maharashtra state board of technical...

MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION (Autonomous) (ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2005 Certified) __________________________________________________________________________________________________

SUMMER– 14 EXAMINATION

Subject Code: 0807 Model Answer Page No: 01/ 24

Important Instructions to examiners:

1) The answers should be examined by key words and not as word-to-word as given in the

model answer scheme.

2) The model answer and the answer written by candidate may vary but the examiner may try

to assess the understanding level of the candidate.

3) The language errors such as grammatical, spelling errors should not be given more

Importance (Not applicable for subject English and Communication Skills.

4) While assessing figures, examiner may give credit for principal components indicated in the

figure. The figures drawn by candidate and model answer may vary. The examiner may give

credit for any

equivalent figure drawn.

5) Credits may be given step wise for numerical problems. In some cases, the assumed constant

values may vary and there may be some difference in the candidate’s answers and model answer.

6) In case of some questions credit may be given by judgement on part of examiner of relevant

answer based on candidate’s understanding.

7) For programming language papers, credit may be given to any other program based on

equivalent concept.


SUMMER – 14 EXAMINATION

Subject Code: 0807 Model Answer Page No: 02/24

1.Answer any ten of the following:(Each question carries 2 marks)

a)Write about:(1 mark each)

i)Analecta pharmacognostica:

In 1815(A.D), a German scientist C.A.Seydler in his doctoral thesis " Analecta

Pharmacognistica ",first time coined the term Pharmacognosy by combining two Greek

words

1) Pharmakon: - Drug

2) Gignosco: - To acquire knowledge of

ii)Sushruta Samhita:

Sushruta samhita is the oldest treaty of Ayurveda that describes the procedures in surgery

b) Define Antiseptics and disinfectants (1 mark for each definition)

i) Antiseptics: Antiseptics are the chemical sterilizing agents which are used to kill pathogenic

microbes or for prevention of their growth.

ii) Disinfectants are the substances which kill bacteria and their spores they are mainly used to

make a surface free from pathogenic microorganisms.

c) Mention the synonym for following crude drugs (1/2 mark for each)

i) Digitalis:Fox glove leaves,Folia Digitalis

ii) Ephedra:Ma-Huang, Ephedra stem

iii) Pterocarpus:Indian Kinotree,Bijasal,Malabar Kinoj,Asana, Rakta chandan(Any one of

these)

iv) Rauwolfia:Sarpagandha,Indian Snake root,Chhotachand, Pagla ka dawa, Rauwolfia

root(Any one of these)




d)Name the crude druge which contain following constituents:

i)Allicin- Garlic OR allium sativum

ii) Linamarin- Linseed oil/flax seed/ Linum usitatissium

iii) Eugenol- Clove/ Eugenia caryophyllus

v) Withaferin- Ashwagandha/ Withania somnifera

e) Mention one example of crude drug from each of the following family (1/2 mark for

each)

i) Apidae:Honey/beeswax

ii) Bovidae:Woolfat/wool

iii) Convolvulaceae:Shankhpushpi

iv) Nyctaginaceae:Punarnava.

f) Draw a well-labelled diagram showing external characters of Ginger Rhizome.

g) Give one example of fibres regenerated from carbohydrate material and

protein material each.

i) Fibres regenerated from carbohydrate material: Alginate yarn, Artificial silk or

rayon or regenerated cellulose. (1 mark)




ii) Fibres regenerated from protein material: Aridil from groundnut protein and

fabrolin from milk casein. . (1 mark)

h) Name the crude drug for following use :( 1/2 mark for each)

i) Anti-tussive:Vasaka,tolu balsam,tulsi, Peru balsam

ii)Antileprotic:Chaulmoogra oil

iii)Braintonic:Shankhapushpi

iv)Dental Analgesic:Clove

i)Differentiate between leaf and leaflets(1/2 mark for each point)

Leaf Leaflet

In the case of leaves,bud or branch is present in

the axil

It is absent in the leaflets

Leaves are arranged spirally and they are

solitary in nature

Leaflets are arranged in pairs

Leaves are in different planes. Leaflets are in the same plane

Leaves are generally symmetrical at the

bases,e.g digitalis,belladonna,vasaka

Leaflets are assymetrical at the bases,e.g

senna,neem,rose

j) Give biological source and uses of drug which is used as 'antitumour'

