mac linux pcr

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Mac OS is a series of graphical userinterface-based operating systems developed

by Apple Inc. (formerly Apple Computer,Inc.) for their Macintosh line of computersystems. The Macintosh user experience iscredited with popularizing the graphical userinterface. The original form of what Applewould later name the "Mac OS" was the

integral and unnamed system software firstintroduced in 1984 with the originalMacintosh, usually referred to simply as theSystem software.

MAC OS?What is


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was established in 1976. However it was in January 1984 when Applelaunched its firstOperating system with the name Macintosh. Macintosh

gained its popularity due to graphical user interface. Initially Mac operatingsystem was part of every Mac computer. However this operating system wasalso available at Apple retail outlets. The original design of the Mac OS wasbased on the Lisa operating system. Jeff Raskin was one of the founders ofMac operating system. Burrell Smith was the key technician and member of

the Mac project. However later in 1981 Steve jobs himself took theresponsibility of the entire project. Having heard about the GUI technologybeing developed at Xerox PARC Steve Jobs formed a strategy. He gaveaway Apple shares in return he exchanged Smalltalk Tools and Altocomputers. The early Mac ROM was about 64kb. The concepts like drag/drop and pop up menus. The strong marketing efforts along with the smart

operating system were key reasons for Macs success.

Apple


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Over the years there were innumerable

developments in the Mac OS. EarlyMacintosh OS was a combination of dualsoftwares having System and findereach having its own version of softwares.Mac operating systems are divided into

two families one is Classic family (havingapples original codes), and the other oneis Mac OS X family (UNIX and NeXTSTEPbased). Classical Mac OS is a totalgraphical OS. It is considered reallysimple to operate and use. More over it is

considered worth while to supportMultitasking. However the earlier versionsof classic Mac were condemned of verylimited memory be short of protectedmemory and having conflicts.


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Apple introduced a new version of OS known as Mac OS X which was

complied largely for Power PC based Macintosh. Another project ofApple was disclosed in 1992 with the name of Star Trek. The aim of theApple computers is to provide a basic operating system that wouldsupport well the Intels X86 processors. However this secret projectwas cancelled in 1993. It was in the same year due to many reasons.


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Mac OS was named by thecompany Apple as "Mac SystemSoftware" in the beginning, aspecially designed operatingsystem only for 68K first

Motorola processors. With ownMacintosh hardware, Mac OStakes up a special role in theworld of desktop systems. Thefirst version was "System 1"and appeared bundled with theMac in 1984. The classicdesktop is designed as a singleuser operating system andalmost completely hides the fullpath to files and directories.

The graphic representation isreduced to the essence. Overallthe interface is very easy to useand does not need the rightmouse button for userinteraction. Mac OS does not

include a command lineinterface.

System 1

MAC SYSTEM SOFTWARE


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System 2.1 (Finder 5.0) introduced the HFS (Hierarchical FileSystem) which had real directories. This version was specifically tosupport the Hard Disk 20 and only implemented HFS in RAM,

startup and most floppy disks remained MFS 400 K volumes.

Starting with System 3.0, the used file system HFS was usedofficially, which does not different between uppercase andlowercase letters. System 3.0 was introduced with the Mac Plus,officially implementing HFS and 800K startup drives and adding

support for several new technologies including SCSI andAppleShare and introducing Trash "bulging" (i.e., when the Trashcontained files, it would gain a bulged appearance).


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System 4.0 came with the Mac SE and MacintoshII, which required additional support for the firstexpansion slots, the Apple Desktop Bus (ADB),

internal hard drives and on the Mac II, color, largerdisplays and the first Motorola 68020 processor.System 5.0 was the first release to run severalprograms with the integrated MultiFinder at thesame time. The operating system was programmedup to system 6.0 mostly in assembler and partiallyin Pascal and used a 24-bit addressing mode.Cooperative Multi-tasking could optionally beenabled in System 6.System 7.0 first supported 32-bit addressing. Thusallow the operating system can use more memory

and more powerful programs. Since 1994 System7.5 supported for the first time the PowerPCarchitecture and is optimized with the following MacOS versions further on this architecture. WithSystem software 7.6 the name was changed to MacOS in January 1997.


