major organic molecules. carbohydrates includes both sugars and their polymers. polymer building...
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Major Organic Molecules
Carbohydrates
Includes both sugars and their polymers.Polymer building blocks: simple sugars
called monosaccharidesGeneral function: source of quick energy
and building material
Types of Carbohydrates
Monosaccharides – 3-6 carbon sugars, major energy source for cells.
Ex. GlucoseAlso provides raw materials to build other organic compounds
Types of Carbohydrates
Disaccharides – “two sugars” formed by bonding 2 monosaccharides by a dehydration synthesis reaction(remove water).
ex. Glucose + fructose sucrosemono mono
disaccharidetable
sugar
Types of Carbohydrates
Polysaccharides – polymers of a few hundred to a few 1,000 monosaccharides.
Types of Carbohydrates
Important Examples:Cellulose (polymers of glucose)
Major structural component of cell wall in plants. Ex. Wood
Glycogen – storage polymer in animalsStarch – storage polymer in plants
Lipids
Contain C, H, O and other elements. Ex. phosphorus, nitrogenH to O ration is greater than 2 to 1Insoluble in water (non-polar)Dissolve in non-polar solvents. Ex. Benzene
General functions: energy storage, major component of membranes in eukaryotic cells
Types of Lipids
Phospholipids – composed of glycerol, 2 fatty acids, phosphate group. Structural units of cell membrane.
Types of Lipids
Steroids – composed of 4 fused rings and functional groups; serve as hormones (ex. cholesterol); stabilize animal cell membrane
Types of Lipids
Triglycerides – composed of 3 fatty acids and a glycerol; store energy in animals as adipose tissue
Proteins
Composed of C, O, H, N. Major components of animals, polymer building blocks are amino acids
Polymer building blocks: amino acids. Amino acids are bonded by peptide bond to form polypeptide chains (proteins)
Skeletal structure of amino acids (Draw this!!!)
Proteins
General function: EnzymesStructural componentsDefenseSignaling (chemical messages)
Important Examples of Protein
Enzymes – catalystCollagen – tendons, ligamentsKeratin – hairFibrin – blood clotting
Fibrin
Protein Structure
Primary structure: the number, order and type of amino acids in a polypeptide chain
Secondary structure: bending or twisting of polypeptides due to the hydrogen bonding.1. α – helix (alpha) – like a spiral staircase2. β structure – ex. silk is a β pleated sheet (stacked sheets)
Protein Structure
Tertiary structure: folding of polypeptide chains to form specific spatial patterns. Folding due to hydrogen, hydrophobic and/or Vander Waal’s forces. R-group is responsible
Protein Structure
Quaternary structure: arrangement of several polypeptides into a 3D shape.
Nucleic Acids
Linear strand of nucleotide polymers (C, O, H, N, P)
General function: store genetic information, help in protein synthesis
Important examples: DNA, RNA (various types)