Vinca:

Biological Source: -It is dried whole plant of Catharanthus roseus, family: Apocynaceae (1 mark)

Uses :( 1/2 mark for each use. Any two of the following can be considered)

1.Vincristine is used in Leukemia




2.Vinblastine is used in treatment of generalised Hodgkin’s disease & chorionepithelioma

3.It also has hypotensive and anti diabetic activity.

k) Which parts of the plant is used as a drug in case of, (1/2 mark for each)

1. Ajowan:Dried ripe fruits

2. Garlic:Bulbs

3. Ephedra:Dried young stems

4. Liquorice:Dried peeled and unpeeled roots and stolons

l) Write the Biological source of Hydrous wool fat-and turmeric.

a) Hydrous wool fat:(1 mark)

Biological Source:- It is purified fat like substances obtained from the wool of sheep Ovis aries

Family- Bovidae

b) Turmeric: (1 mark)

It consists of the dried as well as, fresh rhizomes of Curcuma longa, family:Zingiberaceae.

Q.2 Answer any three of the following. (4 marks each)

a) Define volatile oil. Explain methods of isolation of Volatile oils.

(Definition 1 mark , Any three methods of isolation 3 marks ,1 mark each.)

Volatile oils are odourous and colourless principles of plants and animal sources which get

evaporated when exposed to air.

Methods of isolation:

1. Distillation Method

2. Solvent Extraction

3. Ecuelle Method

4. Enfleurage Method




5. Mechanical method-sponge method

a) DISTILLATION

Most of the oils are obtained by distillation which is of following 3 types

1. water distillation

2. water and steam distiilation

3. Direct steam distillation

1.water distillation -is mostly applicable to such plant material, which is dried initially in

air and the constituents are not degraded by boiling upto 1000C

e.g Turpentine oil

2.water and steam distiilation – It is often suitable for such plant material whether fresh

or dried the constituents of which undergo degradation by direct boiling e .g Clove oil

3.Direct steam distillation- it is invariably applicable to fresh drugs that is loaded with

sufficient natural moisture and hence no maceration is required e.q. peppermint oil.

b)Solvent Extraction

Extraction is done by using some organic solvents like ether, benzene,petroleum etc.

c) Ecuelle Method

In this method the oil cells of the citrus fruits are ruptured mechanically using pointed

projections and thus citrus oil is extracted.

d) Enfleurage Method: - it is used in the extraction of delicate perfumes.The fresh flower

petals are spread on a fatty material. The spread petals are exhausted after sometime as

the fatty material absorbs the oil. these exhausted petals are replaced by fresh petals and

then the oil is collected from the fatty material.




b) Draw a well labeled diagram of T.S of Datura and describe it. (Diagram with

labeling-2 marks, Description- 2 marks)

Lamina: Dorsiventral nature

Upper epidermis: Straight walls, 600-1100 cells/sq.mm, single layered, rectangular.

Trichomes: covering:Uniseriate,multicellular,waxy ,blunt tip.

Glandular trichomes:Stalk ,unicellular,head 2-4 celled.

Stomata-cruciferous or unequal celled.

MESOPHYL.:

Palisade: Single layered,compact cells,radially elongated,covering 2-5th of lamina.

Spongy parenchyma: 6-8 layers, loosely arranged, intercellular spaces,cluster

crystals,Micro-sphenoidal crystals and vascular strands are found in upper layers.




Lower Epidermis: Similar to upper epidermis, stomata and numerous trichomes are seen:

wavy walls and cuticle 700 – 1250 cells/sq.mm.

MIDRIB:

Epidermis :Epidermal layers are continuous.

Collenchyma: Below upper and above lower epidermis.

Vascular Bundle: Xylem: Lignified

Phloem: Non lignified

Collenchyma: Thick walled cellulosic cells.

c) Describe the method of collection and preparation for market of Rauwolfia.

