww F-t¶-t¯¡pw A-dn-b-

s -̧Spw. AXp-sIm-−pX-s¶ AXn-s\m-cp Ip-dhpw h-cm-\nÃ. km-

K-c-km-K-tcm-]-a F¶pw ]d-bp-¶Xp-t]m-se ]-Xn-\m-ep tem-I-

¯nepw sImÃ-̄ n-\p Xpeyw a-säm-cp ]«Wan-sÃ-¶v kmcw.

311

ho-Wm-hm-Wn-bpw hn-]p-e-\n-Xw-_hpw sXm-−n-̧ g-§-tfm-

Sp-IpSn-b A-[-c-§fpw Ir-iy-a-[y-bpw, X-fncp-t]m-se ar-Zphpw

samgp-sam-gp- -̧ÅXpw a-t\m-l-c-hpamb Aw-Km-tc-J-tbm-Sp-Iq-Sn-

b-h-fpw h-«-sam¯ sIm-¦-¡e-iw I-−v \-an-Xbpw B-b {i-

jvTbm-b sh-ÅqÀ Ip-Spw-_-̄ n-se \m-Wn-sb h-gn-bnÂ h-¶p-

\nÂ-¡p-¶-h-fm-bn Im-Wmw. Cu kv-{Xo-c-Xv-\w D-a-b-\ÃqÀ t£-{X-

¯nÂ A-¶v Iq¯-̈ n ]-Zw A-e-¦-cn-̈ n-cp-¶ hn-Zp-jn-bm-bn-cn-

¡Ww. cm-Pm-¡-·mÀ F-gp-t¶-Åp-t¼mÄ Ah-sc F-Xn-tcÂ-

¡p¶-Xv Iq-̄ -̈ n-I-fp-sS I-S-a-bm-Wv F-¶v C-fw-Iq-fw kq-Nn-̧ n-

¡p¶p. Da-\ÃqÀ t£-{X-¯n-\v k-ao-]w th-fqÀ F-s¶m-cp hn-Sv C-

t¸mgpw D−v.

s]m³-a-bam-b a-_m-ta-cp-hn-s\-t¸m-se Iq-«n-bn-«n-«p-Å ]-

ghpw A-Sbpw N¡bpw I-cn¼pw hm-cn-s¸m-¡n a-cp-hp-¶-h-\pw, N-

{µ-au-en-bp-sS ]p-{X-\pam-b ‘aqcn¯n«v’ K-Wn-]-Xn-sb A-Sn-a-e-

cnÂ ho-Wp h-µn-¡-Ww. (D-a-b-\ÃqÀ t£-{X-̄ nÂ \n¶pw Ip-td

]-Sn-ªm-dm-bn Xn-«-bnÂ ]p-c-bn-Sw F-¶ Øm\-̄ v ]-s−m-cp K-

W-]-Xn-t£-{X-ap-−m-bn-cp-¶-Xm-bn \m-«p-ImÀ ]-d-bp-¶p.)

Xp-SÀ-¶v ]-\-¦m-hnÂ tIm-«-¡-I-̄ p-Å B-Xn-̈ -]p-c-

¯ -̧s\ hW-§n AhnsS \n-¶p sIm-«m-c-̄ n-se-¡p \-S-¡p-

t¼mÄ hn-]-£m-kn-I-·m-cm-b (im-kv-{XÀ-°-hm-Z-̄ nÂ F-Xn-cm-fn-

IÄ-¡v hm-fm-bn Xo-cp-¶-hÀ aqÀ-̈ -tbdn-b hm-Z-§Ä-sIm-−v

Gäpap-«p-¶hÀ) ]q-Py-]m-Z-·m-cpam-b {_m-Ò-WÀ (`-«m-cWÀ) ‘Xm-

\’¯n-\m-bn (]m«-̄ m-\w F-¶ ]-Z-hn-e-̀ n-¡p-¶-Xn-\mbn) Xr-¸m-

¸qÀ aq-̧ v B-b B-Zn-Xy-hÀ-½-bp-sS Npäpw ip-]mÀ-i t\-Sm³ h-

¶p \nÂ-¡p-sa-¶v km-cw. (A-¡me-̄ v t£-{X-§Ä tXmdpw ‘am-

hm-c-X-]«³’ Xp-S§n-b ]-Z-hn-IÄ e-̀ n-¡p-¶-Xn-\p-th-−n

312

kwkvIr-X-]-Þn-X-·mcm-b {_m-Ò-WÀ Xr-̧ m-¸pÀ aq-̧ v F-¶ cm-

P-]-Z-hn-bp-Å BZn-Xy-hÀ-½-sb-¶ k-tµ-i-lc-s\ k-an-]n-¡-am-bn-

cp-¶p.)

B-{i-bn-¡p-¶-h-cp-sS Iq-«-̄ n-\p [m-cm-fw -̂ew \Â-Ip-

hm³ I-gn-bp-¶-h\pw, ]-Þn-X-·mcm-b Xm-a-c-IÄ-¡v kq-cy-tZ-

h\pw tem-I-̄ n-s\Ãmw {]-Im-iw \Â-Ip-¶-h-\p-am-b, h-«-̄ nÂ

Iq-Sp-¶ i-{Xp-k-aq-l-̄ n-\v kp-ZÀ-i-\-N{Iw t]m-se C-cn-¡p-¶-h-

\pw, a-t\m-l-cam-b X-e-ap-Sn-bp-Å kp-µ-cn-IÄ-¡v Im-a-tZ-h\pw

Bb

e-£v-an-Im-́ -s\-t¸m-se kp-µ-c-\pw, i{Xp-¡-fp-sS D-·q-e-

\m-i-̄ n-\v in-h-s\-t¸m-se k-aÀ-°-\pw, kp-µ-c-\pam-b C-c-hn-hÀ-

½³ F-¶ th-Wm-«p-cm-Pm-sb sN--¶p I-−p `-àn-]qÀ-Æw ssI

Ip-̧ pI.

A¶s¯ tX-hmcn (cm-Pm-hn-\p-th−n Cu-iz-c-̀ P-\w \-S-

¯p-¶ BÄ) bmb am¼-Ån ]-−m-c-̄ nÂ aptJ-\ F-sâ hn-c-

lm-h-Ø-sb-Ip-dn-s¨Ãmw Adnbn¡p-¶ k-a-b¯v, ]-−p apX-te

\-t½m-Sv Z-b-bp-Å-h-\m-I-sIm−v, thK¯nÂ bm-{X -]d-ªp k-

tµ-i-e£yw \n-d-th-äp-¶-Xn-\v B-h-iy-s¸Spw

hn-tZ-in-bcm-b I- -̈h-S-¡mÀ c-Xv-\-\n-c-Ifpw, kzÀ-®-

§fpw a-äp-am-bn Im-gv-N-sh-bv-¡p-¶-Xn-\v s]-s«-¶pX-s¶ \n-sâ

Npäpw h-¶p-Iq-Spw. \n-sâ km-¶n-²yw AhÀ A-dn-bm\n-S h-¶mÂ.

A-t¸m-tg¡pw k-Ôy-bm-bn Xo-cp-¶Xp-sIm-−v aph´n-bn-se Np-

äp-ap-Å I-̈ -h-S-kw-L§-sf Im-Wm³ \nÂ-¡m-sX cm-Pm-sh

A§p-]p-d-s¸«p-sIm-Åp-I.

Xp-SÀ-¶p h-cp-¶ A-§m-Sn hÀ-®-\-bv-¡v H-dp k-tµ-i-

Im-hy-sa-¶ \n-e-bnÂ {]-k-àn-bn-sÃ-¦nepw a-äp a-Wn-{]-hm-f-Im-hy-

313

§-fn-se ZnÀ-Lam-b A-§m-Sn hÀ-®-\I-sf A-\p-I-cn-¡p-I-bm-

Wv I-hn sN-¿p-¶-Xpw. F-¶mÂ N-cn-{X-]-cam-b {]m[m\yw A-Xn-

\p-−v A-§m-Sn-bnÂ Im-Wp-¶ ]-eX-cw N-c-¡pIsf-bm-Wv I-hn

hÀ-®n-¡p-¶Xv.

X«w, X-«nÂ, IbÀ, he, ssI-¡-«nÂ, a©-«n, sIm«, sam-«,v aq-«nÂ-

¡-c, Acn, s]«n, ]-«p-\qÂ, BSpw Nm-Spw, Ip-S-bpw, a-S-bpw, ]-

©n-bpw, a-ª-th-cpw, \p-dpw, tNm-dpw, Np-c-bpw, a-d-bpw, Im-cn-cp-

¼pw, I-cn-¼pw F-¶n-§-s\-bp-Å I-̈ -h-S-N-c-¡p-IÄ H-cnS-̄ v

Xp-SÀ-¶v s\Ãn-\-§Ä IqcÂ, tNm-g³, ]gp-hcn, I-d-

s¡m-§Ww, sh-®-¡-®³, tamS³, ImS³, Ipd-h, sIm-Snb³,

]¦n. s]m-¡mfn, sN-s¶Ãv, B\t¡mS³, In-fnbn-d I-\-§m-

cnb³, ho-c-hn-̄ ³ F-¶n§-s\ ]-eXpw A-hn-sS Im-Wmw.

ASp-̄ -Xm-bn a-Õy-̈ -́ -bp-sS hÀ-®-\-bmWv. tIm-em-

ap§³, Np-dIp, sIm-gp-an³, sIm©v, ]-¼m-S, ]p³-ao³, tNÀ-ao³,

B-cÂ Np-d-Ip-I-cn-ao³, sIm-§Â ao³, A-§n-I−n Iq-bnÂ,

tNÀ-ao³, A-bn-e, sR-cn-ao³, Nq-fI³, ]mf³, A-\-́ ³ Xp-S-§n

hnÂ-¡m-\p-Å ]-eX-cw ao-\p-IÄ A-hn-sS Im-Wmw.

Xp-SÀ-¶v a-cp-¶n-\-§-sf-bm-Wv hÀ-®n-¡p-¶Xv. kp-K-Ô-

{Z-hy-§-fpÄ -̧sS Gew, tImew, I-SpIv, X-Icw, Ip-́ n-cnIw, Xn-cn-

¡pw, tNm-cp-̧ pÃv, Np-In³, AIÂ, \m-Inew, Xp-¶n-\mIw, Xo³]q,

I-©mhv, D-ep-h, hn-Sbw, am©n. a-©«n, sIm«w, Pm-Xn-bv-¡ F-

¶n§-s\

Xp-SÀ-¶p-Å h-cn-I-fnÂ A-§m-Sn-bn-se kw-̀ m-j-Wi-I-e-

§-fm-Wv h-cp-¶-Xv. C-cp-]-Xp- ]-W-am-Wv I-kv-Xp-cn-bp-sS hn-e. ]q-

¯p-cn-ep-Å ]p-S-h-bp-sS hn-e tI-«Â D-Åp I-̄ pw. AXv hm§n-

¡-gn-ªmÂ \n-sâ I-¿nÂ F-́ p an-¨w ImWpw ? ]¯p-sIm-Sp-

314

v̄ ]cn-b hm-§p-I-tbm, ]\n-\oÀ hm-§p-Itbm F-́ mWv \ÃXv.

Imc-n-tX-hm \n- C-Xn-¶v tbm-Pn-̈ D¯-cw \Â-In-bmepw

Xp-SÀ-¶p h-cp¶-Xv A-§-m-Sn-bn-se Np-¦w ]n-cn-hn-s\ Ip-

dn-̈ p-Å kw-̀ m-j-W-amWv. Ir-Xy-am-bn AÀ-°w {K-ln-¡m³ I-gn-

bm-̄ , {]m-Ir-Xhpw a-Wn-{]-hm-fhpw Iq-Sn-I-eÀ-¶ ]-e ]-Zy-§fpw

C¯-cw A-§m-Sn hÀ-®-\-I-fnÂ I-S-¶p-Ip-Spw. D®nb-̈ o-N-cn-X-

¯nepw D-®n-bm-Sn-bnepw aäpw C-Xp Im-Wmw. H-cp ]-t£

Ip«nIrjv-W-am-cmÀ A-̀ n-{]m-b-s -̧«Xp-t]m-se “ap-−-bv-¡Â k-

tµ-iw H-cp ap-gp-̄ Nncn” B-bXp-sIm-−m-bn-cn¡-Ww C¯-cw

]-Zy§Ä.

C-̄ -c-̄ n-ep-Å I- -̈h-S-hn-`-h-§fpw hm-Wn-b `m-jm-hn-

ti-j-§fpw Im-Wp-¶Xpw tIÄ-¡p-¶Xpw hen-b Iu-Xp-I-am-

sW-¦nepw A-Xp-t]-£n¨v, D-®p-\n-en-bpsS ØnXn-tbmÀ-̄ v th-K-

¯nÂ ap-−-bv-¡Â `-h-\-̄ nÂ F-̄ -W-sa-¶m-{K-l-ap-s−-

¦nepw t\-cw k-Ôy-bm-bXp-sIm-−v I-cn-̧ p¦-fw sIm-«m-c-̄ nÂ

hn-{i-an-bv¡m-\m-h-iy-s¸-Sp¶p.

Ip-dn-̧ p¦-fw sIm-«-c-̄ n-se-¯p-t¼mÄ N-{µ³ A-ã-ap-Sn-

Im-b-en-sâ In-g-¡p-̀ mK- v̄ D-Zn-̈ p-b-cp-¶-Xm-bn hÀ-®n-¡p¶p.

sh-fp-̄ hm-sh-¶ k-¦Â-]-̄ n-em-Wv hÀ²-\. A-t¸mÄ D-Zn-¨p-

b-cp-¶ N-{µ-_nw-_-am-Ip-¶ ap-J-t¯m-Sp-Ip-Sn-b-h-fpw (\mbn-Im-]-

£-̄ nÂ Ip-fpÀ a-Xnbm-b ap-J-t¯m-Sp Iq-Sn-b-h-fpw) ta-L-

cmKw (NpI¶ taLw) t]m-se-bp-Å A-[-tcmã-§-tfm-Sp-Iq-Sn-b-

hfpw Npäpw Xm-gp-¶ CcpÄ B-Ip-¶-X-e-ap-Sn-bp-Å-h-fpw, Nm-cp-

Xm-c-§Ä B-Ip-¶ hn-b-̧ p-Xp-Ån-I-f-Wn-ª-hfpw AÂ-]w Zr-

iy-am-Ip-¶ Ip-ap-Z-am-Ip-¶ lm-ky-t¯m-Sp-Iq-Sn-b-h-fpam-b

kÔym-tZ-hn Im-a-{Io-Um-c-k-̄ nÂ Cf-In a-d-bp-¶ F-sâ D-®p-

\n-en-bp-sS AhØsb {]m-]n-¡p-IbmtWm F-¶pw tXm-¶pw ({]-

315

Ir-Xn hÀ-®\-sb kw-t`m-K-hÀ-®-\-bp-am-bn C-hn-sS L-Sn-̧ n-¡p-

¶p.) k-Ôym-k-a-b-̄ pÅ tX-hm-chpw A¯mghpw I-gn- v̈ Cu

bm-{Xm-£nW-s¯ Dd-¡w sIm-−nÃm-sX-bm¡n, A-Sp-̄ Znh-

kw I-Sp-̄ p-cp¯n (kn-Ôp-Zzn-]w)bn-te-¡v t]m-Im-\m-bn {]-̀ m-X-

¯n-\v ap³-]p X-s¶ kv-Xp-Xn-]mT-I-cp-sS a-[p-c-h-N-\-§Ä-¡v tI-

«v F-gp-t¶-äv X-¿m-dm-hp-I.

]n-¶n-Sv ap-d-bv-¡p Ip-fn h-b-d-bnSÂ, tX-hm-cw F¶n-h I-

gn- v̈ Xn-§n-Iq-Sp-¶ {_m-Ò-WÀ-¡v ]-Xn-hp-Å Zm-\hpw \-S¯n. {]-

`m-X-̄ nÂ t£-{X-§Ä tXmdpw alm-̀ m-c-X-hm-b-\-¡mcm-b

{_m-Ò-W-cp-sS B-em]-\w tI-«v k-t´m-j-t¯m-Sp-Ip-Sn bm-{X-

sN-¿p-I.

Xp-SÀ-¶v k-ao-]-̄ p-Å s]mgnbpw ]q-ss¡-Xbpw I-S¶v

]-ß-\-X-¼q-cm-s\ sXm-gm³ ]-d-bp¶p. C-hn-sS ]p-Xn-b-s]m-gn-sb-

¶p ]-d-ªn-cn-¡p¶-Xv \o−-I-c Agn-sb AWv. A-gn-bm-bn-¡n-S-

¶n-cp-¶ \o−-I-c A-s¡mÃw s]m-gn-bm-bn cq-]m-́ -c-s -̧«n-cn-

¡Ww.

Xp-SÀ-¶v kw-Ko-tXm-]-I-cW-§-tfm-sSm¸w, Imfw, sIm-¼v

Xp-S§nb ssk-\n-I-cp-sS hm-Zy-hn-ti-j-§-sfÃmw ap-¶nÂ X-§n-

\n-ÂIp-¶ ]-S-bm-fn-I-fp-sS \n-c (]Ssbd) IS-¶p I-t¶-än-bnÂ

{]-th-in-¡pI.

]n¶nSv Hm--S-\m-Sn-sâ hÀ-®-\-bmWv. Hm-S-̈ mÀ-̄ nÂ

Npäpw Nn-X-dp-¶ ap¯p-sIm-−v A-Xna-t\m-l-c-hpw, I-cn-¼nÂ Iq-

«w-am-Xncn (th-S-¡m-«nÂ ]n-cn¨p) at\mlcam-b sX-§p-IÄ Xn-

§n-Ip-Sp-¶-Xpw, k-I-e-hn-̀ h-§-tfm-Sp- Iq-Sn-b-Xpam-b Hm-S-\m-Sv

ap-¶nÂ Im-Wp-¶Xv.

Xp-SÀ-¶v I-̈ -h-S-¡mcm-b {_m-ÒW-sc hÀ-®n-¡p¶p. A-

h-cp-sS hm-k-Ø-e-§Ä A-hn-S-hn-sS Im-Wmw. C-hÀ a-äp aq-¶v Zzn-

316

P-·m-sc-t¸m-se-bmWv. N-{µ³, hmhÂ, kÀ-̧ w F-¶n-h-sb-t¸m-se

AÀ-°-{]m-]v-Xn-¡m-bn sIm-−v F-¶v {_mÒW-]-£-¯nÂ ]-Ww

k-¼m-Z-n-¡m³ F¶pw N-{µ-]-£-̄ nÂ kz-Øn-Xn-sb {]m-]n-¡m³

k-a-b-sa-Sp-¡p-¶p-sh¶pw N-{µ-s\-t¸m-se sa-en-ªp I-ã-s -̧-Sp-

¶-hcpw X-te-\mÄ `-£n- -̈Xn-sâ D-Ñn-ãw sh-Å-sam-gn- v̈ ]n-tä-¶v I-

gn-¡p-¶-h-tc-¶pw (hm-hen-t\m-t¸mse) hn-js¯ A-W-en-sb-t¸m-

se k-Zm I-̄ n I-¿nÂ sIm-−p-\S-¡p-¶-h-sc-¶pw (kÀ¸w) ]d-

ªv C-hÀ H-cÀ-°-̄ nÂ Zzn-P-·m-sc-¶v Øm]n¡p¶p. a-Wn-]zm-f-

I-hn-I-fp-sS tÇ-j-{`-aw C-hn-sS hy-à-am-Ip¶p.

`m-jm-cm-am-b-WN-¼p:þ (D-Zym-\-{]-thiw) C-{Xbpw _r-l¯m-b H-

cp N-¼p-Imhyw `m-j-bnÂ th-sd-bnÃ. cm-h-tWmÛ-hw ap-XÂ {io-

cm-am-Zn-I-fp-sS kzÀ¤m-tcml-Ww h-sc-bp-Å I-Y C-cp-]-Xp `m-K-

§-fm-bn C-XnÂ hn-̀ -Pn-̈ v \n-_-Ôn-̈ n-cn-¡p¶p. cmamb-W-N-¼p-hn-

\v a-äp N-¼p-¡-fnÂ \n-¶p-Å hy-Xy-kv-X-X A-Xn-sâ hn-j-b-kzoI-c-

W-̄ n-emWv.

cm-amb-Ww kp-µ-c-Im-Þ-IY-sb B-{i-bn-¨p-Å-Xm-Wv

D-Zym-\-{]-th-iw F¶ {]-_Ôw. Im-a-]o-Un-X\m-b cm-h-W³ koX-

sb h-i-s¸-Sp-̄ p-hm-\mbn, Atim-I-h\n-tIm-Zym-\-̄ nÂ {]-th-

in-¡p-¶Xpw ko-X-tbm-Sv X-sâ ]-Xv-\n-bm-Im³ A-t]-£n-¡p-

¶Xpw X-sâ At]-£ \n-c-kn-¡p-¶ koX-sb sImÃm-\m-bn

hmfqcp¶Xpw H-fn-̈ p \n-¶ a-tÞmZ-cn C-S-s]-«v N-{µ-lm-k-

¯nÂ ]n-Sn-Ip-Sn cmhW-t\ A-́ -]p-c-̄ n-te-¡v sIm−p-t]m-Ip-

¶-Xp-amWv Cu {]-_-Ô-Xn-se {]Xn-]m-Zyw.

{]-_-Ôm-cw-̀ -̄ nÂ I-Ym-kqN-\-tbm-Sp-IqSn-b aw-K-fm-N-

cWw.

1. H-cp Imcyw \nÝ-b-am-Wv BÀ-s¡-¦nepw s]-s«-¶v B]-̄ p h-

cp-¶ ]-£w alm-hn-jv-Wp-hns\, `àn-tbm-Sp-Ip-Sn hn-iz-kn-¡p-I-

317

bm-sW-¦nÂ FÃmw At¸mÄ X-s¶ \o§pw. ]-−v A-tim-I-h-

\n-I-bnÂ sh-̈ v t{]-a-tIm-]m-Ô\m-b cm-h-W³ hm-fq-cn koX-sb

sImÃm-\m-bn k-ao-]n- -̈t¸mÄ, {io-cma-s\ a-\-ÊnÂ IcpXn-b ko-X-

sb-t¸mse (AÀ-°m-́ -c-\ym-kw A-e-¦mcw) {io-cma-s\ [ym-\n-̈ v

ko-X A]-̄ v \n¡n-bXp-t]m-se a-lm-hn-jv-Wp-hn-s\ hn-iz-kn-

¨mÂ BÀ¡pw A-]-̄ p-−mIbnÃ F-¶v kaÀ°n-¡p¶p.

2. at\m-l-cam-b A-tim-tIm-Zym-\-̄ n-sâ a-²y-̄ nÂ koX-sb

{]-Xn-ãn- v̈ Ima]oUn-X\m-b cm-£-k-N-{I-hÀ-̄ n i-b-\-Kr-l-

¯nÂ {]-th-in- -̈Xn-\p-ti-jw s]-s«-¶v k-t´m-j-t¯m-Sp-Ip-Sn ko-

sX A-\p-k-cn-̧ n-¡m³ F-´m-Wp-]m-b-sa¶pXs¶ Nn-́ n¨p-sIm-

−n-cp¶p.

Xp-S-À-¶v AÀ-²-cm-{Xn-bnÂ koX-sb k-µÀ-in-¡p-hm-\m-

bn bm{X-bv-¡v H-cp-§p¶p.

3. ]-c-amh-[n kzÀ-®w \Â-In {]o-Xn-s¸-Sp-̄ p-I-tbm, A-sÃ-¦nÂ

h-kv-{X-§-tfm, kzÀ-®-\mW-b-tam, a-t\m-l-cam-b H-cp am-e k-

½m-\n-¡p-I-tbm, kp-K-Ô-ap-Å Ikv-Xpcntbm N-µ\w, ]-\n-\oÀ

ap-Xem-b X-Wp-̄ {Z-hy-§Ä \Â-Ip-I-tbm, sNs¼m-·Wn-tbm,

a-Wn-IÄ ]-Xn-̈ A-c-ªm-Wtam F-́ m-Wv \-t½m-Sn-W-§p-¶-Xn-

\v BZ-c-thm-sS \mw A-hÄ-¡v k-½m-\n-t¡−-Xv F-¶n-{]-Im-cw

Nn-́ n-̈ v XpS§n.

4. e-¦m-[n-i\m-b cm-h-W³ B AÀ-²-cm-{Xn-¡v C-{]-I-m-cw ]-e-hn-

[-̄ nÂ Nn-́ n v̈, ko-X-bp-sS ap-¶nÂ-s -̈¶v ]-cn-Nm-cn-I-am-sc-s¡m-

−v irw-Km-c-]m-ZmÀ-°§-sf ImgvN-sh-bn-̧ n-̈ v XmÂ-]-cy-ap-−m-

Ip-¶ ]-e X-c-̄ n-ep-Å a-t\m-lc-h-tNm-hnemk§fmÂ k-t´m-

jn-̧ n-̈ v C-t¸mÄ X-s¶ Ah ssI-s¡m-Åp-¶-Xn-\v \nÀ_-

Ôn¡Ww F-¶v c-l-ky-am-bn \n-Ý-bn¨p.

318

5. F-sâ hn-{I-a-]-cm-{I-a§-sf sIm-−v ss{X-temIyw ap-gp-h\pw

\n-Êm-c-am-bn Pbn¨v \-½p-sS ap-¶nÂ hW-§n \nÂ-¡p-¶ kp-cm-

kp-c·m-tcm-Sp-IpSn-b \-½p-sS hn-Pb-s¯ `p-an-kp-Xbm-b ko-X-m-

tZ-hn tIÄ-¡m\n-S h-¶mÂ `À-̄ mhn-t\m-Sv a\ÊnÂ shdp-̧ v

tXm¶n. F-¦Â kv-t\-l-ap-Å-h-fm-bn Xo-cpw. F-s -́¶mÂ kv{Xo-

I-fp-sS t{]-aw FÃm-t¸mgpw Ip-Sp-XÂ Kp-W-ap-Å-Xn-s\ Imw-£n-

Ip-¶ N-©-e-kz`mhw D-Å-XmWv.

6. hn-i-Z-hn-h-c-§Ä ]d-ªv FÃmw X-¿m-dm-¡p-¶-Xn-\v hn-Zyp-Ön-

lz-s\ Np-a-X-e-s -̧Sp-̄ p¶p.

tl hn-Zy-Önlzm kI-e-I-e-Ifpw Xn-I-ª a-t\m-l-c\m-

b N-{µ-tZh-s\ hnfn v̈ c-ayam-b sh-®n-em-hns\ Cu cm-{Xn-bnÂ {]-

Im-in-¸n¨v, Iq-sS X-sâ `mcyam-cm-Ip-¶ \-£-{X-Pm-e-§Ä-¡v

ap¯pw am-Wn-Iyhpw tNÀ-¶ am-e \ÂIn. hk-́ m-Zn E-Xp-¡-fp-

sS km-¶n-²y-̄ nÂ \-½p-sS ap³-]nÂ F-¯n-t -̈cm³

IÂ]n¡Ww.

7. cw-̀ m-Zn-tZ-h-th-iy-IÄ A-l-¦m-cw sh-Sn-ªv D-Sp-s¯m-cp-§n

ko-X-bp-sS k-¶n-[n-bn-te-¡v \mw ]p-d-s¸-Sp-¶ k-a-b v̄, X-S-Ê-

§-fnÃm-sX h-gn Im-«m³ ]m-I-̄ nÂ ap-¶nÂ \-S-¡p-I. C-Xv a-

tÞm-Z-cn-¡v C-ã-am-bn-cn-¡p-I-bnÃ. F¦nÂ t]m-epw cw`m-Znth-iy-

IÄ cm-hW-sâ ]p-d-̧ m-Sn-\v th− tam-Sn-Iq-«Ww (X-sâ c-£-bv-

¡p-th-−n F-¶p B-h-iy-s -̧Sp¶p)

8. ]mÂ-s]m-se a-[p-cam-b \n-em-hnÂ D-Sp-s¯m-cp-§n Rm³ ]p-

d-s -̧Sp-¶ kab v̄ kp-aw-K-en-Ifm-b B-bn-c-t¯m-fw kv-{Xo-IÄ

ap-¶nÂ \r-̄ -hn-em-k-§tfm-sS \-S-¡Ww. B kp-µ-cn-I-fp-sS

ssI-I-fn-se kzÀ-®-¯m-e-̄ nÂ ssI-hnf-¡p-IÄ {]-Im-in-

¡Ww. am-{X-aÃ Im-a-tZ-h³ A-©p A-¼p-I-fp-am-bn k-Zm k¶-

²-cm-bn A-I¼-Sn tk-hn-¡Ww.

319

C-cp-h-i-§-fn-ep-am-bn \m-cZ-sâ ho-Wm-Km-\-t¯m-sSm-̧ w tZ-h-kv-

{Xn-IÄ ]mSns¡m−v \r-̄ w sN-¿-Ww. (kq-{X-̄ nÂ koX-sb ]-

d-ªnf-¡n X-sâ khm[o-\-̄ n-em-¡m³ F-s´-́ p-amÀ-¤-§-fm-

Wv th−-Xv F-¶v A-Km-[-am-bn Nn´n-̈ psIm-−v C-{]-Im-cw cm-h-

W³ Im-W-s¸«p)

9. C-{]-Im-c-ap-Å IÂ-]-\-IÄ \Â-In-s¡m-−v cm-h-W³ F-gp-

t¶-ä k-µÀ-̀ -̄ nÂ D-Z-b-Kn-cn ]À-Æ-X-̄ nÂ N-{µ³ D-Zn-̈ p-h-cn-I-

bpw, P-\-§Ä-¡v a-\-Ê-t´m-jw D−mIp-¶ hn-[-̄ nÂ N-{µ-sâ

\n-em-hm-Ip-¶ A-ar-X-[m-cm ]-̄ v Zn-¡nepw hym]n¨p-sIm-−v a-

ªp-Xp-Ån-I-fmÂ \n-kv-Xp-eam-b B-\µ-s¯ \Â-Ip-¶-h-\m-

bn aq¶p-tem-I-§-fnepw Im-W-s¸«p.

10. ]qÀ-Æ-Zn-¡m-Ip-¶ kp-µ-cn-bp-sS ap-Jw t]mse, cm-{Xn-bm-Ip-¶

kv-{Xo-bp-sS I®mSn-t]mse, C-{µ-tZ-h-X-bp-sS kzÀ-®-hÀ-®-̄ n-

epÅ tXmS t]mse, ImatZhsâ F-gp-¶-Å-̄ n-\v D-bÀ-̄ n-̧ n-Sn-

¡p-¶ sh¬-sIm-ä-t]mse, km-h-[m-\-̄ nÂ D-Zn-̈ p-h-cp-¶ N-{µ-

sâ \n-em-hm-Ip-¶ sX-fn-\o-cnÂ IÀ-̧ p-c-s¸m-Sn hnXdnbt]mse,

ss{Xtem-Iy-]p-©ncn-t]m-se, ]-m-em-gn-bn-se Xn-c-am-e-IÄ D-Zn-̈ p-b-

cp-¶Xp-t]mse, sh-fp-̄ `-kv-aw hm-cn-hn-X-dn-b-t¸m-se, sh¬-Nm-

bw tX¨Xpt]mse, Xq-ap-¯-IÄ hn-X-¨Xp-t]m-se. io-X-fam-b \n-

em-hn-sâ {]-Im-iw I-−v cm-£-k-Iq-«-§-sfÃmw t{]-b-kn-I-tfm-

sSm-̧ w tNÀ¶v, ]p-Xp-aZyw Ip-Sn-̈ v ckn-¡p-¶ B-Ëm-Z-t¯m-sSm-

¸w \q-X-\am-b Im-a-im-kv-{X{]-tbm-K-§-fnÂ GÀs¸«pw, ]-e-co-Xn-

bn-ep-Å bp-²-tI-fn-IÄ Xp-SÀ¶pw, ]-e-X-c-̄ nÂ \n-e-hn-fn DbÀ-

¯nbpw ]-c-am-\-µ-am-Ip-¶ k-ap-{Z-̄ nÂ B-−p-ap§n.

11. ]q-̈ - N-«n-bnÂ sh-̈ n-cn-¡p-¶ ]m-em-sW-¶v I-cp-Xn N-{µ-sâ In-c-

W§-sf \-¡n an-\p-¡p¶p. B-\ hr-£-§-fp-sS-bn-S-bnÂ Iq-Sn

I-S-¶p-h-cp-¶ N-{µ-In-c-W§-sf Xm-a-c-h-f-b-§-fm-sW-¶v I-cp-

320

Xn Np-än-̧ n-Sn-¡p¶p. bp-h-Xn-IÄ I«n-enÂ ]-Xn-ªp In-S-¡p-¶ \n-

em-hn³ I-Wn-II-sf sh¬-]-«p-h-kv-{X-am-sW-¶v I-cp-Xn h-en-s¨-

Sp-¡p-¶ Im-́ n-bnÂ a-Zn-¨ N-{µ³ Cu temI-s¯ C-{]-Im-c-

¯nÂ hn-kv-a-bn-̧ n-¡p¶p. (Cu tÇm-Iw `m-k-\m-S-I-N-{I-̄ n-ep-Å-

XmWv)

12. N-{µ-In-c-W-§Ä Ir-tim-Z-cn-Ifm-b kp-µ-cn-amÀ-¡v ap-e-I-fnÂ

N-µ-\-NmÀ-̄ m-bn amdn. X-eap-Sn-s¡-«nÂ apÃ-am-e-bmbn, \n-Xw-_-

¯nÂ sh¬-]-«m-bn hn-cm-Pn¨p.

13. Im-a-tZ-h-\m-Ip-¶ cm-Pm-hn-sâ c-l-ky-an-{Xam-b N-{µ-tZh³, In-

c-W-§-fm-Ip-¶ N-µ-\-¡-fn-]q-in-Zn-¡p-I-fm-Ip-¶ tZ-h-X-IÄ-¡v

]-cn-Nc-Ww sN-¿p-¶-h-\m-bn ImWs -̧Sp-¶p. D-d-§p-¶ B-¼Â-

s¸m-bv-II-sf D-WÀ-̄ p-¶-h-\mbpw [m-cm-fam-b A-ar-X-In-c-W-

§-sf-s¡m-−v tem-I-̄ n-se FÃm-h-cp-sSbpw I-®pI-sf B-\-

µn-̧ n-¡p-¶-h-\mbpw tim-̀ n¨p.

