Macromolecule NotesMacromolecule Notes

General VocabularyGeneral Vocabulary• Monomers: Monomers: Subunits that make Subunits that make

up larger molecules. “Parts that up larger molecules. “Parts that make up the whole” make up the whole”

Polymers: Polymers: A bunch of monomers all A bunch of monomers all hooked together. The whole thing!hooked together. The whole thing!

Can you think of some examples?Can you think of some examples?

ExamplesExamples• Legos vs LegolandLegos vs Legoland• Bono vs U2Bono vs U2• A cinderblock vs Hamilton High A cinderblock vs Hamilton High

SchoolSchool

General Vocabulary General Vocabulary ContinuedContinued• Dehydration Synthesis: Dehydration Synthesis: Also known Also known

as CONDENSATION REACTION.as CONDENSATION REACTION.• Used in anabolic reactions. (Used in anabolic reactions. (Anabolism, Anabolism,

or biosynthesis, is the process by which or biosynthesis, is the process by which living organisms synthesize complex living organisms synthesize complex molecules of life from simpler ones.)molecules of life from simpler ones.)

• amino acid + amino acid --> amino acid + amino acid --> dipeptide + waterdipeptide + water

Why was water formed Why was water formed during the reaction?during the reaction?• amino acid + amino acid --> dipeptide amino acid + amino acid --> dipeptide

+ + waterwater• In order to hook subunits together, they In order to hook subunits together, they

need to be able to share electrons. If there need to be able to share electrons. If there are no electrons to share, won’t/don’t need are no electrons to share, won’t/don’t need to share a bond, so by removing a –H from to share a bond, so by removing a –H from one subunit and –OH from another subunit, one subunit and –OH from another subunit, free electrons can now bond together. free electrons can now bond together. Monomers are now linked together by Monomers are now linked together by covalent bonds. The H and OH form water.covalent bonds. The H and OH form water.

General Vocabulary General Vocabulary continuedcontinued• Polymerases: Polymerases: In the body, In the body,

anabolic reactions are carried out anabolic reactions are carried out by enzymes called polymerases. by enzymes called polymerases.

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UyDnnD3fMaUv=UyDnnD3fMaU

Hydrolysis: Hydrolysis: Process used to release Process used to release monomers from the larger polymermonomers from the larger polymer

• Used in catabolic reactions. Used in catabolic reactions. ( Reactions which break down ( Reactions which break down molecules.)molecules.)

• Water is used during the process to Water is used during the process to break the covalent links.break the covalent links.

• This leaves “unhappy” atoms with This leaves “unhappy” atoms with electrons to share, so…….electrons to share, so…….

End of HydrolysisEnd of Hydrolysis• Water breaks up into -H and –OH Water breaks up into -H and –OH

and attaches to make each side and attaches to make each side happy.happy.

• In the body, catabolic reactions are In the body, catabolic reactions are carried out by enzymes generally carried out by enzymes generally known as HYDROLASESknown as HYDROLASES

General Vocabulary EndGeneral Vocabulary End• Polymerization: Polymerization: Process that Process that

creates polymers from monomer creates polymers from monomer subunitssubunits

• Macromolecules: Macromolecules: Organic Organic molecules found in the body can be molecules found in the body can be classified as one of four things: classified as one of four things: Proteins, nucleic acids, Proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates and lipids.carbohydrates and lipids.

Macromolecules Macromolecules ContinuedContinued• Macromolecules can be very Macromolecules can be very

LARGE molecules. LARGE molecules. • These are the “bricks and mortar” These are the “bricks and mortar”

of our bodies… they make up all of our bodies… they make up all the cells and everything in them.the cells and everything in them.

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q1dRmbCCO4Yv=Q1dRmbCCO4Y

CARBOHYDRATE StructureCARBOHYDRATE Structure• Only made of Carbon, hydrogen and oxygenOnly made of Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen• The formula: Characteristics in 1:2:1 ratioThe formula: Characteristics in 1:2:1 ratio• The names: most end in “OSE”The names: most end in “OSE”• Shape: Hexagon shape, but check ratios. If Shape: Hexagon shape, but check ratios. If

not listed, each corner of the hexagon is a not listed, each corner of the hexagon is a CARBON.CARBON.

