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Maine Potato Breeding Program 2010 Growing Season Final Report January 2011 Gregory Porter • Garland Grounds • Tammy Mills Department of Plant, Soil & Environmental Sciences University of Maine Orono, ME 04469 Aroostook Research Farm 59 Houlton Road Presque Isle, ME 04769 AF3362-1 AF4545-1 Harvest and Selection, Second- year Russets and Longs, 2010 Seedling Tuber Harvest, Fall 2010 Harvest of Second-year Russets and Longs

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Maine Potato Breeding Program2010 Growing Season

Final Report • January 2011

Gregory Porter • Garland Grounds • Tammy Mills

Department of Plant, Soil & Environmental Sciences

University of MaineOrono, ME 04469

Aroostook Research Farm

59 Houlton Road

Presque Isle, ME 04769

AF3362-1

AF4545-1

Harvest and Selection, Second-year Russets and

Longs, 2010

Seedling Tuber Harvest, Fall 2010

Harvest of Second-year Russets and Longs

Description of Advanced Selections from the University of Maine Potato Breeding

Program (updated January 2011):

Current Top Advanced Prospects for Commercialization. Seed of these clones is

currently available from the Maine Seed Potato Board, Maine seed growers, and/or

Aroostook Research Farm. Additional clones in each marketing class will become

available over the coming years. For more information on these clones, seed availability,

or research results please contact Greg Porter; 5722 Deering Hall, Room 114; University

of Maine, Orono, ME 04469-5722; (207)581-2943; [email protected]

AF0338-17 (AF303-5 x SA8211-6), a widely-adapted, mid-season, high yielding,

round white for out-of-field chipping and fresh market. It has performed well in

the S.E. and mid-Atlantic states with U.S.#1 yields averaging 96% of Atlantic.

Specific gravity has averaged 4 points lower than Atlantic. AF0338-17 has

chipped well from the field and has had much lower incidence of internal defects

than Atlantic. It is moderately susceptible to scab, but has verticillium resistance.

Seed Availability: Maine Seed Potato Board N2 seed (19 cwt) and disease-free

plantlets or minitubers; ~30 cwt of University of Maine seed.

AF2291-10 (SA8211-6 x EB8109-1), a chipping prospect for northern areas.

AF2291-10 has high specific gravity, moderate scab resistance, and medium-late

to late vine maturity. It has chipped from June storage in Ontario trials and may

be named and released in 2011. It can be prone off shapes and has blackspot

bruise susceptibility similar to Snowden. It is not well adapted to production in

the S.E. states. Seed Availability: Maine certified seed (see ME seed book),

Maine Seed Potato Board N2 (81 cwt) seed tubers and disease-free plantlets or

minitubers; ~190 cwt of University of Maine seed.

AF2574-1 (AF2153-2 OP), a fresh-market white with moderate late blight

resistance. AF2574-1 is late maturing and has good internal quality and high

yields. U.S.#1 yields have averaged ~120% of standard round-white varieties

(Atlantic and Katahdin) in Maine trials. Tuber sizing is good, but external

appearance has been inconsistent. It is not well adapted to production in the S.E.

and mid-Atlantic states. AF2574-1 is moderately susceptible to scab. It has been

commercially tested in Northern Me for two years with good results. Seed

Availability: Maine Seed Potato Board N2 seed (17 cwt) and disease-free

plantlets or minitubers; ~60 cwt of University of Maine seed.

AF3001-6 (Silverton Russet x AF1668-60), a widely adapted, late maturing, long-

white with netted skin, very good fry color, and high yields. AF3001-6 is very

good baked, boiled, and mashed. U.S.#1 yields have averaged ~127% of standard

russeted varieties (usually Russet Burbank) in Maine trials. Specific gravity is

moderate (average of 1.086 in ME trials) and fry color from storage has been

excellent. It is moderately susceptible to scab, but has good verticillium

resistance. Seed Availability: Maine Seed Potato Board N2 seed (13 cwt) and

disease-free plantlets or minitubers; ~35 cwt of University of Maine seed.