XpSÀ-¶v cm-h-W³ A-iz-Xn ap-XÂ ]q-bw h-sc-bp-Å \-

£-{X§-sf X-s¶ k-lm-bn-¡m-\m-bn hn-f-n-¡p¶p.

14. ap³-]v C-{µm-Wn-bp-sS ar-Zp-eam-b I-c-X-fn-cp-I-fmÂ _-lp-am-

\n-¡-s¸-« kzÀ-®-I-®mSn, I-¿n-te´n, ]qÀ-®-N-{µ-sâ ap-Jy-̀ m-

cybm-b A-iz-Xn \-£-{X-ta- \n kao] v̄ h-¶v koX-sb {]n-Xn-s¸-

Sp-̄ mÂ ]m-Sp-s]-Sp-¶ F--s¶ hniz-tam-ln-\n F-s¶ k-lm-bn-

¨mepw

15. AÃtbm kp-µ-cnbm-b `c-Wn \-£-{Xta, koX-sb ZÀ-in-¡m-

\p-Å {i-a-̄ nÂ X-S-hp-I-fnÃm-sX F-s¶ Xp-W-¡p-¶-Xn-\v

tXmgn, \o am-{X-am-Wm-{ibw. hen-b ]cna-fw ]-c-̄ p-¶ I-kv-Xp-cn-

¡p-dn-Iq-«v ssI-̄ -e-̄ nÂ Nm-en-̈ v kp-µ-cn-I-fnÂ {iã-bm-bm-\o

C-t¸mÄ X-s¶ C-hn-sS h-cnI.

321

16. AÃtbm ImÀ¯n-I \-£-{Xta, a-t\m-l-cam-b aÃn-I-̧ q-¡-fp-

sS K-Ôw \ndªp \nÂ-¡p-¶ am-e-tbm-Sp-Iq-Sn, B-\-µ-am-Ip-¶

P-em-i-b-̄ n-se Xn-c-̈ mÀ¯p-t]m-se ]qÀ-®-N-{µ-sâ Im-a-]-c-h-

iamb t\m-«-̄ n-\v hn-t[-b-am-Ip-¶-htf, \o ChnsS A-Sp-̄ v

h¶v, ko-X-tZ-hn-sb {]o-Xn-s -̧Sp-̄ p-¶-Xn-\v F-s¶ k-lm-bn-¡p-¶-

Xn-\m-bn A-h-fp-sS ImÀ-ta-L-Xp-eyam-b ap-Sn-bnÂ B am-e- NmÀ-

¯n-bmepw

17. AÃtbm tcm-ln-Wn \£-{Xta, I-m-a-tZ-h³ Xsâ- ssk-\y-hyq-

l-̄ nÂ Gähpw an-I-̈ -sX-¶v kw-Xr-]vXn-tbm-sS I-cp-̄ p-¶-h-

fpw, \n-kv-Xp-eam-b irw-Km-cw D-S-se-Sp-̄ -h-fpam-b \o, Cu am-

WnIyw sIm-−p-Å am-e I-¿n-se-Sp-̄ v t{]bknbm-b ko-X-bp-

sS i-co-c-ZÀ-i-\-̄ n-\p-Å Imgv-N h-kv-Xp-sh-¶ \n-e-bnÂ, a·-Y-

\m-Ip-¶ i-{Xp-hn-sâ t{Zm-l-¯nÂ \n-¶v Fs¶ c-£n-¡-hm³, A-

hÄ-¡v kaÀ-¸n-¨m-epw.

18. AÃtbm a-I-bn-cw \-£-{X-ta \o irw-Km-c-Ip-dn-¡p-«p-am-bn sN-

¶v k-t´m-j-amIp-¶ k-ap-{Z-̄ n-sâ C-f-Ip-¶ Xn-c-am-e-I-fp-sS

\n-c-bnÂ temI-s¯ ap-§n Xmgv̄ p-¶ hn-[w i-à\m-b \n-§-

fp-sS Ip-e Iq-S-Ø\m-b N-{µ-sâ hwi¯nÂ]n-d-¶ P-\I-sâ

]p-{Xn-bm-b ko-X-bp-sS A-Sp-¡Â sN-¶v F-t¶m-Sp Iq-Sn c-an-¡p-

¶-Xn-\v A-t]-£n-¡pI.

19. AÃtbm Xn-cp-hmXn-c \-£-{X-ta A-Xy-[n-Iw tim-̀ -tbm-Sp Iq-

Snb-Xp ap-̄ p-aWn-I-fmÂ ssI¯-ew X-s¶ tim-̀ n-¡p¶ B

am-Wn-Iy-sN-s -̧Sp-̄ vv, H«pw BZchv Ip-d-bm-sX, Im-a-]o-Un-X\m-

b F-¦Â Ir-]-tbm-Sp Ip-Sn koX-sb ImWp¶-Xn-\m-bn \o bm-{X-

bm-bm-epw.

20. AÃ-tbm ]p-WÀ-Xw \-£-{Xta, P-\-I-kp-Xbm-b ko-X-tb h-

i-̄ m-¡p-¶-Xn-\v G-¡m-e¯pw [-\ybm-b \n-sâ k-lm-bw th-

322

W-a-tÃm. BÀ-s¡-¦nepw Zpx-J-ap-Å k-a-b-̄ D-ä-_-Ôp-hm-bn

Im-W-s -̧Sp-¶-h-fm-WtÃm \o. A--Xn-\mÂ F-sâ kao] v̄ h-¶v

sh-«n Xn-f-§p-¶ kzÀ-®-Xm-¼m-f-̄ nÂ Xmw-_p-e-Iq-s«-Sp-̄ v

koXm-ZÀ-i-\-̄ n-¶m-bn \-S-sIm-−mepw

N-¼p-cm-am-b-W-̄ nse Hmtcm J-Þ-hpw H-cp kz-X-{ -́Ir-

Xn-bp-sS LS-\-tbm-Sp Iq-Sn-b-XmWv. kw-kv-IrX-]-Z _m-lp-ey-

amWv. Cu Ir-XnI-sf km-[m-c-W-¡m-cnÂ \n-¶v AI-än \nÀ-̄ n-b-

Xv. Cu ]-Zy-J-Þ-̄ nÂ Im-W-s¸« t]m-se F{X-tbm kw-kv-Ir-X-

Ir-Xn-I-fnÂ \n-¶v tÇm-I-§Ä F-Sp-̄ v tNÀ-¡m³ A-hÀ-¡v a-Sn-

bnÃ.

\\\\fNfNfNfN----cncncncn-- --Xw B«¡Xw B«¡Xw B«¡Xw B«¡----YYYY

D-®m-bn hm-cn-b-cp-sS \-f-N-cn-Xw B«-¡-Y \m-S-Io-b-X ap-

än \nÂ-Ip-¶ H-cp B-«-¡-Y-bmWv. hn-ti-jn¨pw c-−mw Zn-hkw. a-

lm-̀ m-c-X¯n-se ‘\-tfm-]m-Jym\w’ IY-sb \m-ep-Znh-kw I-fn-

¡m³ X-¡h-®w cw-K-hn-̀ P-\w \S-̄ n F-gp-Xn-bn-cn-¡pI-bm-Wv D-

®m-bn-hm-cnbÀ. H¶mw Zn-hk-s¯ I-Y-bnÂ \-f³ `n-a-]p-{Xnbm-b

Za-b-́ n-bp-sS ku-µ-cy-ku-in-eym-Zn-Kp-W-KW-§Ä tI«v, Ah-sf

X-s¶ Xsâ ]Xv-\n-bm-bn e-`n-¡p-¶-Xn-\v B-{K-ln-¡p--¶Xpw `m-Ky-

h-imÂ D-Zym-\-̄ nÂ ImWm\n-Sbm-b lw-kw A-t±l-s¯ k-

lm-bn-¡m-sa-t¶Â-¡p-¶Xpw lw-k-ZqXn ep-sS \-f-Z-a-b-´n-amÀ

]-c-kv]-cw ]-cn-N-b-s¸-Sp-¶Xpw kz-bw-h-c-a-Þ-]-̄ nÂ sh v̈ C-

{µm-Zn-tZ-h-I-fp-sS A-\p-{K-l-t¯m-sS \-f³ Z-a-b-́ n-sb h-cn-¡p-

¶-Xp-am-Wv hn-h-cn-¨n-«p-ÅXv.

c−mw Zn-hk-s¯ I-Y ss\-j-[-cm-P-sIm-«m-c-̄ n-se

DZym-\-̄ nÂ sh-̈ v \f-Z-a-b-´n-amÀ ]-c-kv]-cw kÃ-]n-¡p-¶-Xm-Wv

Im-Wn-¡p-¶-Xv. (Im-́ m-c-Xc-Iw hym-Jym-\-̄ nÂ F. BÀ cm-P-cm-

323

P-hÀ-½ Nq-−n-¡m-Wn-¡p-¶Xp-t]m-se \-f-Zabń-amÀ-¡v C-{µ-

tk-\³ F-¶ H-cp ]p-{X\pw C-{µtk-\ F-¶ H-cp ]p-{Xnbpw D-

−mbn ]n-s¶bpw hÀ-j-§Ä I-gn-ªm-Wv c−mw Znh-kw I-Y-

bn-se \m-SIn-b kw-̀ -h-§Ä D-−m-Ip-¶Xv) km-ay-a-I-¶ D-Zym-\-

¯n-sâ `w-Kn-tbbpw Ahn-sS-bp-Å tI-fn hn-em-k-§-tfbpw Ip-

dn-̈ v hÀ-®n-¡p-¶ Z-a-b-ń-tb-bpw, Ignª Imekw`h§sf

HmÀ-½n-¸n- v̈ Ah-sf k-t´m-jn-̧ n-¡p-Ibpw aäpw sN¿p-¶ \fcm-

Pm-hn-t\-bp-am-Wv \mw Im-Wp-¶Xv.

Xp-SÀ-¶p-Å cw-Kw B-cw-̀ n-¡p-¶-XmI-s« Z-ab-́ n kz-bw

h-cw I-gn-ªv tZhtem-I-t¯-¡v Xn-cn-̈ p t]m-Ip-¶ C-{µ³,

Aán, ba³, h-cp-W³ F-¶n-hÀ hgn a-²y-̄ nÂ sh-̈ v `q-an-bn-te-

¡v bm-{X \-S-̄ p-¶ I-en-sb Im-Wp-¶Xpw kwkm-cn-¡p-¶-Xp-

amWv. Z-ab-́ n kz-bw-h-c hmÀ-̄ tI-«v Z-a-b-ń-sb hn-hm-lw sN-

¿p-¶-Xn-\m-bn I- -̈s¡-«n C-d-§n-bn-cn-¡p-I-bm-Wv Zp-ã\pw Zp-cm-

{K-l-aqÀ-̄ n-bpam-b Ien. C-{µm-Zn-tZ-hI-sf Im-Wp-t¼mÄ I-en

H-cp X-cw I-]-S-hn-\-b-t¯m-sS Ip-i-em-t\zj-Ww \-S-̄ p¶p.

AÃtbm C-{µm-Zn tZ-hI-sf \n-§Ä F-hn-sS \n¶mWv h-cp¶Xv

? C-{µ³ Xp-S-¡-̄ nÂ X-§-fp-sS bm-{X-bp-sS D-t±iyw shfns -̧

Sp-̄ m-sX AÂ-]w AI-te \n-¶v h-cp-¶p F-¶v a-dp]-Sn ]-d-

bp¶p. XpSÀ¶v I-en F-t§m-«m-Wv Xn-Sp-¡-s¸-«v bm-{X t]m-Ip¶-

Xv F-¶-t\z-jn-¡p¶p. Ien h-en-b B-Ëm-Z-t¯m-sS-bm-Wv a-dp]-Sn

]-d-bp-¶Xv. “`q-an-bnÂ ò-a-cm-Pm-hn-sâ ]p-{Xn-bm-bn Z-ab-́ n F-¶

H-cp kp-µ-cn-bp-−-s{X. Ah-sf hn-hm-lw sN-bvXp-sIm-−p-h-cp-

¶-Xn-\m-Wv F-sâ ]p-d-¸m-Sv A-[n-Iw kw-km-cn-̈ p \nÂ-¡m³ k-a-

b-anÃ. F-s¶ bm-{X- Xp-S-cm³ A-\p-h-Zn-̈ m-epw”. Cu L-«-̄ nÂ Z-

a-b-ń-bp-sS Iu-Xp-I I-cmam-b hn-hm-lw kw-̀ -hn-̈ p-sh¶pw A-

XnÂ B-Z-c-]qÀ-Æw ]-s¦-Sp- v̄ a-S-§p-I-bm-Wv X-§-sf¶pw I-

324

en-sb A-dn-bn-¡p¶p. am-{X-aÃ sh-Åw ap-gp-h³ tNmÀ-¶p t]m-b-

Xn-\p-ti-jw A-W-sI-«n-bn-s«-́ p {]-tbmP-\w F-¶v sXÃv ]-cn-lm-

k-t¯msS tNm-Zn-¡p¶p. kz-bw-h-c-a-Þ-]-̄ nÂ sh- v̈ Z-ab-´n

\-h-Kp-W-]-cn-af\mb \-f-s\-bm-Wv hn-hm-lw sN-bv-sX-¶ k-

Xyhpw A-dn-bn-¡p¶p.

CtXm-sS tIm-]m-Ô\m-b I-en tZ-h-\m-b-I-·m-sc A-[n-

t£-]n-¡p¶p. Hcp {]-tbm-P-\-hp-anÃm-sX A-t§m«pw an-

t§m«pw \-S-¶-XÃmsX Cu bm-{X sIm-−v \n-§Ä-s¡-́ p em-̀ -

ap-−m-bn F-¶v I-en tZ-h-\m-bI-sc ]-cn-l-kn-¡p¶p. am-{X-aÃ kz-

bw-h-c-a-Þ-]-̄ nÂ a-äp-Å-h-sc-Ãmw a-c-̧ m-h-I-sf-t¸m-se I®pw

Xp-dn-¨n-cn-¡p-t¼mÄ tIh-ew \n-Êm-c\m-b H-cp a-\p-jy-IoS-s¯

A-hÄ `À-̄ m-hm-bn h-cn¨p. “Cu hmÀ-̄ tI-«n-«v F-\n-¡v tIm-

]w I-̄ n-bm-fp-I-bmWv. G-sd Xm-a-kn-bm-sX Rm³ Ah-sc C-

cp-h-tcbpw ]-c-kv]-cw ]nW-¡n A-I-se-bm-¡n-bn-cn-¡pw.

Rm\nXm {]-Xn-Ú sN-¿p-¶p”. C-{]-Im-cw A-l-¦m-cnbm-b I-en

{]-h-Nn¨p. C-Xv tI-«v C-{µ³ k-Zv-Kp-W-k-¼-¶-\m-Wv \-f-s\¶pw

A-h-\nÂ ]-I sh-bv¡p¶-Xv \nsâ \m-i-̄ n-se A-h-km-\n-¡p-

I-bp-Åp-sh¶pw I-en-sb Xm-¡n-Xv sN-bv-Xp Ahn-sS \n-¶p t]m-

Ip¶p. F-¶mÂ A-aÀ-jw k-ln-¡m-sX \-f\pw kp-lr¯m-b

Zzm]c\pw tNÀ-¶v \f-s\ t{Zm-ln-¡m-\p-Å ]-²-Xn-IÄ B-hn-jv-

¡-cn-¡p¶p. F¶mÂ hn-hm-lw I-gn-ªv ]-{´-−p-hÀ-jw ]n-¶n-«-

Xn-\p-ti-j-am-Wv I-en-¡v \nj[-cmP-̄ v {]-th-in-¡m-\m-bXv.

AXpw \f-sâ H-cp sNdn-b A-{i-² \n-an¯w. k-Ôy-k-ab-̄ v

]m-Z-{]-£m-f-\pw (ImÂ-I-gpIÂ) \-S-̄ p-¶-Xn-\n-S-bnÂ A-t±-

lw A-{i-²-\n-an-Xw th-− hn-[w I-gp-Im-Xn-cn-¡p-Ibpw B A-

hk-cw D-]-tbm-Kn- v̈ ‘Ien’ \f-sâ i-co-c-̄ nepw \f-sâ cm-Py-

325

¯nepw IS-¶p I-b-dp-Ibpw sN-bvXp. ss\-j-[-cm-Py- v̄ {]-th-

in-̈ I-en kq-{X-̄ nÂ \f-sâ A-\p-P\m-b ]p-jv-¡c-sâ k-ao]-

v̄ F¯n. X-s¶ Im-Wm³ c-−v A-]-cn-Nn-XÀ h-cp¶-Xv I-−v

]p-jv-¡-c³ A-Ûp-X-s¸-«p. F-́ n-\m-Wv A-hÀ h-¶-sX-¶v A-t\z-

jn-̈ p. km-[m-c-W-bm-bn FÃm-hcpw \f-s\ Im-Wm³ th-−n-

am{Xam-Wv A-hn-sS h-cm-dp-Å-sX¶pw AhcpsS B-h-iy-§-

sfÃmw \f-sâ \n-d-th-än sIm-Sp-¡p-sa¶pw AI-se \n-¶v Bcpw

X-s¶ A-t\z-jn-̈ p h-cm-dn-sÃ¶pw Imc-Ww X-\n-¡v sh¬-sIm-ä

¡pS-tbm, sh¬-Nma-ctam CÃ F-¶pw, {]-_-e-·mcmb ssk-

\yhpw CÃ, BI¸msS £{Xnb-s\-¶ t]-cp am-{Xw. F-¶n§-s\

]p-jv-¡-c³ ]-cn-̀ -hhpw ]cmXnbpw Xpd¶p ]d-ª-tXm-sS I-en-

¡v Imcyw F-fp-̧ -ambn. “]p-jv-¡-cm \n-sâ P-·w shdptX ]m-gm-

¡n I-f-b-cp-tX... Rm³ Ien, Cu tem-I-̄ nÂ F-s¶ Adnbm-

¯-h-cm-bn B-cp-anÃ. \n\-¡v Rm³ an-{X-amWv. \o F-sâ Ip-sS

\n-¶mÂ \n-sâ cmPyw Rm³ \n\-¡v hm-§n X-cmw. \f-s\ Nq-Xp-

I-fn-¡m³ hn-fn-̈ v A-XnÂ ]cmPb-s -̧Sp-̄ n Ah-s\ Im-«n-te-¡v

hn-SpI”. C-{]-Im-cw I-en ]p-jv-¡c-s\ {]tNm-Zn-̧ n-̈ v \f-s\ NqXp

I-fn-¡m³ hn-fn-¡p¶p. I-en-bp-sS kzm-[n-\-̄ n-\v hnt[-b\m-b \-f-

\mI-s« Iq-Sp-X-sem¶pw Nn-´n-¡m-sX Np-Xp-I-fn-s¡m-cp-§p¶p.

A-Sp-̄ cw-Kw Zyp-X-a-Þ-]-amWv. I-fn-bnÂ Bth-iw

Iq-Sn-b-tXm-sS \-f³ `-£-W-̄ nÂ t]mepw XmÂ-]cyw Im-Wn-

¡msX, cmhpw ]-Iepw I-fn-bnÂ X-s¶ ap-gp-In-bn-cp-¶p. (C-hn-sS

H-cp kwK-Xn {]-tXyIw HmÀ-t¡-−-Xp−v. \f-sâ I-Y alm-̀ m-c-X-

¯nÂ {]-Xn-]m-Zn-¡p-¶-XpX-s¶ ‘Np-Xp-Ifn’ cm-Pm-¡-·m-sc ]-e-

t¸mgpw \m-i-̄ n-\n-S-bm¡pw F-¶ XXzw [À-½-]p-{X-tc D-]-tZ-in-

¡m³ th-−n-bmWv) \fsâ A-Zayam-b B-th-iw I-−-t¸mÄ X-

326

s¶ B-]-̄ n-sâ Kuc-hw Z-ab-́ n a\-Ên-em-¡n-bn-cp¶p. A-hÄ

]-e-t¸mgpw Zyq-X-a-Þ-]-¯nÂ \n-¶v ]p-d-̄ nd-§n h-¶v \f-sâ

Zr-ãn-bnÂ- -̧Sm-sX I-®oÀ-hmÀ¯p. H-Sp-hnÂ `-b-s¸-«Xp-t]m-se

Xs¶ kw-̀ -hn-¨p. cm-Pyhpw kz-̄ p-¡-fp-sfÃmw ]W-bw sh-̈ v I-

fn-̈ \f-sâ ]¡Â \n-¶v F-Ãm A-[n-Im-c-§fpw k-¼¯pw X-«n-

-̧dn-s¨-Sp-̄ v ]p-jv-¡-c³ C{]Im-cw A-[n-t£-]n-¨p.

“C-\n ap-XÂ ss\-j-[-̄ n-se cm-Pm-hv Rm-\mWv. \n-\-bv-

s¡m-cn-¡epw C-\n cmPyw Xn-cn-̈ v In-«p-I-bnÃ. am-{X-aÃ \n-sâ a-

¡Ä¡pw F-\n¡pw kz-_p-²n-bpÅnSt¯mfw Cu cmPyw In-«m³

t]m-Ip-¶nÃ. C-\n bm-sXm-cp F-XnÀ-̧ n\pw Hcp-s¼-Sm-sX Im-«nÂ

t]m-Ip-I-bm-Wv \n\-¡v \ÃXv”. Xp-SÀ-¶v ]p-jv-¡-c³ ]ucP\-§-

tfm-Sv C-§n-s\ IÂ-]n-¡p¶p. “\-K-c-̄ nÂ Xm-a-kn-¡p-¶ Hm-

tcmtcm B-fp-I-fpw C-¶p-ap-XÂ F-sâ IÂ-]-\ tIÄ-¡-Ww. \-

f-s\-¡p-dn- v̈ Bcpw HmÀ¡m³ t]mepw ]m-SnÃ. Ah-\v h-kv{Xtam

Acntbm bm-sXm¶pw sIm-Sp-̄ v t]m-I-cp-Xv”. Xp-S-À-¶v \f-\-

t\m-Sn-{]-Im-cw ]-dp¶p. “b-YmÀ-°-̄ nÂ kp-µ-cnbm-b Z-a-b-´n-

t]mepw \n\-¡v A-h-Im-i-s -̧«XÃ. cm-Pm-hm-bn hm-gp-t¼mÄ \o

k¼mZn¨ B `m-cybpw F-\n-¡p-Å-Xm-Wv”. C-§n-s\ A-hn-th-

Inbm-b ]p-jv-¡-c³ ]-eXpw PÂ-]n-¡m³ Xp-S§n.

D-S-\o-fw \m-S-Io-b-X \n-d-ª-Xm-Wv B-«-¡-Y-bnse Cu

cw-K-§Ä. kq-£v-a-am-bn hn-i-Ie-\w sN-¿p-t¼mÄ D-®m-bn-hm-cn-

b-cp-sS cw-K-t_m-[-hpw, ]m-{X-kr-ãn-bp-sS am-lm-ßyhpw Cu `mK-

v̄ \n-¶pX-s¶ hy-à-am-Ipw.

328

bqbqbqbq----WnWnWnWn----äv þ äv þ äv þ äv þ 5555

aaaa----eeee----bmbmbmbm----ffff----ImImImIm----hyhyhyhy----NNNN----cncncncn----{X{X{X{X----¯n¯n¯n¯n----ep−mep−mep−mep−m----b b b b

`m`m`m`m----hphphphp----IIII----Xz]Xz]Xz]Xz]----camcamcamcam----b amb amb amb am----äwäwäwäw

H-cp P-\-X-bp-sS km-ln-Xy-]-cn-{i-a-§Ä-¡v \n-e-hn-ep-Å

km-ap-ly-hy-h-Øn-Xn-bp-ambpw km-ap-ly-N-e-\-§-fp-ambpw A-t`-

Zyam-b _-Ô-ap−v. tI-c-f-¯nÂ thcp-d-̧ n-¨ P-·n \m-Sp-hn-gn-̄ -

hy-h-Ø-bp-sS Im-e-L-«-̄ nÂ A-XmbXv 17, 18 \qäm-−p-I-fnÂ

km-aq-ln-I-N-e-\-§Ä B-t]-£n-am-bn a-µ-K-Xn-bn-em-bn-cp¶p. C-

Xv km-ln-Xy-̄ n-se `m-h-cq-]-§Ä Iq-Sp-XÂ k-¦oÀ-W-am¡n. B-

«-¡-Y-Ifpw almImhy-§fpw a-Wn-{]-hm-f-im-Ip-́ -fm-Zn \m-S-I-

§fpw DZ-bw sIm-−Xv Cu Ime-L-«-̄ n-emWv, tI-c-f-̄ n-se D-

]-cn-X-e-k-aq-l-amWv. A¯-cw I-e-IÄ Bhnjv-¡-cn-̈ Xpw B-

kz-Zn-̈ Xpw Zq-cn]£w hcp-¶ Iogmf þ In-gv-Pm-Xn k-aq-lw A-

XnÂ \n-¶v AI-¶p \n¶p. I-Y-I-fn-sb-t¸m-se k-t¦Xn-IX \n-d-

ª H-cp Iemcq]w Ah-sc B-IÀ-jn-¡p-I-tbm, B-th-i-s -̧Sp-

¯p-Itbm sN-bv-XnÃ. AXp-sIm-−pX-s¶ A¯-cw I-Ym-{]-I-S-

\-§-fnÂ A-h-cp-sS ]-¦m-fn-̄ w Ip-d-ªp-h¶p. km-ln-Xyhpw

N-\-e-aävv hy-h-Øm-]n-Xam-b Nn-e B-hn-jv-¡-c-W-k-{¼-Zm-b-§-fp-

sS N-«-Iq-«nÂ, N¼p, k-tµ-i-Im-hyw, In-fn-¸m«v, a-lm-Im-hyw, B-«-

¡-Y-IÄ Xp-Å-ep-IÄ Xp-S-§n-b-h-bnÂ X-f-̈ p-In-S¶p.

329

1825 þÂ sIm-Sp-§ÃqÀ tI-{µ-am-¡n {]-hÀ-̄ n-̈ v sIm-Sp-

§ÃqÀ I-f-cn-bmWv Cu KmXm-\pK-Xn-I-Xz-̄ n-\v H-cp am-äw D-

−m-¡n-bXv. I-hn-X-bp-sS `m-h-̄ nÂ AÂ-]-am-bn-«m-sW-¦nÂ

t]m-epw, cq-]-̄ nÂ K-Wyam-b am-äw h-cp¯n-b Cu {]Øm-\-̄ n-

sâ Xp-S-¡-¡mÀ sh¬a-Wn A-Ñ-\pw, a-I-\p-am-bn-cp¶p. sh¬-a-

Wn-{]-Øm-\w F¶pw Cu `m-hp-I-Xz- amä-s¯ hn-fn-¡m-dp−v. e-fn-

X-§fm-b kwkvIrX-]-Z-§fpw am-[p-cy-aq-dp-¶ a-e-bm-f-]-Z-

§fpw sIm-−v sa-S-sª-Sp-̄ {]km-Zm-ß-Iam-b H-cp ssi-en

a-e-bm-f-̀ m-j-bv-¡v \Â-Im³ C-hÀ-¡v I-gnªp. {it²-bam-b H-

cp Imcyw Cu `m-h-I-Xz-am-ä-̄ n-\v ]n-¶nÂ {]-hÀ-̄ n -̈Xv

]mÝmXy-kzm-[o-\-am-bn-cp-¶nÃ F-¶-XmWv. Z-£n-W-Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-

Iq-dn-se km-ln-Xy-a-Þe-s¯ kzm-[n-\n-̈ kw-kv-Ir-X-]-£-]m-Xn-

Xzhpw Bw-K-e-̀ m-jm-hn-t[-b-Xzhp-sam¶pw sh¬-a-Wn-]£-s¯

kzm-[n-\n-̈ nÃ. a-Wn-{]-hm-f-Im-e-L-«-̄ nÂ e-Lp Im-hy-§-fm-bn \n-

e-\n-¶ H-cp Im-hyk-{¼-Zm-bw, Iu-tWm¯-c, sN-dnb-̈ n XpS§nb

Im-hy-J-Þ-§-fnÂ Im-W-s -̧Sp-¶ Im-hy-co-Xn ]-cn-jv-¡-cn-¡-s¸-«v

BJym-\-I-§-fm-bn am-dp¶Xv Cu Im-e-L-«-̄ n-emWv. sh¬-a-

Wn-a-l³ X-s¶ ]q-c-{]-_Ôw, `q-Xn-̀ q-j-N-cn-Xw Xp-S§n-b Im-hy-

§Ä c-Nn-̈ v A-Xn-\v amXr-I Im«n. Xp-SÀ-¶v Ip-ªn-Ip-«³ X-¼p-

cm-sâ \Ã `m-j, ]m-¡-\mÀ, I-−qÀ \m-cm-b-W-ta-\h-sâ tIm-

a¸³, H-Sp-hnÂ Ip-ªn-Ir-jv-W-ta-\h-sâ hn-t\m-Zn-\n Xp-S§n-b

BJym-\-Im-hy-§Ä `m-j-bnÂ H-cp ]p-Xp-̀ m-hp-I-Xz-¯n-\v h-gn

Xp-d¶p. `m-j-bnÂ k-lr-Z-b-Xz-̄ n-\v H-cp ]pXn-b hym-]v-Xn \Â-

Ip-I-bm-W-hÀ sN-bv-XXv. eo-emh-Xn So-̈ À C-{]-Im-cw F-gp-Xp¶p.

k-ar-²-am-bn ]q-̄ v Xg-¨p I-Xn-c-Wn-ªp hn-f-bpI þ {I-ta-Wb-

§v \oÀ-th-än h-cfpI þ Cu c-−p [mÀ-½-§-fnepw ap-f-¦m-Sp-IÄ

]q-¡w t]m-se H-cp k-hn-ti-j-h-k- -́am-bn sh¬a-Wn {]-Øm\-

330

s¯ I-cp-Xmw. Im-hy-amkn-I-IÄ \nd-ªp I-hnªp. hn-jv-Wp-\-

¼q-Xn-cn-̧ m-Sv F-¶ sh×-Wn A-Ñ³ \¼q-Xn-cn-̧ mSv, ]q-t´m«-̄ v

Zmtam-Z-c³ \¼q-Xncn, sh¬a-Wn al³, sImSp§ÃqÀ sIm-̈ p-

®n X-¼p-cm³, Ip-ªn-¡p-«³ X-¼p-cm³, Im-¯p-ÅnÂ

A¨pXta-t\m³, H-d-h¦-c F¶n§-s\ I-hn-I-fp-sS Hcp-h³ \n-c-

AWn\n-cp¶p. an¡hÀ¡pw {ZqX-Ihn-X h-g-§p-ambn-cp¶p. Ip-

ªn-¡p-«³ X-¼p-cm-\m-bn-cp¶p Cu Im-cy-̄ nÂ A-Zzn-Xob³.

sh¬a-Wn {]-Øm-\sa-¶p t]À ho-Wmepw {]Øm\s¯ {i-t²-

b-am-¡n XoÀ¯Xv Ip-ªn-¡p-«³ X-¼p-cm-\mbn-cp¶p. HcÀ°-

¯nÂ sh¬-a-Wn-{]-Øm-\w c-N-\m-Iu-i-e-s¯-bm-Wv {]-[m-\-

ambpw B{i-bn-¨Xv. F-¶mÂ ‘tI-c-f-hÀ½bpK’¯n-se kw-kv-

Ir-X-]-£-]m-Xn-Xz-t¯bpw Im-hy-kz-cq-]-k-¦Â-]-§tfbpw hn-

aÀ-in-¡p-¶ H-cp ]p-tcm-K-a-\-kz-̀ m-hw A-hÀ {]I-Sn-̧ n¨p. I-hn-X-

bp-sS B-́ -c in-ev-]-̄ nepw _m-ly-inÂ-]-̄ nepw X-§-fp-sS hy-

àn-Xz-̄ n-sâ ap-J-ap-{Z NmÀ-̄ m³ A-hÀ-¡v sXÃpw a-Sn-bnÃm-bn-

cp¶p, “knXaWn [c-Wn tZ-h, lcy£h-cy-\m-b” sh¬a-Wn \-

¼q-Xn-cn-̧ m-Sn-s\ I-hn tI-k-cn-bm-bn ap-¶nÂ \nÀ¯n A-hÀ I-hn-

X-I-f-̄ n-se ‘I-cn-\n-cIÄ’ apXÂ ‘Ipdp-\-cnIÄ’ h-sc shÃp-

hnfn¨p-. Nn-e-t¸mÄ sh¬a-Wn ]-£-̄ n-sâ [mÀãyw Ip-d-̈ Xo-cv

I-S-¶-Xm-bn tXm-¶m-sa-¦n-epw k-a-{Kam-b kw-kv-Ir-Xm-[n-]-Xy-

¯nÂ \n¶v a-e-bm-f-̀ m-j-bp-sS tam-N-\-̄ n-\v A-hÀ h-gn Xp-d-¶p-

hn«p. cq-]-em-fn-Xy-̄ nepw i-Ð-kw-hn-[m-\-̀ wKnbn-epw, \n-Xy-Po-hn-X-

hn-j-b-§-fn-ep-am-bn-cp-¶p AhÀ¡v XmÂ-]-cyw. hy-àn-\nco-£-W-

§Ä BWv A-h-cp-sS I-hn-X-bnÂ ap-¶n-«v \n¶ncp¶-Xv Ihn-X-

bn-se `m-h-aÞ-e-s¯-¡p-dn-̈ v A-hÀ Ku-c-h-h-am-bn Nn-́ n-̈ n-sÃ-

¦nepw cq-]-inÂ-c-]-̄ nÂ AhÀ hn-«p-hogv-N sN-bv-XnÃ. i-Ð-]-£-

331

]m-Xw i-à-am-bn-cp-¶ A-h-cp-sS-bn-S-bnse¶v Ip-ªn-¡p-«³ X-

¼p-cm³ c-Nn-̈ ‘i-Ðm-e¦mcw’ F-¶ e-£-W-{K-Ùw Xs¶

km£yw h-ln-¡p¶p. km-a-\y-am-bn ]-d-ªmÂ Cu sIm-Sp-

§ÃqÀ IhnIÄ ‘ImÂ-]-\n-I-]qÀ-Æ’I-hn-I-fmWv ({]oþ tdm-am-

sân-Iv). kwkvIr-X-]-£-]mXnXztam Cw-¥n-jv t{]-atam A-hÀ-

¡nÃm-bn-cp¶p. X-\n-\m-S³ ae-bm-f-̀ m-j-bp-sS h-àm¡Ä. kw-kv-

Ir-Xw t]m-se X-s¶ Cw-¥n-jn-sâ AXn{]k-c-t¯bpw A-hÀ F-

XnÀ-̄ p.