(4marks)

Collection : Rauwolfia roots are harvested during autumn from 3-4 years old plant ,as it

consists of higher proportion of alkaloids during winter ,When the shrub is about 1m in

height with white or rose coloured flowesr and purplish black fruits and plants are about

3-4 years ,the roots which penetrate the soil deeply are cut ,washed properly so as to

remove earthy matter and dried in air and packed in air tight container.

Care is taken to keep the root bark intact as the bark has higher alkaloidal content.




d) Define evaluation .Give the significance of total ash content and optical

rotation.(definition of evaluation1 mark,1/2 mark each for explaining the terms i.e.

ash value and optical rotation and 1 mark each for their significance)

Drug evaluation means confirmation of its identity & determination of its quality & purity.(1

mark)

a) Total ash of the drug is inclusive of ‘Physiological ash’ as well as non- physiological ash.

Physiological ash is derived from the plant tissues, while non- physiological ash consists of

residue of the extrenous matter (such as sand, soil etc.) adhering to the herb itself. Thus it

consists of carbonates,phosphates and silicates.(1/2 mark)

or

1) Total ash- Ash value is the residue which remains after incineration of the crude

drug.During ash formation, the organic matter is burned and ash consists of carbonates,

phosphates and silicates.

Any variation in ash value indicates that the drug is adulterated and is not in pure state.

Significance: (1 mark)

1.It is a criterion to judge the identity or purity of crude drugs.

2. It is used to determine quantitatively organic matter present in the crude drug.

Optical Rotation: The substance which has the ability to rotate the plane of polarized light in

pur state,or in a solution , is an optically active .The phenomenon is known as optical rotation.

(1/2 mark)

Significance: (1 mark)

Most volatile oils contain optically active components and with the help of optical rotation we

come to know that substance is leavorotatry or dextrorotatry.




Q.3 Answer any three of the following. (4 marks for each)

a) Explain chemical classification of natural drugs. (Each point carries 1 mark)

Ans- In this method of classification , natural drugs are classified according to chemical

components present in drugs.

It is useful for phytochemical studies of crude drugs.

Type of Chemicals Examples of crude drugs( any 2 examples)

Alkaloids Cinchona, nux-vomica, vinca, ipecac, belladonna,

opium, etc.

Glycosides Digitalis, senna, aloe, liquorice, etc.

Tannins Catechu, kino

Resin and its combinations Benzoin, tolu balsam, asafetida, myrrh

Volatile oil Clove, fennel, peppermint, etc.

Carbohydrates & derived products Agar, honey, starch, acacia,etc.

This type of classification is not useful for placement of drugs containing two different types of

chemicals.

b) Define Drug adulteration. Describe any three methods of adulteration with suitable

examples. (Definition 1 mark & each method with example carries 1 mark)

Definition - Adulteration is the debasement of an article.




Methods of Adulteration:

1. Replacement by exhausted drugs

Ex.1.Exhausted saffron is coloured artificially

2.Ginger is mixed with starch & coloured.

2. Substitution with superficially similar but inferior drugs

Ex.1. Adulteration of cloves by mother cloves.

2. Saffron with dried flower of carthamus tinctorius.

3. Substitution by artificially manufactured substituent

Ex.1. Paraffin wax is tinged yellow & substituted for yellow bees wax.

2. Artificial invert sugar is mixed with honey.

4. Substitution by sub- standard commercial varieties

Ex.1. capsicum frutescens( capsicum minimum), substituted by capsicum annum.

2. Alexandrian senna with Arabian senna.

3. Strychnos nux-vomica adulterated with Strychnos nux-blanda/ S. potatorum seeds.

5. Presence of organic matter obtained from the same plant

Ex.1. clove are mixed with clove stalks.

2. Caraway & Anethum fruits are mixed with other parts of inflorescence




6. Synthetic chemical

Ex.1. Benzyl benzoate to balsam of peru.

2. Citral to oil of lemon grass.

7. Waste from market

Ex.1. Limestone in asafoetida.

2. Pieces of amber coloured glass in colophony.

c) Define with example each :( Each definition carries ½ mark and example carries ½

mark.)