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Mac OS 8 by Apple appeared in July 1997. As minimumrequirements are specified a 68040 or PowerPC processor, 32 MBRAM and 120 MB of free disk space. The CTRL key is used to display

a specific context menu for different actions. Finder in version 8 isnow multithreaded and does no longer breaks other applicationsduring the copy of files. The starting time of the operating systemand applications is been reduced. As standard the browser softwareMicrosoft Internet Explorer 3.0 and Netscape Navigator 3.0 are

included. Inside of a TCP/IP network can shared files and printersaccessed.


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The operating system Mac OS 9 has been developed under the nameSonata and released to the 23. October 1999. The installation requires 32MB RAM with virtual memory and a PowerPC 601 processor or higher. For

models with G3 processor are at least 64 MB RAM recommended foroptimal performance. The first G4 and iMac systems until summer 2000are supported. The free disk storage should be 150 up to 400 MBdepending on the installation type.

50 new features are added in comparison to the previous version. Thisincludes support for multiple users with password and access managementfor files and settings. The login is available through authentication byvoice. Files can be stored encrypted. The operating system canautomatically update itself via the Internet. You can back up all personalpasswords with a master password. The integrated search engine Sherlock

2 is extended with language and search templates. The first version"Carbon" API is available for new applications.

The following applications are included in current version: Finder 9.0, MacOS Runtime for Java 2.1.4, Apple data security 2.0 and Open Transport2.5.


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Usage share of web clientoperating systems. (Source:Median values from Usageshare of operating systemsfor December 2010.)

Windows XP (44.0%)Windows 7 (24.23%)Windows Vista (16.74%)Mac OS X (6.82%)iOS (iPhone) (1.94%)Linux (1.53%)


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On August 25, 1991, a Finn computer science student namedLinus Torvalds made the following announcement to the Usenet groupcomp.os.minux:

I'm doing a (free) operating system (just a hobby,won't be big and professional like gnu) for 386(486)

AT clones. This has been brewing since april, and isstarting to get ready. I'd like any feedback on thingspeople like/dislike in minix, as my OS resembles itsomewhat (same physical layout of the file-system(due to practical reasons) (among other things).

The Minix Torvalds referred to is a variant of the UNIX operatingsystem, used as a guideline for his the free operating system he wantedto run on the x86-based consumer PCs of the day. gnu refers to theset of GNU (GNU Is Not Unix) tools first put together by RichardStallman in 1983. UNIX, the operating system that started it all, had its

origins in the old Bell Labs back in the early 60s.


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Torvalds built the core of the Linux operating system, known as thekernel. A kernel alone does not make an operating system, butStallman's GNU tools were from a project to create an operating

system as well--a project that was missing a kernel to makeStallman's operating system complete. Torvalds' matching of GNUtools with the Linux kernel marked the beginning of the Linuxoperating system as it is known today.

Linux is in many ways still only at the beginning of its potential,even though it has enjoyed tremendous success since Torvalds' firstrequest for help in 1991.


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Linux has gained strong popularity amongst UNIX developers, who likeit for its portability to many platforms, its similarity to UNIX, and its freesoftware license. Around the turn of the century, several commercial

developers began to distribute Linux, including VA Linux, TurboLinux,Mandrakelinux, Red Hat, and SuSE GMbH. IBM's 2000 decision to invest$2 billion in Linux development and sales was a significant positiveevent to the growth of Linux.


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Today, Linux is a multi-billion dollar industry, with companiesand governments around the world taking advantage of the operatingsystem's security and flexibility. Thousands of companies use Linux

for day-to-day use, attracted by the lower licensing and supportcosts. Governments around the world are deploying Linux to savemoney and time, with some governments commissioning their ownversions of Linux.

The analyst group IDC has projected Linux will be a $49billion business by 2011, and there are many indications in the marketthat this figure will be achieved.


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Linux operatingsystem isbestdefined asa clone ofthe Unix operating

system, written from scratch byLinus Torvalds with activeassistance from a looselyknitteamof hackersacrossthe Net asperthe Linux Kernel website.

1986 Linus(Benedict)Torvalds programmed itsowndriver forits

floppycontroller. He learned intensivelyhardware programmingandbecame betterknowledge abouthisSinclaircomputerwith Q-DOS.Additionallyhe provided hisownprogrammerTools.

WHAT is LINUX?