X³-̀ m-jm-X\znsb, tI-c-f-a-\pPÀ-shSnþ

sªm-«p-ap-¡m-ep-an-t¸mÄ

h³-t]mepw lp-W-̀ m-jm-h-\nX-sb hi-am

¡p-¶-tXmÀ-̄ v A-̄ Â-]q-Wp-¶p R§Ä F¶m-bn-

cp-¶p A-h-cp-sS \ne.

sIm-Sp-§ÃqÀ tIm-hn-e-I¯pw ]-cn-k-c¯pw `m-jm-I-hn-X-bp-sS

A-́ -co-£w X-s¶ A-hÀ kr-ãn¨p. A-¡me-̄ v a-[y tI-c-f-̄ n-

se {]-kn-²n-tbdn-b Im-hy-\m-S-I-imkv-{X-Kp-cp-Ip-e-am-bn-cp-¶p

sIm-Sp-§ÃqÀ Kp-cp-Ip-ew. Ip-ªn-¡p-«³ X-¼p-cm³ kz-bw F-

gp-Xnbpw I-hn-X-sb-gp-Xm³ [m-cm-fw B-fpI-sf t{]m-Õ-ln-̧ n-

¡p-Ibpw sN-bv-Xp. “I-hn-X-sb-gp-Xn-¡p-«p-hn³ Iq-«p-Imsc” F-

¶-t±-lw B-lzm-\w sN-bvXp. Ip-ªn-¡p-«³ X-¼p-cmsâ, hym-k-

`m-c-X-̄ n-sâ ]-Zm-\p-]-Z hn-hÀ¯-\w H-cp hnkva-bw X-s¶-bm-bn-

cp¶p. tIhew 874 Zn-h-kw sIm-−m-Wv A-t±-lw H-cp e£¯n-

te-sd tÇm-I§-sf a-e-bm-f-̀ m-j-bn-te-¡v hn-hÀ¯-\w sN-bv-X-Xv.

‘Znhyw’ F-¶v G-sX-¦nepw km-ln-Xy hn-hÀ-̄ \s¯ hnti-jn-̧ n-

¡m-sa-¦nÂ AXv X-¼q-cm-sâ `mc-Xw hn-hÀ¯-\w Xs¶.

332

sh¬-a-Wn-{]-Øm-\-̄ n-sâ H-cp ]-cn-an-Xn hn-j-b§-sf D]-cn-¹-h-

am-bn am-{X-ta AhÀ \n-co-£n-̈ p-Åp F-¶-XmWv. {]-iv-\-§-fp-sS

B-g-¡-b-̄ n-te-¡-dn-§n-s¨Ãm³ A-hÀ X-¿m-dm-bn-cp-¶nÃ.

sh¬a-Wn al-sâ B-ß-l-Xysb-¡p-dn-̈ p-Å H-cp Ihn-X {i-²n-

¡p-I. H-cp ho-«-½-bp-sS Zm-cp-Wam-b B-ß-l-Xy-sb-¡p-dn-̈ v

hnhcn-¡p-t¼mÄ B B-ß-l-Xy-bn-te-¡v Ah-sc \-bn-̈ km-l-

Ncyw A-t±-lw Im-Wp¶nÃ. hf-sc {]-bm-k-s -̧«v A-hÀ Po-h³

sh-Sn-ªp F-¶m-W-t±-l-¯n-sâ `m-jyw.

X-cp-in-c-kn-I-tc-dn \Ã sIm-¼þ

s¯m-cp I-bÀ sIm-−hÀ Xm³ h-cnªp-sI-«n

a-dp-X-e-K-f-kn-av-\n sI-«n Rmþ

¶n-s«m-cp hn-[-am-iq Ir-Xm-´ hoSp-]qIn.

H-cp ]-t£ k-ap-l-̄ n-sâ Xm-sg-¡n-S-bn-ep-Å Po-hn-X-Zp-c-´§-

sf A-dn-bm-sX t]m-b-Xmhmw A-h-cp-sS c-N-\-I-fn-se Ku-c-h-¡p-

d-hn-\v Im-cWw. ^-en-X-am-bn-cp-¶p A-h-cp-sS ap-J-ap{Z.

an-j-\-dn-km-lnXyw:þ `m-jm-km-ln-Xy-cwK-̄ v Ip-©³-¼ym-cp-

sSbpw D-®m-bn hcnbcp-sSbpw Im-e-̄ n-\v tijw, sh¬a-Wn

{]-Øm-\-̄ n-sâ DZ-bw h-sc, Iãn v̈ H-cp \p-äm-t−m-fw ]-d-b-̄ -

¡ kw-̀ m-h-\-IÄ H-¶p-ap-−m-bnÃ. F-¶m-Â B ZoÀ-Lam-b Im-e-

b-f-hnÂ `m-jm-im-kv-{X-̄ n-\v K-Wyam-b h-fÀ- -̈bp-−mbn. CXn-\v

{][m-\ Imc-Ww {In-kv-Xp-a-X-{]-N-c-W-̄ n-\v tI-c-f-̄ n-se¯n-b

{InkvXy³ anjy\-dn-am-cp-sS {]-hÀ-̄ -\-amWv. ]m-Ým-Xy-an-j-\-dn-

amÀ-¡v a-X-{]-N-c-W-̄ n-\v {KÙ-̀ m-j-sb-¡mÄ Iq-Sp-XÂ {]-

tbmP-\w km-[m-c-W-¡m-cp-sS hy-h-lm-c-̀ mjbmb a-e-bm-f-amWv.

A-Xn-\mÂ tI-c-f-̄ n-se kw-km-c-̀ m-j-a-\-Ên-em¡m\mWv A-hÀ

B-Zy-am-{K-ln-̈ Xv. s_-©-an³ sk-bven, dn-¨mÀ-Uv tIm-fn³kv, Kp-

−À-«v Xp-S-§n-b-h-cp-sS \n-L-−p-¡Ä ssI-c-fn-¡v e-`n¨Xv Cu

333

Im-e-L-«-̄ n-emWv. \-½p-sS K-Zy-km-ln-Xy-̄ n-sâ h-fÀ -̈¡v ASn-

Øm-\-an«-Xv Cu an-j\-dn {]hÀ-̄ -I-cp-sS hym-I-c-W-{K-Ù-§fpw

\n-L-−p-¡fpw BWv. s_-©-an³ skbven-bpsS ‘a-e-bm-fw þ

Cw-¥o-jv \n-L−p’ 1846þem-Wv {]-kn-²n-I-cn-¡-s¸-«Xv. 1817þÂ

tIm-«b-̄ v h-¶v sk-an-\m-cn-bnÂ A-²ym-]-I-hr-̄ n- kzn-I-cn-¨-

t¸mÄ XpS§n-b \n-L-−p \nÀ-½mWw 29 hÀj-s¯ A-{im-́ -

]-cn-{i-aw sIm-−m-Wv ]qÀ¯n-bm-bXv. aq-¶v Z-iI-§-tfm-fw \o-

−p-\n-¶ ITn-\am-b H-cp X-]-ky-bp-sS ^e-am-Wv B ]p-kv-XIw.

_m-kÂ-an-jy³ {]-hÀ-̄ -I-\m-bn a-e-bm-f-̄ n-se¯n-b

slÀ-a³ Kp-−À-«v kw-̀ m-j-W-̀ m-j-tbbpw km-ln-Xy-̀ m-j-tbbpw

A-Sn-Øm-\-s -̧Sp-̄ n im-kv-{Xo-bamb H-cp hym-I-c-W-{KÙw

1851þÂ {]-kn-²n-I-cn¨p. Xp-SÀ¶v 1868þÂ {]kn²s -̧Sp¯n-b c-

−ma-s¯ ]-Xn-̧ m-Wv ]qÀ-®-cq-]-̄ n-ep-Å a-e-bm-f-hymIcWw.

878 J-Þn-I-I-fn-em-bn a-e-bm-f-hym-I-c-W-̄ n-sâ k-hn-ti-j-X-

IÄ A-t±-lw X-cw Xn-cn-̈ v A-XnÂ {]-Xn-]m-Zn-̈ n-cn-¡p¶p.

F¶mÂ Kp-−À-«n-sâ {]ikv-Xam-b kw-̀ mh\ 1872þÂ {]-kn-²n-

I-cn-̈ a-e-bm-fw Cw-¥o-jv \nL-−p Xs¶. tI-c-f -̧g-a F-¶ N-cn-{X-

{K-Ù-hpw, ]Ýn-tam-Zbw, cm-Py-k-am-Nm-cw XpS§nb ]-{X-am-kn-I-

I-§-fp-sS {]-kn-²o-I-c-Whpw ]mT-]p-kv-X-I-§-fp-sS cN\bpw

A-t±-l-̄ n-sâ `m-jm-tk-h-\-§-fp-sS {]-i-kv-Xn hÀ-²n-¸n-¡p¶p.

AÀ-t®m-kv ]m-Xn-cn F-¶ P-kyq-«v ]m-Xn-cn-bp-sS tk-h-

\hpw HmÀ-½n-¡-s¸-sS-XmWv. 18þmw \p-äm-−nÂ XrÈqcnse A-¼-

e-¡m-sS-¶ Øe-̄ v Xm-a-kn-̈ v kphn-ti-jw {]-N-cn-¸n-cp-¶ P-kyq-

«v kw-L-̄ n-se H-cp ]p-Wy-]p-cp-j-\m-bn-cp-¶p AÀ-t®m-kv-]m-

Xncn. hym-I-c-cw-K-̄ n-\p-]pd-sa km-ln-Xy-hn-j-b-̄ nepw

{]hÀ¯n¨ H-cp {]-Xn-̀ -bm-bn-cp-¶p AÀ-t®m-kv ]m-Xncn. A-t±-l-

334

¯nsâ ‘]p¯³]m-\’ F-¶ Ir-Xn ss_-_n-fn-sâ a-e-bm-fw ]-cn-

`m-j-bmWv. tem-I-kr-ãn ap-XÂ {In-kv-Xp-hn-sâ P\-\w h-sc-bp-

Å N-cn{Xw Np-cp-¡nbpw {In-kv-Xp-hn-sâ Pohn-Xw hn-kv-X-cn¨pw A-

XnÂ {]-Xn-]m-Zn-¨n-cn-¡p¶p. a-c-W-]qÀ-Æw F-¶ a-säm-cp Ir-Xnbpw

A-t±-l-̄ n-sâ-Xm-bp−v.

Hcp a-e-bm-fnbm-b d-hx tPmÀ-Pv am-̄ -\m-Wv a-e-bm-f-̀ m-

jm-cwK-̄ v {]hÀ¯n-̈ {]-Y-a a-e-bm-f-an-jy-\dn. C-t±-l-¯nsâ ‘a-

e-bm-gv-a-bp-sS hym-I-cWw’ `m-jm-im-kv-{X-N-cn-{X-̄ n-se H-cp B-

[n-Imcn-I {K-Ù-amWv. 1863þem-Wv A-Xv {]kn-²o-I-cn-¨Xv. ]m-Ý-

Xy-co-Xn-ep-Å K-Zy-c-N\-¡v a-e-bm-f-̄ nÂ Xp-S-¡-an«-Xv Ct±-l-

amWv. sN-§-\q-cn-\-Sp-̄ v ]p-̄ ³-Im-hnÂ 1819þÂ P-\n-̈ C-t±-

lw sshZnI hn-Zym-̀ ym-k-¯n-\v ti-jw ss{I-kv-X-h]p-tcm-ln-X-\m-

bn {]-hÀ-̄ n-̈ p.

19þmw \p-äm-−n-se {]-ivkv-X km-ln-Xy-kw-Lm-Sm-I-\pw, ]-

{Xm-[n-]-cpw, kapZm-b-{]-hÀ-̄ -I-\p-am-bn-cp-¶p \n-[n-cn-¡Â a-

mWn-I-̄ -\mÀ. km-ln-Xy-{]-hÀ-̄ -\-§Ä-¡m-bn B-cw-`n-̈ `m-j-

t]m-jn-Wnk-̀ , I-hn-k-am-Pw F-¶n-h-bn-se k-Po-h-{]-hÀ-¯-I-\m-

bn-cp¶p. Ir-]m-hXn, tKm-Z-cm-P-hn-Pbw, inw-tim³-N-cnXw, Hu-tK³

Ncn-Xw F-¶n§-s\ A-t\-Iw c-N-\-IÄ \-S-̄ n-bn-«p-−v.

an-jn-\-dn-km-ln-Xy-̄ n-sâ Iq-«-̄ nÂ ]-cm-aÀ-in-¡-s¸-tS-

− H-¶m-Wv ^m-ZÀ -¢-aân-sâ ‘kw-t£-]-th-ZmÀ°w’, Ip-cn-tb-

änÂ Hm-tk-̧ v sa-{X³ F-gpXn-b ‘thZXÀ¡w’, ]m-td-½m-¡Â

tXm½mm-I-̄ -\m-cpsS ‘hÀ-̄ -am-\-̧ p-kvX-Iw’, tPmÀPv am¯-

sâ k-Xy-hm-Z-tJSw, BÀ-̈ v Un-¡³ tIm-in-bpsS ‘]p-tÃ-en-

¡p©pw’ F-¶n-h. sIm-̈ n-bn-se K-hÀ-®-cm-bn-cp-¶ slân-¡v A-

335

{Un-bm³ hmâo-Uv X-¿m-dmInb tlmÀ-̄ p-kv a-e-_m-dn-¡p-kv

C³-kn-¡p-kv {i-t²-bam-b a-säm-cp {]Ir-Xn-im-kv-{X-{K-Ù-amWv.

am-̧ n-f-¸m-«p-IÄ:þ D-̄ -c-tI-c-f-̄ n-se \m-S³-]m-«p-I-fnÂ {i-t²-

bam-b H-cp hn`mK-am-Wv am-̧ n-f-̧ m-«pIÄ. Nn-e ]m-«p-IÄ¡v 600

sImÃw ]-g-¡-ap-s−-¶-h-Imih-s -̧Sp¶p. I-eym-W-¸m-«v , ssh-än-

e-]m«v, Ip-¸n-¸m-«v, ssa-em-©n-̧ m«v, tX§m¸m«v. am-§m-̧ m«v, Xm-

tem-e-̧ m«v, H-«-I-am³-¸m-«v Xp-S§n. Pn-hn-XmNm-c-_Ô-§-fp-f-f

]m-«p-I-fmW-h. A-d-_nþa-e-bm-fw F-¶ k-¦-c-̀ m-j-bn-em-Wv A-h

F-gp-X-s -̧«n-cp-¶Xv. kw-Ko-X-`w-Kn Iq-Sp-X-ep-Å-h-bm-Wv am-̧ n-f-¸m-

«pIÄ. Ad-¼n ae-bm-f-̄ nÂ \m-tSm-Sn-̧ m-«p-IÄ am-{X-aÃ km-ln-

Xy-Ir-Xn-Ifpw a-lm-Im-hy-§Ä hsc-bpw c-Nn-¡-s -̧«n-«p−v.

‘CbÂ’ F-¶ X-an-gv ]-Z-̄ nÂ \n-¶v \n-jv-̧ -¶-ambsX¶v IcpXm-

hp-¶ C-iÂ F¶-dn-b-s -̧Sp-¶ Km-\-am-Xr-I-I-fn-em-Wv C-h

cNn¡s -̧«n-cn-¡p-¶Xv. {Z-hn-U-hr-̄ -t¯m-Sv km-Zr-iy-ap-s−-¦nepw

A-h-bp-sS kwKn-X-̀ w-Kn-¡v Imc-Ww A-d-_n-]m-«p-I-fp-am-bp-Å

B-ß-_-Ô-amWv. J-enÂ Al½-Zv F-¶ Ad_n ]-Þn-X³ A-

d-¼n-̀ m-j-bnÂ H-cp hr-̄ -im-kv-{X-{K-Ùw cNn-̈ n-«p−v. AXnÂ hn-

h-cn-¡p-¶ a-ZoZv, d-PÊv, k_n-Z F-¶o hr¯-§-tfm-Sv am¸n-f

]m«pIfnse CuW-§Ä-¡v km-Zr-iy-ap−v. Hcp C-i-enÂ \n-¶v Nn-

e Iq«nt¨À-¡-ep-Ifp-sSbpw aäpw ]pXnb C-i-ep-I-tfbpw \n-jv-

]m-Zn-̧ n-¡m-dp−v. Hcp ‘CiÂ’ AXv BZy-am-bn {]-b-pàam-b

]m-«n-sâ t]-cn-e-dn-b-s¸-Sp¶p. l¡m-\ I¸¸m«v. ]qa-I-fns\,

sIm¼v, sI-Êv ap-Xem-b t]-cp-I-fnÂ A-dn-b-s -̧Sp-¶ \nch[n ]m-

«p-I-fp−v. ‘tam\’tbm-Sv km-Zr-i-ap-Å I¼n, F-Xp-I-tbmS-v km-Zr-

i-apÅ ‘I-g¯v’ A-́ m-Zn {]m-k-t¯m-Sv km-Zr-iy-ap-Å ‘hm-ep-

½Â-¡¼n’ F-¶n-h-bmWv. i-Ð-{]m-k-§-fnÂ {]-[m-\w X-an-gv\m-

336

«nÂ kq-̂ n-h-cy-·mÀ Km-\-cwK-̄ v hfsc-b-[n-Iw {]-hÀ-¯n-̈ p-−-

s{X. am-̧ n-f-¸m-«p-I-fn-se X-an-gv h-g-¡-§Ä-¡v ImcW-a-XmWv. I-

−p-In-«n-b-h-bnÂ sh-̈ v G-ä-hpw ]-g-¡-ap-Å-]m-«v sImÃ-hÀjw

752 þÂ tIm-gn-t¡m-Sv Jm-kn ap-l½-Zv c-Nn¨ sam-ln-bp-±n³ am-e-

bmWv. ssi-Jv aplvbp-±n³ A-ÐpÄ Jm-ZÀ Pn-em-ln-bp-sS A-]-

Zm-\-§-fm-Wv C-XnÂ hn-jbw. AXn-\v ap³-]v X-s¶ am-̧ n-f-]m-«p-

IÄ {]-Nm-c-̄ n-ep-−m-bn-cp-¶n-cn-¡Ww. k¡qansâ ]-S, _Â-¡n-

Ên-sâ Jnk ]-g-b-IÀ_-e. \qÂ-aZ-lv ap-X-em-b-eh-¡v ]g-¡-ta-

td-bp-s−-¶v am{Xw.

ASp-̄ A-d-_n-a-ebm-f km-ln-Xy-im-J-bn-se H-cp {]-kn-

²I-hn a-lmI-hn tam-bn³-Ip-«n ssh-Zy-cmWv. A-t±-lw H-cp t]-gv-

ky³ t\m-h-en-s\ B-[m-c-am-¡n-sbgpXn-b a-lm-Im-hy-amWv ‘_-Z-

dpÄ ap-\oÀ lq-k-\Â P-amÂ’ `m-h-\m-k-¼-\-\pw, Úm-\-k-¼-

¶-\pw. Im-hym-c-N\m-ssh-̀ -h-̄ mÂ A-\p-Kr-lo-X-\p-am-bn-cp-¶

At±lw. Ad-_n þ a-e-bm-f-km-ln-Xy-k-Z-ÊnÂ a-§m-sX an-¶n-

¯n-f-§p-¶ imizX \-£-{X-am-s{X A-t±-lw. A-t±-l-̄ n-sâ a-

säm-cp {]-[-m-\-Ir-Xn-bmWv _ZvÀ]-S-¸m-Sv. X-an-gv ssi-en-¡v {]m-[m-

\y-ap-Å \qÂ-aZ-lv þ a-§m-«Ñ-sâ kp-lrÀ-̄ m-bn-cp-¶ Ip-

ªm-bn³ ap-k-en-bm-cp-sS Ir-Xn-bm-Wv . CÉmw a-X-{]-hm-NI-sâ

Kp-W-Kp-W-§fpw {]-hmN-I-t\m-Sv I-hn-bv-¡p-Å DÂ-¡-Sam-b kv-

t\-l-̄ n-sâbpw {]-Xo-I-amWv Cu IrXn. ]-Xn-\m-dp tN-ep-I-fn-

embn 666 h-cn-I-fn-em-Wv \qÂam-e cNn-¡-s¸-«n-«p-ÅXv. Ip-ªm-

bn³ ap-k-en-bm-cpsS ‘I-̧ -¸m«v’ ap-lv-bp-±n³ ameJ t]mse X-

s¶ {]-kn-²n t\Sn-b Ir-Xn-bmWv. a-\p-jy-i-coc-s¯ I-̧ en-t\m-Sp-

]-an-¡p-¶ co-Xnbn-em-Wv A-XnÂ {]-Xn-]m-Zn-̈ n-cn-¡p-¶Xv. iq-Pm-bv-

ap-k-en-bm-sc-t¸mepÅ I-hnIÄ a-e-bm-f-]-Z-§fpsS B-[nIyw

337

Ip-Sp-X-ep-Å an-{i-̀ m-j-bm-Wv kzoI-cn-̈ n-«p-ÅXv. sam-bv-Xp-ap-k-en-

bm-cp-sS Imew 1796þ1856 BWv. s]cpamfpsS a-Xw amä I-Y C-

t±-l-̄ nsâ ‘a-e-¸p-dw ]m-«n’ep−v. I-̄ p-]m-«p-Ifpw k-tµ-i-

IrXn-I-fmWv. a-Z-lv-]m-«p-Ifpw ‘am-e’]m-«p-Ifpw IoÀ-̄ -\-§-

fmWv, samlvbp-±n³ame, _-ZÀ-am-e, cn-^m-bnÂ-am-e, \-̂ ok-̄ v

am-e, a-e-¸p-dw am-e, aª-¡-fwam-e A-§n-s\ A-t\-Iw am-e-̧ m-

«p-I-fp−v. _-ZÀ-In-Ê c-Nn-¨ Ip-−nÂ Ip-ªm-an-\, ^m-̄ n-am-

_n-hn-bp-sS Z-^m-̄ vam-e c-Nn-̈ B-bn-i-Ip«n, N-µn-c-kpµcnam-e

c-Nn-̈ - leo-a F-¶n-hÀ am-̧ n-f-I-hn-bn-{Xn-I-fmWv. tN-äp-hm ]-cn-¡p-«n

iq-Pm-bn sam-bv-Xp au-ehn, sam-bv-Xo³- apÃ Xp-S§n-b H-t«-sd am-

¸n-f-I-hn-I-fp−v. \n-Xy-Po-hn-X-̄ nse t\-cw t]m-¡p-I-sf-¡p-dn- v̈

[m-cm-fw I-hnX c-Nn-¨ ]p-en-t¡m-S³ ssl-{Zp, H. Fw I-cp-hm-c-Ip-

−v Xp-S-§n A-t\-Iw I-hnIÄ Cu cwK-̄ v {]-hÀ-̄ n-¡p-¶p−v.

]-S-̧ m-«pIÄ, a-c-W-̧ m-«pIÄ, Ip-̧ n-̧ m-«v, I-̧ -¸m«v, Ip-d-ªn-̧ m«v,

D]tZi-cXv-\-am-e, ]-cn-jv-¡m-cam-e XpS-§n km-aq-ly-Po-hn-X-̄ n-

sâ \m-\m-h-i-§tfbpw hn-aÀ-i-\-_p²n-tbm-sS hn-e-bn-cp-̄ p-¶

]-e hn-j-b-§fpw Cu am-̧ n-f-Ihn-IÄ-¡v A-\y-am-bn-cp-¶nÃ. Km-\-

am-[pcn-sIm−pw IÂ-]-\m-`wKn-sIm−pw atäsXm-cp Km-\-km-

ln-Xy-hn-̀ m-K-§-sf-¡mfpw ap-¶nÂ \nÂ-¡p¶-Xv am-̧ n-f-̧ m-«p-IÄ

BWv.

]-̈ a-e-bm-f-Im-hy-§Ä:þ sh¬-a-Wn-¡-hn-IÄ a-e-bm-f-̄ n-se

ImÂ-]-\n-I þ ]qÀÆ (Pre-Romantic) I-hn-I-fm-Wv. tI-c-f-̀ mj-

sb A-Xn-sâ X-\n-a-bnÂ A-h-X-cn-¸n-¡m-\p-Å A-h-cp-sS b-Xv-\w

k-hn-ti-jam-b {i-² AÀ-ln-¡p-¶p. (tUm. ]n. hn th-em-bp-[³-

]nÅ þ a-e-b-hn-em-khpw hn-iz-cq-]hpw) Ahcp-sS e£yw b-YmÀ-

°-̄ nÂ X-\n-a-ebm-f `m-j-bp-sS tam-N-\-am-bn-cp¶p. Bhn-tam-

338

N-\-kacw ‘]¨aebmf’sa-¶ km-ln-Xy-{]-Xn-Im-cw h-sc D-bÀ¶p.

“X³ `m-jm-X-\zn-sb tIcfa\pPÀ shSn-bp-¶-Xn-s\-¡p-dn-̈ v DÂ-

¡-WvT-bpÅ `m-jm-kv-t\-ln-I-fm-bncp¶p AhÀ. e-fn-Xam-b a-e-

bm-f-̄ nÂ tIcfo-bam-b hn-j-b-§-sf-¡p-dn- v̈ FgpXp-¶Xn-em-

bn-cp-¶p A-hÀ-¡v XmÂ-]-cyw. Ip-ªp-Ip-«³ X-¼p-cm-sâ

(1864þ1913) ‘\Ã `m-j’bmWv Cu ]-̈ -a-e-bm-f-Im-hy-§-fp-sS B-

Zy-am-Xr-I. sImSp-§ÃqÀ tI-{µn-I-cn-̈ v {]-hÀ-̄ n-̈ I-hn-I-fm-Wv ]-

¨ ae-bm-f-I-hn-X-bp-sS {]Nm-c-I-·mÀ `m-j-bnÂ A-hÀ sIm-−p-

h-¶ em-fnXyw Ahcp-sS Im-hy-c-N-\m-Iui-e-̄ n-sâ sX-fn-hm-bn-

cp¶p. “hÃm-sX-t´ N-S-¸m³?” F¶p Xp-S-§p-¶ `mjW-I-hn-X-

Ifpw ]-̈ -a-e-bm-f-Im-hy-cN-\m Iu-i-e-̄ n-\v am-äv Iq«n. H-gp¡pw,

`wKn-bpw DÅh-bmWv Cu ]-Zy-§-fnÂ H-«p-an-¡-h-bpw D-Åq-cn-sâ

H-cp t\À-̈ . X¦½ F-¶o Ir-Xn-Ifpw ]-̈ -a-e-bm-f-Im-hy-̄ nÂ {]-

kn-²n t\SnbhbmWv.

a-ªm-bn-Sp-¶ a-e-X³ a-I-tf-I-gp-̄ nÂ

\-ªm-−-aq -̧sc a-b¡n-b sI-«ne-t½

Cu Rm³ \n-\-bv-¡-Sn-a, \n³ a-eÀ-ta-\n-sb-sâ

s\-ªm-a-c-§nÂ hn-f-bm-Sn hn-f-§n-tSWw

]-̈ -a-ebm-f Im-hy-§-fnÂ G-ähpw {]-kn-²n t\-Snb-Xv I-p−q-cn-

sâ \m-ep `m-jm-Im-hy-§Ä Xs¶. Ip-−p-cn-sâ km-ln-Xy-]-cn-

{ia-§-fn-se hn-P-b-]-Xm-I-bm-Wv B IrXn.

t]m-sc-¦nÂ B-bXn-s\m-cp-§n-SpIm, PsXÃ

t]m-sc¦n-sem-«n \n-bp-an-§p-S-t\-h-cp-̄ p

t\-sc-¦ep-−cn-b hm-fn-Xp-ap-−p-t\-cn

«m-sc-¦nepw h-cn-In-\n-I-fbm-bvI t\cw

339

X-\n-a-e-bm-f-]-Z-§-fp-sS tNÀ-̈ bpw hm-sam-gn-bp-sS c-kn-I-

¯hpw tNÀ-¶ Ir-Xn-Ifm-Wn-h. ]q-cm-W-I-YI-sf X-e§pw hn-

e§pw Xn-c-sª-Sp-̄ v Im-hy-§Ä ]-S-̈ p-hn-Sp-¶ Im-e-̄ mWv.

Ip-−pÀ A-XnÂ \n¶pw hy-Xn-N-en-̈ v H-dp Im-hy-]mX th-«n-sX-fn-bn-

¨Xv.

\mÄ-tXm-dp-an§-s\ ]-dª-Xp X-s¶ ho−pw

tam-Xp-s¶m-cn-̧ -Wn-bn-\n I-gn-bn-sÃ-\n-¡v

F-¶ A-t±-l-̄ n-sâ h-cn-IÄ X-s¶ ]pXn-b Im-hy-co-Xn-sb km-

[q-I-cn-¡p-¶-XmWv.

\-¼q-Xn-cn-am-cp-tSbpw X-¼p-cm-·m-cp-sS km-ap-Zmbn-I

`mj-W-ssi-enIÄ, shSn v̧. I-j-Wn-¡p-I, D-jv-Wn-¡p-I, sh-Sn ]-d-

bp-I, cq-]-anÃ, I¼w, I-tã XpS§n-b ]-Z-k-©-bw I-hn-X-bnÂ

A-Wn-\n-c¶p. eo-emh-Xn So-¨À ]- -̈a-e-bm-f-{]Øm\-s¯ hn-e-bn-

cp-̄ n-s¡m-−v “a-e-bm-f-̀ m-j-bp-sS \n-{Zm-W-am-bn-cp-¶ iànI-

sf D-WÀ-̄ n-b-tXm-sSm-̧ w A-Xn-sâ ]-cn-an-XnI-sf¸-än i-cnbm-b

t_m[apf-hm-¡n sIm-Sp-¡p-I Iq-Sn sN-bv-Xp F-¶-Xm-Wv ]- -̈a-e-

bm-f-{]-Øm-\-̄ nsâ t\«w” F-¶v {]-kv-Xm-hn -̈Xv i-cnbm-b H-cp

hn-e-bn-cp-̄ -em-Wv.

{]ta-b-]-chpw L-S-\m-]-c-hpam-b hn-hn-[-Im-hy-co-XnIÄ

]-S-̧ m«v: A-dp-]-tXm-fw ]-S-¸m-«p-IÄ A-d_n þ a-e-bm-f-̄ nÂ c-

Nn-¡-s -̧«n-«p-−. CÉm-an-sâ B-cw-̀ -Ime-̄ v ap-Éow-§Ä t\-cn-tS-

−n h-¶ bp-²-N-cn-{X-§fpw aäpw Ad_nþa-e-bm-f-]-Zy-¯n-Â N-

cn-{X-]-cam-b hn-i-Zmwi-§-tfm-sS X-s¶ cNn¡s¸«n«p−v. _-ZvÀ

]-S-̧ m«v, D-lv-Zv ]-S-̧ m«v. a-¡w -̂Xvlv, ^p-Xq-lp-¤mw, lpss\³-]-S-

340

¸m«v, ‘J-́ Jv’ ]-S-¸m«v, ssJ-_À ]-S-¸m-«v Xp-S-§n-b-h ]-S-̧ m-«p-I-

fnÂ {]-kn-²-as{X.

A-[n-Im-cn-I-N-cn-{X-Im-c-·mÀ Aw-Ko-I-cn-¡m-̄ -tXm,

IÂ-]n-Xtam B-b bmsXm-cp hmÀ-̄ -Ifpw ]-S-̧ m-«nÂ Im-Wp-

I-bnÃ. tam-bn³ Ip-«n ssh-ZyÀ-¡v almI-hn]-«w t\Sn-s¡m-Sp¯-

Xv A-t±-lw c-Nn-̈ ]-S-¸m-«p-I-f-s{X. N-cn-{X-]T\¯nÂ XÂ-]-c-

cÃm-̄ hy-àn-I-sf-t¸mepw N-cn-{X-]T-\-̄ n-te-¡v B-IÀ-jn¡p-

¶ i-àn-tI-{µ-§-fs{X ]-S-̧ m-«pIÄ. \-_n-am-cp-sSbpw N-cn-{X-

]p-cp-j-·mcpsSbpw N-cn-{X-§fpw ]-Zy-cq-]-̄ nÂ c-Nn-¡-s -̧«n-

«p−v. bqk-̂ v Jn-k, BZw\_n Jn-k, C-{_mlnw \-_n Jn-k Xp-

S§n-b ]m«p-IÄ {]-Nm-I-·m-cp-sS Ncn{Xw D-Å-s¡m-Åp¶p. tam-

bn³ Ip-«n ssh-Zy-cp-sS ]-S-¸m-«p-IÄ bp-²-h-kv-Xp-X-IÄ A-\p-

hm-N-I-cp-sS ap³-]nÂ \n-c-̄ n-sh-¡p-I am-{XaÃ, A-\p-Kr-ln-

X\m-b Ihn-bp-²-cw-K-t¯-¡v A-\p-hm-N-I-lr-Z-b§-sf B-\-

bn-¡p-I Iq-Sn sN-¿p¶p. tIc-f-̄ nÂ \-S-¶ bp-²-§-sf-¡p-dn-

¨p-Å ]-S-̧ m-«p-IÄ Nn-eXv -\in-̈ p t]mbXmbpw, s]-cn-́ Â-a-®-

bv-¡-Sp-̄ v H-cp apÉow c-Nn-¨ Im-̧ m-«v Ir-jv-W-]Wn¡À ]m-«v X-

sâ ssIh-iw h-¶p tNÀ-¶-Xmbpw _À-®Â {]-kv-Xm-hn-̈ n«p−v.