1

AF3317-15 (AWN86514-2 x Reeves Kingpin), a long russet with late blight

resistance and potential for fresh market and processing. AF3317-15 is very good

baked and mashed. AF3317-15 has very late vine maturity and long tubers with

russeted skin. It can yield well when given a long growing season, but needs a lot

of time to develop and mature tubers. Specific gravity is moderate (average of

1.085 in ME trials) and fry color from storage has been fair to good. It has

resistance to late blight, common scab, and pink rot. Seed Availability: Maine

Seed Potato Board disease-free plantlets or minitubers; ~16 cwt of University of

Maine seed.

AF3362-1 (Reeves Kingpin x Silverton Russet), a mid-season, long russet with

good yields, processing potential, and fair to good appearance. AF3362-1 is very

good baked and mashed. U.S.#1 yields have averaged ~110% of standard

russeted varieties (usually Russet Burbank) in Maine trials. Specific gravity is

moderate (average of 1.084 in ME trials) and fry color from storage has been

mostly good. It has moderate scab resistance. AF3362-1 is susceptible to internal

heat necrosis and should not be grown in the S.E. states or other areas where this

defect is frequently observed. Seed Availability: Certified Maine Seed (see ME

seed book), Maine Seed Potato Board disease-free plantlets or minitubers; ~50

cwt of University of Maine seed.

2

2010 University of Maine Potato Breeding Program

Aroostook Research Farm

Presque Isle, ME 04769

Personnel. Greg Porter, Ph.D., Agronomist and Maine Potato Breeding Program Project

Leader, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469-5722 ([email protected]). Garland

Grounds, Scientific Technician, Aroostook Research Farm. Tammy Mills, Scientific

Technician, Aroostook Research Farm.

Introduction. The University of Maine Potato Breeding Program uses traditional plant

breeding to create, select, and develop new potato varieties for Maine and elsewhere.

The objective of this research is to develop and select new potato varieties which will

provide those opportunities to the Maine Potato Industry. During 2010, our research

effort by market category was as follows: 60% russets and long-whites for processing

and/or fresh market; 30% whites for chipping and/or fresh market; and 10% reds and

specialty varieties. The Maine breeding program is the only eastern U.S. program with

an emphasis on russets and long-whites with processing and fresh market potential.

Priorities in the area of disease resistance were: late blight, scab, and pink rot. Although

these diseases were our top priorities, our work on disease and pest resistance also

included efforts to develop varieties with resistance to: PVY, PLRV, verticillium wilt,

fusarium dry rot, nematodes, bruising, internal defects, insects, etc.

Progress on Russets/Long White. We have four advanced clones (AF3000-1, AF3001-6,

AF3317-15, and AF3362-1) in processing trials with McCain Foods and more than a

dozen promising candidate clones immediately behind these. McCain Foods provides

key collaboration in the selection phase, through processing quality evaluations at their

technology center, and to champion adoption of the most promising clones. More

detailed information on three of these clones is provided later in the report.

Progress on Whites and Chippers. AF0338-17 is being tested as an alternative to

Atlantic in the S.E. states. It combines high yields, good out-of-field chipping, and much

less internal heat necrosis and hollow heart than Atlantic. AF2291-10 is completing its

third year in the national snack food trials. It is a “northern chipper” and has high

gravity, good early blight resistance, moderate scab resistance, and generally good yields.

AF2574-1 is in its second year of commercial trials in northern Maine. It is a fresh-

market white with very high yields, good internal quality, and late blight resistance.

Additional promising clones are coming along behind these three clones. More detailed

information on three of these clones is provided later in the report.

Progress on Reds and Specialty Types. Growers have expressed a strong interest in new

red varieties that have smooth skin, attractive appearance when grown on our soils, and

the ability to hold their color in storage. Reds are a critical component of the seed potato

market and new, well-adapted reds will provide opportunities for our seed growers,

especially in VA, NC, FL, and other southern states. Varieties in these classes provide

an opportunity for market differentiation and new, higher-value markets for Maine

potatoes. This is a new component of the breeding program which was established based

3

on grower input. Red-skinned, greenhouse-grown seedling tubers brought in from WI,

ND, and ID have been screened in ME since 2008 and entered testing in FL, NC, and NJ

during 2010. Several are showing excellent potential and the most promising will be

advanced to expanded research trials during 2011. I hope to have the very best of these

out into grower trials within a few years. Yellow-fleshed and other specialty types are

also in various stages of selection and development. Progress of Disease Resistance. Advanced clones in our program typically have

resistance to several important potato pests. As examples, McCain Foods had three of

our clones in 2010 commercial strip trials: AF3362-1 has resistance to scab as well as

excellent bruise resistance; AF3001-6 has excellent verticillium resistance, while

