Peter Ranby

Grade

__ MACMILLANEDUCATION NAMIBIA

CONTENTSPART 1 Namibian history

Theme 1 : The development of nationalism 11.1 The developmentof nationalism in Namibia ...........................•... 1

Why did Namibian nationalism start? 2Namibian nationalism grows 3Some influential people in the early days of resistance 4The Herero Chiefs' Council 4The reserve system for black Namibians 6The contract labour system : 7

1.2 The Ovamboland People's Organisation (OPO) ........•................. 8

1.3 The South West Africa National Union (SWANU) ....................• 10

1.4 Other political organisations 10

1.5 The Windhoek Massacre .........................................•...........•... 121.6 South West Africa People's Organisation (SWAPO) and the

liberation struggle 14Sam Nujoma and international attention 15The importance of the OAU in Namibia's liberation struggle 17SWAPOand the War of National liberation 17Independent Angola and the armedstruggle in Namibia 21Namibian refugee camps in other countries 22The Cassinga Massacre 22

What did you learn in this chapter? 25Assessment activities ...............................................................•..... 26

Theme 2: South African colonial administration,1945 - 1989 29

2.1 South African colonial rule and the Mandate 29

2.2 Apartheid in Namibia 31The National Party comes to power in South Africa 31The Odendaal Plan 32

2.3 The United Nations (UN) and Namibia ...................................•.. 36

2.4 South Africa changes direction 38The Turnhalle Constitutional Conference 38The appointment of the Administrator-General, 1977 40

2.5 The United Nations and the Western Contact Group (WCG) 40The South African response to the WCG 41

2.6 Namibia during the 1980s: government structures beforeindependence 44Multi-Party Conference (MPC), 1983 44The Transitional Government of National Unity (TGNU) 46SWAPO and the liberation struggle in the 1980s 47Peace talks with South Africa 49

What did you learn in this chapter? 50Assessment activities 51

Theme 3 : The role of the church on the road toindependence : 54

Introduction 54

What is Christianity? 55

3.1 The establishment of African independent churches 55African Methodist Episcopal Church (AME) 56Oruuano Church 56The Evangelical Lutheran Church in Namibia (ELCIN) 56

3.2 The church and the liberation and armed struggles 57The church and the armed struggle 57The church could not remain silent 58

3.3 Open and pastoral Iette rs 60Evangelical LutheranOvambo-Kavango Church (ELOC) referendum 60The open letter 61

3.4 The General Strike, 1971 62The extent and effect of the strike 63

3.5 The State of Emergency, 1972 64

3.6 Attempts to repress the church 65

3.7 The Ecumenical Christian Centre (ECC) 67

3.8 The Council of Churches in Namibia (CCN) 67

3.9 The Ai-Gams Declaration, 1986 68

What did you learn in this chapter? 70Assessment activities 71

Theme 4 : Namibia becomes a republic 74Introduction 74

4.1 United Nations Resolution 435 ...........................•..................... 74

4.2 United Nations Transition Assistance Group (UNTAG) 76

4.3 Registration and informing voters 77

4.4 The repatriation of exiles 79

4.5 The 1989 election ........................................................•........... 80

4.6 The Namibian Constitution 81The branches of government 82Regional and local government.. 85

What did you learn in this chapter? 86Assessment activities : 87

Theme 5 : Equal treatment tor males and temales 905.1 The Constitution and human rights .....................................•.... 90

What are our human rights? 90The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) 91The Constitution of the Republic of Namibia 92How the Namibian Constitution protects human rights 93

5.2 The position of women in Namibia 94Women in the family 94Women in society 96

5.3 International conferences on women's rights 98First World Conference on Women: Mexico City, 1975 99Second World Conference on Women: Copenhagen, 1980 100Third World Conference on Women: Nairobi, 1985 101Fourth World Conference on Women, Beijing, 1995 101

What did you learn in this chapter? 103Assessment activities 104

PART 2 Atrican history

Theme 1 : The struggle tor political independence anddem oe ra cy 107

1.1 African nationalism 107

1.2 Pan-Africanism 110

African Americans and Pan-Africanism 110Origins of the Pan-African movement 110Africans and Pan-Africanism 111

1.3 The search for African unity 112Kwame Nkrumah and African unity 112The formation of the Organisation of African Unity (OAU) 113The African Union (AU), 1999 116

1.4 Democritisation in Africa 116Apartheid in South Africa 117The origin of apartheid 117What was apartheid? 118Democratisation of South Africa 119The difference between military rule and civilian rule 119Dictatorships 120Dictatorships in Africa 121Uganda: A case study of a dictatorship in Africa 122Namibia: An example of the promotion of democracy in Africa 124

What did you learn in this chapter? 125Assessment activities 126

Theme 2 : The struggle for economic development 129Introduction 129

2.1 Economic systems in Africa 130African socialism 131Economic development in Tanzania 132Harambee and economic development in Kenya 134Zambian humanism 136Namibia's mixed economy 136

2.2 The economic crisis in Africa 138Conditions of trade and the world economy 138Wars and political instability 140Natural disasters and diseases, including HIV and AIDS 140Foreign aid 142The Lagos Plan of Action 144Measures taken to overcome underdevelopment in Namibia 146

What did you learn in this chapter? 148Assessment activities 149

PART 3 World history

Theme 1 : Social, political and economic developments .. 152Introduction 152

1.1 Nationalism and fascism 153Nationalism in Europe in the early 20th century 153Fascism in Italy and Nazism in Germany 154Origin and development of fascism in Italy 155The origin and development of Nazism in Germany 157

1.2 Communism 161Communism in China 161

1.3 The Cold War 164Capitalism and communism : 164Origins and development of the Cold War 165The development of atomic weapons and the Cold War 165The Korean War, 1950 - 1953 167The Vietnam War, 1964 -1975 169

1.4 League of Nations and United Nations 171League of Nations 171United Nations (UN) 172

1.5 Regional and national cooperation 172European Economic Community (EEC) 172Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (COMECON) 173Organisation of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) 173Southern African Development Community (SADC) 174

1.6 World Bank and International Monetary Fund (IMF) 175

What did you learn in this chapter? 178Assessment activities 179

Glossary 182

Abbreviations 190

Index 194