• Monomer: Simple sugar/monosaccharideMonomer: Simple sugar/monosaccharide• Polymer: Polysaccharide.Polymer: Polysaccharide.

Types of CarbohydratesTypes of Carbohydrates• A) Monosaccharide. (aka simple sugar) A) Monosaccharide. (aka simple sugar)

examples: glucose, fructose, galactoseexamples: glucose, fructose, galactose• Interesting notes: All of the above Interesting notes: All of the above

examples have the same molecular examples have the same molecular formula. So how are they different? The formula. So how are they different? The atoms are hooked together differently. atoms are hooked together differently. These are called ISOMERSThese are called ISOMERS

TYPES OF CARBOHYDRATES TYPES OF CARBOHYDRATES (Cont’d)(Cont’d)• DISACCHARIDES ( aka simple DISACCHARIDES ( aka simple

carbohydrate)carbohydrate)• Examples: sucrose, maltose, Examples: sucrose, maltose,

lactoselactose• POLYSACCHARIDES (aka complex POLYSACCHARIDES (aka complex

carbohydrates)carbohydrates)• Examples: Cellulose, glycogen, Examples: Cellulose, glycogen,

chitin, starchchitin, starch

InterestingInteresting• All of those polysaccharide examples are All of those polysaccharide examples are

made of polymers of glucose. made of polymers of glucose. • They differ in the way that the glucose They differ in the way that the glucose

molecules are attached.. Cellulose and molecules are attached.. Cellulose and chitin are STRUCTURAL polymers made chitin are STRUCTURAL polymers made with one type of glucose. Glycogen and with one type of glucose. Glycogen and starch are ENERGY polymers made with starch are ENERGY polymers made with the other form of starch.the other form of starch.

Who cares?Who cares?• Cellulose and chitin are used in Cellulose and chitin are used in

plants and animals for constructing plants and animals for constructing cell walls and exoskeletons. We cell walls and exoskeletons. We don’t have the enzymes that don’t have the enzymes that recognize how the glucose recognize how the glucose molecules are hooked together in molecules are hooked together in this form so we don’t digest these this form so we don’t digest these forms!forms!

Testing for CarbsTesting for Carbs• 1) Iodine test1) Iodine test• Indicates the presence of starch. A Indicates the presence of starch. A

positive test turns purplepositive test turns purple• 2) Benedicts test2) Benedicts test• Indicates the presence of Indicates the presence of

monosaccharides.monosaccharides.• A positive test turns orangishA positive test turns orangish

Put it all together so far..Put it all together so far..• http://www.mindbites.com/lesson/http://www.mindbites.com/lesson/

3956-biology-dehydration-3956-biology-dehydration-synthesis-hydrolysissynthesis-hydrolysis

LIPIDSLIPIDSStructureStructure• How can you tell a lipid apart from other How can you tell a lipid apart from other

molecules? molecules? • Made of Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen AND Made of Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen AND

other elements… typically phosphorus other elements… typically phosphorus and notrogenand notrogen

• Formula: No characteristic ratioFormula: No characteristic ratio• Names: No fancy way to tellNames: No fancy way to tell• Structure: Each of the 3 classes has its Structure: Each of the 3 classes has its

own recognizable shape. (See types)own recognizable shape. (See types)

Lipids (cont’d)Lipids (cont’d)• Monomers: ?Monomers: ?• Polymers: Three kinds of polymersPolymers: Three kinds of polymers• A) fatsA) fats• B) phospholipidsB) phospholipids• C) SteroidsC) Steroids

Types of LipidsTypes of LipidsA) FatsA) FatsMade by attaching the glycerol head to Made by attaching the glycerol head to

the 3 fatty acid tails (aka triglycerides)the 3 fatty acid tails (aka triglycerides)• Dehydration synthesis hooks the tails to Dehydration synthesis hooks the tails to

the headthe head• The fatty acid can be saturated or The fatty acid can be saturated or

unsaturated depending on the presence unsaturated depending on the presence or absence of double bonds.or absence of double bonds.

• Tails can be all saturated, all Tails can be all saturated, all unsaturated or a combination.unsaturated or a combination.

