major pre-columbian civilizations lands of the aztecs
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Major Pre-Columbian Major Pre-Columbian CivilizationsCivilizations
Lands of the Lands of the AztecsAztecs
Ruins of the City Ruins of the City Center, TenochtitlanCenter, Tenochtitlan
Tenochtitlan: The Tenochtitlan: The “Venice” of the “Venice” of the
AmericasAmericas
Aztec Aztec ChinampaChinampa or or Floating Garden:Floating Garden:
15ft. to 30ft. wide15ft. to 30ft. wide
Tenochtitlan - Tenochtitlan - ChinampasChinampas
Aztec MathAztec Math
Aztec WritingAztec Writing
Aztec Sun Stone -- Aztec Sun Stone -- CalendarCalendar
Aztec Sun MotifsAztec Sun Motifs
The The Aztecs Aztecs WereWereFierce Fierce WarriorsWarriors
Aztecs Sacrifice Aztecs Sacrifice Neighboring Tribes Neighboring Tribes to the Sun Godto the Sun God
Heart SacrificeHeart Sacrificeon an Aztec Temple on an Aztec Temple
PyramidPyramid
Sacrificial Statue, Sacrificial Statue, TenochtitlanTenochtitlan
Aztec GoldAztec Gold
Lands of the Lands of the IncasIncas
Cuzco: ACuzco: Ancient Capital ncient Capital of the Incaof the Inca
(11,000 ft. above sea level)(11,000 ft. above sea level)
Machu PicchuMachu Picchu
Machu PicchuMachu Picchu
Incan Suspension Bridges
Incan Suspension Bridges
Incan Terrace Incan Terrace FarmingFarming
Maize in Incan Maize in Incan PotteryPottery
& Gold Work& Gold Work
Over 100 Different Over 100 Different Types of Potatoes Types of Potatoes
Cultivated Cultivated by the Incansby the Incans
Produce from a Produce from a Typical Incan MarketTypical Incan Market
Incan Ceramic JarsIncan Ceramic Jars
PeanutPeanutPeanutPeanut PotatoPotatoPotatoPotato SquashSquashSquashSquash
Cacao GodCacao GodCacao GodCacao God Cacao PodCacao PodCacao PodCacao Pod
Incan MummiesIncan Mummies
Inca Gold & SilverInca Gold & Silver
Pictures of the day
Demotivators from despair.com
Fernando CortezFernando CortezFernando CortezFernando Cortez
The First Spanish The First Spanish Conquests:Conquests:The AztecsThe Aztecs
The First Spanish The First Spanish Conquests:Conquests:The AztecsThe Aztecs
Montezuma IIMontezuma IIMontezuma IIMontezuma II
vsvs..
vsvs..
The Aztecs
• 5,000,000-10,000,000 people
• 500 cities
• Capital city of Tenochtitolan (200,000-300,000 people)
• Citizens paid taxes, had police force, education system
• Advanced system of irrigation
• Human sacrifices
Conquest of the Aztecs• Cortes arrives in Mexico in February, 1519• He immediately allied with the Tlaxcalan tribe-
main rivals of the Aztecs• By November of 1519, Cortes had reached
Tenochtitlan where he was welcomed by Moctezuma and even allowed to stay with him at the palace
• At this point Moctezuma is taken prisoner by the Spaniards and held for a huge ransom in gold
• Cortes then has to go fight another Spanish sent to arrest him for treason- when he returns he finds the Aztecs in full revolt
• Cortes orders Moctezuma to speak to Aztecs who proceed to throw stones at him
The Death of Montezuma II- The Death of Montezuma II- 15201520
Accounts vary as to howAccounts vary as to how
The Death of Montezuma II- The Death of Montezuma II- 15201520
Accounts vary as to howAccounts vary as to how
Conquest of the Aztecs• Moctezuma dies from his injuries (supposedly)• Spanish are forced to flee at this point but they
grab all the gold they can carry• Over 600 Spaniards and thousands of Indian allies
are killed in the escape- weighed down by gold• Early 1521, Cortes returns and surrounds
Tenochtitlan and lays siege for 8 months. • Smallpox rages through the city as well (at least
1/3 of the population died in 6 months)• August, 1521- the Aztecs surrender
Aztec Surrender to Aztec Surrender to Cortez- 1521Cortez- 1521
Aztec Surrender to Aztec Surrender to Cortez- 1521Cortez- 1521
Francisco Francisco PizarroPizarro
The First Spanish The First Spanish Conquests:Conquests:The IncasThe Incas
The First Spanish The First Spanish Conquests:Conquests:The IncasThe Incas
AtahualpaAtahualpa
vsvs..
The First Spanish The First Spanish Conquests:Conquests:The IncasThe Incas
The First Spanish The First Spanish Conquests:Conquests:The IncasThe Incas•Pizarro landed with 180 men in January 1531
with the goal of conquering the Inca Empire
•First met Atahualpa and demanded that he convert to Christianity or be considered an enemy of the Church and of Spain- Atahualpa refused
•Atahualpa was then captured and held ransom, put on trial and found guilty of revolting against Spain- sentenced to be burned
•He converted to Catholicism and was “only” strangled instead
•In subsequent battles, Spanish cannons and cavalry proved far superior to Incan strategies and defeat came quickly
Inca Empire by
1525
Conquered in 1533
TreasuresTreasuresfrom the Americas!from the Americas!