N-cn-{X-h-kv-Xp-X-IÄ Km-\m-ß-I-am-bn ]-IÀ-̄ n \ÂIp¶XnÂ

ap-Éow k-ap-Zm-bw Im-Wn-¨ XmÂ-]-cy-̄ n-sâ a-l¯m-b -̂e-

§fmWv ]-S-¸m-«pIÄ

I¸¸m-«v: ap-lvbn-±n³am-e-t]m-se X-s¶ A-d-_nþa-e-bm-f-km-ln-Xy-

N-cn-{X-̄ nÂ {]Np-c-{]-Nm-c-ap-Å H-cp Ir-Xn-bm-Wv ‘I-̧ -¸m-«v’. a-\p-

jy-i-coc-s¯ H-cp ]mbv¡t¸m-eSpw Po-hn-X-bm-{X-sb ]m-bv-I- -̧en-

sâ bm{X-tbmSpw D-]-an-̈ v I-−v B²ymßn-I-hn-Nn´-\w \-S-̄ p-

¶ ‘I-̧ -̧ m«v’ ZmÀ-i-\n-I-km-ln-Xy-̄ n-\v H-cp apXÂ-Iq-«mWv. A-

341

dp-\q-dv h-cn-I-fnÂ ]-SÀ-¶p In-S-¡p-¶ Cu ]m-«v H-ä C-i-en-em-Wv

F-gp-X-s -̧«n-«p-ÅXv. B ‘CiÂ’ ]n-¶o-Sv I-̧ -̧ m-«v F-¶ t]-cnÂ

{]-kn-²-am-bn XoÀ¶p. Ad-_n þ a-e-bm-f-]-Zykm-ln-Xy-¯n-sâ h-

fÀ -̈¡p ]-e \n-e-bnepw t{]cI-am-bn XoÀ-¶ ‘I-̧ -¸m«v’ H-cn-¡Â

am-̧ n-f-¸m-«v {]-Øm-\-̄ n-sâ X-s¶ ]cymb-am-bn XoÀ¶p. am-̧ n-f-

]m-«p-IÄ k-^o-\-̧ m-«p-IÄ F-¶ t]-cn-em-Wv A-Sp-̄ Im-ew h-

sc A-dn-b-s -̧«n-cp-¶Xv. k^o-\ F-¶ hm-¡n\p ‘I¸Â’ F-¶-m-

WÀ°w. I-̧ -¸m-«nÂ \n-¶v GXm\pw h-cnIÄ

Nm-bÂ H-cp I-̧ -ep-−v \-ap¡v

Nm-ªp-sÅ ]m-−n¨m-sWm¼-Zv \o-fw

\o-fw A-Wnbpw Hcp apÃ-tXm-fw

\p-en-«p ]m-−n-]p-f-¡-amÂ CuÀ-̄ p

I-̧ -en-sâ L-S-\-tbbpw A-Xn-sâ e-£y-̄ n-te-¡v \-bn-¡m-\p-Å

amÀ-¤-§fpw ‘I -̧¸m-«n’Â hn-h-cn-¡p-¶p-−v. B-ßo-b Nn-́ -

bnÃmsX, [-\-̄ n-\pw, im-co-c-tIÑ¡pw, P-\-ln-X-̄ n\pw ]n-im-

Nn\pw hg-§n Po-hn-¡p-¶ P-\§-sf Kp-W-tZmjn-¡p-I-b-bm-Wv

I-̧ -̧ m-«n-sâ e-£yw.

am-e-̧ m«v: am-e-̧ m-«p-I-fn-se B-Zy-Ir-Xn ap-lv-bn-±n³am-e-bmWv.

sImÃ-hÀ-jw Fgp¶p-än F¬-]-̄ n-c-−nÂ (782þÂ) ap-lv-bn-

±n³am-e c-Nn-¡-s¸«p. tIm-gn-t¡m-Sv \-K-c-̄ nÂ P-\n-̈ Jm-kn ap-

l½-Xv B-Wv c-N-bn-Xm-hv. A-t±-lw P-\-k-½-X\m-b H-cp ]-Þn-

X\pw `-à\pw B-bn-cp¶p. A-d-_n-km-lnXyw ]p-Wym-ßm-¡-fp-

sS Poh-N-cn-{X-§-fmÂ [-\y-a-s{X... A-h-cp-sS A-\p-I-cWo-b

amXr-I ]n³-Xp-S-cm\pÅ hm-k-\ A-\p-hm-N-I-lr-Z-b-§-fnÂ P-

\n-̧ n-¡p-I-bm-Wv A-Xn-sâ e-£yw.

342

Po-hn-X-s¯ C-Ém-an-I`-àn amÀ-¤-̄ nÂ H-Xp-¡n \n-

dp¯n, B-ßn-b-am-bn D¶-Xn {]m-]n¨ ]pWym-ßm-¡-fp-sS B-[n-

Imcn-I Po-hn-X-N-cn-{X-̄ nÂ \n-¶p ASÀ-̄ n-sb-Sp-̄ k-hn-ti-j-

kw-̀ -h-\-§Ä tImÀ-̄ n-W¡n-b Ir-Xn-I-fs{X ‘ame¸m-«p-IÄ’.

B-ßn-b-a-Þ-e-̄ nÂ i-àn-bmÀ-Ön-¨ ]p-Wym-ßm-¡-fp-sS

hyàn-Xzw, D-¶-Xam-b I-gn-hp-IÄ F¶n-h A-h-tcm-Sp-Å _-lp-

am-\w hfÀ¯pIbpw \-s½ `-àn-amÀ-¤--̄ n-te-¡v \-bn-¡p-Ibpw

[À-½-t_m-[-̄ mÂ k¼-¶-am-¡p-Ibpw sN-¿p-I-bm-Wv am-e-̧ m-

«p-I-fp-sS IÀ-̄ -hyw. am-e-̧ m-«p-IÄ sNmÃp¶-Xv H-cp k-Xv-¡-c-½-

am-bn-«m-Wv tI-c-f-̄ n-se ap-Én-§Ä K-Wn-̈ v s]m¶n«pÅ-Xv.

I-̄ v-]m«v: a-e-_m-dnÂ k-ao-]-Ime-̄ v h-fÀ-¶p-h-¶ H-dp am-̧ n-f-

]m-«v im-J-bm-Wv I-̄ v-]m-«pIÄ. KÄ-̂ v ta-J-e-bn-te-¡p-Å bp-

hm-¡-fp-sS tPm-en tX-Sn-bp-Å {]bmWw, A-hn-sS-bp-Å Xma-kw

Xp-S§n-b `u-Xn-I-km-l-N-cy-§-fmWv Cu Km\imJ-sb k¼-¶-

am-¡n-bXv. D-ä-h-tcm-S-p-Å thÀ-]m-Sv ho-«n-en-cn-¡p-¶À-¡pw, AI¶p-

t]m-Ip-¶-hÀ¡pw H-cp t]m-se k-¦-S-I-c-amWv. Cu hn-tbm-K-̄ n-

sâ ZpxJw B-hn-jv-¡-cn-¡p-¶-h-bm-Wv I-̄ p-]m-«p-I-fnÂ an-¡-

Xpw. a-[p-hn-[p-Ime-̄ v X-s¶ thÀ-s]-tS-−n-hcp-¶ bp-h-Xn-bp-hm-

¡-fp-sS hn-lz-e-X-bm-Wv {]-[m-\-{]-tabw Hm.Fw I-cp-hm-c-¡p−v,

hn. Fw. Ip«n, hn-f-bnÂ h-Õ-e Xp-S§n-b am-̧ n-f-KmbIcmWv Cu

Km-\-im-J-bp-sS {]-Nm-c-IÀ. I-̄ v ]m-«p-IÄ hn-tbm-K-̄ n-sâ

hrY-IÄ X-§n-\nÂ-Ip-¶ apÉnw Ip-Spw-_-§-fn-se km-ap-ln-Im-

-́co-£w h-c-̈ p-ImWn-¡p¶p. am-¸n-f-̧ m-«p-I-fpsS Cu-W-̄ nÂ

sa-\-sª-Sp-̄ kr-ãn-I-fm-Wv Ah. HmUntbm BÂ-_-§-fn-

em-Wv I-̄ v ]m-«p-IÄ {]-N-cn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶Xv.

bm-{X-Im-hy§Ä: sh¬-a-Wn-{]-Øm-\w Pz-en-¨p-\n-¶n-cp-¶ Im-e-

¯m-Wv bm-{Xm-Im-hy-§-fp-sSbpw ]n-dhn. a-Wn-{]-hm-f-Im-e-L-«-

343

¯n-se k-tµ-i-Im-hy-§Ä H-cÀ-°-̄ nÂ bm-{Xm-Im-hy-§Ä Iq-

Sn-bm-bn-cp-¶-tÃm... ]p-Xn-b-bm-{Xm-Im-hy-§-fnÂ I-hn t\-cn-«-\p-̀ -hn-

¨ Im-gv-N-IÄ-¡pw, hÀ-®-\-IÄ-¡p-am-bn-cp-¶p G-sd {]-[m\yw

\ÂInb-Xv. H-cp bm-{X-Im-hy-am-sW-¶v km-t¦-Xn-ImÀ-°-̄ nÂ

\nÀ-t±-in-¡m³ {]bm-k-amsW-¦nepw sh¬-a-Wn-a-l³ \-¼q-Xn-cn-

¸m-Sn-sâ ]q-c-{]_-Ôw BWv Cu im-J-bn-se Hcp {]-[m-\-IrXn.

Xr-ÈqÀ ]qcw Im-Wp-¶-Xn-\p-th-−n Xr¸pWn¯p-d-bnÂ \n´pw

]p-d-s¸-«v Ihn, C-S-bv-¡v C-f-¦p-¶-̧ p-g, Rm-d-bv-¡Â F¶o Øe-

§fnÂ hn-{i-an-̈ v Xr-Èp-cnÂ F-̄ n-tN-cp-¶Xpw ]q-cw I-gn-ªv

aS§p¶Xp-hsc-bp-ap-Å Im-gv-Nm-\p-̀ -h-§Ä hÀ-®n-¡p-¶-Xm-

Wv ‘]q-c-{]-_-Ô’ ¯nse hn-jbw. a-t\m-l-c-am-Wv A-Xn-se Xq-en-

Im-Nn-{X-§-fnÂ ]-e-Xpw. ]q-c-̧ -d-¼n-se tKm-km-bn-hÀ-®-\ hf-sc

a-t\m-l-cam-b H-cp Xq-en-Im-Nn-{X-amWv.

Nm-cw tX-̈ v ]n-cn-̈ sN-©n-S-I-fnÂ

tN-cp-¶ cq-{Zm-£hpw

]m-cw tIm-]c-kw I-eÀ-¶ an-gn-bpw

am-t´mÂ a-c-©m-Snbpw

{Iq-cw tNÀ-¶ IpTm-caÃ, Ip-Snepw

ssI-s¡m-−p a-§m-sX-bþ

¸q-c-̄ n-¦Â \-S-¶n-«p-s¶m-cph-sc

{I-km-sX tKm-km-bn-amÀ

sh¬-a-Wn-Im-e-L-«-̄ n-se a-säm-cp {]-kn-²-I-hn-bm-bn-cp-¶ \-Sp-

h-̄ -Ñ³ \¼qXncn-̧ m-«n-se h-I-bmbn ‘irwtK-cn-bm{X’ F-¶ H-cp

bm-{Xm-hn-h-c-W-Imhyw bm{X-Im-hy-§-fnÂ Øm-\w ]n-Sn-¨n-«p−v.

A-t±-l-̄ nsâ ‘A-ã-an-bm{X’ F-¶ Hcp bm-{Xm-Imhyw Iq-Sn-bp-

−v.

344

tl hn-{]-hcyw `-h-̀ m-K-a-\m-hn-tijmþ

en-hn{]-tbm-K iI-Sw h-gn-bm-bn-cn¡mw

Xoh-−n tI-dn-sb-d-Wn-Ip-f-sa-̄ n ]n-s¶

t¡-h-©n-bm-W-hn-sS \n-¶n-hn-Swh-tc¡pw (Aã-an-bm{X)

km-ap-Xn-cn tIm-hn-eI-s¯ Aw-K-am-bn-cp-¶ am-\-hn-{I-a-G-«³ X-

¼p-cm³ Im-in bm{Xm-N-cn-Xw F-¶ t]-cnÂ H-cp bm-{Xm-hn-h-c-W-

Imhyw c-Nn-̈ n-«p−v. H-Sp-hnÂ Ipªn-Ir-jv-Wta-t\msâ ‘a-Zn-cm-in-

I-SÂ¡-c’ {i-t²-bam-b H-cp bm-{Xm-ImhyamWv. ‘a-Zn-cm-in-I-SÂ-

¡-c’bn-se hn-ti-j-§Ä k-c-k-am-bn A-t±-lw hÀ®n¨n-cn-

¡p¶p. D-Åp-cn-sâ t]mepw {]-iw-k ]n-Sn- v̈ ]än-b Im-hy-am-WXv.

aZncm-in-I-SÂ-¡-c-bn-se-̄ p-¶ ‘[z-c’am-sc hÀ-®n-̈ n-cn-¡p-¶-Xv

t\m¡q.

sh-Sn-t-̧ m-Sp-ap-Sp-̧ pam, hen-sXm¸nbpw \mÄ-¡v \mÄ

h-Sn¡p-sam-cp-Xm-Sn-bpw, Xn-cp-In- sh-̈ taÂ-ao-ibpw

I-Sn-s¨m-cp Np-cp-«p-ambv, h-Sn-IÄ ho-in h-s¶-̄ n-\mÀ

sNm-Sn-s¸m-Sp-sN-dp-̧ amw [z-c-IÄ \q-dp-\p-d-¼-XmÄ

Ip-«n-IÄ I-SÂ-¡-c-bnÂ hn-f-bm-Sp-¶Xpw B-fpI-sf h-en¨p-

sIm−p-t]m-Ip-¶ IpXn-c-I-fp-sS Z-b-\o-bm-h-Ø-bp-saÃmw I-hn -

Im-Wp-¶p−v. A-t±-l-̄ nsâ ‘Hcph\-k-©mcw’ F-¶ I-hn-X-

{]-Ir-Xn-bp-sS a-Sn-̄ -«n-se¡p-Å H-cp XoÀ-°-bm-{X-bmWv.

k-a-kym-]q-c-W§Ä: sIm-Sp-§ÃqÀ I-f-cn-bn-se {Zq-X-I-hn-Xm-]-c-

¼-cy-̄ nÂ \n¶mbn-cn¡-Ww a-e-bm-f-̄ nÂ k-a-kym-]q-c-W-sa-¶

I-h-\-I-em-Nm-Xp-cn-bp-sS B-hnÀ-̀ m-hw kw-kvIrXkmln-Xy¯n-e

Im-fn-Zmk³, ap-cm-cn Xp-S§n-b IhnIfpsS- ]m-c-¼-cyw A-hÀ-¡v

{]-tNm-Z-\-am-bn-«p-−m-Ipw. k-a-ky-bm-bn H-cp tÇmI-¯n-sâ A-

´y-]m-Z-̄ n-se G-Xm\pw hm-¡p-IÄ \Â-Ip-Ibpw B AÀ-°w

345

h-c-̄ -¡h-®w ti-jn-¨ `m-Kw ]q-cn-̧ n- v̈ \Â-Ip-¶-Xn-\v k-lr-Zb-

sc £Wn¡pIbpw sN-¿p-¶-Xm-Wv k-a-ky-bp-sS coXn. k-a-ky-

bn-se h-cn-IÄ-¡v hyXykvXam-b H-cp hym-Jm-\w \Â-In ]q-cn-̧ n-

¡p-Ibpw B-Imw.

B Im-e-L-«-̄ nÂ {]-kn-²am-b H-cp k-a-kym-]q-c-W-

¯n-sâ DZm-l-c-W-am-Wn-hn-sS-t¨À-¡p¶-Xv ka-ky “a-e-aI-sf X-

h PmX-Iw Pm-Xn Xs¶” F-¶m-Wv A-́ y-]m-Z-̄ nse ‘PmXn’ F-

¶ ]-Z-̄ n-sâ G-I-tZ-iam-b H-cÀ-°w h-fsc hnNn{Xw X-s¶ F-

¶mWv. A-¡me-s¯ \-¼q-Xn-cn-am-cp-sSbpw X-¼p-cm-¡-·m-cp-

sSbpw `mjW-ssi-en-bp-epÄ-s -̧« t`-Êp-I, t`m-jv-¡v, I-j-

Wn¡p-I Xp-S§n-b ]Z§fpsS Iq-«-̄ nÂ-s¸-«-XmWv ‘Pm-Xn’.

C-\n-taÂ-]-d-ª ka-ky c-−p {]Xn`mim-en-IÄ ]q-cn-¸n-¨ co-Xn

t\m-¡mw. H-c-h-¦-c-\o-e-I-WvT-cm-P-bp-sS ]qc-Ww BZyw ]cn-tim-

[n-¡mw

ap-̧ mcpw Im-¡p-hm-\nÃ-]c³, Hcp a-I³

`q-àn-bnÂ Xr-]v-Xn-bnÃm-sX-t¸m-Spw

h-¶-e-«pw, ]-cn-W-b-a-W-bm-

s¸¬-In-Sm-hp-s−m-cp-̄ n

hnÂ-]m-\p-Å ]-−w \ln, ]-I-ep-Z-[u

tkm-Zc³, sX-−n-̀ À-̄ m

ho-̧ m-SmÀ-¡p-Åp th-sd X-h-a-e-aI-tf

PmX-Iw Pm-Xn X-s¶

({io-]mÀ-Æ-Xn-bp-sS PmX-I-tZmj-s¯ I-hn-hym-Jym-\n-¡p-¶-Xn§-

s\ ss{X-tem-Iy-]-cn-]m-e-I-\m-Wv `À-̄ mhv. H-cp ]p-{X-\mI-s« hn-

i-s¸m-Sp-§m-sX F-t¸mgpw ieys -̧Sp-̄ p-¶h³ (K-W-]Xn) hn-

hm-l-{]m-b-am-bn«pw hn-hm-l-¯n-\v tbm-Kw hcm-sX I-\y-I-bm-bn-

346

cn-¡p-¶ H-cp ]p-{Xn (Imfn) C-\n hn-hm-l-h-iymÀ-°w `À¯mhn-sâ

I-gp-̄ n-ep-Å ]-−-§Ä hnÂ-¡m-sa-¶p-sh¨mtem A-h-

sbm¶pw hnÂ-¡m³ sIm-Åm-̄ -h-bm-Wv. (kÀ-̧ §Ä) k-tlm-Z-

c\m-b kq-cy-\mI-s« kap{Z-hm-kn-bmWv, sX-−n-\-S-¡p-¶-h-\m-

Wv `À-̄ m-hv. C-̄ -c-̄ n-ep-Å Iã¸mSpIÄ A-\p-̀ -hn-¡p-¶hÀ

Cu tem-I-̄ nÂ B-cp-anÃ I-ãw AÃtbm aeaIfm-b ]mÀÆ-Xn

\n-sâ PmX-Iw hf-sc hn-Nn{Xw Xs¶)

C-tX ka-ky X-s¶ hn-Zzm³-s]-«-c-gn-bw cma-s\ Cb-Xv C-§n-s\

]q-cn-̧ n-¡p¶p.

]p{X-·mÀ X-½n-se¶pw I-e-la-Xp

hn-[w-Kw-Kbpw \o-bp-am-bn

XoÀ-¶mÂ Xo-cm-̄ ZpÀ-̀ m-j-W-KXn,

Ip-Spw-_-̄ n-e sskz-cy-sa¶pw

`À-̄ m-hm-lm ! hn-jw Xn-−nb-Xp

sh-dp-sX-b-sÃ¶p-tXm¶pw

HmÀ-̄ mÂ \o-ap-e-saÃm-a-Xym-]¯mb

X-h-a-e-aI-sf PmX-Iw Pm-Xn X-s¶

(AÃtbm ]À-Æ-Xn-]p-{Xn, \n-sâ ]p-{X-·mÀ k-Zm-I-e-l-¯n-emWv.

\n-bpw Kw-K-bpam-bp-Å I-e-lhpw ZpÀ-̀ m-j-Whpw ]-Xn-hmWv. Ip-

Spw-_-̄ n-se-¶pw AkzØX-bm-bmWv. sh-dp-sX-bÃ \n-sâ `À-

¯m-hv hn-jw I-gn-̈ Xv. \o Imc-Ww FÃmw hn-]-̄ n-em-Wv I-em-in-

¡p-¶Xv. \n-sâ PmX-Iw hf-sc hn-Nn{Xw Xs¶)

C-{]-Im-c-ap-Å k-a-kym-]q-c-W-§Ä [m-cm-f-am-bn `mjm-

t]m-jnWn, Ih\Iu-ap-Zn Xp-S§n-b B-\p-Im-en-I-§-fnÂ {]-Xy-

£-s¸«p-sIm-−n-cp¶p. Cu ka-ky-bnÂ I-−Xp-t]m-se ]p-cm-

W-hn-j-b§-sf -̂en-X-a-b-am-bn k-an-]n-¡p-¶-Xm-bn-cp¶p. A-h-

cp-sS ]q-c-W-§-f-[n-Ihpw ]q-c-W¯-\v \Â-Ip-¶ ]-Z§-sf

347

kz´w \ne-¡v hym-Jym-\n v̈, A-]qÀ-Æam-b Bi-bw sIm-−-e-¦-cn-

v̈ k-a-kym-]qcWw \-S-̄ p-¶ {]-Xn-̀ m-im-en-Ifpw A-¡m-e-̄ p-

−m-bn-cp¶p. I-hn-I-fp-sS {ZpXI-hn-Xm-]m-S-h-hpw, A-b-Aam-b ]-

Z-k-¼¯pw k-a-kym-]p-c-W§-tf NaXv¡mcw sIm-−v a-t\m-l-

c-am-¡n-bn-cp¶p.

ap-à-I§Ä: G-sX-¦nepw H-cm-ib-s¯ ]qÀ-®-am-bpw, N-aÂ-

¡m-c-̀ -cn-X-ambpw {]Im-in-¸n-¡p-¶ N-Xp-jv-]-Zn-I-fm-Wv ap-à-

I§Ä AY-hm H-ä-tÇm-I-§Ä. aWn{]hm-f-km-ln-Xy-¯nÂ \-

sÃm-cp `m-Khpw Cu X-c-̄ n-ep-Å ap-à-I-§-fmWv. tXme-sâ

Im-ew ap-XÂ D-Zv-̀ -hn-̈ v k-aq-]-Im-ew hf-sc A-t\-Iw tÇm-

I§Ä Cu K-W-̄ nÂ-s¸-«-h-bm-bn-«p−v. F-¶mÂ A-h-bnÂ ]-

e-Xn-sâbpw IÀ-̄ m-¡Ä Bcm-sW-¶-dn-bm¯-Xv sIm-−v X-

s¶ Ah-sb kw-c-£n-¡m³ B-cp-an-\-s¡-Sp-¶nÃ. ap-à-I-§Ä

]-e-t¸mgpw H-cp {]-tXy-I-kw-`-ht¯tbm k-µ-c-̀ t¯tbm B{i-

bn-̈ p-−m-¡n-b-Xm-bn-cn-¡pw. A-e-kam-b H-cp Po-hn-X-ho-£-W-̄ n-

sâ krãnI-fm-W-h-bnÂ ]-eXpw XÂ-IÀ-̄ m¡-sf kw-_-Ôn-¨n-

S-t¯m-fw ap-ãm-Ó-t`mP-\w I-gn-ªn-cn-¡p-t¼mÄ D−m-b

‘t\cw-s]m-¡p’Ifm-b A-hÀ ap-à-I§-sf I-W-¡m-¡n-bn-cp-

¶pÅp. Po-hn-X-̄ n-sâ \n-c-́ -c-a-Wo-bam-b cm-P-]m-X-bn-ep-sS-

bmbn-cp-¶p A-h-cp-sS k-©mcw. ZpÀ¤-atam Zp-cn-X-]q-cn-Xtam

B-b A-\p-̀ h-§tfm H¶pw Ah-sc Xo-−n-bn-cp-¶nÃ. kz-́ w

kp-Jm-\p-̀ -h-§Ä hn-ti-jn-̈ pw c-Xn-kp-J-Nn-́ -IÄ B-Wv ]-

eÀ¡pw ap-à-I-§-fp-sS _o-Pw eo-em-Xn-e-I-̄ nÂ X-s¶ C¯-

cw B-̀ m-k-tÇm-I-§Ä \n-ch-[n Im-Wmw.

Ip-fn-̈ p-Ip-´Â-]p-dbpw Xp-hÀ-̄ n

Ip-fnÀ-t¡ t\m-¡n ]p-\-sc-·p-fm

H-cp-̄ n t]m-Wm-f-[p-\m a-W-t·Â

348

A-hÄ-¡v t]m-en-§n-\n-sb-§Ä tNX

(C-Xm H-cp kp-µ-cn Ip-fn I-gn-ªv ap-Sn-]p-d-In-te-¡n«v, k-t´m-j-

t¯m-sS \½-sf I-Sm-£n- v̈ sIm-−v a-WÂ ]-c-¸n-ep-sS A-hÄ

\S-¶p t]m-§p¶p. F-sâ a-\-Êpw A-h-fp-sS ]n-¶m-se t]m-

Ip¶p). eo-em-Xn-e-I-Ime-s¯ H-cp ap-à-I-am-WnXv. AÀ°-k-

¼p-jvam-b ap-à-I-§Ä `m-j-bnÂ [m-cm-f-ap−v. ]-g-Èn-tI-c-f

hÀ-½-bp-sS-sX-¶v {]-kn-²n-bp-Å H-cp ap-à-I-ap−v. Cw-¥n-jp-Im-

cp-am-bn-̧ n-W-§n-Im-«nÂ Igntb-§n h-¶ km-l-N-cy-¯nÂ t{]-b-

kn-sb {K-ln-¸n-¡m³ F-gpXn-sIm-Sp-̄ Hcp N-a-Â-¡m-c-tÇm-I-am-

Wn-Xv.

Pm-Xo-Pm-Xm-\pI-¼m `-h i-c-Wa-tb

aÃn-tI-Iq¸p-ssI-tX ssItX!

ssI-tX-cn-am-¡w I-¼-cn-bne-Wnbm³

sdI-¿p-bÀ-̄ pw-Z-imbmw

G-Xm-t\-Xm³ a-Zn-bm-\eÀ-i-c-]-cnXmþ

t]m-Z-tbm-\m-iq-\o-Xm³

\o-Xm³ \o-Xm-\p-WÀ-̄ n-Sp-I

N-Sp-e-¡-bÂ ¡-®n-X³ IÀ-®-aq-te

(I-hn ]n-̈ Iw, apÃ. ssI-X Xp-S§n-b ]q-¡-tfmSv. {]m-W-t{]b-kn

A-h-fp-sS apSnbn-e-Wn-bm³ \n§-sf ]-dn-s -̈Sp-̄ v D-bÀ-̄ p-¶

k-ab-Xv F-sâ Z-b-\o-bam-b Im-a-]m-c-hiyw A-hÄ {K-ln-¡m³

X-¡-h-®w B- sN-hn-bn-ep-WÀ-t¯-Wta) `mj-bn-se {]-kn-²am-

b H-cp apà-Iw ]q-t´m«-Xv Zm-tam-Z-c³ \-¼q-Xn-cn-bp-sS-bmWv.

“]q-a-t¯-se-gp-t¶-än-cp-¶p Z-bntX” a-[p-hn-[p-Ime-̄ v tZ-im-́ -

c-bm-{X-th−n-h-¶ \m-bI³, A-{]-Xo-£n-Xam-b `m-cym-\mis¯

HmÀ¯p-sIm-−v I-cÄ s\m-́ v ]-d-bp-¶-Xm-Wn tÇmIw. I-cp-

Wc-kw I-c-I-hn-bp-¶ Cu tÇm-Iw hn-i-Z-]T\-̄ n-epÄ-s -̧Sp-̄ n-

349

bn-«p−v. ]q-t´m-«-̄ n-sâ-Xm-bn {]-N-cn-¡-s -̧Sp-¶ a-säm-cp apà-

Iw H¶mw X-c-sam-cp Nn-{X-amWv. H-cp sIm-bv-Xp-Im-cn-bp-sS Iu-

Xp-I-I-cam-b Nn-{Xw

aq-SnÃm-s¯m-cp ap−p-sIm-−v ap-Snbpw

Nq-Sn-s¡m-−-cn-hmÄ ]pd- v̄ Xn-cp-In

{]m-©n-In-X-¨§-s\

\m-S³ I-̈ -bp-Sp-̄ p ta-\n-ap-gp-h³

tNdpw]p-c-−n-t¸mÄ

]m-S-̄ p-¶p h-cp-¶ \n³-h-c-hp

I-t−-sd sIm-Xn-¡p-¶p Rm³

irw-Km-c-tÇm-I-§Ä am-{X-aÃ c-kn-I-X- Xp-fp-¼p-¶ tZ-h-Xmkv-

tXm-{X-§-fpw, D-Õ-h-hÀ-®-\-I-fpw, B-ß-I-Y-\-§fpw ap-à-I-

§-fnÂ Ø-ew ]n-Sn-̈ n-cp-¶ H-cp D-Õ-h-hÀ-®-\-bnÂ \n¶v

h-ep-̧ w \-Sn¨-§p taÂ-t]m-«v t\m-¡n

]p-e- -̧¡m-cm-Vy³ \-S¡pw Z-imbmw

_-en¡Ãp X-«n-X-S-ªm-ip ho-WmÂ

]p-e-¡m-c-ti-jw hn-jm-Zn-¨o-X-t¸mÄ

AY-hm A-]-arXyp kw-̀ -hn-¨mÂ A-Xv D-Õh-s¯ _m-[n-¡p-a-

tÃm F-¶m-W-hcpsS Bi-¦. in-hw ]-Ån F-¶ in-thm-Ån \-¼q-

Xn-cn-bp-sS inh-s\ kv-Xp-Xn¨p-sIm-−p-Å H-cp k-c-k-tÇm-Iw

B-tem-N-\m-ar-Xam-b H-cp ap-à-I-amWv.

shÅw, sh-®oÀ, hr-jvw, h-c-Icn-tXmþ

em-cy-hn-̄ m-[n-]³ tXm-«p-tÅm-cn

\Â-Ir-jn-tIm-̧ p-I-f-cn-In-e-[n-\-̄ n-ep-−m-bn-t¡

]-Ån-̧ n-̈ -s¡-gp-¶-Å-cp-Xv ]p-ccnt]m

350

Im-Sp-sh-«n-st¯-fn-̈ m

h-Ån-¡p-¶nÂ Ir-jn-sN¿p-I ]-Wn-h-Xn\pw

Zq-X-kmÀ-°w k-ap-²w

(Kw-K-Pew, sh-®oÀ (`-kvaw) Im-f, sh¬-agp, t{i-ãam-b B-\-

t¯mÂ (IrjnbpsS ]-£-̄ nÂ H-¶mw-X-c I-cn-bpw (Ie-̧ ) h-f-

an-Sm-\pÅ tXm-epw) Bcy\mb ssh-{i-h-W³ k-ao-]-¯pw (Ir-jn-

]-£-̄ nÂ B-cy-hn-̄ n-sâ A[n]³) a-äpam-b FÃm Irjn-tIm-

¸p-Ifpw kzm-[o-\-̄ n-ep-Å Øn-Xn-¡v C\nbpw `n-£m-S-\-̄ n-\v

t]m-Im-sX ssI-em-k-̄ nÂ Im-Sp-sh-«n-sX-fn-bn- v̈ Ir-jn Xp-S-§p-

I ]-Wn-sb-Sp-¡m³ Zq-X-K-§-fp-w [m-cm-f-ap-−-tÃm) ap-à-I-

§Ä hf-sc {it²-b-am-b-Xm-Wv H-d-h-¦-c cm-P-bp-sS (\o-e-I-

WvT³ \-¼q-Xncn) Xn-cp-h-\- -́]p-cw {io-aqew Xo-cp-\m-fn-\v Imgv-N

sh-̈ apà-Iw

aÀ-̄ y-Im-tc-W, tKm-]n-h-k-\\nc

I-hÀ-t¶mcp-ssZ-Xym-cn-sb-¯³

Nn-t¯ _-Ôn-̈ h-©niz-c X-h-\p

]-\n-Xn-¡v sX-änÃ ]-t£

s]mÂ-̄ m-c-am-Xm-hn-Xm-X³ I-Wh-s\

hn-Sp-hm-\m-{i-bn-¡p-¶p Zm-kn

hy-Xym-\nXyw `-hm-s\-¡-\n-hnh-fn

ep-Zn-s¡mÃ-Im-c-Wyw-ti

(a-\p-jy-th-jw [-cn-̈ v tKm-]-kv-{Xo-I-fp-sS h-kv-{X-§Ä tam-ãn-̈

A-kp-c-\miI\mb Ir-jv-Ws\, X-sâ a-\-ÊnÂ ]n-Sn- v̈ sI-«nb-Xv

cm-P \o-Xn-b-\p-k-cn-̈ v bp-àw Xs¶ (cm-Pm-hn-sâ Ir-jv-W-\n-e-bp-

Å `-àn- {]-iw-k-\n-bw Xs¶) F¶mÂ e-£v-an-tZhn ([-\-tZh-X)

kz-̀ À-̄ m-hn-s\ hn-«p-In-«m³ th-−n C-Xm H-cp Zm-kn-sb-t¸m-se

\n-Xyhpw `-hm-s\ B-{i-bn-¡p-¶p. (cm-Py-̄ nÂ k¼- v̄ kar²n-

351

hÀ-²n-̈ n-cn-¡p¶p) ]-t£ A-h-fnÂ Zb tXm¶n a\ÊnÂ _-Ôn-

¨n-cn-¡p-¶ `-K-hm-s\ ssI-hn-S-cptX (sF-izcyw hÀ-²n-̈ v Ir-jv-W`-

àn CÃm-Xm-I-cp-sX-¶v km-cw). ]q-\w \-¼p-Xn-cn-bpsS “Xm-cnÂ

X-\n-I-Sm-£m-©-e-”sa-¶p Xp-S-§p-¶ kmapXncnsb kv-Xp-Xn-

¡p-¶ ap-à-Ihpw CXp-t]m-se a-t\m-l-c-amWv. Npcp¡¯nÂ

sh¬-a-Wn-Im-e-L-«-̄ n-se Im-hy-{]-]-©-̄ nÂ \n-d-ªp-\n-¶

apà-Iw F¶ H-ä tÇm-I-§Ä `m-jm-I-hn-X-bv-¡v H-cp ap-XÂ

Iq-«p-X-s¶-bmWv.

Ip-«p-I-hn-XIÄ: `m-jm-I-hn-X-bv-¡v H-cp ap-XÂ-Ip-«pw, sh¬-a-Wn-

Im-e-L-«-̄ n-se H-cp Im-hyhn-t\m-Z-hp-am-bn-cp-¶ Ip-«p-I-hn-XIÄ.