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The Debian GNU /Linux Project team is a special one under thedistributors since it does not pursue any commercial targets. Sincethe foundation by Ian Murdock on 16th August 1993 Debian is cared

by voluntary developers and supported by the FSF. Ian Murdockconducted the team to 1996. Only software which was publishedcompletely under the GPL flows into the Debian distribution.Developed in Germany the main area lies more in Europe. Up tillnow only a simple text mode for the installation is available. Debianhas got synonymous for quality and stability. The code names as ofrelease 1.1 are from figures from the digital cartoon film Toy Story.


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LXDE is a free and open source desktop environment for Unix and otherPOSIX compliant platforms, such as Linux or BSD. The name LXDEstands for "Lightweight X11 Desktop Environment".

LXDE is designed to work well with computers on the low end of theperformance spectrum such as older resource-constrained machines, newgeneration netbooks, and other small computers. Testing has shown thatLXDE has a small energy-efficiency advantage over GNOME, KDE, andXfce, and consumes considerably less memory under certain typical

workloads.


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Ubuntu is a computer operatingsystem based on the Debian

GNU/Linux distribution anddistributed as free and open sourcesoftware. It is named after theSouthern African philosophy ofUbuntu ("humanity towards others").With an estimated global usage of

more than 12 million users, Ubuntu isdesigned primarily for desktop use,although netbook and server editionsexist as well. Web statistics suggestthat Ubuntu's share of Linux desktop

usage is about 50%, and indicateupward trending usage as a webserver.


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Ubuntu is composed of many software packages, of which the vastmajority are distributed under a free software license, making an

exception only for some proprietary hardware drivers.[21] The mainlicense used is the GNU General Public License (GNU GPL) which, alongwith the GNU Lesser General Public License (GNU LGPL), explicitlydeclares that users are free to run, copy, distribute, study, change,develop and improve the software. On the other hand, there is alsoproprietary software available that can run on Ubuntu. Ubuntu focuses

on usability, security and stability.

Ubuntu comes installed with a wide range of software that includesOpenOffice, Firefox, Empathy (Pidgin in versions before 9.10),Transmission, GIMP (in versions prior to 10.04), and several lightweight

games (such as Sudoku and chess). Additional software that is notinstalled by default can be downloaded and installed using the UbuntuSoftware Center[25] or the package manager Synaptic, which comepre-installed. Ubuntu allows networking ports to be closed using itsfirewall, with customized port selection available.


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UBUNTUNetbook

UBUNTUDesktop


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Security. Apple computers are much more secure than Windows PCs.

Viruses, ad ware and malware designed for a Windows-basedprocessor simply will not run on a Mac. The main reason for this issimply that there are much fewer Macs in use. People who makemalicious software want to have it spread to as many people aspossible and designing a virus for a Mac simply will not accomplish

this.

Reliability. The people who make Mac software are the same peoplewho make the Mac hardware. While Windows programmers have totake into account nearly infinite variations in hardware, Mac OS is

designed to be used on a very limited amount of computers: thosebuilt by Apple. The software is designed specifically to run on thehardware. This means that the operating system is much morestable.


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Macs are convenient. Do you own aniPod? An iPhone? Do you listen to music

with iTunes? Do you appreciate howsimple, elegant and easy to use theseproducts are? Apple applies all of thethings you like about these products totheir computers. Yes, there will be a timeof adjustment to using Mac OS, but once

you are used to it, you will love it.

Advancedtechnology. The currentgeneration of Macbook Pros feature LEDmonitors, multi-touch mouse trackpad

and a CNC machined aluminum case.Desktop Mac Pros feature up to 8 coreprocessors (yes, eight) and up to 4 TB ofstorage (TB=Terabyte). Thats fourthousand (4000) GB.


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A Mac can do anything a Windows PC can. With Applecomputers now using Intel processors, they are able to run Windows.With programs like Bootcamp or software emulation, you are able to

install and run Windows on your Mac and switch between the two OSseasily. Macs come with a Mail utility with the same functionality asMicrosoft Outlook. The iWork line of software comes with Pages,Keynote and Numbers which can function as replacements for Word,Powerpoint and Excel. Each of these programs can export files in aformat that can be used in Windows software. Or, if you dont want to

try iWork, Microsoft offers a Mac-compatible version of Office.


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Theyre only more secure because fewer people use them. If everybodyused Macs, there would be a lot more viruses and malware for them.

If Apple computers became more popular, they would become lesssecure.

Cannot be upgraded/customized. There are upgrade options when you

buy a Mac, but unlike a Windows PC, you cannot mix and matchcomponents. The easiest way to upgrade a Mac is to buy a new one.