TreasuresTreasuresfrom the Americas!from the Americas!
Odd Picture #1
explorers
Cycle of Conquest & Cycle of Conquest & ColonizationColonization
Cycle of Conquest & Cycle of Conquest & ColonizationColonization
Explorers Conquistadores
Mission
arie
s
PermanentSettlers
OfficialEuropeanColony!
EFFECTS•Europeans reach and settle Americas
•Expanded knowledge of world geography
•Growth of trade, mercantilism and capitalism
•Indian conflicts over land and impact of disease on Indian populations
•Introduction of the institution of slavery
•Columbian Exchange
The “Columbian The “Columbian Exchange”Exchange”
The “Columbian The “Columbian Exchange”Exchange” Squash Avocado Peppers Sweet
Potatoes
Turkey Pumpkin Tobacco Quinine
Cocoa Pineapple
Cassava POTATO
Peanut TOMATO Vanilla MAIZE
Syphilis
Olive COFFEE BEAN Banana Rice
Onion Turnip Honeybee Barley
Grape Peach SUGAR CANE
Oats
Citrus Fruits Pear Wheat HORSE
Cattle Sheep Pigs Smallpox
Flu Typhus Measles Malaria
Diptheria Whooping Cough
Trinkets
Liquor
GUNS
The Slave TradeThe Slave TradeThe Slave TradeThe Slave Trade1. Existed in Africa before the
coming of the Europeans.
2. Portuguese replaced European slaves with Africans.
Sugar cane & sugar plantations.
First boatload of African slaves brought by the Spanish in 1518.
275,000 enslaved Africans exportedto other countries.
3. Between 16c & 19c, about 10 million Africans shipped to the Americas.
Atlantic Slave TradeAtlantic Slave TradeAtlantic Slave TradeAtlantic Slave Trade
““Coffin” Position Coffin” Position Below DeckBelow Deck
““Coffin” Position Coffin” Position Below DeckBelow Deck
Slave ShipSlave ShipSlave ShipSlave Ship
““Middle Passage”Middle Passage”
African CaptivesAfrican CaptivesThrown OverboardThrown OverboardAfrican CaptivesAfrican Captives
Thrown OverboardThrown Overboard
Sharks followed the slave Sharks followed the slave ships!ships!
European Colonization
• Once the New World is discovered, the Big 4Big 4 four European countries begin competing for control of North America and the world….– SpainSpain– EnglandEngland– FranceFrance– PortugalPortugal
• This power struggle ultimately leads to several wars.
European Colonization
European Empires in the European Empires in the AmericasAmericas
European Empires in the European Empires in the AmericasAmericas
Ferdinand Magellan & the Ferdinand Magellan & the First Circumnavigation of First Circumnavigation of
the Worldthe World
Ferdinand Magellan & the Ferdinand Magellan & the First Circumnavigation of First Circumnavigation of
the Worldthe World
Spanish empire by the 1600’s
consisted of the part of North
AmericaCentral America
Caribbean Islands Much of South
America.
Odd picture #2
• Dogs born with only 2 legs
• Or, as we know them….Dogaroos!
The Colonial Class The Colonial Class SystemSystem
The Colonial Class The Colonial Class SystemSystem
PeninsularPeninsulareses
(Born in (Born in Spain but Spain but
live in New live in New World)World)
CreolesCreoles(Spanish (Spanish descent- descent- born in born in
new world)new world)
MestizoMestizoss
(one white (one white parent and parent and one Indian one Indian
parent)parent)
MulattMulattosos
(one (one white white parent parent
and one and one black black
parent)parent)
Native IndiansNative Indians Black SlavesBlack Slaves
1. Spanish practice of securing an adequate and cheap labor supply = FEUDALISM
•Natives “granted” to deserving subjects of the King (usually conquistadores or soldiers)
2. Conquistadors controlled Indian populations •Required Indians to pay tribute from their lands•Indians often rendered personal services as well.
3. In return the conquistador was obligated to•protect his wards•instruct them in the Christian faith•defend their right to use and live off the land
4. Encomienda system eventually decimated Indian population. 5. The King prevented the encomienda with the New Laws (1542) supported by de Las Casas, the system gradually died out.
Father Bartolomé de Las Father Bartolomé de Las CasasCasas
Father Bartolomé de Las Father Bartolomé de Las CasasCasas
► New Laws --> 1542- ended the encomienda system
•Believed Native Americans had been treated harshly by the Spanish.
•Indians could be educated and converted to Christianized.
•Believed Indian culture was advanced as European but in different ways.
New Colonial RivalsNew Colonial RivalsNew Colonial RivalsNew Colonial Rivals
Impact of European Impact of European ExpansionExpansion
Impact of European Impact of European ExpansionExpansion1. Native populations ravaged
by disease.
2. Influx of gold, and especially silver, into Europe created an inflationary economic climate.[“Price Revolution”]
3. New products introduced across the continents [“Columbian Exchange”].
4. Deepened colonial rivalries.
5. New Patterns of 5. New Patterns of World TradeWorld Trade
5. New Patterns of 5. New Patterns of World TradeWorld Trade