G-sX-¦nepw H-cp IY s]mXphmbn kzo-I-cn¨v Hmtcm `m-Khpw

Hmtcm I-hn-IÄ F-gpXp-I F¶Xmbncp¶p Ip-«p-I-hn-X-bn-se

k-{¼Zmbw. 1080þÂ ] -́fw X-¼p-cm-sâ t\Xr-Xz-̄ nÂ D-S-se-Sp-

¯ I-h-t\mZ-bw {]-kn-²n-I-c-W-am-Wv Ip-«p-I-hn-X-I-fnÂ A-[n-

Ihpw {]-kn-²n-I-cn-¨Xv. kc-f, K-tP{µ-tam-£w XpS-§n A-t\-Iw

Ir-XnIÄ Cu co-Xn-bnÂ {]-kn-²n-I-cn-¡-s -̧«n-«p−v. H-Sp-hnÂ Ip-

ªn-Ir-jv-W³ tam-t\m³, DÅqÀ, h-Å-t¯mÄ, Ip-än-̧ pd-̄ v tI-

i-h³-\mbÀ, tIm-bn-̧ n-Ån ]-c-ta-iz-c-Ip-dp- v̧ XpS-§n A-¡me-

s¯ {]-kn-²cm-b ]-e I-hn-Ifpw C-XnÂ ]-s¦-Sp-¯n-cp¶p.

HSphnÂ Ip-ªn-Ir-jv-Wta-t\msâ ‘D-]-tImiw’ NÞm-en tam-

£w Xp-S-§n-b-h Ip-«p-I-hn-X-I-fnÂ-s -̧«-XmWv. hn-j-b-hn-̀ -P-\-

¯nÂ ‘H-Sp-hn-en’\p In-«p-¶ `m-Kw F{X tam-i-am-bmepw G-ähpw

kp-µ-c-am-bn {]-Im-in-̧ n-¡p-hm³ B c-kn-Im-{KWn¡v I-gn-ªn-

cp-¶p. N-Þmen-tam-£-̄ n-se H-cp ]Zyw t\m¡p.

Hcp -]n-Sn-b-cn-bnÃ Im-ip-Im-si

W-cp-f-h-sX-§n-s\-sb-¶-dn-ªp-Iq-Sm

352

I-cp-a-\-bn-Xp-I-−p-\m-gn sh-Åw

X-cp-h-Xo-\p-ä h-cm-sbm-cp-¯-cnÃ

H-cÀ-°-̄ nÂ H-cp km-aÀ-°y-]-co£-Ww Iq-Sn-bm-bn-cp-¶p CXv.

H-cmÄ-¡v FgpXmhp-¶ Im-hyw, -hm-k-\bpw ]m-Þn-Xy-hp-ap-Å a-

äp ]-ecpw Iq-Sn GXms−m¶p-t]m-se ]-¦p-sh-̈ v F-gp-Xn-ap-gp-an-

¡pw. I-hn-X-bnÂ ¢m-kn-¡v k{¼Zm-bw \n-e-\n-¶n-cp-¶ Ime-s¯

A¯-cw hym-]m-c-§Ä \-S-¡p-I-bp-Åp F¶v sI. F³ F-gp-

¯-Ñ³ Nq-−n-Im-«p¶p. sh¬-a-Wn-Im-e-L-«-̄ n-se kmlnXy-]-

Ým¯-ew C¯-cw Im-hyhn-t\m-Z-§Ä-¡-\p-Iq-e-am-bn-cp-¶p.

(Cu hnj-bw h-c-sam-gn I-hn-X-bnÂ _-lp-IÀ-̄ p-Xz-¯n-sâ ]-

co£-Ww F-¶ `mK-̄ v hn−pw NÀ-̈ sN-¿-s -̧Sp-¶p−v)

Imhy-tem-I-t¯-¡v ss{I-kv-Xh þ C-kv-fman-I kw-kv-¡m-c-§-fp-

sS {]-thiw:þ tI-cfo-b {I-kv-Xm-\n-I-fp-sS aX X-Xz-§-tfbpw k-

`m-N-cn-{X-§-tfbpw aäpw BkzZam-¡n {]m-No-\-Im-ew ap-X-ev-¡p

X-s¶ ]-e-]m-«p-Ifpw k-ap-Zm-b-̄ n-\nSbnÂ {]-Nm-c-̄ n-ep-−m-bn-

cp¶p. F-¶mÂ B km-ln-Xy-]-cn-{i-a§-sf sXfnbn¡p-¶ hm-Mv-

a-b-§-fnÂ hf-sc Ipd-̈ p am-{X-ta C-¶v C-h-ti-jn-¨n-«pÅp. “Ir-

jv-WKm-Y Xp-S§n-b ]m-«p-Ir-Xn-I-sf-t¸mse Hmtcm X-cw-]m-«p-

IÄ D-−m-bn-cp-¶p-sh-¶v A-\p-am-\n-t¡-−n-bn-cn-¡-¶p” (Sn. Fw.

Np½mÀ ]-Zy-km-ln-Xy-N-cn{Xw þ t]Pv 111) A-h Hm-tcm¶pw tI-c-f-

kw-kv-¡m-c-̄ nsâ Hmtcm Z-im-]-cn-Wm-a§-sf Ip-dn-¡p-¶-Xm-bn-

cn-¡m³ C-S-bp−v. a-e-bm-f-Imhy-tem-I-̄ n-te-¡v ss{I-kv-X-h-

kwkv-¡m-cw \ÂIn-b kw-̀ m-h-\-bp-sS a-lXzw kq-Nn-̧ n-¡p-¶-Xm-

Wv Sn. Fw Np½mÀ A-hÀ-I-fp-sS {]-kv-Xmh-\. B kw-̀ m-h-\-I-fn-

te-¡v H-cp hn-l-K-ho£-Ww am-{Xta Cu J-Þ-̄ nÂ D-Nn-X-am-I-

353

bpÅp. XoÀ-̈ -bmbpw B Iq-«-̄ nÂ H¶mw Øm-\w h-ln-¡p¶-

Xv amÀ-¤w-I-fn-¸m-«mWv.

amÀ-¤w-I-fn-¸m«v:þ {]m-No-\am-b Cu ]m-«n-se hnj-bw a-X X-Xz-§-

tfbpw k-̀ m Ncn-{X-§-tfbpw B-kv-]-Z-am-¡n-bp-Å-h-bmWv. {In-

kv-Xp-hn-sâ in-jy\m-b amÀt¯m-½m C-́ y-bnÂ h-cp-¶Xpw ]-e

A-Zv-̀ p-X-§fpw {]-hÀ-̄ n- v̈ ss-l-µh-sc {In-kv-Xp-amÀ-¤-̄ n-te-

¡v \-bn-¡p-¶Xpw a-äp-amWv. ssa-em-̧ q-cnÂ sh-̈ v a-c-W-aSª

B t{]-jnX-sâ Po-h-N-cn-{X-kwK-lw C-XnÂ DÄsIm-Ån-̈ n-cn-

¡p¶p. `n¶hr-̄ -§-fn-embn 14 ]m-Z-§fpw 400 Â ]-cw h-cn-

Ifpw A-XnÂ AS§nbncn¡p¶p. H¶mw ]m-Zw amÀ-t¯m-½-sb

A-e-¦-cn-̈ ]- -́en-te-¡v £Wn¡p-¶-XmWv.

A-e-¦-cn-̈ ]- -́enÂ h-¶v F-gp-¶-cpfp-I amÀ-t¯m-a³

A-e-¦-cn-̈ ]- -́enÂ h-¶-cpÄ X-tc-Ww amÀ-t¯m-½³

F-¶n-§-s\-bm-Wv h-cn-IÄ I-Sp-̄ p-cp-̄ n, tIm«-bw F-¶o {]-tZ-

i-§-fn-se Iv\m\m-b kp-dn-bm-\n-IÄ-¡n-S-bn-em-bn-cp-¶ Cu ]m-«p-

IÄ {]-[m-\-ambpw {]Ncn¨Xv. Ir-Xn-bp-sS Im-e-̧ -g-¡w \nÀ-®-bn-

¡p-I km-²y-a-sÃ-¦nepw t]mÀ¨pKokv k-¼À-¡-̄ n-\v ap³-]p-Å

\-½p-sS H-cp ]qÀ-Æ-kz-̄ m-Wn-sX-¶-\p-am\n-¡p-¶-XnÂ sX-änÃ.

I-eym-W-̧ m-«pIÄ: amÀ-¤w-I-fn-]m«p-t]m-se X-s¶ ]-g-¡-ap-

ÅXpw IÃym-W-NS§nsâ Hmtcm L-«-§-fnepw ]m-Sp-¶ ]m-«p-I-

fp−v. A-S-̈ p-Xp-d-¸m«v, F®¸m-«v, Ip-fn-¸m«v, N-́ w NmÀ-̄ v-]m-«v

F-¶n-§-s\...

d-¼m³-]m«v: þ amÀ-t¯m-½-bp-sS N-cn{Xw kw-{K-ln-s -̈gp-Xn-bn-«p-

Å a-säm-cp {]No\-Ir-Xn-bm-Wv d-¼m³-]m«v. am-fn-tb-¡Â tXm-am

F-¶ tI-cfob ssh-ZnI-sâ Ir-Xn-bp-sS kw-{K-l-W-am-WnXv. {In-

kv-Xp-hÀjw 1601 emWv Cu kw-{K-lw.

354

]-Ån-̧ m-«pIÄ: þ tI-c-f-̄ n-se ]-g-b-]-ÅnIÄ Hm-tcm-¶n-t\bpw

Ip-dn-̈ v {]tXyIw, {]-tXy-Iw c-Nn-̈ ]m-«p-I-fm-Wn-h. I-Sp-̄ p-cp-

¯n, tIm«-bw Xp-S§n-b ]Ån-I-sf-¡p-dn-¨p-Å ]m-«nÂ A¶-

s¯ cm-Pm-¡-·m-cpw, {]-̀ p-¡-·mcpw {InkvXym\n-IÄ-¡v \ÂIn-b

ku-P-\y-§-sf-¡p-d-̈ pw B-\p-Iq-ey-§-sf-¡p-dn¨pw ]-cm-aÀ-in-

¡p¶p.

A-®m-hn-]m-«p-IÄ: A-®m-hn-amÀ F-¶p ]-d-ªp-h-cp-¶ \m-«m-

im-·mÀ \nÀ-½n- v̈ Ah-cp-sS in-jy-]-c-¼-c-I-sf-s¡m-−v ]m-Sn-̈ v

t]m-¶n-cp-¶ ]m-«p-I-fm-Wnh. ‘]cniI-fn-¸m-«p-IÄ’ F¶pw Ch-

sb ]-d-bm-dp−v. sIm-̈ n-bn-epw kao-] {]-tZ-i-§fn-ep-am-Wv C-h-

bp-sS {]-Nmcw.

ho-c-]-Xv\n: A-®m-hn-̧ m-«p-I-fnÂ DÄ-s -̧« H-cp ho-c-N-cn-X-am-Wv ho-c-

]-Xv\n. tImgnt¡mSpw sIm-̈ nbpw X-½n-ep-Å A-[n-Im-c-a-Õ-c-

§Ä-¡n-S-bnÂ s]-cp-¼-S-¸nse H-cp tk-\m-\m-b-I-\m-bn-cp-¶ ‘I-

f-̄ n-¦Â-hÀ-¡n’bp-sS `m-cy-sb A-]-l-cn-¡m³ km-aq-Xn-cn-bp-

sS ap-l-½Zn-b `-S-·mÀ {i-an-¡p-¶-Xpw. [o-cbm-b A-hÄ A-hn-sS

\n¶v c-£-s -̧Sp-¶-Xp-am-Wv I-Y. I-Ym-\m-bI-sâ cm-P-̀ àn, `m-cy-

bp-sS [oc-X, IrX-IrXy-X F-¶n-h-sbÃmw {]-Im-in-¸n-¡p-¶ H-cp

ho-c-N-cn-X-am-WnXv.

bu-tk-̧ p-N-cpXw: þ ]-̄ -\w-Xn-« PnÃ-bn-se C-e-́ qÀ tZ-i-¡m-

c\m-b tN-tIm-«v B-im³ c-Nn-̈ Ir-Xn-bm-WnXv. C-Xv H-cp Xp-ÅÂ-

¡-Y-bmbpw A-h-X-cn-̧ n-̈ n-«p−v. cm-amb-Ww C-cp-]-¯n-\m-ep

hr¯-s¯ A-\p-I-cn-̈ v ap-]-]-̄ n-\m-ep-hr-̄ w F-¶ H-cp Ir-

Xnbpw c-Nn-̈ n-«p−v.

amÀ-A-tÃ-ip-]m-\: þ tI-c-fn-bcm-b -{In-kv-Xym-\n-I-fp-sS C-S-bnÂ

A-c \p-äm-−v ap¼v h-sc hf-sc {]-Nm-c-̄ n-ep-−m-bn-cp-¶ Nn-e C-

355

Xn-hr-̄ -§-fmWv ‘AtÃip]m\’. A-tÃ-ip \mS-Iw F-¶nh tIm-

X-awK-ew kz-tZ-inbm-b H-cp Nmt¡m-am-̧ n-f-bm-Wv IÀ-¯m-sh-¶v

Du-ln-¡p¶p. amÀ-A-sÃ-ip]m-\ hn-̀ n-¶-hr-̄ -§-fnÂ c-Nn-¡-s -̧«

\m-ep-]mZ-§-tfm-Sp-IqSn-b Ir-Xn-bmWv.

{In-kv-Xp-a-X-{]-N-c-W-̄ n-\m-bn tI-c-f-̄ n-te-¡v h-¶ hn-

tZ-i-an-jy-\-dn-amcpsS {]-hÀ¯-\w a-e-bm-f-̀ m-j-bp-sS h-fÀ -̈sb

hf-sc A-[n-Iw k-lm-bn-¨n-«p−v. KZy-km-ln-Xy-̄ n-sâ h-fÀ -̈¡v

G-ä-hp-a-[n-Iw kw-̀ m-h-\ \Â-Inb-Xv AhcmWv. am-{X-aÃ tI-c-f-

¯n-se {In-kv-Xym-\n-I-fp-sS C-S-bnÂ kw-kv-Ir-X-̀ mj-¡v {]-Nm-c-ap-

−m-¡n-bXpw Cu ssh-Zn-Icpw A-h-cp-sS in-jy-·m-cp-amWv. ]nÂ-

¡me-̄ v a-e-bm-f-km-ln-Xy-¯nÂ a-lm-Im-hy-§-fp-sS {]-kn-²n-

Ic-Ww B-cw-̀ n-̈ -t¸mÄ tbip-{In-kv-Xp-hn-sâbpw ss_-_n-fn-

sâbpw C-Xn-hr-̄ -§Ä kzo-I-cn-̈ v A-t\-Iw a-lm-Im-hy-§Ä

\nÀ-½n-¡-s -̧«Xpw Cu ]-Ým-̄ -e-̄ n-emWv.

{io-tb-ip-hnP-bw: I-«-¡-b-¯nÂ sN-dn-bm³ am-̧ n-f-bp-sS Ir-Xn-

bm-Wv {io-tb-ip-hn-Pbw. 1926þÂ {]-kn-²-s -̧Sp¯n-b Cu Im-hy-

¯nÂ 24 kÀ-¤-§fpw 3700 tÇmI-§fpw A-S-§n-bn-cn-¡p¶p.

k-c-khpw e-fn-X-hp-am-Wv B-Jym-\w

]-̈ ]pÃ-Wn-]q-t−-äw

sa -̈a-m-bn-Sp-aØ-ew

]-̈ -̧ -«p-hn-cn-t¨m-cp

a-̈ Iw-t]m-se a-Rv-Ppfw

F-¶n§s\ ‘]-dpZn-k’sb hÀ-®n-̈ n-cn-¡p¶p.

th-Z-hn-lmcw: {io. sI. hn ssk-a¬ F-gpXn-b th-Z-hn-lm-cw cm-am-

b-Wm-Zn Infn¸m-«p-IÄ t]m-se tI-c-f-̀ m-j-bv-¡-\p-kr-Xam-b {Zm-

hn-U-hr-̄ -§Ä D]tbmKn v̈ c-Nn-̈ a-lm-Im-hy-amWv. 50 Hm-fw A-

²ym-b-§-fp-Å G-I-tZ-iw Bdmbncw Cu-c-Sn-I-fp-Å {]-kvXp-X

356

Ir-Xn ss{I-kv-X-h-]-Zy-km-ln-Xy-̄ n-se alm`m-c-X-sa-¶v hn-ti-jn-

¸n-¡mw. ‘]-g-b-\n-b-a’¯n-se tam-i-bp-sS H¶mw ]pkvXI-sa-¶v

]-d-bp-¶ ‘tem-tImÂ]-̄ n’sb ]-Ým-̄ -e-am-¡n \nÀ-½n-̈ -XmWv

Cu Im-hyw.

C-{km-tbÂ hwiw: 1952 þÂ {]-hn-̄ m-\w ]n. Fw tZ-h-ky {]-kn-

²-s -̧Sp¯n-b C-{km-tbÂ hw-iw H-cp hw-imh-en N-cn-X-amWv. A-

{_-lm-an-sâ k- -́Xnbm-b bmt¡m-_p ap-XÂ {In-kv-Xp h-sc-bp-

Å-h-cp-sS N-cn{Xw C-Xn-epÄ-s¡m-Åp¶p.

a-lm-{]-Øm-\w: 1966þÂ {]-hn-̄ m\w ]n. Fw tZ-h-ky {]-kn-²-n-I-

cn-̈ a-säm-cp alm-Im-hy-am-Wv a-lm-{]-Øm\w. Cu-Pn-]v-XnÂ Ip-Sn-

tb-dn ]mÀ-̄ C-{km-tbÂ P\-X ^-tdmh-sâ ]o-U-\-§Ä Imc-

Ww Im-\m³ tZ-i-s¯-¡v tam-i-bp-sS t\XrXz-̄ nÂ Xn-cn-sI

t]m-Ip¶ a-lm-{]-bm-W-am-Wv C-Xn-se C-Xn-hr¯w. 17 kÀ-¤-§-fn-

em-bn B {]-bm-Ww hÀ-®n-¡-s -̧«n-cn-¡p¶p.

{In-kv-Xp-N-cnXw: C-S-bm-d·p-f sI. Fw hÀ-¤o-kv c-Nn-¨ a-lm-Im-hy-

am-Wv {In-kv-Xp-N-cnXw. {Zm-hn-U-hr-̄ -̄ n-em-Wv cN-\. Nn-e `m-K-

§Ä am-{X-ta {]-kn-²n-I-cn-¡-s¸«n-«pÅp.

I−¯nÂ h-dp-Ko-kv: am¸n-f H-cp k-lr-Z-b\pw km-ln-Xy-{]m-Õm-

l-I-\pw, aebmf- a-t\m-c-a-bp-sS ]-{Xm-[n-]-cp-am-bn-cp-¶p. I-−-

¯nÂ h-dp-¤n-kv H-cp kmlnXy-Im-c³ Iq-Sn-bm-bn-cp¶p. HÀ-̧ -hn-

tÑ-Zw AY-hm b-Zp-Ip-e-cmL-hw B«¡Y, F-{_m-b-¡-«n-\m-SIw,

I-e-ln-\n-Za-\w \m-SIw, A-Ûp-X-N-cnXw, kÑcn{X-i-XIw, InÀ-

¯-\am-e XpS-§n ]-e Ir-Xn-I-fp-sSbpw c-N-\-bn-Xm-hm-Wt±lw.

H-cp hen-b kw-Lm-S-I\pw km-ln-Xyp-t{]m-Õm-l-I-\p-am-bn-cp¶p.

At±l-̄ n-sâ ‘ssI-c-fn-tk-h\w’ H-cn-¡epw hn-kv-a-cn-¨p-Iq-Sm....

357

F-S-ac-̄ v hnÎÀ: sh¬-a-Wn-Im-e-L-«-̄ nÂ Po-hn-̈ n-cp-¶ H-cp {]-

kn-²-I-hn-bm-Wv F-S-ac-̄ v hnÎÀ. Im-e-Sn-bm-Wv kz-tZiw. P-b-

´³ \-¼q-Xn-cn-bm-bn-cp-¶p A-t±lw. {In-kv-Xpa-Xw kzn-I-cn- v̈ hn-

Î-dmbn. ]-g-b-]m-\, hn-[n-]ÀÆw, \-c-I-]ÀÆw, tam£]ÀÆw, an-in-

lm-N-cnXw, amÀ-t¯m-½m ]À-Æw In-fn-̧ m-Sv F-¶p XpS-§n \nch-[n

Ir-Xn-IÄ c-Nn¨p. {In-kv-Xp-N-cn-X-a-lm-Im-hy-§-fp-sS Iq-«-̄ nÂ-

s -̧Sp-̄ mhp-¶ B-[p\n-I a-lm-Im-hy-am-Wv ]p-̄ ³ Im-hvam-

¯³ X-cIsâ ‘hnizZo]w’. {I-kv-X-h-B-i-b-§fpw ss{I-kv-X-h-

Ir-Xn-Ifpw \-½p-sS ]-Zy-kmlnXy-̄ n-sâ h-fÀ- -̈bnÂ K-Wyam-b

kw-̀ m-h-\-IÄ \Â-In-bn-«p−v.

CÉmw kw-̀ m-h-\IÄ: tI-c-f-̄ nÂ CÉmw a-X-{]-N-c-W-hp-am-bn

_-Ô-s¸«p-sIm−p-Å s]-cp-am-fn-sâ a-Xw am-äw sXmS-Sv A-t\-

Iw apÉnw ]-Þn-X-·m-cp-sSbpw kn-²-·m-cp-sSbpw Pn-hn-X-I-Y-

IÄ Ad-_n þ a-e-bm-f-km-ln-Xy-Ir-Xn-I-fnÂ {]-N-cn-¡-s -̧«n-«p−v.

A-d_nþ a-e-bm-f-km-ln-Xy-s¯-Ip-dn-̈ p-Å hn-h-c-W-¯nÂ A-h

]cm-aÀ-in-¡-s¸-«n-«p-ap−v. F-¶mÂ kw-kv-Ir-X-̀ m-jbpw a-e-bm-f-

hp-am-bn _Ôs¸«v {]-hÀ¯n-̈ A-]qÀ-Æw Nn-e CÉmw ]-Þn-X-

·m-sc \-ap-¡v Is−¯m³ I-gn-bpw. A-h-bnÂ {]-ap-J-\m-Wv

sIm-bn-em-−n kz-tZ-inbm-b C¼n¨³ Kp-cp¡Ä. kw-kv-Ir-X-]-

Þn-X\m-b C-t±lw 1852 þ Â P-\n¨p. Imhy\m-S-Im-Zn-I-fnepw

A-e-¦m-c-§-fnepw XÀ-¡-im-kv-{X-̄ nepw ]-cn-Úm-\w t\Sn. kz-

tZi-̄ v H-cp ]mTim-e Øm-]n- v̈ A-t\-Iw in-jy-·m-sc kw-kv-Ir-

Xw ]Tn-̧ n¨p. Xr-¡-−n-bqÀ A-̈ p-X-̧ n-jm-c-Sn-bp-sS {]-thi-Iw F-

¶ hym-I-c-W-{KÙ¯n-\v ]-cn`m-j \nÀ-Æ-ln¨p. [m-cm-IÂ-̧ w F-

¶ Hcp ssh-Zy-{K-Ùhpw i-¦-cm-Nm-cy-cp-sS a\n-jm-]-©-I-̄ n-\v

hym-Jym-\hpw c-Nn-̈ n-«p−v.

358

cmL-hm-ar-Xw F-¶ H-cp kw-kv-Ir-X-Im-hyhpw A-t±-l-̄ n-sâ-

Xmbn-«p−v.

a-ebm-f `m-jm-tk-h-\-cwK- v̄ {]-hÀ-̄ n-¨ a-säm-cp hy-

àn-bm-Wv hn-Zzm³ Ckv-lm-Jv km-ln¼v. {io-ssIc-fn `-K-h-Xv-KoX-

F¶ t]-cnÂ `Kh-Xv Ko-X-bv¡v A-t±-lw a-e-bm-f-¯nÂ H-cp

hnhÀ¯-\w c-Nn-̈ n-«p−v. `-Kh-Xv Ko-X-s¡m-¸w a\pkv-ar-Xn-bp-sS ]-

cn-̀ m-jbpw At±-lw \-S-̄ n-bn-«p−v. a-{Zm-kv bq-Wn-th-gv-

knänbnÂ \n¶pw a-e-bm-fw hn-Zzm³ ]mÊm-b A-t±-lw tI-c-f-̄ n-

se hnhn-[ hnZym-e-b-§-fnÂ a-e-bm-fw A-²ym-]-I-\m-bn {]-hÀ-

¯n¨p.

a-e-bm-f -I-hn-Xm-cwK-̄ v {]-hÀ-̄ n-̈ n-cp-¶ CÉmw hn-izm-

kn-IÄ XpS¡¯nÂ hf-sc Ip-d-̈ v t]À am-{X-am-bn-cp¶p. am-¸n-f-

]m-«p-I-fp-sS {]-Nm-c-I\pw I-hn-bp-am-bn-cp-¶ Sn. D-ss_Zv (A-Ðp-

d-ln-am³) 1908 þÂ ImkÀ-tIm-«v P-\n¨p. hÅ-t¯m-fn-sâ Nn-e

I-hn-X-Ifpw B-im-sâ ho-W-]qhpw IÀ-®m-S-I-̄ n-te-¡v ]cn-̀ m-

j-s -̧Sp-̄ n \-h-c-Xv-\-am-en-I, _m-jv-]-[m-c, N-{µ-I-e Xp-S§n-b ]-

Zy-IrXnIÄ c-Nn-̈ n-«p−v. 1972 þÂ ImkÀ-tIm-Sv sh-̈ v \n-cym-X-

\mbn.

K-Zy-km-ln-Xy-cwK-̄ v t\mhÂ, sN-dpI-Y, \mS-Iw Xp-

S§n-b cw-K-§-fnÂ ssh-¡w ap-l½-Zv _-jnÀ, sI. Sn ap-l-½Zv,

sI. Fw. sIm-Sp-§ÃqÀ Xp-S§n-b [mcm-fw CÉmw k-tlm-Z-c-

·mÀ I-gn-ª \p-äm-−nÂ \-ap-¡v Im-Wmw. F-¶mÂ Ihn-Xm-cwK-

v̄ A-]qÀ-Æw Nne-sc am-{X-sa k-ao-]-Im-ew h-sc I-s−-̄ m-

\mbpÅq.

Im-hy a-Þ-e-̄ n-se kw-kv-¡m-c-ssh-hn-[yhpw þ k-a-\z-bhpw

359

1900 t\m-S-Sp-̧ n-̈ m-Wv a-e-bm-f-Imhy-temI-̄ v Nn-e \q-X-

\ kw-kv-¡m-c-§fp-sS B-hnÀ-̀ m-hw {]-Xy-£-s -̧«p Xp-S-§p-¶Xv.

A-Xph-sc kn-²-cq-]-̄ nepw {io-Ir-jv-W-hn-em-k-̄ nepw ]T-\-

¯n-\v Xp-S-¡-an-«n-cp-¶ ]m-c-¼-cy-]mTy-]²-Xn AI-m-en-I-sa-¶v

t_m-²y-s -̧«v ]pXn-b X-e-apd-sb Bw-Ke-̀ mjbp-sS A-I¡-f-cn-

bnte-¡v ]d-ªp hn-Sm³ k-¼-¶ Ip-Spw-_-§-fn-te-Im-c-W-h-

·mcpw tIm-hn-eI-sI«p-Ifpw X-¿m-dmbn. “Cw-¥n-jv km-ln-Xy-̄ n-

te-¡p-Å Cu {]-th-iw a-e-bm-fw H-gp-Ip-¶ h-gn-th-sd-bm-¡m³

t{]-c-W \Â-In-bn-cn-¡-Ww” (eo-emh-Xn So¨À) \½psS A-dn-hn-sâ

N-{I-h-m-fw hn-I-kn-¡m³ Xp-S-§n-b-tXm-sS A-\p-hm-N-I-cp-sS

A`n-cp-Nn-I-fnepw am-ä-ap-−mbn. \-½p-sS km-ln-Xyhpw A-Xv ]n³-

Xp-S-cp-¶ ]mXIfpw A-{]-am-Z-§-sÃ-¶ H-cp tXm-¶Â D-−m-bn-

Xp-S§n. kw-i-bn-¡p-Ibpw tNmZyw sN-¿p-Ibpw sN-¿p-¶ {]h-

W-X Iq-Sn h-¶ “i-¦m-lo-\-i-im-¦m-a-e-X-c-bikm tIc-tfmÂ-]-

¶-̀ m-jm-h³ Im-«nÂ k-©-cn-¡p-¶” sh¬a-Wn A-Ñ³ \¼qXn-

cn-bm-Ip-¶ knw-l-s¯ t]mepw Nn-e- Ip-dp-\cn-IÄ shÃp-hn-fn-

¡m-³ F¶p sh-̈ mÂ shÃp-hn-fn-¡-s¸-Sp-I-bpw tNmZyw sN-¿-s¸-

Sp-Ibpw sN¿p-¶ Hc´co-£w cq]s¸«p-Xp-S§n. Cu ]-cn-hÀ-

¯-\-̄ n-\v Np-¡m³ ]n-Sn -̈Xv sImSp§ÃqÀ Ifcnsb-¶p hn-ti-

jn-̧ n-¡-s¸-«n-cp¶ sIm-Sp-§ÃqÀ tI-{µ-am-¡n {]hÀ-¯n-̈ `mjm-

I-hn-IÄ Xs¶. ]q-t´m-«hpw sh¬-a-Wnbpw aäpw

sImSp§ÃqÀ ]m-c-¼-cy-¯nÂ h-fÀ-¶p h-ep-Xm-b-h-cm-bn-cp-s¶-

¦nepw tZ-h-̀ mjbmb kw-kv-Ir-X-̄ nÂ am{X-ta I-hn-X-sb-gp-Xp

F-¶ Zpx-ÈmTyw sIm-−p \S¡p-¶-h-cm-bn-cp-¶nÃ. kmwkv¡m-cn-I-

]£-̄ v H-cp hy-Xy-k-X \n-e-]m-Sp X-s¶-bm-bn-cp-¶p A-hÀ-¡p-

−m-bn-cp¶-Xv B am-äw I-hn-X-bp-sS `m-h-inÂ-]-̄ nÂ henb am-

360

äw h-cp-̄ n-bn-sÃ-¦nepw cq-]-̄ nÂ hen-b am-ä-̄ n-\v Xp-S-¡-an-«p.

Cu ]cn-h-À-̄ -\-Xn-sâ sh¬aWn {]-Øm-\-̄ n-sâ \-Sp-\m-b-I-

s\-¶v hn-ti-jn-̧ n-¡m-hp-¶ Ipªn¡p«³-X-¼p-cm³ X-s¶-bm-bn-

cp¶p. “\-½p-s¡-gp-̄ -Ñ-s\-Sp-̄ `m-jm-{I-a-IW-s¡ i-cWw”

F-¶p hn-iz-kn-̈ n-cp-¶ A-t±-lw am-[p-cy-ap-dp-¶ a-e-bm-f-̄ n-sâ

h-àm-hmbn. {]-km-Zm-ß-I-am-bn-cp-¶p A-h-cp-sS Imhy-ssien.

F-¶mÂ C-hn-sS {i-t²-bam-b H-cp Imcyw ]m-Ým-Xy-k-¼À-¡- -̂

e-am-bnbÃ Cu kmw-kv-¡mcn-I hyXn-bm-\w kw-̀ -hn -̈Xv F-¶-Xm-

Wv A-h-cnÂ ]-ecpw Cw-¥n-jv `m-j-tbm-Sp-Å ASp¸w. C-ã-s¸-«-

Xp-X-s¶-bnÃ.

X³ `m-jm-X\zn-sb

tI-c-f-a-\p-PÀ shSnþ

sªm«p-ap-¡m-ep-an-t¸mÄ

h³-]mfpw lq-W-̀ m-jm-h-\n-X-sb-hi

am-¡p-¶-tXmÀ-̄ mÂ

‘a\-Êv’ B-Ip-e-s¸-Sp-¶-h-cm-bn-cp-¶p A-h-cnÂ `q-cn-]-£hpw

F´pw Im-hy-hnjbam-¡p-¶-Xm-Wv A-h-cp-sS co-Xn . Np-äp-]m-Sp-ap-

Å Po-hn-X-̄ nÂ \n-¶v F´pw A-hÀ Im-hy-hn-j-b-am-bn kzo-I-

cn¨p. F-¶mÂ B-g-¡-b-§-fn-ed-§n ap-̄ v ti-J-cn-¡m-\Ã Hm-f-

¸pd v̄ ‘Hm-Sn’bnf-¡n I-fn-¡m-\m-bn-cp¶p A-hÀ-¡v XmÂ]cyw.

B-g-̄ nÂ-s¡m-− H-dp Po-hn-X-k-ao]-\w A-hÀ-¡p-−m-bn-cp-

¶nÃ. Xmc-X-tay-\- ^en-X-c-k-̄ n-\m-W-hÀ {]m[m\yw \Â-In-bXv.

A-hÀ IÂ]n-X kw`-h-§Ä¡pw ssF-Xn-ly-§Ä¡pw a-äp-am-

Wv c-N-\-bnÂ Du-¶Â \Â-In-bXv.

361

sh¬-a-Wn-{]-Øm-\-̄ n-se I-hn-IÄ ZoÀ-L-I-h-\-§-fnÂ

GÀ-s -̧«-Xm-bn Im-Wp-¶nÃ. Iq-«p-I-hn-XIÄ, k-a-ky-]q-c-W§Ä,

ap-à-I-§Ä Xp-S-§n-b-h-bnemWv A-hÀ ]b-än sX-fn-ªXv.