1) Extracts: It is the product obtained by boiling crude drugs with water and separating it

from marc by filteration.

Ex. Catechu, sodium alginate(algin), gelatin and agar.

2) Juices: is a liquid obtained by making incision from or naturally present in fruit, leaves

and other parts of plants.

Ex. Aloes, kino.

3) Latex: is a product contained in special secretory tissues of certain plants. When a

superficial incision is given on unripe fruits/capsules, a milky latex is come out , which is an

aqueous suspension of gums, starch and resin.

Ex. Opium, papain.

4) Balsam: It is an aromatic resinous substances of plant origin containing balsamic acid i.e.

a combination of benzoic acid and cinnamic acid.

Ex. Balsam of tolu, benzoin, balsam of peru.




d) Explain identification of Alkaloids by precipitation method.(Each method carries 1

mark.)

Ans- Chemical tests for alkaloids

1. Mayer’s (Potassium mercuric iodide)

Cream or pale yellow ppt.

2. Dragendorff’s (Potassium bismuth iodide)

Brown or reddish brown colour or ppt.

3. Wagner’s (Iodine in Potassium iodide),

Brown or reddish brown colour or ppt.

4. Hager’s reagent (Saturated solution of picric acid)

Yellow ppt.

Q. 4 Answer any three of the following. . (4 marks for each)

a) What are Tannins? Classify them.(Definition 1mark and each class carries 1 mark.)

Ans- Tannins: They are high molecular weight phenolic compounds capable of precipitation

of animal proteins in hides and converting them into leather.

Classification of Tannins:

True Tannins(High molecular weight compounds)

Hydrolysable Tannins(Pyrogallol)

Condensed Tannins(Catechol)

PseudotanninsLow molecular weight compounds

e.g. Gallic acid, Flavan-3,4-diol




1) Pyrogallol Tannins: Composed of central sugars with all its OH esterified with Phenolic

acids (gallic or ellagic acid).

They can be hydrolyzed by acids or enzymes and produce

1) Gallic acid and is known as Gallitannins. (Ex.Clove, rhubarb)

2) Ellagic acid and is known as .Ellagitannins. (Ex. myrobalans, pomegranate bark)

- Produce pyrogallol on dry distillation.

2) Catechol (Condensed) Tannins: Condensation product of Flavan-3,4-diol.

They resist hydrolysis.

- Upon prolonged heating they decompose into Phlobaphene (reddish color).

- Produce catechol on dry distillation.

- Present in Cinchona, Cinnamon, Green tea.

3) Pseudo Tannins: These are low molecular weight compounds.

They do not respond to Gold beaters skin test.

b) Give the chemical constituents and uses of curcuma and papaya.(Chemical constituents

1 mark for each drug & Uses carries 1 mark for each drug.)

Curcuma Chemical constituents:

Vol.oil(5%): sesquiterpenes, alcohol & ketone

Monoterpene: zingiberone, turmerone, artumerone, alcohol-p-tolylmethyl, carbenol, cineole,

borneol etc. Curcuminoids( Yellow colour sub.)-Curcumin Also contain arabinose, fructose,

glucose & starch grain




Uses: (any 2 uses)

1. Stomachic, carminative, antiseptic, expectorant.

2. Used as a condiment or spice & colouring agent.

3. Also used in menstrual pain & liver disease.

4. Chemically used for detection of Boric acid.

Papaya Chemical constituents: Papaya latex contain proteolytic enzymes i.e. Papain &

chymopapain, which acts on polypeptides & amides.

Uses : (any 2 uses )

1.Papain is proteolytic enzyme that tenderises meat & act as clarifying agent in many food

industry.

2.It is a common ingredient of brewery industry.

3.These are used in the care of some chronic wounds to clean up dead tissue.

4.It is an ingredient in some toothpastes or mints as teeth ‐ whitener




C) Compare the Borntrager’s test and modified Borntrager’s test for Anthraquinone

glycosides.(Each differentiating point carries 1mark.)