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Price. Macs are very expensive. Even the cheapest laptop costs$999.99 (43,484.57 PHP). Windows machines cost as little as $500

(21,742.50 PHP).

Playing games requires Windows. There are very few games availablefor the Mac. If you are a gamer, a Mac is probably not the best choice.You could run Bootcamp, but if you are going to spend most of your

time on a Mac running Windows, you have to ask yourself if it is worthit. Another option (and the one I have taken) is to play games on avideo game console, such as a PS3 or Wii, and simply use yourcomputer for computing.

It requires adjustment. Its a Windows-based world. Most people are

used to using Windows. Changing to a Mac requires that you get usedto a number of differences. Some people are simply not willing tomake that change.


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Security In line with the costs, the security aspect of

The Linux operating system has been around since theearly nineties and has managed to stay secure in the realm of widespreadviruses, spyware and adware for all these years. Sure, the argument of theLinux desktop not being as widely used is a factor as to why there are noviruses. My rebuttle is that the Linux operating system is open source andif there were a widespread Linux virus released today, there would behundreds of patches released tomorrow, either by ordinary people that use

the operating system or by the distribution maintainers. We wouldnt needto wait for a patch from a single company like we do with Windows.

Linux is much stronger than that of Windows.


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Cost The most obvious advantage of using Linux is the fact that it isfree to obtain, while Microsoft products are available for a hefty andsometimes recurring fee. Microsoft licenses typically are only allowed tobe installed on a single computer, whereas a Linux distribution can beinstalled on any number of computers, without paying a single dime.

Choice (Freedom) The power of choice is a great Linux advantage.With Linux, you have the power to control just about every aspect of theoperating system. Two major features you have control of areyour desktops look and feel by way of numerous Window Managers, andthe kernel. In Windows, your either stuck using the boringdefault desktop theme, or risking corruption or failure by installing athird-party shell.


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Software - There are so many software choices when it comes to doingany specific task. You could search for a text editor on Freshmeat andyield hundreds, if not thousands of results. Regular users and

programmers contribute applications all the time. Sometimes its a simplemodification or feature enhancement of a already existing piece ofsoftware, sometimes its a brand new application. In addition, software onLinux tends to be packed with more features and greater usability thansoftware on Windows. Best of all, the vast majority of Linux software isfree and open source. Not only are you getting the software for no

charge, but you have the option to modify the source code and add morefeatures if you understand the programming language. What more couldyou ask for?


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Hardware - Linux is perfect for those old computers with barely anyprocessing power or memory you have sitting in your garage orbasement collecting dust. Install Linux and use it as a firewall, a fileserver, or a backup server. There are endless possibilities.Old 386 or 486 computers with barely any RAM run Linux without anyissue. Good luck running Windows on these machines and actuallyfinding a use for them.


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Understanding Becoming familiar with the Linux operating systemrequires patience as well as a strong learning curve. You must have thedesire to read and figure things out on your own, rather than having

everything done for you.

Compatibility Because of its free nature, Linux is sometimes behindthe curve when it comes to brand new hardware compatibility. Thoughthe kernel contributors and maintainers work hard at keeping the kernelup to date, Linux does not have as much of a corporate backing asalternative operating systems. Sometimes you can find third partyapplications, sometimes you cant.


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Alternative Programs Though Linux developers have done a great jobat creating alternatives to popular Windows applications, there are still

some applications that exist on Windows that have no equivalent Linuxapplication. Windows can be a great tool for the lazy and incompetent,but it takes a true scholar and one who wants to learn to run a robustoperating system like Linux.


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Raw Spee

d- Windows PCs have a serious edge here. Where time ismoney, processor speed can be very important. Regardless of how hardMac advertising attempts to claim that the slower clock speed Macs arereally just as fast as a PC, it just ain't so and proven so by every benchtest out there. If you have the "need for speed" in gaming, softwaredevelopment, 3D rendering and other applications, Windows is the clear

winner here.

Color Matching - Apple is the only OS and hardware which supportsColorsync, the industry standard for "what you see is what you get"color matching. If you want your advertising copy of an egg to come out

of the press with the same yellow you saw on the screen, Mac is for you.