F-¶mÂ kmw-kv-Im-cnI-cwK-̄ v hy-Xy-kv-Xam-b H-cp Im-

gv-N-̧ m-Sm-Wv tI-c-f-hÀ-½ h-en-b-tIm-bn-̄ -¼p-cm-t\ tI-{µn-I-cn-̈ v

sX-¡³ tI-c-f-̄ nÂ hym-]n-¨Xv. kw-kv-Ir-X-]-£-]m-Xn-Xzhpw

\mSp-hm-gn-̄ -kw-kv-¡m-c-¯n-sâ k-ao-]-\-co-Xn-Ifpw A-XnÂ {]-I-

S-am-bn-cp-¶p tI-c-f-hÀ-½-bp-sS a-Wn-{]-hm-f-im-Ip -́fw F-¶

imIp´f-hn-hÀ¯-\w X-s¶ kw-kv-Ir-X-kzm-[o-\-̄ n-sâ {]-̀ m-hw

hn-fn-̈ -dn-bn¡p¶-Xm-bn-cp¶p. 1891þÂ XpS-¡w Ip-dn-¨ Zzn-Xn-bm-

£-c{]m-k-hm-Zw X-s¶ Bkzm-Z-\-̄ n-sâ A-̀ n-cp-Nn-sb tI-{µn-

I-cn¨p-sIm-−p-Å-Xm-bn-cp¶p. {]m-k-hn-hm-Z-̄ nÂ X-¼p-cm³ \-

S¯n-b hn-[n {]-Jym]-\w Xs¶ (k-PmXn-b Zzn-Xo-bm-£-c-{]mkw

tNÀ -̧Xv ssI-c-fn-a-ln-f-X³ aw-K-ey-sa-t¶mÀ-¡Ww) B bm-Ym-

ØnXn-I \n-e-]m-Sns\ Du-«n-bp-d-̧ n-¡p-¶-Xm-bn-cp¶p. {]m-k-\n-_-

Ô-\-¡p-hg-§n I-hn-IÄ ]e-t¸mgpw “{]-km-Zym-̀ -c-W-§Ä hm-

§p-h-Xn-\À-°w I-f-bp-I-bpw” N¯p-t]mbm¯ tam-Zw F¶pw

aäpw F-gp-Xn ]n-Sn-¸n-¡p-Ibpw sN-bv-Xp F-¶mÂ ]nÂ¡me¯v

Cu km-ln-Xy-kw-hm-Z§-sf hn-e-bn-cp-̄ p-¶ H-cp B-kzm-ZI-\v

hyXykv-X tN-cn-I-fnÂ \n¶p-sIm−v, kw-kv-Ir-X-]-£-¯n-t\bpw

`m-jm-]-£-̄ nt\bpw \ym-bn-I-cn¨p-sIm-−v \-S¯n-b XÀ-¡-hn-

XÀ-¡-§-sfÃmw I-hn-X-bp-sS cq]inÂ-]-s¯-¡p-dn-¨p-Å-Xm-bn-

cp¶p. ‘`m-h-in-ev-]’ t¯-¡p-dn- v̈ A-hÀ Nn-́ n-̈ -tXbnÃ. F¶

tXm-¶-emWp-−m-¡p-I. I-hnXsb Cu cq-]-]-c-X-bnÂ \n-¶v

`mhmß-I-X-bn-te-¡v Xn-cn- v̈ hn«-Xv F. BÀ, cm-Pm-cm-P-hÀ-½bpw

A-t±-l-̄ n-sâ Cw-¥n-jv ImÂ-]-\n-I-X-bp-am-bp-Å ]-cn-N-b-hp-am-

362

bn-cp¶p. F-¶mÂ Imhy-temI-̄ v kw-̀ -hn-¨ Cu k-a-\z-b-̀ m-h\-

¡v a-e-bm-f-I-hnXm-temI- v̄ B-bnS-¡v kw-̀ -hn-̈ asäm-cp kmw-

kv-Im-cn-[m-cbpw t{]-c-I-am-bn-«p−v. tI-c-f-hÀ-½-bp-K-̄ n-sâ

{]`mhIme-̄ v Z-£n-W-tI-c-f-̄ n-se kmw-kv-¡m-cn-I-cwK-̄ v a-

säm-cp tN-cn-Xn-cn-hv {]-Xy-£-s -̧«n-cp¶p. b-YmÀ-°-¯nÂ tI-c-f-

hÀ½ tIm-bn X-¼p-cm³ Im-fn-Zm-k-imIp -́fw hn-hÀ¯-\w sN-

¿p-¶-Xn-\v ap³-]v X-s¶ sh-fp-t¯-cn tI-i-h³ sshZyÀ F-¶

Hcp ‘A-hÀ-®’kw-kv-Ir-X-]-Þn-X³ Im-fn-Zmk-sâ im-Ip -́fw

hnhÀ¯-\w sN-bv-Xn-cp-¶-Xm-bn kÀ-Æm-[n-Im-cy-¡mÀ ]n. tKm-hn-µ-

¸n-Å-bp-sS `mjm-N-cn-{X-̄ nÂ tc-J-s -̧Sp-̄ n-¡m-Wp-¶p−v. Cu

I-hnX-s\ P-b-tZ-h-Ir-Xam-b ‘{]-k-¶-cm-Lhw’ F-¶ \m-S-I-̄ n-

sâ hn-hÀ-̄ -\hpw \-S-̄ n-bn-«p−v. Cu IrXnbnÂ A-t±-lw X-

s¶-¡p-dn-̈ v ]-cm-aÀ-in-¡p-¶-Xn-§n-s\-bmWv. knw-l-f-aÞte-iz-

c-s\m-cp-h³ `m-jm -́cw sN-bv-Xn-Smw. A-Xmb-Xv Xm³ Cu-g-h-tZ-

i-¡mc\m-sW-¶v {]-Jym-]n- v̈ Im-Wp¶p. km-ln-Xy-a-Þ-e-̄ n-

ep−m-b ]tcm£amb tN-cn-Xn-cn-hn-s\-bmWv Cu {]-kv-Xm-h-\

kq-Nn-̧ n-¡p-¶Xv. Ct±l¯n-sâ Kp-cp-\m-Y-\m-bn-cp-¶p Ip-½¼-

Ån cm-a³-]n-Å B-im-\nÂ \n-¶v kwkv-Ir-X-]-cn-Úm-\w t\Sn-b

a-säm-cp hn-Zzm-\m-bn-cp¶p. s]-cp-s\Ãn Ir-jv-W³ ssh-ZyÀ. k-ap-Zm-

b-]-cn-jv-¡À-̄ m-hm-bn hym-Xn t\Sn-b {io-\m-cm-b-W-Kp-cphpw

Ct±-l-̄ nsâ injy-\m-bn-cp-¶-s{X. Cu-g-h-k-ap-Zm-b-¯nÂ \n-

¶p-bÀ-¶p h-¶ asäm-cp I-hn aqÃpÀ Fkv. ]-ß-\m-̀ - -̧Wn-¡m-cm-

bn-cp¶p. I-hn cm-am-b-W-am-Wv At±-l-̄ n-sâ {]-kn-²-IrXn.

sIm-Sp-§ÃqÀ Ip-ªn-¡p-«³ X-¼q-cmsâ ‘Ihn`mcX’¯nÂ

A-h-cv-W-I-hn-I-tfbpw DÄ-s -̧Sp-̄ -W-sa-¶ \n-thZ-\w A-t±lw

kzo-I-cn-¡m-Xn-cp-¶ ]-Ým-¯-e-̄ n-em-Wv sImÃ-hÀjw 1069 þÂ

363

aq-epÀ ‘Ihncmam-bWw’ F-gp-Xn-bXv. C-XnÂ 109 I-hnI-sf DÄ-

s -̧Sp-̄ n-bn-«p−v. {io\mcm-b-W-Kp-cp-hn-s\ hmÂ-an-In-bmbpw sh-

fp-t¯-cn tI-i-h³ ssh-Zy-sc _menbm-bpw, s]-cp-s\Ãn Ir-jv-

W³ ssh-Zy-sc l-\p-am-\mbpw Nn-{Xo-I-cn-̈ ncn¡p¶p. Cu Ir-Xn-

bp-am-bn _-Ô-s -̧«v H-cp A-hÀ® þ k-hÀ-®-t¸m-cm-«w Xs¶

Imhy-temI-̄ v \-S¶p. Cu kw-hm-Z-s¯-¡p-dn¨pw A-Xn-sâ B-

Xy-́ n-I-^e-s¯-¡p-dn¨pw ‘D-ÅqÀ’ C-{]-Im-cw tc-J-s -̧Sp-̄ p-

¶p−v.

“k-c-kh-In aq-epÀ F-kv ]-ß-\m-̀ -̧ -Wn¡À, A-¶ph-sc

k-hÀ-®À-¡v am{Xw {]-th-i-\mÀ-l-sa-¶v k-¦Â-]n-¡-s -̧«n-cp-¶

km-ln-Xy-th-Zn-bnÂ \nÀ-̀ -b-ambpw \nÀ-ºm-[-ambpw F-̄ n-t¨À¶v,

A-hn-sS K-W-\o-bam-b H-cp ]oT-s¯ Btcml-Ww sN-¿m-sX-bn-

cp-s¶-¦nÂ, X-Z-\-́ -c-Km-anbm-b Ip-am-c-\m-im-\v \m-an-¶v G-I a-

\-tÊm-sS \Â-¡p-¶ 'km-ln-Xo-kmÀ-Æ-̀ u-a' Øm-\w H-cn-¡epw e-

Ï-am-Ip-¶-oÃm-bn-cp¶p”

Cu ]-Ým-̄ -e-̄ nÂ I-hn-X-bn-se k-a\z-b k-¦Â]-

s¯ ]cn-tim-[n-¡m³ i-Ð-s¯-¡mÄ AÀ-°-̄ n-\v {]m-[m\yw

\Â-Ip-I, cq-]-t¯-¡mÄ `mh¯nÂ {i-²n-¡p-I, kÀ-tÆm]-cn

Hu-NnXyw Zo-£n¡p-I Xp-S§n-b km-ln-Xy-kn-²m- -́§Ä Imhy-

tem-I-̄ nÂ k-hÀ-®-A-hÀ-®-Im-gv-N-̧ m-Sn-\pw, `mjmkwkvIr-X-

tN-cn-t¸m-cn\pw ap-I-fn-em-bn {]-Xn-jvTn-¡-s -̧«p Ip-−pÀ

\mcmbWtat\m-\nÂ \n-¶v Xp-S§n, hn. kn _m-e-Ir-jv-W-̧ -

Wn¡À, kn. F-kv kp-{_-Ò-Wy³ t]m-än XpS-§nb I-hn-I-fmÂ

hn-I-kn-¡-s¸-«v Ip-am-c-\m-im³, hÅt¯mÄ F-¶n-h-cnÂ ]p-ãn

t\Sn-b ImÂ-]-\n-I hk-´w B-bn-cp-¶p B ka\z-b amÀ¤w.

364

]pXn]pXn]pXn]pXn-- --b Bb Bb Bb B----hnhnhnhn-- --jvjvjvjv-- --¡m¡m¡m¡m----cccc----cocococo-- --XnXnXnXn-- --IÄ IIÄ IIÄ IIÄ I----s−s−s−s−----¯m¯m¯m¯m----\\\\pppp-- --Å {iawÅ {iawÅ {iawÅ {iaw

Xn-cp-\mÄ aw-K-f-§-fpw, ap-à-I-§-fpw, k-a-kym-]q-c-W-§-fpw

({Zp-X-I-hn-Xm-aÕc§fpw a-äp-am-bn Ac-§p sIm-gp-¸n-¨n-cp-¶

Im-hy-cw-Kw B-hÀ-̄ -\-hn-ck-X-sIm−pw hoÀ-̧ p-ap«n-b Im-e-am-

bn-cp-¶p sh¬-a-Wn-Im-e-L«w. Bw-K-e-̀ m-j-]cnNbw t\-Sn-bn-cp-

¶ H-Sp-hnÂ Ip-ªn-Ir-jv-Wta-t\m³ Ip-−pÀ

\mcmbWtat\m³ Xp-S-§n-b-hÀ¡v Cu Im-hy-\nÀ-½m-W-co-Xn-

bnÂ a-Sp-̧ v A\p`hs -̧«p Xp-S§n. Ip-−qÀ \m-cm-b-Wta-t\m³

X-sâ \m-ep-̀ m-jm-Im-hy-§fnÂ H-cnS-̄ v kq-Nn-̧ n-¡p¶ t]m-se

\mÄ-tXm-dp-an§-s\ ]-dª-Xp X-s¶ ho-−pw

tam-Xp-¶n-cn- -̧Wn-bn-\n I-gn-bn-sÃ-\n-¡v

F-¶v Nn-e I-hn-IÄ-s¡-¦nepw tXm-¶m-Xn-cp-¶nÃ “s]m-«-¡-hn-X-

bp−m¡mw Zp-ã-Iq-«w i-an¡tW” sb-¶v `q-tX-i-t\mSv {]mÀ-

°n-t¡-− A-h-Ø-bn-em-bn ImhycwKw. Cu ]-Ým-¯-e-̄ n-em-

Wv AIr-{Xn-a-hn-Im-c-§-fpw. A-h-bp-sS Ah{Iam-b B-hn-jv-¡-

c-W-co-Xn-Ifpw B-kzm-Z-I-]£-s¯ B-IÀ-jn-¡-sa-¶v a\Ên-

em¡n-b ‘B-Jym-\-I-§-Ä’ F¶ ]pXn-b co-Xn ]-cn-£n-¡m-\p-D-d-

¨Xv. aebm-f-Ihn-Xm-N-cn-{X-¯nÂ B-[p\n-I JÞ-Im-hy-§-fp-

sS ap-t¶m-Sn-bm-bn BJym-\-I-§Ä F-¶ I-hn-Xm-co-Xn ]-cn-£n-¡-

s -̧«p B-Jym-\]-c-X X-s¶ BJym-\-I-\m-a-̄ n-\-Sn-Øm\w. kw-̀ -

hm-Jym-\tam I-Ym-Jym-\tam B-Wv A-h-bpsS ap-J-ap{Z. hÀ®-\-

IÄ B-Jym-\-§-fnÂ Im-Wmw. ]-t£ A-h k-t¦-X-\n-jvT-

§tfm Ae¦mc _-lpe-§tfm B-bn-cp-¶nÃ. N-cn-{X-I-Y-I-fpw,

sF-Xn-ly-§fpw IÂ]nX-kw-̀ -h-§fpw a-äp-am-bm-Wv A-hÀ hn-j-

b-§Ä kzo-I-cn-̈ Xv. BJym-\-I-§-fn-se `q-cn-]-£-¯n- e pw

sh¬a-Wn km-ln-Xy-k-{¼-Zm-b-̄ n-sâ t{]-c-W-{]-I-S-ambncp¶p.

365

B-hn-jv-¡-c-W-em-fn-Xy-am-bn-cp-¶p A-h-bp-sS {]-tXyI-X.

HSphnÂ Ipªn-Ir-jv-W-ta-\hsâ ‘hn-t\m-Zn\n’ F-¶ Im-hy-

¯nÂ Im-Wp-¶Xp-t]m-se

AÃtbm ]d-I, I-«n-te-\o-\-bv-¡nÃ-tbm

sN-dp-X-aÃÂ am\-tk

]Ã-hmw-Kn-sb h-ln-¨n-cp¶-\n³

\Ã Im-e-an-\n h-¶p-IqSptam

Xp-S§n-b c-N-\-I-fn-se km-cfyw B ]m-c-¼-cy-̄ nÂ \n-¶v ho-Wp-

In-«n-b-Xm-bn-cp¶p. I-ã-Im-ew sIm-−v Zp-cn-X-a-\p-̀ -hn-¡p-¶ ]m-h-

§Ä H-Sp-hnÂ IpªnIrjvWta-t\msâ ‘Nm-Þmen-tam£w’

Xp-S§n-b B-Jym-\-I-§-fnÂ {]Xy£s¸«p. ZpÀ{K-l IÂ-]\-

Itfm ]mÞn-Xy-{]-IS-\tam A-h-bnÂ Zr-iy-ambn-cp-¶nÃ. AXp-

sIm-−v X-s¶ k-lr-Z-bÀ Ah-sb B-Ëm-Z-t¯m-sS kzo-I-cn¨p.

I-Y-I-tfbpw kw-̀ -h-§-tfbpw Im-cyIm-c-W-_-Ô-t¯m-sS kw-

`m-hXym \n-b-a-a-\pk-cn-̈ v Im-hym-ß-I-am-bn B-hn-jv-¡-cn-¡m³

A-hÀ H-cp-s¼-«n-cp-¶nÃ. F-¦nÂ t]mepw Im-em-\p-_-Ôam-b I-

Ym-Jym-\-am-Wv A-h-bnÂ Im-Wp-¶Xv. AXnZnÀLaÃ A-hbn-e-[n-

Ihpw hn-Zymhn-t\m-Zn\n, c-kn-I-c-Rv-Pn\n, I-h-\-Iu-ap-Zn Xp-S§n-b

B-\p-Imen-I {]-ko-²n-I-c-W-§-fn-ep-sS-bm-Wv A-h sh-fn-̈ w I-

−Xv. Cu {]-kn-²n-I-c-W-§-fn-se Ø-e-]-cn-an-Xn-bmImw A-h-bp-

sS ZoÀ-L-¡p-d-hn-\v ImcWw. A-tXm-sSm-̧ w k-a-b-]-cn-an-Xnbpw H-

Xp-¡p-¶-Xn-\v t{]-c-W sN-ep-̄ n-bn-cn-¡Ww. e£-W-sam-̄ B-

Jym-\-I-§Ä ]-̈ a-e-bm-f-{]-Øm-\-̄ n-se Im-hy-§Ä BWv.

{]ta-b kz-̀ m-hw ]-cn-K-Wn-¡p-t¼mÄ {]mNn-\ Im-e sN-dp-I-Y-I-

fpsS (kpIp-am-c³ _n.F-bp-sS I-YIÄ) Im-hym-ß-I-cq-]-§-fm-

Wn-h-sb-¶v ]-d-bmw. Ipªn-¡p-«³ X-¼p-cm³, H-Sp-hnÂ. I-−qÀ

Xp-S-§n-b-h-cp-sS B-Jym-\-I-§Ä ap³-]-́ n-bnÂ \nÂ-¡p¶p.

366

h-c-sam-gn-¡-hn-X-bnÂ _-lp-IÀ-̄ r-Xz-̄ n-sâ ]-cn-£Ww (Ip-«p-

I-hn-X-coXn)

G-sX-¦nepw H-cp I-Y-sb-Sp-̄ v ]-e I-hn-IÄ tN-À-¶v ]qÀ-̄ n-

bm¡p-I F-¶ H-cp k-{µ-Zm-bw sh¬-a-Wn-Im-e-L-«-¯nÂ a-e-

bm-f-I-hn-Xm-cwK-̄ v {]-Xy-£-s¸«p. H-cp km-aÀ-°y-]-cn£-Ww

Iq-Sn-bm-bn-cp-¶p AXv. C¯-cw _-lp-IÀ-̄ r-Xz-coXn, klrZ-

bmw-Kn-Imcw t\Sp¶-Xv B-\p-Imen-I {]-kn-²n-I-c-W-§-fp-sS

Xm-fp-I-fn-eq-sSbmWv. Ir-Xn B-Jym-\-I-§Ä B-Ip-t¼mÄ am-{X-

ta A-h {]m-tbm-Kn-I-am-I-bpÅp. A-tXm-sSm-̧ w X-s¶ XÂ-¡À-

¯-§-fp-sS ]m-Þn-Xyhpw kÀ-¤m-ß-I-tijn-bp-saÃmw k-am-\-

am-bn-cn-¡p-Ibpw thWw. Npcp¡-̄ nÂ A-Sp-̄ v ]-cn-N-b-apÅ

I-hn kp-lrÀ-̄ p-¡-fp-sS Iq-«m-bv-a-bnÂ \S¡p-¶ H-dp ]-co-£-

W-am-Wv _lp-IÀ-̄ -Xzw, {Zq-X-I-hn-Xm-a-Õ-c-§-fp-sSbpw Ihn-

Xm-kamP-§-fp-sS-bpw ]Ým¯-e-̄ n-emWv. _-lp-IÀ-̄ -Xz-]-

co-£-Whpw \S¶Xv. “sh¬-a-Wn-{]Øm\w a-e-bm-f-I-hnX-sb

FÃm-hÀ-¡-an-cp-¶pÃ-kn-¡m³ Xp-d-¶n«p-sIm-Sp-̄ Hcp D-Zym-\-am-

¡n” F-¶ eo-emh-Xn So-̈ -dp-sS \n-cn£Ww Cu ]-Ým-¯-e-̄ nÂ

{]-k-à-amWv. \n-tbm-¢m-kn-k-t¯m-Sv B-̀ n-ap-Jyap-Å H-cp

cp]inÂ-]-amWv. Cu I-hn-X-I-fnÂ Zo-£n-¡-s -̧«Xv. Nn-«-s -̧Sp¯n-

b hÀ-®-\m-co-Xn-Ifpw c-km-e-¦m-c{]-tbm-K-§fpw aäpw Nn-e Aw-

Ko-Ir-X-Im-hy-X-Xz-§-fmÂ \nÀ®bn-¡-s -̧«n-cp¶p. hy-h-Øm-]n-

Xam-b H-cp B-hn-jv-¡-c-W-k-{¼-Zm-b-ambncp¶p A-Xn-sâ ap-J-

ap{Z. B-hn-j-¡-c-W-km-c-fy-am-bn-cp-¶p A-h-bp-sS a-säm-cp

{]tXy-I-X kw-̀ -hm-Jym-\-tam, I-Ym-Jym-\-tam, sF-Xn-ly B-hn-jv-

¡mc-Wtam Bbn-cp¶p. _-lp-IÀ-̄ -Xz- c-N-\-I-fp-sS \-s«Ãv.

B-kzm-Z-\-̄ n-\v {]-bm-kw t\cnSp-¶ ]-Z{]-tbmK-§-tfm, ZpÀ-{K-

367

l-IÂ-]\-Itfm A-XnÂ Im-WnÃ. ]-ecpw Iq«n-t¨À-¶p-Å B-

Jym-\-am-I-bmÂ I-Ym-K-Xn-bn-se k-¦oÀ-®am-b Nn-e kµÀ`§Ä

A-Sp-̄ ]-¦m-fn-¡v \o-¡n sh-bv-¡p-¶ H-cp {]-hW-Xv Nn-e

Iq«pIhnI-fnÂ Im-W-s -̧«n-cp¶p. “hn-j-b-hn-̀ -P-\-¯nÂ H-Sp-

hn\p (H-Sp-hnÂ Ipªn-Ir-jv-Wtat\m³) In-«p-¶ `m-Kw F-{X ip-

jv-¡-am-bn-cp-¶mepw G-ähpw kpµ-c-am-bn {]-Im-in-¸n-¡p-hm³ Cu

c-kn-Im-{K-Wn-¡v km-[n-¨n-cp¶p” F-¶v Sn. Fw Np-½mÀ-]-Zy-km-ln-

Xy-N-cn-{X(t]-Pv þ 212) ¯nÂ C-Xn-s\-¡p-dn-̈ v ]cmaÀin¡p-¶p−v.

A-¡me-̄ v {]-K-ev-̀ -a-Xn-Ifm-b ]-e I-hn-I-fpw, D-ÅqÀ,

] -́fw tI-c-f-hÀ-½, H-Sp-hnÂ Ip-ªn-Ir-jv-Wta-t\m³, Ip-än-̧ pd-

v̄ tI-i-h³ \mbÀ, tIm-bn-̧ n-Ån ]c-ta-iz-c-I-p-dp v̧, h-Å-

t¯mÄ Xp-S-§n-b-h-scÃmw _-lp-IÀ-̄ -Xz-c-N-\-I-fnÂ ]¦m-fn-

I-fmbn. A-km-[m-c-Wam-b Nn-e B-i-b-§Ä H-cp an-¶Â

¸nWÀ-t]m-se Ip-«p-I-hn-X-I-fnÂ an-¶n-a-d-bp¶-Xv \-ap-¡v Im-

Wmw. ‘D-]-tImiw’ F-¶ Ip«pIhnXbnÂ H-Sp-hnÂ F-gpXn-b H-

cp tÇm-I-̄ nÂ

]m-cnÂ s]-®p-§-sf-¡mÄ ]p-cpj-\p

_-e-ap-s−-¶v Nn-́ n-̈ nh-®w

Nm-cn-{X-[zwk-\w sN-bv-hXp k-apNnX

a-ÃmÀ-¡p-sa-t¶mÀ-¡-[oa³

F-¶Xp-t]m-se-bp-Å ]p-tcm-K-a-W-Nn- -́IÄ A-hn-S-hn-sS {]-Xy-

£-s -̧Sp¶-Xv ImWmw.

sIm-Sp-§ÃqÀ¡-f-cn-bnÂ ]b-än sX-fn-ª-h-cm-Wv Ip-«p-

I-hn-Xm-cw-KX-Xv GÀs -̧«-h-cnÂ `q-cn-̀ m-K-sa-¦n-epw, h-S¡³ tIm-c-

f-̄ nepw Cu K-W-̄ nÂ-s -̧« {it²-bam-b H-cp Ir-Xn-bp−v. Ip-

«a-̄ v Ip-ªn-Ir-jv-W-Ip-dp-̧ pw, sI. Fw Ipªn-e-£v-an sI-«n-e-

368

½bpw IpSn ‘I-S-t¦m-«v am¡w’ F-¶ Iq-«p-Ihn-X {]kn²nIcn-̈ n-

«p−v. k-am-\am-b ]m-Þn-Xyhpw km-ln-Xym-̀ n-cp-Nnbpw C¯-cw

Ip«pIhnXm-c-N-\-bp-sS H-cp ap³ D-]m-[n-bm-bn-cnt¡, ‘I-S-t¦m-

«vam¡w’ Bimhlam-b H-cp ]-cn-£-W-am-sW-¶v Im-Wmw. Iq-

«p-I-hn-X-I-fn-te-sdbpw I-h-\-Iu-ap-Zn Xp-S§n-b {]-kn-²n-I-c-W-

§-fn-ep-sS-bm-Wv sh-fn-̈ w I-−Xv.

hy-ày-\p-̀ -h-§fpw km-[m-c-W-kw-̀ -h-§fpw Im-hy-hn-j-b-amIÂ

hy-ày-\p-̀ -h-§Ä Im-hy-hn-j-b-am-¡p-¶-Xn-s\- Ip-dn-̈ p-Å Ku-c-

ham-b H-cp NÀ-̈ a-e-bm-f-I-hn-Xm-cwK-̄ v XpS-¡w Ip-dn -̈Xv tI-c-

f-hÀ-½ henb tIm-bn X-¼p-cmsâ ‘a-bq-J-k-tµiw’ F-¶ Im-hy-

amWv. A-¡me-̄ v Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-IqÀ cm-Pm-hn-sâ A{]n-Xn-¡n-c-bm-

bn G-Xm-−v ]-Xn\-©v am-k-t¯m-fw A-co-̧ m-«v A-\-́ -]p-cw

sIm«m-c-̄ nÂ _-Ôn-X-s\-¶ \n-e-bnÂ tI-c-f-hÀ-½ henb tIm-

bn X-¼q-cm³ Ign-¨p-Ip-«m-\n-S-bmbn. Cu kw-̀ -h-̄ n-sâ ]-Ým-

¯-e-̄ n-em-Wv a-bq-c-k-tµ-iw Imhyw c-Nn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶-Xpw. a-bq-c-

k-tµ-iw t]m-se lr-Z-b-{Z-ho-I-c-W-{]-̀ m-h-ap-Å H-cp k-tµ-i-

Imhyw A-XnÂ ]n-¶n-Sv B-cpw c-Nn-̈ n-«n-sÃ-¶v D-ÅqÀ {]-kv-Xm-hn-

¡p¶p. ‘kzm-\p-̀ -h-k-Xyw’ F-¶v A-t±l-w A-Xn-s\ {]-iw-kn-

¡p¶p. F-¶mÂ B-kw-̀ -h-̄ n-\p-ti-jw H-s¶m-¶-c hym-gh-«w

]n-¶n-«-Xn-\p-ti-jw B-Wv B Imhyw c-Nn-¡-s -̧Sp-¶-sX-¶v tUm.

eo-emh-Xn Nq-−n-¡m-«p¶p. A-Xv F-́ m-bmepw hyày-\p-̀ -h-§Ä

Im-hy-hn-j-b-am-Ip-sb-¶v B-i-b-̄ n-\v A-tXm-sS Aw-Kn-Im-cw e-

`n¨p. F-¶mÂ a-e-bm-f-̄ nÂ kzm-\p-̀ -h-Imhyw F-¶v kq-£v-a-am-

bn ]-d-bm-hp-¶ B-Zy-Ir-Xn kn. F-Êv kp-{l-Ò-Wy³ t]m-än-bp-sS

H-cp hn-em-]-amWv. A-t±-lw kz]p{Xn hn-tbm-K-̄ m-se-gpXnb B

369

Ir-Xn A-I-{Xn-a-kp-µ-c-amWv. hy-ày-\p-̀ -h-§Ä Im-hy-hn-j-b-am-

Ip-¶-XnÂ sh¬a-Wn Im-e-L-«-̄ n-se I-hn-IÄ-¡v GXnÀ¸p-−m-

bn-cp-¶nÃ. F-¶mÂ -̂en-X-{]-[m-\hpw B-Ëm-Z-I-c-hpam-b A-\p-

`h-§-fm-Wv A-hÀ I-hn-X-bnÂ ]-¦p-sh-̈ Xv. “D-̄ -a-]p-cp-j³

Im-hy-hn-j-b-am-bn-cp-s¶-¦nepw kp-tJ-X-cm--\p-̀ q-Xn-IÄ Im-hy-hn-j-

b-a-sÃ-¶v k-¦Â-]w \n-e-hn-ep-−m-bncp-¶p.” (t]Pv 179, a-e-bm-f-I-

hn-Xm-km-ln-Xy-N-cn-{Xw) B-Ëm-Z-I-cam-b hyày\p-̀ -h-§Ä Im-hy-

hn-j-a-bm-¡n-bn-cp-¶ sh¬a-Wn I-hn-I-fp-sS Iq-«-̄ nÂ {i-t²-

bam-b H-cp c-N-\bm-Wv H-Sp-hn-ensâ ‘a-Zn-cm-in I-SÂ-¡-c’. 23 ]-

Zy-§fnembn a-Zn-cm-in-I-SÂ-¡-c-bn-se B-Ëm-Z-̀ -P-\am-b A-\p-̀ -

h-§Ä A-t±-lw ]¦pshbv¡p¶p. I-SÂ-¡-c-bnÂ Hm-Sn I-fn-

¡p-¶ Ip-«n-I-fp-sS Nn{Xw hf-sc `wKnbm-bn B-hn-jv-¡-cn-̈ n-cn-

¡p¶p.

sXm-Sm-\-h-f-Sp-¡p-InÂ, Nncn-s]m-gn- -̈h³ ]m-ªnSpw

hn-Sm-X-h-fm-h-XnÂ-]Sn, InX-¨p ]n-¶m-sebpw

In-Sm-§-fp-sS-bn¯-cw I-fn-IÄ I¬-In-ep-Åp Ip-fnÀ

¯n-Sm¯-h-scm-cp-h-cnÃ D-e-In-te-Xp Iq-«-̄ n-epw

Hcp tem-I-kz-̀ m-hw kzm-\p-`-h-̄ n-ep-sS Øm-]n-¡p-I-bm-Wn-hn-sS

Ihn. Po-hn-X-̄ nse C¯-cw {]-km-Zm-ß-Iam-b A-\p-̀ -h-§Ä

Nn-{Xo-I-cn-¡p-¶ A-t\-Iw tÇmI-§Ä sh¬-a-Wn-¡-hn-I-fp-sS

k-am-lm-c-̄ nÂ \-ap-¡v Im-Wmw. io-thm-Ån Ir-Xn-I-fnepw H-d-h-

¦-c-bp-sS Ir-Xn-I-fp-ep-saÃmw A-h hym-]n- v̈ In-S-¡p¶p. Hdh¦c

cm-P \-Sp-h-̄ -Ñ³ \-¼q-Xn-cn kp-Jw {]m-]n-¡p-¶-Xn-s\-¡p-dn-s¨-

gpXn-b Hcp tÇm-Iw A-Xn-se lrZ-b-tbm-t·-jw sIm-−v a-t\m-l-

c-amWv.

370

Po-h³ ho-Wp-angn, ¡q-Wn-\p c-k-ap-Åhm-tb-ä sa-¶Ãpd-

¡w

-cm-hnÂ [m-cm-f-ambn, ]-b-kn-ap-gpI-hm \m-i-s]m-§n-

¯pS-§n

tl hn-iz-{Xm-Wm-̀ o-t£ -̀K-hXn, \-Sp-h-̄ n-s\-gp-t¶-än-

cn¡mw

am-hiyw t]m-se \nÂ¡mw \n-P-ln-X-sam-cp-am-«m-N-cn-¡mw,

N-cn¡mw

sh¬-a-Wn-Im-e-L-«-̄ n-se I-hn-I-sfÃmw ]-̈ irw-Km-c-¡m-cpw, D-

]-cn- -̧h-hn£Ww am-{Xw \-S-¯n-b-h-cp-am-sW-¶ H-cp ]-cm-Xn km-

ln-Xy-N-cn-{X-§-fnÂ Øm-\w ]n-Sn-̈ n-«p−v. F-¶mÂ Cu Im-e-L-«-

¯n-Â C-h-cp-sS I-hn-X-IÄ ]cntim[n-¡p-t¼mÄ Iq-Sp-XÂ h-kv-

Xp-\n-jvTam-b H-cp hn£-Ww Iq-Sn-tb-Xo-cp.... in-thm-Ån-sb-t¸m-se

kv-{Xo-hn-Zym-̀ m-k-̄ n-\p-th-−n hm-Zn-̈ -hcpw A-Ô-hnizmk§-sf

F-Xn-À-¡m³ X-¿m-dm-b-h-tcbpw B Ip-«-̄ nÂ Im-Wmw

hy-ày-\p-̀ -h-§Ä am-{X-aÃ km-[m-c-W kw-̀ -h-§Ä Im-

hy-hn-j-b-am-¡p-¶-Xnepw Cu {]-Øm-\-̄ nÂ-s¸-« I-hn-IÄ k-aÀ-

°-·m-cm-bn-cp¶p. kq-£v-a-§fm-b hn-Im-c-§-sf Nn-{Xo-I-cn-¡p-

¶-Xn-\v A-hÀ-¡v ssh-Z-Kv[yw Ip-d-hm-bn-cp-s¶-¦nepw _m-lyam-b

Im-gv-NI-sf c-k-I-c-am-bn hÀ-®n-¡p-¶-XnÂ A-hÀ- an-Sp-¡v

ImWn¨ncp¶p. tI-c-f-̄ nÂ Xo-h-−n-bm-{X Xp-S-§n-b-Xn-s\-¡p-

dn-̈ v H-dh-¦-c hÀ®n-¡p¶-Xv t\m¡p.

a-µ-·m-cp-sS _p²n-t]m-en-fn-Inbpw X-«n-XS-ªp I-g-

§ps¶m-cm

ap-Xp-Im-f-h−n-s]-cp-am-dn t¸m-¶-Zn-s¡m-s¡-bpw

\-µym-t\À-h-gn-tb a-\njnaXn-t]m-tem-Sp-¶p Xoh-−n

371

t]m-Ip¶p, Zq-c-a-Sp-̄ p _-Ôp-hn-c-lw thc-äp ]m-cnÂ -̧

cw

bm-{X-bp-sS ta-J-e-bnÂ Xoh-−n h-cp¯n-b ]-cn-hÀ-̄ -\-§Ä H-

cp ]-{X-{]hÀ¯I-sâ Zr-ãn-bn-ep-sS A-t±-lw Nq-−n-¡m-Wn-̈ p X-

cp-¶p.