Types of LipidsTypes of LipidsB) PhospholipidsB) Phospholipids• Made by taking off one of the fatty acid Made by taking off one of the fatty acid

tails and replacing it with a molecule tails and replacing it with a molecule known as a “phosphate group”.known as a “phosphate group”.

• By adding this group, a portion of the By adding this group, a portion of the molecule becomes hydrophobic (the tails) molecule becomes hydrophobic (the tails) and portion is now hydrophilic (the head). and portion is now hydrophilic (the head). So what? Now this molecule can be used So what? Now this molecule can be used as a type of sack. When dropped in water, as a type of sack. When dropped in water, they form spheres with the heads facing they form spheres with the heads facing the water and tails facing inside.the water and tails facing inside.

Types of LipidsTypes of LipidsC) SteroidsC) Steroids• Made by combining tons of fatty Made by combining tons of fatty

acids into rings.acids into rings.• Characterized by looking for the Characterized by looking for the

fused rings: (Don’t worry about the fused rings: (Don’t worry about the numbers!)numbers!)

Testing for LipidsTesting for Lipids• 1) Emulsification Test: Forms two 1) Emulsification Test: Forms two

layers when heated in water and layers when heated in water and subsequently having ethanol subsequently having ethanol poured in.poured in.

• 2) Brown Paper Bag Test2) Brown Paper Bag Test• 3) Sudan IV test: Turns red in the 3) Sudan IV test: Turns red in the

presence of a fat.presence of a fat.

PROTEINSPROTEINSStructureStructure• How can you tell proteins apart from How can you tell proteins apart from

other molecules?other molecules?• Made of Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, Made of Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen,

sulfur, etcsulfur, etc• Formula: No characteristic ratioFormula: No characteristic ratio• Name: most end with “-in”Name: most end with “-in”• Structure: Look for the N-C-CStructure: Look for the N-C-C• Monomer: Amino AcidMonomer: Amino Acid• Polymer: Protein or polypeptidePolymer: Protein or polypeptide

ProteinsProteinsLevels of OrganizationLevels of Organization

• 1) Primary structure: A simple chain of 1) Primary structure: A simple chain of monomers. The order the amino acids line up monomers. The order the amino acids line up is dictated by the DNA code.is dictated by the DNA code.

• 2) Secondary Structure: The chain starts to coil 2) Secondary Structure: The chain starts to coil (aka Alpha helices) like a telephone cord. Other (aka Alpha helices) like a telephone cord. Other parts of the chain will accordion fold (aka beta-parts of the chain will accordion fold (aka beta-pleated sheets)pleated sheets)

• KEY Maintain shapes because parts of KEY Maintain shapes because parts of backbone forms H bonds. N from one amino backbone forms H bonds. N from one amino group bonds to O in carboxyl group of the other group bonds to O in carboxyl group of the other amino acidamino acid

Levels of Organization Levels of Organization (cont’d)(cont’d)• 3) Tertiary Structure: The coils and 3) Tertiary Structure: The coils and

pleats now start folding in on each pleats now start folding in on each other.other.

• KEY: shape is maintained by bonding at KEY: shape is maintained by bonding at the R group level! The hydrophobic the R group level! The hydrophobic amino acids will cause the protein to amino acids will cause the protein to bend (during folding) away from the bend (during folding) away from the water. The hydrophilic ones won’t be water. The hydrophilic ones won’t be bothered in the presence of waterbothered in the presence of water

Levels of OrganizationLevels of Organization(Cont’d)(Cont’d)• 4) Quarternary structure: Two 4) Quarternary structure: Two

proteins at the tertiary stage have proteins at the tertiary stage have combined.combined.

Example: HemoglobinExample: Hemoglobin

Testing for proteinsTesting for proteins• 1) Buiret’s test: Turns a pretty 1) Buiret’s test: Turns a pretty

purple if proteins are there.purple if proteins are there.

Nucleic AcidsNucleic AcidsStructureStructure• Monomer: NucleotidesMonomer: Nucleotides• Polymer: DNA or RNAPolymer: DNA or RNA• Testing? Don’t worry about it!Testing? Don’t worry about it!

Identify these Identify these macromolecules!macromolecules!