Windows MAC


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Ease ofUse - Give Mac the edge here, though the difference is prettysmall with the release of Windows XP. Windows binary Plug-in-Play is nolonger "Plug-n-Pray" and though technologically superior to Mac doesn'tget the job done as nicely. By using nearly draconian measures andmonopolistic threats, Apple has been able to maintain tight control over

makers of third party hardware. What this means to you is an easier touse system, but with much less choice in add-ons.

SoftwareAvailability - Though many might argue that anything youmight need is available for Mac, and though almost all generic task

software is, industry specific software is not. For example, if you own.. saya lawnmower repair shop, you might want software written exclusively torun lawn mower repair shops. You just won't find it on the shelf or by mailorder for the Mac, while you have several to choose from for Windows,maybe even for free or cheap as shareware downloads.

Windows MAC


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You might argue that you can adapt database and spreadsheetsoftware to need, but it's just not as easy. Advantage to Windows.

Coolness Factor- What can I say? Mac wins. Look at that new i-Macor the i-Pod. It beats a beige box.

Geek Factor- Windows wins (Linux beats that)

Windows MAC


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Throughout the entire period of the Windows 9x systems through theintroduction of Windows 7, Windows has retained an extremely largeretail sales majority among operating systems for personal desktop use,while Linux has sustained its status as the most prominent freesoftware operating system. After their initial clash, both operatingsystems moved beyond the user base of the personal computer market

and share a rivalry on a variety of other devices, with offerings for theserver and embedded systems markets, and mobile internet access.

Linux and Microsoft Windows differ in philosophy, cost, versatility andstability, with each seeking to improve in their perceived weaker areas.

Comparisons of the two operating systems tend to reflect their origins,historic user bases and distribution models. Typical perceivedweaknesses regularly cited have often included poor consumer familiaritywith Linux, and Microsoft Windows' susceptibility to viruses and malware.

Linux Windows


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Consistency between versions

Windows- User interaction with software is usually consistent betweenversions, releases, and editions, although Windows Vista generatedmany complaints about unfamiliar and unexpected changes.

Linux- Consistency ranges from high to poor between distributions,versions, window managers/desktop environments, and programs.Software is generally highly user-customizable, and the user may keepthe customizations between versions.

AcessibilityBoth Windows and Linux offer accessibility options, such as highcontrast displays and larger text/icon size, text to speech andmagnifiers.Operating system integration (Installation)


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Windows- Strict separation between operating system parts andapplications. It is possible to install same software in several different

directories. Microsoft's guidelines strongly suggest that software vendorsuse the Windows Installer for installation. However, many applicationsare still deployed with alternative installers such as NSIS (NullsoftScriptable Install System). The former problem can be solved by usingstatic linking (with a considerable tradeoff in speed and memory

consumption. In addition to that Microsoft has addressed compatibilityissues by providing compatibility layer to older software.

Linux- Linux systems often do not separate operating system and (thirdparty) applications at the filesystem level as most popular distributionsfollow the Filesystem Hierarchy Standard . This approach has a certain

benefit over the Windows model in that it provides encapsulation, thatis, stores the program itself, its data, configuration files and logsseparately. However, it is possible to install software into user's homedirectory, although it is a complex task as the application needs to becompiled from source. Also, these applications introduce a security risk

as they will not be tracked and updated if necessary.

Linux Windows


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Program distribution

Windows- Thousands of programs are available for download frommany websites and for purchase on CD/DVD in retail shops. Programsmust be downloaded (or purchased on CD/DVD) and installed

individually. The user has to search for the application he needs, trackdependencies (if any) by hand and ensure safety from malware himself.

Linux-The majority of applications are distributed in a binary packageformat. Each distribution usually has a centralized package repository,

where trusted applications are stored and available for download. Thedependencies are handled automatically. As there are several commonpackage formats, applications are usually packaged specifically for eachdistribution. The source code is distributed of most applications, whichhave a license which allows to do so.

Linux Windows


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Software Compatibility

Windows- historically has been a very high priority. However,exceptions do exist, even within Microsoft's own applications

(particularly with respect to Windows Vista)

Linux- The distributed software is generally compatible with the currentand upcoming versions of the distribution (Linux StandardBase framework guarantees maintaining interfaces for at least 6 years).The same binary packages can be used among systems using the samepackage manager and generally can be used among any systemproviding libraries the package is dependent upon. Some compatibilityissues existed in the past, when proper packaging guidelines were yetto be established.

Linux Windows

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