Sr.No. Borntrager’s test Modified Borntrager’s test

1 Use for determination of

anthraquinone glycosides.

Use for determination of C-

glycosides.

2 Applicable for senna and rhubarb Applicable for aloes.

3 In this test acid hydrolysis is

required.

In this test oxidative hydrolysis is

required.

4 Test: Powdered senna +Dil.

H2SO4, boiled, cool & filter +

CHCl3 To the CHCl3 Layer add

ammonia solution

Ammoniacal Layer shows Pink-

Red Color

Test: Rhubarb powder+ Fecl3 + Hcl,

Heat &Filtrate+CCl4+ Dil. Ammonia

Ammoniacal Layer shows Cherry

Red Color




d) Describe the ‘Life cycle of Ergot’.(Diagram 1 mark & each stage carries 1 mark.)

Ans-

Ergot is a fungal growth. The life cycle of ergot contains three stages:

1)Ascospore stage

2) Asexual stage/Honey dew stage

3) Sexual stage

Ascospore stage: The sclerotia produced in late summer and fall on the ground. In damp

condition these sclerotia germinate to produce small purple colour stalks(stroma), which on

further growth form a flattened spherical head at the top. These head contain several flask shape

cavities which are known as perithecia.




Asexual stage: Each perithecium contains several elongated asci. Each ascus contains eight

elongated thread like ascospores. These ascospores dispersed by air current. The dispersed

ascospores entangled with the feathery stigmas of host and produce mycelia which penetrate the

ovary. The mycelia give rise to conidia, produce from the surface of the ovary. The honey dew is

sweet in taste and attract the insects. Along with honey dew, conidia are carried from one place

to another by insects.

Sexual stage: Hyphae penetrate deeply into the ovary and develop into a mass covering the

entire ovary which results in the formation of elongated sclerotium. Sclerotium developes further

and fall on the ground, and next cycle begins.

Q.5 Answer any THREE of the following.(4 marks each)

a) Define surgical dressings. What are the official requirements of surgical dressings? (1

mark for definition, official requirement -3 marks, each requirement 1/2 mark)

Definition -Surgical dressings are used to include all the materials either used alone or in

combination to cover the wound.

Official Requirements:

1. They should be sterile before use.

2. They should be stored in a dry well ventilated place at a temp not exceeding 250c.

3. Permitted antiseptic should be used in prescribed concentration.

4. Adhesive products should not be allowed to freeze.

5. There should not be any loose thread, fibre ends in the dressings.

6. They should be dyed unless mention in the monograph.




b) Name the drug used as ‘Antirheumatics’.Give the biological source, Chemical

constitute and uses of it.(For the name of the any one drug, biological source,Chemical

constitute and uses-1 mark each)

. Guggul,/Cholchicum (any one of these two)

Guggul

Biological source: It is the oleo-gum resin obtained by giving incision on the bark of the

plant Commiphora weightii / Commiphora mukul Family – Burseraceae

Chemical constituents-60% gum, 30% resin, 0.5 to 1.5% volatile oil, 5% moisture, 3-4%

foreign organic matter.Volatile oil- myrcene, dimyrcene, polymyrcene & caryophyllene.

The resin contains therapeutically active steroids as shown below



Subject Code: 0807 Model Answer Page No:20/ 24

Uses-

1. Anti inflammatory

2. Antirheumatic,

3. Hypolipidemic &

4. Hypo cholesteremic drug

Colchicum

Biological source - It consists of dried seeds of the plant Colchicum luteum Baker Family-

Liliaceae

Chemical constituents-Alkaloids- colchicine & demecolcine,Colchicoresin, starch, & 5%

fixed oil

Uses-

• Gout & rheumatism

• Seed can control malignant tumour

• Used to cause polyploidy

• In the cultivation of medicinal plant.

c) Enlist adulterants and substitute of Digitalis.(4 marks)

a)Mullein leaves (Verbascum thapsis)

b)Primrose (Primula vulgaris )

c)Comfrey leaves (Symphytum officinale )




d)What are Antimalarials?Write biological source ,Chemical constitute of crude

drug used in the treatment of malaria.