AF3317-15 has very good resistance to late blight, scab, and pink rot. AF2574-1, a

round-white in commercial trials since 2009 has good late blight resistance and very high

yields. Progress in breeding for late blight resistance has been dramatic. We currently

have 58 late blight resistant, third-year or more advanced clones moving through the

program and more coming behind them. The clones will be moved forward based on

field performance and either developed for commercial release or used as breeding

material to produce future commercially valuable cultivars with good field resistance to

late blight. These cultivars would reduce the vulnerability of the crop to losses from late

blight and would potentially allow growers to reduce their fungicide costs. Screening for

late blight resistance is a collaborative effort between our program and Dr. Barbara

Christ’s program at Penn State.

Pink rot resistance screening is conducted by Dr. Dave Lambert using an inoculated, field

evaluation procedure. Five of 13 advanced AF clones has moderate to good pink rot

resistance in 2010 trials. These clones were: AF2291-10, AF3325-1, AF3317-15,

AF3327-28, and AF4047-2. Dr. Lambert and Dr. Benildo de los Reyes continue to work

on developing inheritance and marker-based selection information for pink rot resistance

using several breeding families generated and maintained by our breeding program.

Many of the parents used in our crosses have resistance to golden nematode (Ro1).

Screening for golden nematode (Ro1) resistance is conducted by Dr. Xiaohong Wang

from the USDA-ARS, Ithaca, NY. During 2010, 92 of 110 fourth-year and more

advanced AF clones had resistance to golden nematode (Ro1). Screening for bacterial

ring rot symptom expression is conducted by Dr. Dave Lambert, University of Maine.

The results of all of the disease screening trials are used to help determine which clones

to advance toward cultivar release and which clones to use as parents in our crossing

program.

Common scab resistance is a high priority for the breeding program. Resistance

screening is conducted each year in inoculated trials. During 2010, 26 of 93 clones

screened were rated either MR or R to common scab. Verticillium wilt resistance

screening is conducted each year in inoculated trials. During 2010, 119 of 243 clones

screened were rated either MR or R to verticillium wilt.

Processing and Cooking Quality Screening Trials. Chip color and French fry quality

evaluations are conducted by the breeding program staff. Tuber glycoalkaloid screening

is conducted by Brian Perkins, University of Maine Department of Food Science and

4

Human Nutrition. Advanced selections are screened for boiled quality (after-cooking

darkening and sloughing) by the Department of Food Sciences and Human Nutrition

(M.E. Camire, A. Bushway, and K.Davis Dentici). They also conduct baked quality

evaluations using sensory panels.

Breeding and Selection Approach. Crossing takes place at Aroostook Research Farm

using parents from our program, Cornell University, USDA-ARS, as well as named

varieties. We generate true potato seed from the crosses and use these seeds to produce

greenhouse seedling tubers. Excess greenhouse tubers are exchanged with the USDA-

ARS Idaho, North Dakota, and Wisconsin breeding programs to gain access to russets,

reds, and chippers that will strengthen our program’s ability to provide new varieties for

the Maine industry.

Field selection initially takes place in Northern Maine; however, second- through fourth-

year material is quickly advanced to multi-site field testing in ME, NY, NJ, PA, OH, NC,

FL, and beyond to determine the range of adaptation and assure relatively consistent

performance over production environments. We work with growers and processors to

commercially test the most promising clones and determine which merit commercial

release.

Crosses conducted in the Aroostook Research Farm greenhouse during spring 2010

resulted in 112 families and 73,000 true potato seed (TPS). The top priorities

represented in the 2010 crosses were improved russet, processing, and chipping clones,

especially with late blight resistance. Seedling tubers (44,674) from prior ME crosses

and from germplasm exchanges with other breeding programs (WI, USDA-ARS, VA,

and ND) were planted in the field and selected for performance under ME growing

conditions. We selected 1407 (3.1%) for continued evaluation in 2011. By category the

selections were as follows: 643 (45%) round to oblong white-skinned potatoes for fresh

and/or chipping markets; 191 (14%) red- or purple-skinned potatoes for fresh market or

processing; and 573 (41%) long-tuber-type whites and russets for fresh and/or processing

markets. The selection of 14% red- or purple-skinned potatoes is a marked change for

the program and reflects grower interest in developing red-skinned varieties with

excellent appearance under ME conditions.