GsX-¦nepw H-cp Imgv-N I-hn lr-Z-b-̄ n-ep-bÀ-̄ p-¶

A-\p-̀ q-XnI-sf Bhnjv-¡-cn-¡p-¶ B-Zy I-hn-X-bm-Wv F. BÀ

cm-P-cm-P-hÀ-½-bp-sS ‘aebmhnemkw’. a-e-bm-f-̄ n-se B-[p\n-

I I-hn-Xm-bp-K-̄ n-sâ Xp-S-¡-am-Wv B IrXn. I-gn-ª A-dp-

]Xp-sImÃ-am-bn h-fÀ-¶p ]p-ãn-¨ B-[p\n-I Im-hy-hÃ-cn-¡v hn-

¯p-]m-Inb-Xv a-e-b-hn-em-k-am-Wv F-¶v s{]m-̂ . F³ Ir-jv-W-¸n-

Å Nq−n¡mWn-¡p¶p. C-w-¥o-jv I-hn-X-I-fp-sS co-Xn-bnÂ kzm-\p-

`h-s¯ Nn{XoIcn v̈ sIm-−p-Å B-ß-\n-ãam-b I-hn-X-bm-Wv C-

Xv F-¶v ]n. sI ]ctaizc³ \mbÀ ‘a-e-bm-f-km-ln-Xy-N-cn-

{X’¯nÂ tc-J-s -̧Sp-̄ p¶p. X-an-gv \m«n-Â \n-¶v H-cp k-Ôy-bnÂ

tI-c-f-̄ n-te¡v ‘Xoh-−n bm{X’ sN-¿p-¶ Ihn, km-bw-k-Ôy-bp-

sS {]-Im-i-̄ nÂ ap-§n-\nÂ-Ip-¶ ]-Ýn-a-L-«-\n-cI-sf A-̀ n-ap-J-

am-bn Im-Wp¶p. hÀ-®-\m-{]-[m-\-am-sW-¦nepw A-hn-S-hn-sS kzm-

\p-̀ q-Xn-bnÂ {]Im-in-¡p-¶ tÇm-I-§Ä C-XnÂ Im-Wmw.

Atlm a-lm-]m-]-apc-̈ p t]m-bn Rm³

a-lmP-\w am-¸p-Xc-s« kÂ£Ww

Xp-S§n-b h-cn-IÄ {i-²n-¡p-I. a-e-b-hn-emk-s¯ Xp-SÀ-¶v A-

tX hÀ-jw X-s¶ sI. kn tI-i-h-]n-Å \nÀ-½n-¨ H-cp J-Þ-Im-hy-

amWv ‘B-k-¶-a-cW-Nn´miXIw’. Po-hn-X-̄ nÂ hnhn-[ ]-Z-hn-

IÄ A-e-¦-cn-̈ H-cp Kr-l-Øm-{ianbpsS A-h-km-\-\m-fp-I-fn-se

Nn-e Nn- -́I-sfbpw hn-Im-c-§-tfbpw Iq«nIeÀ¯n B-ßm-\p-̀ -

372

h-̄ n-sâ sh-fn-̈ -̄ nÂ hÀ-®n-¡p-I-bm-Wv Ihn. aebmf-̄ n-se

`m-h-{]-Im-i-I-§fm-b Im-hy-§-fp-sS Iq-«-̄ nÂ Cu Imhyw

KWyam-b Øm-\w h-ln-¡p¶p. P\-\w ac-Ww Xp-S§n-b km-[m-

c-W-kw-̀ -h§-sf Im-hy hn-j-b-am-¡p-¶-Xn-sâ XpS¡w Cu I-hn-

X-bnÂ Im-Wmw.

k-ap-l-t¯m-sSm-̧ w I-hn-Xbpw B-[p-\n-I-cn-¡-s -̧Sm-\p-Å {i-aw

\m-Sp-hm-gn-Im-e-L-«-̄ n-se G-ähpw {]-_-eam-b km-ln-Xy-

[m-c-bm-bn-cp-¶p I-hn-X. \m-Sp-hm-gn-̄ -Xn-sâ {][m-\ kw-th-Z-\-cq-

]hpw hn-t\m-Zhpw I-hn-X-bmbncp¶p. k-a-kym-]q-c-W-§fpw {Zq-

X-I-hn-Xm-a-Õ-c-§fpw aäpw Ac-§v sImgp¸n¡p¶ Imew. F-

¶mÂ Cw-¥n-jv hn-Zym-̀ ym-kw {]-N-cn-¡-s -̧Sp-Ibpw H-cp a[y-hÀ-¤-

kaqlw cq-]-s¸-Sp-Ibpw sN-bv-X-tXm-sS h-c-sam-gn km-lnXyw

ssh-hn-[y-hÂ-¡-cn-¡-s -̧Sp-Ibpw hy-àn-Pn-hn-Xhpw A-\p-̀ -h-

§fpw Iq-Sp-X-em-bn Im-hy-hn-j-b-am-bn Xo-cp-I-bpw sN-bvXp.

1888þÂ F. BÀ cm-P-cm-P-hÀ-½ ‘`w-K-hn-em]w’ F¶ t]-cnÂ F-

gpXn-b kw-k-Ir-X-I-hn-X-bmWv Cu Zn-im am-ä-̄ n-\v ap-t¶m-Sn-

bmbXv. H-dp kz-Im-cy-Zpx-J-¯nsâ Du-jv-a-fam-b BÀ{Z-X Cu I-

hn-X-bnÂ ImWmw. hn-Im-cm-hn-jv-¡m-c-W-{]-h-W-X-bm-Wv A-Xn-sâ

]n-¶n-ep-Å Nn-̄ hr¯n. 1902þÂ kn. F-kv kp-{_-Ò-Wy³ t]m-

än kz-]p-{Xn-bp-sS tZ-lhn-tbmK-s¯ ASnØm-\-am-¡n F-gpXn-b

‘H-cp-hn-em]w’ BWv a-e-bm-f-̄ n-se B-Zy hnem]Imhyw. i-àn-

a-XXm-b hn-Im-c-§-fp-sS Ip-̄ -gp-¡m-Wv A-XnÂ {]-I-S-

amIp¶Xv. sh¬a-Wn ssi-en-bp-sS AIr-{Xn-a-Xzhpw km-c-fyhpw

A-XnÂ Hm-fw sh-«p¶p. A-\p-hm-N-I-s\-¶ H-cp LS-Iw A-̧ p-d-

¯p-s−-¶ `m-h-ta-bnÃmsX ‘hnem-]’¯nÂ ap-gp-Ip-¶ Ihn. B

hn-em-]-̄ nÂ X-s¶-bm-Wv km-bqPyw ImWp¶-Xv. (G-I-tZ-iw C-

373

tX Im-e-L-«-̄ nÂ F. BÀ cm-P-cm-P-hÀ-½-bpsS ‘{]nb-hn-

em]w’, X-sâ kp-lr¯m-b A-iz-Xn Xn-cp-\m-fn-sâ AIm-e N-ca-

s¯ ASnØm-\-am-¡n-sb-gpXn-b H-cp hn-em-]-Imhyw Iq-Sn C-hn-

sS kv-a-c-Wn-b-amWv) C¯-cw B-ßm-em-]-§-fp-sS B-Xy-́ n-I-

e£yw A-h-\h-sâ lr-Z-bhy-Y shfns -̧Sp-̄ -emWv. H-cp ip²

tdm-amân-¡v e-£-W-§Ä FÃmw sh-fn-s -̧Sp-¶ hnin-ã-Ir-Xn-bm-

Wv hn. kn _m-e-Ir-jv-W-]-Wn-¡-cp-sS H-cp hn-em]w. 1909 þÂ Ih-

\-Iu-ap-Zn-bn-emWv ‘H-cp-hn-em]w’ BZyw {]-kn-²n-I-cn-¡-s -̧«Xv. a-

e-bm-f-I-hn-X-bp-sS B-[p-\n-I-hÂ-¡-c-W-̄ n-sâ ap-t¶m-Sn-bmWv

Cu Ir-Xn-sb-¶v hn-e-bn-cp-¯-s -̧Sp¶p. Cu I-hn-X-bnÂ A-Xph-

sc Im-Wm-̄ H-cp sI-«p-d¸pw ]-cn-jIrX temI-t¯m-Sp-Å B-

`n-ap-Jy-hpw, hn-im-e-ho-£-W-K-Xn-bp-saÃmw A-XnÂ H-¯p-tNÀ-¶n-

cn-¡p¶p. Im-hy{]-tNmZ-\w G-sX-¶ hn-j-b-̄ nÂ A-̀ n-{]m-b-hy-

Xym-k-§fp−v. hn-jqen-I _m-[n-̈ v am-Xm-hv a-cn-¨ kw`-h-tam, {]n-

b-P-\-hnc-l-tam, H-cp ]-t£ c−pw IqSn-b km-l-Ncytam

BImw kr-ãn-bp-sS t{]c-W “]m-Xn-{h-Xy-{]Xm]-s¡m-Sn-bp-sS N-

ctS” F¶pw a-äp-ap-Å ]-g-b ]-Z_-Ô-ssi-en A-hn-S-hn-sS {]Xy-

£-s -̧Sp-¶p-s−-¦nepw A-W-s]m-«n H-gp-Ip-¶ hnjm-Z Xo-jv-W-X

Im-hy-̄ nep-S-\o-fw hym-]n-̈ p-In-S-¡p¶p. hn-[n-sb an-¶Â-̧ n-Wcn-

t\m-Sv km-Zr-iy-s¸Sp¯p-¶ hn-tij-Ww AÀ-°-KÀ-̀ -am-¡-̄ -¡-

hn-[w sRm-Sn-bn-S-bnÂ an¶n¯nf§n-b H-cp Im-hy-tX-P-Êm-bn-cp-

¶p hn.kn. X-sâ `m-h-̄ n-\v Xo{h-X Iq«m³ X-cw t]m-se ]m-Ým-

Xy hnem-] Im-hy-§-fnÂ \n¶v Bib-§Ä kzo-I-cn-¡p-¶-Xn\pw

A-t±-lw aSn Im-Wn-̈ n-«nÃ. ‘t{K’bp-sS F-en-Pn-bnÂ \n-¶p-Å Nn-e

Bib-§Ä `m-c-Xo-b-am-¡n \-ho-I-cn-̈ v D-]-tbm-Kn-¡m³ A-t±-

lw {i-an-¡p¶-Xv Im-Wmw.

374

`m-h-i-¼-fn-a-bneÃ. `m-h-Xn-{h-X-bn-em-Wv hnkn. bp-sS {i-

². H-cp hnem]¯n-se B-cw-̀ -̄ n-se B-Zy tÇm-Iw IS-¶p I-gn-

bp-t¼m-tg¡pw ZpxJ¯nsâ t]cpw Np-gn-bnÂ \mw h-en-̈ v Xm-gv-

¯-s -̧Sp-I-bmbn. “Xn-§n-s¸m-§pw X-a-ÊnÂ I-S-enÂ Ip-Spw-t]m-

se ap-§n-t¸m-b `q-N-{I-hmfw”, hÀ-j-Im-e-cm-{Xn-bn-se hn-iz-{]-Ir-

Xn-bp-sS `o-Xn-Zam-b A-\- -́Kmw-̀ o-cy-̄ n-\v ap-¶nÂ \n-Ê-lm-b-\m-

bn A´w hn-«v \nÂ-¡p-¶ a-\p-jy³, G-Im-Inbpw Zpx-Jn-X-\pamb

AbmÄ tem-I-{]IrXn-sb-t¸m-se X-s¶ au-\w ]q−v, tN-X-\-b-ä

Z-bn-X-bp-sS s]m-Sn ]p-c-− ]qta-\nbpw Xm-§n, B-]Â k-\n-]m-

X-̄ mÂ kv-X-¼v-[-\mbn, ap-\n-ªv I-̄ p-¶ \n-ehn-f-¡n\-cn-InÂ,

A-Xn-sâ Xncn-sbm-¶v \o-«m³ t]m-ep-am-ImsX, I-dp-¯-a-jn-bnÂ

XoÀ-̄ Nn{Xw t]m-se-bp-Å B C-cn-̧ v þ a-e-bm-I-hn-Xm-N-cn-{X-

¯nÂ H-cp ]p-̄ ³ A-\p-`-h-am-bn-cp¶p. a-e-bm-f-I-hnX-sb cq-

]]-cam-b ap-c-Sn-¸nÂ \n-¶v IcI-b-dm³, F. BÀ cm-P-cm-P-hÀ-½

B-hn-jv-¡-cn-¨ cq-]-̄ nÂ \n-¶v `m-h-̄ n-te¡v F-¶ Bi-bw

km-£m-Xv-I-cn-¡-s¸-« B-Zy Ir-Xn- ‘H-cp hnem-]’amWv.

{]-_-e-km-ln-Xy-kw-kv-Ir-XnI-sf hn-hÀ-̄ -\-̄ n-eq-sS kzmw-in-I-

cn¡Â

{]-_-e-km-ln-Xy-Ir-Xn-I-fp-sS hn-hÀ-̄ -\-̄ nÂ a-lm-̀ mc-Xw X-

s¶ {]-[m\w. I®È-I-hn-I-fp-sS Iq-«-̄ nÂ `m-c-Xam-e F-¶ t]-

cnÂ a-lm-̀ m-c-X-IY-sb kwt£]n-̈ v hn-hÀ¯-\w sNbv-X i-¦-c-

I-hn-bpw, a-lm-̀ m-c-X-̄ n-se aq-e-IY-sb kw-t£]-Ww sNbv-X

Xp©-̄ v F-gp-̄ Ñ-sâ {io-a-lm`m-c-Xw, C-Xnlm-k Imhy¯n-

sâ a-lXzw a-e-bm-fn-IÄ-¡v ]-cn-N-b-s -̧Sp¯n. F-¶mÂ hym-k-Ir-

Xam-b a-lm-̀ m-c-X-̄ n-sâ ]-Zm-\p-]-Z hn-hÀ¯-\w \-S¯nb sIm-

375

Sp-§ÃqÀ Ip-ªp-Ip-«³ X-¼q-cm-sâ ]-cn-{i-aw F-́ p sIm−pw

a-l¯-cw X-s¶-bm-bn-cp¶p. shdpw 874 Znh-kw sIm-−m-Wv H-

cp e£-̄ n C-cp-]-Xn-\m-bn-cw tÇm-I-§fp-Å hymkIrXamb aq-

e-Ir-Xn A-t±-lw hn-hÀ¯-\w sN-bv-X-h-km-\n-¸n-¨Xv. aq-ew t\m-

¡p-I, XÀ-Ö-a sNmÃp-I F-¶ co-Xn-bn-em-bn-cp-¶p B hn-hÀ-

¯\w. kwkvIrXw t]m-se i-ÐmÀ-° k-¼-¶am-b H-cp `m-j-

bnÂ \n¶p. a-lm-̀ mc-Xw t]m-se-bp-Å H-cp _rl-Zv Ir-Xn G-sd-

¡p-sd hr-̄ m-\p-hr-̄ -ambn, ]-Zm-\p-]Zambn C-{Xbpw Np-cp§n-

b Im-e-̄ n-\p-ÅnÂ hn-hÀ¯-\w sN¿p-I F¶-Xv H-cp hn-izm-Zv-

`p-X-sa-¶pX-s¶ ]-d-tb-−n-bn-cn-¡p¶p. a-lm-̀ m-c-X-hn-hÀ-̄ -\-

¯n-\p ]pdsa {ioa-Zv `m-K-hXw, Im-Zw_-cn I-Ym-kmcw, iq-I-k-

tµiw, tImIn-e k-tµiw, A-̀ nÚm-\ im-Ip -́fw Xp-S-§n-b-

hpw A-t±lw hnhÀ¯-\w sN-bv-Xn-«p−v. lmwsseäv, H-YtÃm F-

¶o c-−p sj-Iv-kv-]o-bÀ \m-S-I-§Ä F. cm-a-̈ ³ s\Sp§m-Sn-bp-

sS k-lm-b-t¯m-sS A-t±-lw hn-hÀ¯-\w sN-¿p-I-bp-−mbn.

sImSp-§ÃqÀ I-f-cn-bn-se ]-e- I-hn-Ifpw kw-kv-Ir-X-Ir-Xn-IÄ

kz-̀ m-j-bn-te-¡v hn-hÀ¯-\w sN-bv-Xn-cn-¡p¶p. I-p−qÀ \m-cm-b-

Wta-t\m³, c-Lp-hwiw, taLktµiw, am-f-hn-Im-án-an-{Xw, Ip-am-

c-kw`-hw F-¶n-h XÀ-Ö-a sN-bvXp. N¼¯nÂ Nm-¯p-Ip-«n a-

¶m-Sn-bmÀ D-̄ -c-cm-a-N-cnXw, Pm-\-In-]-cnW-bw F¶nh `m-j-s -̧

Sp¯n. sIm-«-mc-̄ nÂ i-¦p-®n ta-t\m³ hn{I-tamÀ-Æ-iobw,

ameXn-am[hw, Pm\-In ]-cnW-bw F¶n-h hn-hÀ¯-\w sN-¿p-I-

bp-−mbn.

“a-ebm-f km-ln-Xy-̄ nÂ \mS-Iw F-¶ H-cp imJ-sb

B-Zy-am-b-hXcn¸n¨Xpw kw-kv-Ir-X-̀ mjm A\-̀ n-Ú-·mcm-b

tI-c-fob-sc Im-fnZm-k almIhn-bp-sS B-i-b-§-fp-am-bn B-Zy-

am-bn ]-cn-N-b-s¸-Sp-̄ n-bXpw tI-c-f-hÀ-½ henb tIm-bn-̄ -¼p-

376

cm-\m-bn-cp¶p. B a-lm-kw-`h-s¯ ap³-\nÀ-̄ n tIcfhÀ½bm-

b tI-c-f Im-fn-Zm-k³ F-¶ _n-cp-Zw sIm-−v tI-c-fn-bÀ

BZcn¨mcm-[n-̈ p t]m-cp-Ibpw sN-¿p-¶p.” (t]Pv 168, ]-Zy-km-l-

Xy-N-cn-{Xw, Sn. Fw Np-½mÀ)

“im-Ip- -́f-hn-hÀ¯-\w A-hn-I-e-am-sW-¶v Bcpw ]-d-

bp-I-bnÃ” F-¶m-Wv eo-emh-Xn So-̈ -dp-sS ]£w. A-acp-I i-XIw,

A-t\ym-]tZ-i i-XIw, A-̀ n-Úm-\-im-Ip´-fw F-¶n-hbpw A-

t±-lw hn-hÀ¯-\w sN-bvXp. ] -́fw tI-c-f-hÀ-½-X¼pcm³ ‘th-

Wn-kw-lmcw’ \-mS-Ihpw Zq-X-hm-Iy-hym-tbm-Khpw `m-j-bn-em¡n,

ae-bm-f-km-ln-Xy-cwK-̄ v F. BÀ cm-P-cm-P-hÀ-½-bp-sS kw-̀ m-h-

\-IÄ {]-[m-\-ambpw hn-hÀ-¯-\-̄ n-emWv. ta-L-k-tµiw, Ip-am-c-

kw-̀ hw. am-f-hn-Im-án-an-{Xw, Nm-cp-Z¯w, kz-]v-\-hm-k-hZ-̄ w F-

¶o Ir-Xn-IÄ A-t±-lw `m-jm-́ -c-s -̧Sp¯n. Zzn-Xn-bm-£-c-{]m-k-\n-

_-Ô-X-bnÃm-̄ kz-́ w Im-hy-k-¦Â-]-§Ä-¡v A-\p-k-cn-¨m-Wv

A-t±-l-̄ n-sâ hn-hÀ-̄ \w. a-lm-hn-c-N-cnXw, ap-{Zm-cm-£kw,

arÑ-I-SnIw, {]--Xn-am-\mS-Iw Xp-S§n-b kw-kvIr-X \-mS-I-§Ä a-

e-bm-f-̄ n-se-¡v hn-hÀ¯-\w sN-¿-s¸«p. I-S-̄ -\m-«v Ir-jv-W-hm-

cnbÀ, I-hn-bqÀ cm-a³ \-¼ymÀ, Np\-¡-c D®nIr-jv-W-Ip-dp¸v,

sI. kn tI-i-h-]n-Å, sI. ]n I-dp¸³, h-Å-t¯mÄ, ]n. Fkv

]pcp-tjm-̄ -a³ \-¼p-Xncn, sI. i-¦-c-hm-cn-bÀ XpS-§n {]-i-kv-

Xcm-b At\Iw hn-hÀ-̄ -I-cp−v. \m-S-I-hn-hÀ-¯-\-§-fp-sS

Iq-«-̄ nÂ {]-tXy-Iw ]cmaÀin-t¡−-Xv sj-Iv-kv-]n-bÀ \m-S-I-

§-fmWv. AXv- kzm-̀ m-hn-I-am-W-Xm\pw Cw¥n-jv hn-Zym-`ym-k-̄ n-

sâ XpS-¡w ap-XÂ X-s¶ a-lm\mb B \m-S-I-Ir- v̄ tI-c-fn-

bÀ-¡v ]-cn-Nn-X-\mWv. F-¶mÂ sj-Iv-kv-]n-bÀ \m-S-I-§Ä hf-

sc Ipd-̈ v am-{X-ta \-½p-sS \m-S-I-th-Zn-sb kzm-[n-\n-¨n-cp-¶pÅp.

377

a-e-bm-f-̄ n-se B-Zy-\m-S-I-sa-¶v hn-iz-kn-¡p-¶ IÃqÀ D-½³ ]n-

en-t¸m-kn-sâ BÄ-am-dm«w (1866) (tImaUn Hm-̂ v F-td-gv-kv),

IÃh-Ån ho-«nÂ sN-¼-I-cm-a³ th-em-bp-[³ B«¡-Y-bm-bn

hnhÀ¯-\w sNbvX t]mÀ-jym-kz-bw-hcw (aÀ¨sâ Hm-̂ v sh-\o-

kv), I-−-̄ nÂ h-dp-¤n-kv am-̧ n-f-bp-sS I-e-ln-\n Z-a-\Iw (sS-bv-

an§v Hm-̂ v Zn-jvdp) kn. tKm-hn-µ³ Ftf-S-̄ n-sâ kp-\-µm-k-c-k-

ho-cw AY-hm sIm-Sp-¦mäv, sI-mSp-§ÃqÀ Ip-ªn-¡p«³ X-¼p-

cm-sâ lmw-se-äv (1897) Zn-hm³ _-l-ZqÀ Fw . tKm-hn-µ-̧ n-Åbpw

InMv en-bÀ (1897) aÀ¨s³ Hm-̂ v sh-\n-kv (1902) Xp-S-§n ]-e sj-

Iv-kn-̧ -bÀ XÀ-Ö-a-Ifpw D-−m-bn. \m-S-I-XÀ-Ö-a-I-fp-sS A-

\p-I-c-W-§Ä Im-cy-am-bn \½psS \m-S-Im-h-X-cW-s¯ kzm-[n-

\n-̈ -Xm-bn Im-Wp-¶nÃ.

\\\\ntbm ¢mntbm ¢mntbm ¢mntbm ¢m----knknknkn----¡v {]¡v {]¡v {]¡v {]----hhhh----WWWW----XIÄXIÄXIÄXIÄ

\ntbm ¢m-kn-kw tem-I-s¯Ãm-bn-S¯pw {]m-No-\-I-em-Im-c-·m-

cp-sS B-hn-jv-¡cW-co-Xn kzn-I-cn¨p-sIm-−p−m-b H-cp \-ho-\-

{]-Øm-\-amWv. a-e-bm-f-̄ n-se a-lm-Im-hy-§Ä \ntbm ¢m-kn-Iv

{]-h-W-X-bnÂ \n-¶v D-S-se-Np-̄ -XmWv. hnhÀ¯-\-am-À-¤-̄ n-eq-

sS kw-kv-Ir-X-̄ n-se a-lm-Im-hy-§Ä C-hn-sS-bpw {]Ncn¨p Xp-

S§n. Im-hym-ZÀiw, km-ln-Xy-ZÀ -̧Ww Xp-S§n-b B-e-¦mcn-I {K-

Ù-§-fnÂ hn-h-cn-̈ n-«p-Å Im-hy-kz-cq-]§-sf A-Sn-Øm-\-am-¡n-

bm-Wv C-hn-sSbpw alm-Im-hy-§Ä D-S-se-Sp-̄ Xv. I-hnb-ix

{]mÀ-°n-Ifm-b kw-kv-Ir-X-]-Þn-X-·mcm-Wv a-lm-Im-hy-§Ä c-

Nn-̈ Xv. B {]-{InbbnÂ A-hÀ kw-kv-Ir-X-̄ n-se amL³, Im-fn-

Zmk³, {io-lÀ-j³ Xp-S§n-b a-lm-I-hnI-sf A-\p-I-cn-¡p-I-

bm-Wv sN-bv-XXv. ‘a-lm-Ihn’ ]-«w In-«-W-sa-¦nÂ ‘a-lm-Imhyw’

cNn¡Ww F-¶ H-cp Iogvhg-¡w t]mepw C-hn-sS \n-e-\n-¶n-cp¶p.

378

B Im-e-L-«-̄ nÂ a-lm-Im-hy-sagpXmsX ‘alm-Ihn’ ]-«w t\Sn-

b H-cmÄ B-im³ am-{X-am-bn-cp¶p. A-gI-̄ v ]Zv-a-\m-̀ -Ip-dn-¸n-

sâ cm-a-N-{µ-hn-em-k-am-Wv a-e-bm-f-̀ m-j-bn-se B-Zy-s¯ a-lm-

Imhyw. 1899þÂ a-e-bm-fn am-kn-I-bnÂ A-Xv JÞ-ix {]-kn-Ôn-

I-cn-̈ p Xp-S§n. t]-cp tNÀ-¡m-sX BZyw {]-kn-²n-I-cn-¨Xv. ]n-¶n-

Sv tI-c-f-hÀ-½ h-en-b-tIm-bn-̄ -¼p-cm-\m-Wv t]-cp tNÀ-¡m³

ss[cyw \Â-In-bXv. ]p-kv-X-I-cq-]-̄ nÂ {]-kn-²n-I-cn-̈ -t¼mÄ

F. BÀ cm-P-cm-P-hÀ-½ A-Xn-\v A-h-Xmcn-I F-gpXn. ^yq-UÂ

{]-̀ p-Xz-̄ n-sâbpw \mSp-hm-gn-̄ -̄ n-sâbpw k-Po-h-]n³-Xp-W-

tbm-sS-bm-Wv B-Zy-s¯ \ntbm ¢mkn¡v Imhyw {]-kn-²n-I-cn-¡-

s¸«-Xv F-¶v Np-cp¡w. {]mNo-\ Im-hy-§-fp-sS amXr-I ]n³]-än a-

lm-I-hn Z-Þn-bpsS ‘Im-hym-ZÀ-iw’ F-¶ em-£WnI

{KÙ¯nÂ \nÀ-t±-in-̈ n-«p-Å FÃm e-£W-§-tfmSpw Iq-Sn-

bmWv a-e-bm-f-a-lm-Imhy-§fpw \n-À-½n-¡-s¸-«-Xv. a-lm-Im-hy-

e£-Ww hn-i-Z-am-¡p-¶ H-cp a-ebm-f tÇm-Iw C-§n-s\-bmWv.

]q-¦m-hmgn. hn-hm-l. a-{Zn, \-K-cw

Zu-Xyw, Ipam-tcmZ-bw

Krw-Kmcw, ar-K-bmhn-t\mZ-\,

ay-XqIq-«w P-e-{InU-\w

N-{µm-À-t¡m-Zbw, am-lhw, \n-i-bp-j

Êm-a-{´Ww, \m-b-tImXvþ

¡À-jw sXm-«v a-t\m-Ú -h-kv-Xp-\n-hmlw

hÀ-®n-¡nÂ Im-hyamw

] -́fw tI-c-f-hÀ-½ (cp-Üm-ZN-cn-Xw), sI. kn tI-i-h-]n-Å (tI-i-

ho-bw), sImSp§ÃqÀ sIm-̈ p-®n-̄ p-¼p-cm³ (]m-Þ-thmZ-bw

Xp-S-§n \m-ep a-lm-Imhy§Ä), D-ÅqÀ (D-am-tI-c-fw), h-Å-

t¯mÄ (Nn{X-tbm-Kw), h-S-¡pw-IqÀ cmPcm-P-hÀ-½ (cmL-hm-̀ yq-

379

Z-bw), I-«-¡-b-̄ nÂ sN-dn-bm³ am-̧ n-f ({io-tb-ip-hnPbw), sI.

hn sska¬ (th-Z-hn-lm-cw), ]-c-hn-̄ m-\w ]n. tZ-hky

(C{kmtbÂ-hw-iw), ]p-̄ ³-Im-hv am-̄ ³ X-cI³ (hn-iz-Zo-]w),

am-S-tÈ-cn am[h³ (am-[-h-Imhyw), hn-Zzm³ ]n. Pn \m-bÀ (\-tfm-

Zbw) Xp-S-§n-b-h-bm-Wv `mj-bn-se {][m-\ a-lm-Im-hy§Ä. i-

Ð-̀ wKn, IÂ-]\m-ssh-Nn-{Xyw, Zzn-Xzn-bm-£c-{]m-kw Xp-S-§n-b-h-

sbÃmw a-lm-Im-hy-§-fnÂ Zo-£n-̈ -Xm-bn Im-Wmw. ]Zva_Ôw, N-

{I-_Ôw, \m-K-_Ôw, c-Y_-Ôw Xp-S§n-b hnhn-[

cq]§fnepÅ tÇm-I \nÀ½m-W Nm-Xp-cn A-hÀ Im-hy-§-fnÂ

{]-I-Sn-̧ n¨p. t\-tc hm-bn-̈ mepw Xn-cn-̈ v hm-bv-¨mepw H-tc t]m-ep-

Å H-cp tÇm-Iw ] -́fw tI-c-f-hÀ½bp-sS cp-Üm-Z-N-cn-X-̄ nÂ

Im-Wmw.

a-tl-Ñ-am-am-Ñtla

cm-a-am-\n-\n-ama-cm

F-¶ D-Zm-lc-Ww t\m-¡p-I.

ap³-]v kq-Nn-¸n-̈ Xp-t]m-se ¢m-kn-khpw \ntbm ¢m-kn-

khpw {In-bm-kt¦X-§-fnÂ D-d-̈ Im-hy-co-Xn-bmWv. AXp-sIm-

−p X-s¶ C¯-cw Im-hy-§fnÂ km-aqly Po-hn-X-N-e-\-§Ä

B-hn-jv-¡-cn-¡-s -̧Sp-I-bnÃ. \m-Sp-hm-gn-̄ Im-e-L-«-̄ n-te B-h

\nÀ-½n-¡-s -̧Sp-Ibpw B-kz-Zn-¡-s¸-Sp-I-bp-apÅq. Hcp {]tXy-I

{In-bm-k-t¦X-s¯ A-\p-I-cn¨pw B-{i-bn¨pw Ir-Xn-I-fp-−m-Ip-

¶ Cu {]-h-W-X-sb-bm-Wv \n-tbm ¢m-kn-Iv {]-h-W-X-I-sf-¶p ]-d-

bp-¶Xv. a-lm-Imhy§sf Xp-SÀ-¶v `m-j-bn-ep−m-b B-Jym-\-I-

§-fp-sS Nn-«-h-«-§fpw C{]Imcw X-s¶-bm-bn-cp¶p. H-cp {In-bm-

k-t¦-X-̄ n-sâ N-«-Iq-«n-s\ an-\p-¡m-\ÃmsX A-Xn-s\ DS-̈ p

hmÀ-¡m³ A-hÀ X-¿m-dm-Ip-I-bnÃ. ]- -̈a-e-bm-f-{]Øm\w X-s¶

D-Zm-l-cWw. \n-tbm ¢m-kn-kw Iq-Sp-XÂ Iq-Sp-XÂ

380

cq]t¸menabnÂ {`-an- v̈ \n-cÀ-°-I-am-Ip-¶ Im-e-L-«-amWv

‘kyqtUm ¢m-kn-kw’. ZznXn-bm-£-c-{]-k-hm-Z-tIm-e-l-e-̄ n³

\mw Im-Wp¶-Xv A-XmWv. tI-c-f-hÀ½ tIm-bn-̄ -¼p-cm-sâ km-

ln-Xy-co-Xn-bpsS kmam-\y-kz-̀ m-hw kyq-tUm ¢m-kn-k-¯nsâ-\m-

bn-cp¶p. F-¶mÂ P-·n-Xz-¯n\pw \m-Sp-hm-gn-̄ -̄ n-\pw Cf-¡w

X«nbtXm-sS Pn-hnX-s¯ em-L-h-_p-²n-tbm-sS k-ao-]n-̈ I-hn-I-

fp-sS Im-hy-kao]-\-̄ n-\pw Cf-¡w X«n. tI-c-f-hÀ-½-sb kw-kv-

Ir-X-]-£-]m-Xn-sb-¶p X-s¶ hn-ti-jn-¸n-¡mw. A-t±-lw ap-̧ -tXm-

fw k-a-kv-Ir-X-Ir-Xn-I-sf-gp-Xn-b-t¸mÄ ]Xn\mep-̀ m-jm-Ir-Xn-IÄ

am-{X-am-Wv B Xq-en-I-bnÂ \n-¶v ]n-d-¶p-ho-WXv. kPmXn-b Zzn-Xn-

bm-£-c-{]m-kw F-¶ Im-hy-k-¦Â-]w kz-c-Rv-P-\-§Ä-¡v H-cp

t]m-se sF-Iy-cq-]yw th-W-sa-¶ \n-_Ô-\-bpw A-t±-l-̄ n-sâ

`-c-W-]-cn-jv-Im-c-ambn-cp¶p. Cu {]m-k-\nÀ_-Ôw ]-e-t¸mgpw \n-

cÀ-°-I-X-bpw, hy-Ym-Øq-e-Xbpw A-\u-Nn-Xyhpw Im-hy-cq-]-

¯nÂ I-S-¶p-Iq-Sm-\n-S-bm-bn kq-£v-a-am-bn Nn-´n-¨mÂ Ip-am-cm-

\m-im³ t]mepw ]-e-t¸m-gpw Cu {]-h-WX-¡v hn-t[-b-\mbn.

hmkvXh¯nÂ Cu cq-]-]c-X-tbm-Sp-Å F-XnÀ-̧ m-Wv ImÂ-]\n-

I `m-hm-ß-I-X-bn-te-¡p-Å Ip-Xn-¸n\pw {]m-k-hn-cp-² k-a-c-

¯n\pw t{]-c-I-am-bXv.