(definition-1 mark , biological source ,Chemical constituents -1 1/2 mark each)

Definition :-The drugs which are used in the treatment of malaria are known as

antimalarials.

Cinchona

Biological source. - It is the dried bark of cultivated trees of Cinchona calisaya, Cinchona

ledgeriana, Cinchona officinalis, Cinchona succirubra or hybrid of either of the last two

species with either of the first two Family– Rubiaceae

Chemical Constituents-

Alkaloids- quinine, quinidine, cinchonine, cinchonidine

Glycosides- quinovin, cinchofulvic, cinchotannic & quinic acids.

Cinchona red, tannins, calcium oxalate & starch

Q.6 Explain chemical tests for following crude drugs (any four) (3marks each)

a)Acacia (any 3 tests -1mark each)

i) Solution of lead sub-acetate gelatinizes the aqueous solution of Indian gum.

ii) It does not produce pink colour with ruthenium red.

iii) Hydrolyse the aqueous solution of gum with dilute hydrochloric acid by boiling. To

it add Fehling solution A & B & heat again. Red precipitate is observed.

iv) To 0.1gm powder, add 1ml of N/50 iodine . Mixture dose not acquire crimson colour.




v) Aqueous solution of drug is treated with dilute hydrochloric acid & heated. To it

barium chloride solution is added. No precipitate is formed.

vi) Aqueous solution of drug is treated with 0.5ml of solution of benzidine in

alcohol.shake it well. Blue colour is produced.

b)Benzoin (any 3 tests -1mark each)

i) To a solution of benzoin in alcohol add water. Solution becomes milky & acidic to litmus

ii) To the drug add solvent ether, decant ether layer & to it add 2/3 drops of H2SO4

A deep reddish brown colour in case of Sumatra Benzoin .

A deep purplish-red colour in case of Siam Benzoin.

iii) Heat Benzoin in a test tube with solution of KmnO4, it develops Strong odour of

benzaldehyde.

iv)To the alcoholic solution of Benzoin add FeCl3,Green colour develops in case of Sumatra

Benzoin.

v)Heat small quantity of benzoin in dry test, cover the opening of test tube with clean dry glass

slide,cool it and observe glass slide under microscope ,cinnamicacid crystals are observed.

c) Guggul. (1 ½ mark each)

1. To the ethyl acetate extract of guggul add acetic anhydride, boil, cool & add 2ml of

sulphuric acid , green colour develops at junction due to steroids.

2. When triturated with water it forms yellowish brown emulsion.




d) Nux vomica(any 3 tests -1mark each)

Test Observation Inference

T. S. of drug + ammonium

vanadate + H2SO4

Endosperm stained purple

Strychnine present

T. S. of drug + Pot.

Dichromate + H2SO4

Endosperm stained Violet color Strychnine present

T. S. + Conc. HNO3

Endosperm stained Yellow to

Orange

Brucine present

T.S + test solution of

Thionine ,wait for 10 mins

wash with alcohol

Bluish violet Lignified cells

e) Shark liver oil(1 ½ mark each)

1. Dissolve 1 gm of Shark liver oil in 1ml of Chloroform And treat with 0.5 ml of H2So4 . It

acquires light violet colour changing to purple and finally to brown due to Vit. A

2.Dissolve the drug in 10 ml of Chloroform and treat with saturated solution of antimony

trichloride in chloroform ,Shake it well , A blue color is develop due to Vit A




f) Wool (any 3 tests -1mark each)

i)Wool is insoluble in 66% sulphuric acid , concentrated hydrochloric acid & Cuoxam

reagent..

ii) When lead acetate is added to solution of wool in caustic soda, a black precipitate is

formed owing to high sulphur content amino acid.

iii) Wool hairs are stained with ammonical copper oxide solution.

iv) Wool hair is soluble in 1.25M sodium hydroxide solution.

v) Moisten wool with N/50 iodine solution followed by drop of 8% w/w sulphuric acid

solution, yellow colour is produced.

vi) Warm with picric acid solution, permanent yellow colour is produced.

vii) Warm with millon’s reagent, red stain is produced.

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