A total of 219 second-year clones were selected during fall 2010 (219 out of 966, 22.7%).

Of the selections, 88 (40%) were russets or long whites. There were 92 round-whites

selections (42%) and 39 (18%) were red-skinned or specialty clones. Many of these

clones were derived from parents with late blight and/or other key disease resistance

traits. Chip/fry color was used as a selection criterion for the whites and russets. The

219 selected second-year clones will be advanced to 3rd

year testing during 2010.

Fifteen of 33 (45%) advanced selections (6th

year or older clones) were retained for

further evaluation in ME and elsewhere during 2011. The advanced clones that have

been selected to date are distributed as follows: 9 russets and long whites (60%), 5 round-

whites (33%), and 1 yellow-fleshed (7%). Nineteen of 29 (66%) intermediate selections

(5th

year clones) were retained for further evaluation during 2011. These were distributed

as follows: 8 russets and long whites (42%), 11 round-whites (58%), and 0 colored skin

or specialty clones (0%). Thirty-three of 68 (48%) 4th

year clones were retained for

5

further evaluation during 2011. These were distributed as follows: 18 russets and long

whites (55%), 14 round-whites (42%), and 1 colored skin or specialty clone (3%).

Eighty-five of 153 (56%) 3rd

year clones were retained for further evaluation during

2011. These were distributed as follows: 28 russets and long whites (33%), 38 round-

whites (45%), and 18 colored skin or specialty clone (21%).

Minitubers, N1, or N2 seed of the following advanced clones are available from the

Maine Seed Potato Board or will become available after the 2011 harvest: AF2291-10,

AF2574-1, AF0338-17, AF3001-6, AF3317-15, and AF3362-1.

Licensing/Royalties/Commercialization. Most releases to date have been Public

Releases (the exception was Reeves Kingpin, licensed initially to McCain Foods).

Policies of U.S. Breeding Programs have changed dramatically with Plant Variety

Protection and most are now protected and require licensing and royalties. Most future

releases from the Maine Breeding Program are likely to be via licensing with highly

favorable terms for Maine growers and/or companies. I have worked with stakeholders

and my potato breeding advisory committee to develop a licensing and release plan for

our varieties. Several advanced clones are nearing release pending successful

commercial trials and sufficient grower interest to warrant release.

Acknowledgements. This 2010 research was made possible by funding from the USDA-

CSREES Special Grants Program for Potato Research, the Maine Potato Board, the US

Potato Board, and the University of Maine. We greatly appreciate the input provided by

our cooperators in the NE1031 Regional Project (Potato Breeding and Variety

Development in the Eastern United States) and by our grower and industry cooperators.

We also appreciate the active collaboration provided by the USDA-ARS Potato Breeding

Programs (Aberdeen, ID; Beltsville, MD), the University of Wisconsin Potato Breeding

Program, the North Carolina State University Potato Breeding Program, The North

Dakota State University Potato Breeding Program, and The Cornell University Potato

Breeding Program. We appreciate the many potato breeding and germplasm

improvement programs in North America and Europe that share plant materials that are

used in our crossing program. These include the International Potato Center, the USDA-

ARS Potato Germplasm Collection in Sturgeon Bay (WI) and USDA potato germplasm

improvement programs in Wisconsin and elsewhere.

Assistance from researchers at the University of Maine is greatly appreciated including:

Dave Lambert, Benildo de los Reyes, Andrei Alyokhin, Gary Sewell, Randy Smith, Paul

Ocaya, Aroostook Research Farm Staff, and members of the Department of Food Science

and Human Nutrition (Al Bushway, Mary Ellen Camire, Brian Perkins, Kathy Davis

Dentici, Michael Dougherty, and others). The tissue and seed propagation services

provided by the Maine Seed Potato Board are greatly appreciated.

Finally, Dr. Zenaida Ganga’s leadership of the Maine Potato Breeding Program from

August 2002 to June 2007 is greatly appreciated. We also gratefully acknowledge the

leadership provided long-time potato breeder Dr. Alvin Reeves, who passed away in May

2001.

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