{]m-k-hm-Zw Xp-S§n-b hn-hm-Z§Ä

tÇm-I-]m-Z-§-fn-se c-−ma-s¯ A-£-c-§-fp-sS k-am-\-X-sb-

bm-Wv Zzn-Xn-bm-£-c-{]m-k-sa-¶v ]-d-bp-¶Xv. C-Xv H-cp i-Ðm-e-¦m-

c-am-Wv hy-Rv-P-\-̄ nepw kz-c-̄ nepw Zzn-Xn-bm-£-c-̄ n-\v k-am-\-

X-bp-−m-bmÂ A-Xn-\v k-PmXn-b Zzn-Xn-bm-£-c-{]m-k-sa¶v ]-d-

bpw. (tI-c-f-hÀ-½-tIm-bn-¯-¼p-cm³ a-e-bm-f-̄ nÂ \-S-̧ nÂ h-cp-

¯n-bXv. Cu `m-jm-]-cn-jv-¡m-c-amWv) I-hn-X-bnÂ k-Pm-Xn-b-Zzn-Xn-

bm-£-c-{]m-kw Zn-£n-¡p¶-Xv kw-_-Ôn-̈ v tI-c-f-I-hn-IÄ c-−p

381

tN-cn-I-fn-em-bn A-Wn \nc-¶v GItZiw c-−p Z-im-Ð-Im-e-t¯m-

fw s]m-cpXn-b Cu bp-²-¯nÂ Bcpw hnPbn -̈Xp-anÃ. Bcpw

]-cm-P-b-s -̧«-Xp-anÃ F-¶ hn-e-bn-cp-̄ -emhpw Iq-Sp-XÂ kap-Nn-

X-am-Ip-I. F-¶mÂ a-e-bm-f-I-hn-Xm-cwK v̄ Cu hn-hm-Z-§Ä ]-e

t\«§fpw D-−m¡n. c-−p {]-i-kv-Xam-b a-lm-Im-hy§Ä (D-

Åq-cn-sâ D-am-tIcfhpw, sI. kn tI-i-h-]n-Å-bpsS ‘tI-i-hnbw’

F-¶ a-lm-Im-hyhpw). Cu hnhm-Z-§-fp-sS ]-Ým-̄ -e-¯n-em-Wv

]n-d-¶p-hn-WXv. hm-kv-X-h-¯nÂ a-e-bm-f-IhnX-bnÂ Zzn-Xn-bm-£-c-

{]m-kw cm-a-N-cn-X-Im-ew ap-XÂ X-s¶ \-S-̧ n-em-bn-«p−v. sh¬-a-

Wn-Im-e-L-«-̄ n-se I-hnIÄ Cu {]m-k-Zo-£-bnÂ hen-b XmÂ-

]cyw ImWn-̈ n-cp-¶nÃ. a-e-bm-f-I-hn-X-{]m-kZo-£ D-t]£-n-¡p-¶

F-¶p tXm¶n-b L«¯n-emWv.

hmk-́ o a-[p-hmÀ-¶ hm-¡n\v

k-PmXn-b Zzn-Xn-bm-£c

{]m-kw XoÀ -̧Xv ssIc-fn alnfX³

aw-Kr-ey-sa-t¶mÀ-¡Ww

F¶v henb tIm-bn-̄ -¼p-cm³ \nÀ-t±-in¨Xv. A-Xmb-Xv cq-]-ku-

µ-cy-̄ n-\v IhnX-bnÂ {]m-kw `q-j-W-am-sW-¶-Xm-Wv A-t±-l-

¯n-sâ \n-e-]mSv. k-Pm-Xn-b-Zzn-Xn-bm-£-c-{]m-kw Zo-£n¨p-sIm-−v

A-t±lw ‘Aacp-I-i-X-Iw’. A-\ym-]-tZ-i-iXIw F-¶o Ir-Xn-

IÄ c-Nn¨p. tI-c-f-ImfnZmk³ F-¶-dn-b-s -̧«n-cp-¶ Cu

tIcfhÀ½ h-en-b-tIm-bn-¯-¼p-cm-sâ ‘{]mk{`a’s¯ hn-aÀ-

in¨p-sIm−v ‘IrXyIp¯v’ F-¶ t]-cnÂ H-cmÄ 1066 ao\w 23

se (1891) a-e-bm-f a-t\m-c-a-bnÂ ‘{]m-kw’ F-¶ H-cp teJ-\w F-

gp-Xp-I-bp-−mbn. A-tX -Xp-SÀ¶v ‘Ir-Xy-hn v̄’ F-¶ t]-cnÂ H-

cmÄ a-dp]-Sn \ÂIn. DÅq-cn-sâ t\-Xr-Xz-̄ nÂ ‘{]m-k-hmZn’IÄ

382

tI-c-f-hÀ-½-bp-sS ]-£-̄ pw, sI. kn- tI-i-h-]n-Å-bp-sS t\-Xr-

X-̄ nÂ ‘{]m-k-hn-tc-[n’IÄ F. BÀ cm-P-cm-P-h-À-½-bp-sS ]-

£¯pw A-Wn \n-c¶p.

A-\yq-\m-Xn-cn-à-am-bv hn-ek-Ww

i-Ð-§-fÀ-°-§fpw

{]m-kym-Zym-̀ -c-W-§Ä hm-§p-h-Xn-\m-bv

AÀ-°w I-fªn-sSm-e

F-¶m-bn-cp-¶p A-h-cp-sS \n-e-]m-Sv cm-P-cm-P-hÀ-½-bp-sS ]-£-

¡m-cp-sS {][m-\ Imgv-N-̧ m-Sp-I-fn-Xm-bn-cp¶p.

1) Zzn-X-bm-£-c-{]m-kw A-\n-hm-cyaÃ

2) i-Ðm-e-¦m-c-t¯-¡mÄ AÀ-° N-aÂ-¡m-c-̄ nÂ {i-²

thWw

3) k-tÆm]-cn Hu-NnXyw Zo-£n-¡Ww.

{]m-khn-tcm-[n-IÄ {]-[m-\-ambpw hm-Zn -̈Xv cq-]-̄ nÂ h-cp-̄ p-

¶ \n-b-{ -́Ww `mh-s¯ hn-i-I-e-am¡pw F-¶-XmWv. F-¶mÂ

hm-k-\-k-¼-¶cm-b I-hn-IÄ-¡v t¢-iw Iq-Sm-sX X-s¶ {]-mk-Zn-

£ \n-e-\nÀ-̄ m³ I-gn-bp-sa-¶-Xm-Wv hm-kv-Xhw. A-Xv I-hn-X-bp-

sS cq-]-̀ w-Kn-bn-se H-cp {]-[m-\-L-S-I-am-Wp-Xm-\pw. {]mk-s¯

FXnÀ-̄ I-hn-I-fnÂ ]-e-cpw {]m-kw H-gn-hm-¡m³ th-−n \n-cÀ-

°w ]-Z-§Ä {]tbm-Kn-¡p-I-bp-−mbn. {]m-khn-tcm-[-t¯m-Sv

]qÀ-®-ambpw hn-izm-ky-X-]peÀ¯m³ F. BÀ cm-P-cm-P-hÀ-½-

bp-sS in-jy-cnÂ {]-[m-\nbm-b sI. kn tIih-]n-Å-¡v-{]-Øm-\-

¯n-sâ \n-ZÀ-i-\-sa-¶ {]-Jym-]-\-t¯m-sS F-gp-X-s -̧« ‘tI-i-

hnbw’ F¶ Ir-Xn Xs¶ \n-jn-²am-b Ip-gn-Ifn-sem-s¡ sN-¶p-

Nm-Sn F-¶v tUm. Fw. eoemhXn ‘a-e-bm-f-I-hn-X-km-ln-Xy-N-cn-

{X’¯nÂ (t]Pv 166) kq-Nn-̧ n-¡p-¶p−v. {]-m-khn-tcm-[n-IÄ {]m-

383

k-]-£-¡m-sc {]-[m-\-ambpw hn-aÀ-in-̈ Xv. \ncÀ-°-Iam-b ]-Z-{]-

tbm-K-§-fp-sSbpw hy-Ym-Øq-e-X-bp-sSbpw t]-cn-emWv.

]m-Zw \m-enep-sam-̄ p-hc-Ww c-−m-a-Xma-£-cw

hr-̄ w tNÀ-¶v h-cm-bvIntem hn-S-h-S-̈ oSmw

\n-c-À-t°m-àn-bmÂ

F-¶n-§-s\-bm-Wv F-¶mÂ A-h-cnÂ ]-e-cp-sSbpw Ir-Xn-I-fnepw

hy-Ym-kv-Xq-eXbpw \n-cÀ-°-I-]-Z{]-tbm-K-§fpw D-−m-bn-cp-¶p-

sh-¶-\m-Wv k-Xyw. a-e-bmf-at\mc-a, hn-Zymhn-t\m-Zn-\n F-¶o {]-kn-

²n-I-c-W-§-fm-bn-cp-¶p {][m-\ bp²thZnI-Ä. Bfnbpw A-S-

§nbpw A-Xv G-I-tZ-iw ]- v̄ ]-Xn-\©p-sImÃw kmln-Xy-th-Zn-

bnÂ \n-e-\n¶p. {]m-k-Zo-£-tbm-sS D-ÅqÀ ‘D-am-tI-c-f’hpw

ZnXznbm-£-c-c-{]m-kw H-gn-hm-¡n. sI. kn tI-i-h-]n-Å ‘tI-i-ho-

b’hpw c-Nn¨p. “taÂ-̧ d-R-R {]m-k-hn-hm-Z-̄ n-sâ -̂e-am-bn

]nÂ-¡me-̄ v `m-jm-I-hn-IÄ cq]`{Z-X-sb-¡mÄ `m-h-̀ -{ZX-sb

Iq-Sp-XÂ B-Z-cn-¡m³ Xp-S§n” F-¶v Sn. Fw Np½m-dn-sâ {]-kv-

Xmh-\ (]-Zy-km-ln-Xy-N-cn-{Xw) {]m-k-hn-hm-Z-̄ n-sâ BXy´nI^-

ew hy-à-am-¡p¶p.

sh¬-a-Wn-Im-e-L-«-̄ nÂ D-bÀ-¶p-h-¶ a-säm-cp hn-hm-Z-

amWv ‘I-hn-cmambW’s¯ s¨mÃn \-S-¶-Xv. sIm-Sp-§ÃqÀ Ip-

ªn-¡p-«³ X-¼p-cm-sâ ‘I-hn-̀ mc-X’¯nÂ A-hÀ-®-I-hnI-sf

DÄ-s -̧Sp-̄ -W-sa-¶ \n-thZ-\w kzo-I-cn-¡m-Xn-sâ Xp-SÀ-¶v aq-epÀ

F-Êv ]-ß-\m-̀ - -̧Wn-¡À sImÃ-hÀjw 1069þÂ cNn-̈ IrXnbmWv

‘I-hn-cm-amb-Ww’. Po-hn-̈ n-cp-¶ I-hnI-sf cm-am-b-W-I-Ym-]m-{X-

§fmbn IÂ-]n¨p-sIm-s−-gp-Xn-b Ir-Xn-bm-WXv. C-XnÂ {io-\m-

cm-b-W-Kp-cp-hns\ ‘hmÂ-an-In’bmbpw s]-cp-s\Ãn Ir-jvW³-

ssh-Zysc ‘l-\p-am-\m’bpw th-fp-t¯-cn tI-i-h³ ssh-Zysc

384

‘_m-en’bmbpw tI-c-f-hÀ-½ henb tIm-bn-̄ -¼p-cms\ ‘{_mÒm-

hm’bpw sIm-Sp-§ÃqÀ Ip-ªn-¡p-«³ X-¼p-cms\ ‘`mÀ-¤-

h’\mbpw F. BÀ cm-P-cm-P-hÀ½sb ‘e-£v-a-W’\mbpw D-Åq-

cn-s\ ‘hn-̀ n-j-W-‘\mbpw Nn-{Xn-Icn¨n-cn-¡p-¶p. C-sXm-cp hen-b hn-

hm-Z-am-¡m³ Ip-ªn-¡p-«³ X-¼q-cm³ B{Kln-¨n-cp-¶n-sÃ-

¦nepw H-Sp-hnÂ Ip-ªn-Ir-jv-Wta-t\m³ ‘l-\p-am-\mbn’

{]Xy£-s¸-«v hn-hm-Z-̄ n-\v Xo sIm-fp¯n. H-Sp-hnÂ Ip-ªn-¡p-

«³ X-¼q-cm³ Xs¶ C-S-s -̧«v hn-hm-Zw A-h-km-\n-̧ n¨p. F-¶m-Â

C-hn-sS {i-t²-bam-b a-säm-cp Imcyw Pm-Xn-]-cam-b D-̈ -\o-N-Xz-

¯n-s\-Xn-cm-bn ]-S-sh-«m³ Ip-am-cm-\m-im-s\-¡mÄ ap³-]v cw-K-

¯n-d§n-b hnhm-Z \m-b-I-\m-Wv aq-eqÀ F-kv ]-Zv-a-\m-`-̧ -Wn¡À.

At±lw ]-{X -]-Mv-àn-I-fnÂ ]-e hn-j-b-§-tf-¡p-dn¨pw A-

¡me-̄ v hn-hm-Z-§-fp-bÀ-¯n-bn-cp¶p. Im-hy-cw-K-t¯-¡p-Å

B-im-sâ {]-thi-\w A-\m-bm-k-am-¡n XoÀ¯-Xp aq-eqÀ F-Êv

]-ß-\m-̀ - -̧Wn-¡-cp-sS C¯-cw hn-hm-Z-§-fm-sa-¶v D-ÅqÀ ‘tI-c-

f-km-ln-Xy-N-cn-{X’¯nÂ \n-co-£n-¡p-¶p−v.

`m`m`m`m----jmjmjmjm----]]]]----camcamcamcam----b shÃpb shÃpb shÃpb shÃp----hnhnhnhn-- --fnIÄfnIÄfnIÄfnIÄ

“C-¶p `m-jbn-X ]qÀ-®-an§ tlm ? h-¶p t]mw-hn-gp-aÀ-°-i-¦-

bnÂ” F-¶v Ipamcm-\m-i-³ F-gp-Xnb-Xv ImÂ-]\n-I Im-e-L-«-

¯n-em-sW-¦nepw `m-jm-]-cam-b A-]qÀ-®-X-sb-Ip-dn¨pw AÀ-

°-i¦-sb Ip-dn-̈ p-ap-Å DÂ-IWvT `m-jm-]n-Xmhm-b F-gp-̄ Ñ-

sâ Im-ew ap-XÂ X-s¶ \n-e-\n-¶n-cp¶p. “hm-cn-[n-X-¶nÂ Xn-c-am-

e-Isf¶ t]m-se `mc-Xn ]-Zmh-en tXm-t¶-Ww Im-te Imte” F-

¶v A-t±lw {]mÀ°n-¡p¶-Xp X-s¶ C-Xn-\v \n-ZÀ-i-\-am-W-tÃm.

385

“In-fn-̧ m-Sn-se `m-j H-cp Fgp v̄ Nm-«-am-sW-¶v ]d-ªp IqSm”

F-¶v sI. F³ F-gp-̄ -Ñ³ hn-e-bn-cp-̄ p¶Xpw B ]-Ým-̄ -e-

¯n-emWv. F-gp-̄ -Ñ³ a-e-bm-f-̀ m-j-bnÂ h-cp¯n-b au-en-I-]-cn-

hÀ-̄ -\-s¯-¡p-dn-̈ v tUm. Fw ]p-Xp-tÈ-cn cm-a-N-{µ³ C-{]-Im-cw

A`n{]m-b-s¸-Sp-¶p−v. A-t¶m-fw \n-e-\n-¶n-cp-¶ {]m-tZ-in-Ihpw

{]-Øm-\-]chpam-b `mjm-ssh-Pm-Xy-§-sf-sbÃmw G-I-{X-e-bn-

¸n- v̈ a-e-bm-f-Im-hyKw-K GIm-́ -̀ m-kp-c-am-bn H-gp-Ip-¶ Im-gv-N-

bm-Wv F-gp-̄ -Ñ³ Ir-Xn-I-fnÂ \mw ImWp¶Xv. F-gp-̄ Ñ-s\

a-e-bm-f-̀ m-j-bp-sS ]n-X-sh-¶ hn-fn-¡p¶-Xv AXp-sIm−mWv (D-

t]m-Zv-Lm-Xw þ I-®-È-cm-am-bWw) a-e-bm-f-̄ n-\v H-cp am-\-I`m-

j \Â-Inb-Xv F-gp-̄ -Ñ-\m-sW-¶-XnÂ k-tµ-l-anÃ. F-gp-̄ v

]Tn-¡p-¶-h-scÃmw A¼-s¯m-¶£-cw X-s¶ BZyw ]Tn-¡-W-

sa¶pw km-ln-Xy-Ir-Xn-I-sfÃmw B F-gp-̄ nÂ X-s¶ F-gp-X-W-

sa¶pw B-Zy-am-bn Xo-cp-am-\n -̈Xv Xp-©³-]-d-¼n-se F-gp-̄ v I-f-

cn-bm-Wv F-¶v ]-Þn-X-c-Xv\w, sI. ]n \m-cm-b-W-]n-jmcSn

‘Xp©¯m-Nm-cy³’ F-¶ Ir-Xn-bnÂ Nq-−n-¡m-«p¶p. Np-cp-¡-

¯nÂ a-e-bm-f-IhnX-bn-se `m-jm-{]-iv-\w ]-cn-l-cn-¡m-\p-Å Nn-e

{i-a-§Ä `m-jm-]n-Xm-hn-sâ Ime-̄ v X-s¶ DZ-bw sN-bv-Xn-cp¶p.

]nÂ-¡me-̄ v A-t±-lw ap-t¶m-«v sh-̈ aWn{]-hm-f-co-Xn-bm-Wv `m-

jbnÂ {]-_-e-am-bXv. tUm. tKm-Z-hÀ-½cm-P A-t±-l-̄ n-sâ a-

Wn-{]-hm-f-s¯-¡p-dn-¨p-Å {]-_-Ô-̄ nÂ C-{]-Im-cw tc-J-s -̧Sp-

¯p¶p. “hn-̀ -ày-́ am-b kw-kv-Ir-Xw I-gn-bp-¶n-S-t¯m-fw Ipd-

v̈ kw-kv-Ir-X-]-Z§-sf aebm-f-{]-Xy-b-§Ä tNÀ- v̄ `m-jm-I-

hnX-¡v G-Xv B-i-b-§-tf-bpw DZzln¡m\pÅ {]-m`-hw D-

−m¡n-sIm-Sp-I-bm-Wv F-gp-̄ -Ñ³ \nÀ-Æ-ln-̈ n-«p-Å {]ikvXam-

386

b km-ln-Xy-tkh-\w” (a-Wn-{]-hmfw, t]Pv 104, tUm. tKm-Z-hÀ-½-

bpsS {]-_-Ô-§Ä)

a-e-bm-f-Im-hy-cwK-̄ v `m-j-]-cam-b Nn-e shÃp-hn-fn-IÄ D-

bÀ-¶p h-¶-t¸mÄ “\-ap-¡v F-gp-̄ -Ñ-s\-Sp-̄ `m-jm{I-a IW-

s¡ i-cWw” F-¶v sImSp§ÃqÀ Ip-ªn-¡p-«³ X-¼p-cm³ H-

cn-bv-¡Â IqSn Du-¶n- -̧d-tb-−n h-¶Xpw Cu km-l-N-cy-̄ n-

emWv. A-Xv Ir-Xy-am-b-dn-b-W-sa-¦nÂ A-¡me-̄ v sX-¡³-tIc-

f-̄ nÂ \n-e-\n-¶n-cp-¶ kw-kv-Ir-X-]-£-]m-Xn-Xz-̄ n-sâ ImTn\yw

Adntb−Xp−v. km-ln-Xy-N-cn-{X-Im-c-·mÀ tI-c-f-hÀ-½-bp-K-sa-

¶v hn-ti-jn-̧ n¨ncp-¶ hn-[w tI-c-f-hÀ-½ h-en-b-tIm-bn-¯-¼p-cm-

sâ kzm-[o-\-̄ nepw \nb{´W-̄ n-ep-am-bn sX-¡³ km-ln-Xy-cw-

Kw. kw-kv-Ir-X-km-ln-Xy-hp-am-bn \nXy-k-¼À-¡-ap-−m-bn-cp-¶ A-

t±-l-̄ n-sâ `m-j a-Wn-{]-hm-f-N-¼p¡Ä, B«¡Y-IÄ ap-X-em-b-

h-bp-sS co-Xn-bnÂ \n-¶v hn-`n-¶-am-bn-cp-¶nÃ. {]-Xy-bm- -́§fm-b

kw-kv-Ir-X-]-Z-§Ä C-S-I-eÀ-¶v a-Wn-{]-hm-f-am-Wv A-t±-l-̄ n-\v

A-[n-Iw kzm-[o-\-am-bn-cp-¶-Xv. B aWn-{]-hm-f-im-Ip -́fw Im-fn-

Zm-k-Ir-Xn-sb-¡mÄ Ipeo\m-sW-¶ A-̀ n-{]m-b-ap-Å-hcpw B-

¡m-e-̄ p-−m-bn-cp-¶p. B kw-kv-Ir-X-]£-]m-Xw hÀ-²n-̈ v a-Wn-

{]-hm-f-sa-¶ eo-em-Xn-e-I-Imc-sâ em-£Wn-I \nÀ-h-N-\-s¯-

t¸mepw Nn-eÀ shÃp-hn-fn-¡p-I-b-bp-−mbn. a-Wn-{]-hm-fw F-¶

kw-Ú-bnÂ ‘-a-Wn’ F-¶ ]-Zw a-e-bm-f-t¯-bpw (“X-Zp¯-aw

`m-jm-c-k-{]m-[mt\y” F-¶v eoem-XneIw) ‘{]-hmfw’ F-¶ ]Zw-

sIm-−v kw-k-Ir-X-t¯-bw A-[y-h-km-\w sNbv-Xn-«p-Å-Xm-bm-

WtÃm eo-em-Xn-e-I-Im-c³ {]-Xn-]m-Zn-¡p-¶Xv. B ho-£-W-̄ n-\v

Im-ew sN-¶-tXm-Sp-Ip-Sn H-cp ap-dn-hv kw-̀ -hn-¡m³ C-S-bm-bn

XoÀ¶p. ‘aebm-f-im-Ip- -́f’ -̄ n-sâ k-aÀ-̧ -W-tÇm-I-̄ nÂ

387

s{]m-̂ : F. BÀ cm-P-cm-P-hÀ½ kw-kv-IrXs¯ ‘a-Wn’bmbpw

a-e-bmfs¯ ‘{]hm-f’ambpw \nÀ-t±-in-̈ n-«pÅ-Xv {]m-No-\-k-¦Â-]-

¯n-\v hn-]-co-X-am-Wv. (t]Pv 106, tUm. tKm-Z-hÀ-½-bp-sS {]-_-

Ô§Ä) C¯-c-sam-c-«na-dn {i-aw `m-jm I-hn-Xm-cwK-̄ v A-

¡me-̄ v \-S-¡p-I-bp-−mbn. Cu shÃp-hn-fn-sb t\-cn-Sp-I-bm-Wv

sh¬a-Wn ]-£-¡mÀ sN-bv-XXv. “sh¬-a-Wn-{]-̀ p-Xn-I-fp-sS

e£yw b-YmÀ-°-̄ nÂ X-\n a-e-bm-f-̀ m-j-bp-sS tamN\-am-bn-cp-

¶p F-¶v ]-d-bmw. B ap-àn-bp-²w (hmÀ Hm-̂ v en-_-tdj³)

]¨ae-bm-f-sa-¶ km-ln-Xy-{]-Xn-Im-cw h-sc- DbÀ¶p” (t]-Pv 13, a-

e-b-hn-em-khpw hn-iz-cq-]-hpw, tUm. ]n. hn th-em-bp-[³-]nÅ). kw-

kv-Ir-X-hn-̀ -àn-Ifpw {In-bm-]Z§fpw Xn-tc D-t]-£n-̈ v kp-e-fn-X-

§fpw kp-{K-l-§-fpw, kp-{]-kn-²-§-fpam-b kw-kv-Ir-X-]-Z-§-

sfbpw a-e-bm-f-]-Z-§-tfbpw ]mepw \ocpw t]m-se

kwtbmPn¸n¨p sIm-−p-Å a-Wn-{]-hm-f-ssi-en-¡v A-hÀ {]-Nm-

cw \ÂIn. `mjmip-²n-bnÂ Cu a-Wn-{]hmf ssi-en {]-tXy-I {i-

² sN-ep-̄ n.

]]]]----¨̈̈̈-- --aaaa----eeee----bmbmbmbm----ffff----{]{]{]{]----ØmØmØmØm----\\\\wwww

a-e-bm-f-I-hn-Xm-cw-Kw NÀ-Æn-X-NÀÆ-Ww sIm-−v ho-c-k-am-

bn tXm-¶n-bn-cp-¶ L«¯nÂ ]p-cm-W-I-Y-I-fnÂ \n¶pw A-h-bp-

sS kw-kv-Ir-X-]-Z-_-lp-eam-b {]Xn]m-Z-\-coXnbnÂ \n¶pw H-cp

hy-Xn-bm-\w Ip-dn¨-Xv ]-̈ -a-ebm-f {]-Øm-\-̄ n-eq-sS-bmWv. `m-jm-

kw-kv-Ir-X-tbm-Kam-b a-Wn-{]-hm-f-am-Wv A-Xp-h-tcbpw a-e-bm-f-

I-hn-Xm-cwK v̄ B-[n-]Xyw h-ln-̈ n-cp-¶Xv. sIm-Sp-§ÃqÀ I-f-cn-

bn-se t\-Xr-Xz-cwK-̄ v hn-cm-Pn-̈ n-cp¶ sIm-Sp-§ÃqÀ Ip-ªn-

¡p-«³ X-¼q-cm³ D-Zv-LmS-\w sNbv-X ]¨ae-bm-f-{]-Øm-\w H-cp

388

hm-Xp-sh-̧ nÂ \n-¶m-WpZ-bw sIm-−Xv. kw-kv-Ir-X-]Z§Ä D-]-

tbm-Kn-¡m-sX {i-an-̈ mÂ Ht¶m ct−m tÇm-I-§Ä h-sc c-Nn-

¡m³ I-gn-tª-¡p-sa¶pw A-XÃm-sX H-cp ]-̈ -a-e-bm-f-Imhyw

c-Nn¡p-I A-km-²y-amsW¶pw kn. ]n. A-̈ p-Xta-t\m³ hm-Zn¨p.

A-XÃ \o-−-Ir-Xn-IÄ X-s¶ cNn¡m³ I-gn-tª-¡p-sa-¶v Ip-

ªn-¡p-«³ X-¼p-cm³ {]-Xn-hm-Zw \-S¯n. AXns\ Øm-]n-¡m³

1891 Â X-¼p-cm³ c-Nn-¨ Im-hy-amWv ‘\Ã-̀ m-j’ F-¶-IrXn. H-cp

sF-Xn-ly-amWv CXn-se C-Xn-hr-̄ w. C-Xp-Iq-SmsX ‘HSn’ F-¶ H-

cp IrXn Iq-Sn A-t±-lw c-Nn-¨n-«p-−v. C-tXm-sS tI-c-f-̄ n-se I-hn-

I-fp-sS-bn-S-bnÂ Hcp ]-̈ -a-ebm-f ‘{`aw’ ]n-Sn-s¸«p. {]-kvXp-X

amÀ-¤-̄ nÂ ]n-¶n-Sv k-©-cn-̈ -hÀ almI-hn D-ÅqÀ, ] -́fw tI-c-

f-hÀ-½ H-Sp-hnÂ Ip-ªn-Ir-jv-Wta-t\m³, ]n. Pn cm-a¿À, Ip-

−qÀ \m-cm-b-Wta-t\m³ Xp-S-§n-b-h-cm-bn-cp-¶p D-Åq-cnsâ

‘Hcpt\À¨’, ‘X¦-½’ F-¶o Ir-Xn-Ifpw Cu {]-Øm-\-¯nÂ DÄ-

s -̧Sp¶p. Ip−qÀ \m-cm-b-Wta-t\m³ BWv Cu {]-Øm-\-̄ n-

se ap-Jy Ihn. At±l¯nsâ tIm-a¸³, I-®³, sIm¨n sNdn-b

i-à³ X-¼q-cm³, ]m-¡-\mÀ F-¶n-h-bmWv Cu {]-Øm-\-̄ n-se

an-I-¨ J-Þx-Ir-Xn-IÄ ({Zm-hn-U-io-ep-I-fnÂ hmÀ-¶p ho-Wn-cp-

¶psh-¦nÂ H¶mw X-cw _m-e-Up-IÄ B-bn-cp-t¶-t\ A-h-sb-

¶v eo-emh-Xn So-¨À {]-kv-Xm-hn-¡p-¶p.) Xm³ ‘\Ã`mj’sbm-̧ n- v̈ H-

cp ]pXn-b kcWnbn-te-¡v {]-th-in-¡p-I-bm-sW-¶v Ip-−pÀ Xp-

S-¡-̄ nÂ hy-à-am-Ip-¶p−v. Cu \m-ep-Im-hy-§fpw tNÀ¶v

‘\m-ep-̀ m-j-Im-hy§Ä’ F-¶ t]-cnÂ 1912þÂ At±-lw {]-kn-²-

s -̧Sp¯n. `m-hm-hn-jv-¡-c-W-̄ nÂ Ip-−q-cn-\p-Å

Akm[mcWam-b anI-hv B Im-hy-§-fnÂ sX-fn-ªv Im-Wmw.

hm-tf sX-fn-ªn-Sp-I-\n³ ]-Wn XoÀ-¶-XnÃ

389

\m-tf-bv-¡p \o-«nSp-I \n-sâ-bp-d-¡-saÃmw

B-tf-sb-bp−n-l ]-S-bv-¡p h-cp-¶p tX³

tNmÃm-sf \n-\-¡n-\n-bp-an-s¶m-cp Imgv-N Im-Wmw.

F-¶n§-s\ hn-c-c-k-{]-[m-\am-b h-cn-Ifpw

]pÃm-sW-\n-¡v ]-S-hmÄ \n³-I-S-¡¬

XÃm-Wv tX-s·mgn, X-Sp-̄ n-Sp-hm³ sR-cp-¡w

Xp-S§n-b irw-K-c-km-hn-jv-¡m-c-§fpw X-\n-a-e-bm-f-]-Z-§Ä

sIm-−p-Å an-I-̈ ckm-hn-jv-¡m-c-§Ä-¡v D-Zm-l-c-W-amWv. Xp-

SÀ-¶v a-e-bm-f-I-hn-Xm-cwK- v̄ {]Imiw ]-c¯n-b ImÂ-]-\n-I-{]-

Øm-\-̄ n-sâ D-Z-b-c-iv-an-IÄ Ip-−q-cn-sâ Imhy-§-fnÂ Im-

Wmw. e-fn-Xam-b c-km-hn-jv-¡-cWw, c-km-\p-Kp-Wam-b

iÐLS\, {iq-Xn-am-[p-cyw, hn-Im-c-Xo{h-X F-¶n-h-sbÃmw Ip-−q-

cn-sâ Ir-XnI-sf Im-hy ku-µ-cy-ap-Å-h-bm-¡n XoÀ-¡p¶p. ]- -̈a-e-

bm-f-Ir-Xn-I-sfÃmw {]-[m-\-ambpw sF-Xn-ly-§tfm N-cn-{Xmw-i-ap-

Å ]p-cm-hr¯-§tfm BWv.

“]-̈ -a-e-bm-f-{]-Øm-\w a-ebm-f `m-j-bp-sS \n-{Zm-Wam-b

i-ànI-sf DWÀ¯n-tbm-sXm-sSm-̧ w A-Xn-sâ ]-cn-an-Xn-I-sf-¡p-

dn-̈ v i-cnbmb t_m-[-ap-Å hm-¡p-I-Iq-Sn sN-bv-Xp” (eo-emh-Xn

So¨À) D-Zv-Lm-S-I\m-b Ip-ªn-¡p-«³ X¼pcm³ X-s¶ H-cp hn-

t\m-Zhpw hym-bm-a-hp-sa-¶-XnÂ I-hn-ªv A-Xn-\v KW\nbam-b

Øm-\w \Â-In-bnÃ.

Zr-UmZ-cw kw-kv-Ir-X-hm-¡v te-ihpw

s]-Sm-sX I-−_Xp ]-Xp-]-Zy-an-t¸mÄ

]n-Sn-̈ p-sI-«n I-j-Wn-̈ p XoÀ-t¯-\p-S³ hn-Smw-tX ]cn-tim-[-\mÀ-

°w F-¶ {]kvXm-h-\ X-s¶--bn-Xn\p-Zm-l-c-Ww. A-¡me-̄ v

NneÀ Cu cn-Xnsb ‘DW¡aebmfw’ F-¶v ]-cn-l-kn-¨n-cp-¶p. C-

390

§ns\-sbm-s¡-bm-sW-¦nepw ImÂ-\päm-−p-Im-ew km-ln-Xy-

cwK-̄ v \n-e-\n-¶ Cu {]-Øm-\w \-½p-sS I-hn-Xm-Ncn{X-̄ nÂ H-

cp \m-gn-I-IÃmWv. Fw. tKm-hn-µ-s\-t¸mse-bp-Å ]-e B-[p\n-I

I-hn-Ifpw Cu co-Xn-bnÂ \n-¶v {]-tNmZ-\w DÄ-s¡m-Åp-I-bp-

−mbn.

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