major transformations l6

8/2/2019 Major Transformations L6

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Hunting and Gathering Societies

Hunting and gatheringsocieties relied on readilyavailable plants and hunted

game for their subsistence. These societies were:

Small (about 40 members)

Nomadic Had little or no division of

labor


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1. The Domestication Revolution

Domestication of plants

and animals for food

purposes led to the first

major transformation in

human society. It

resulted in:

Horticultural societies

Pastoral societies


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Social Organization

Domestication was

the first successful

effort by people to use

social organization:

To gain greater

control over the

production of food To improve their lives.


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Dependable Food Supply

The availability for

the first time in

human history of a

dependable food

supply unleashed a

whole chain of

events that changedsociety forever.


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Larger Societies

The more dependable

food supply made it

possible to support

larger societies.

Chain of Events


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Food Surplus

For the first time in

human history, food

surpluses became

common.

Chain of Events


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Division of Labor

Food surpluses freed

some workers to do

other forms of work,

such as crafts.

Chain of Events


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Trade

Surplus food and

crafts were traded

with others.

Chain of Events


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Accumulation of Valued Goods

Durable goods could

now be saved and

some people

accumulated more

than others.

Chain of Events


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Feuds and Wars Over Possessions

People now had

possessions worth

fighting over.

Chain of Events


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Slavery

Captives from battles

were forced to do less

appealing work.

Chain of Events


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Inequality Increased

Some people

accumulated much

over time while others

accumulated little.

Chain of Events


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Wealth Became Hereditary

The wealthy wanted

to pass their benefits

on to their children.

Chain of Events


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Power Became Concentrated

Wealth and power

became concentrated

in the hands of a few

and chiefs, kings, and

feudal society

emerged.

Chain of Events


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Pastoral Societies

Pastoral societies domesti-cated animals and raised

them for food in pastures.

These societies: Developed where there was

not enough rainfall to grow

crops.

Were usually nomadic,

moving on after the animals

had exhausted the food supply.


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Horticultural Societies

Horticultural societies

planted crops in small

gardens for subsistence,

without the use of plows ormore advanced technology.

These societies:

Required a climate that wassuitable for growing crops

Established permanent

settlements.


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2. The Agricultural Revolution

Large-scale agriculturalproduction led to thesecond major transform-ation in human society.

This era, resulting inagrarian societies, isoften called the "dawn

of civilization." Inventions included the

plow, the wheel,

writing, and numbers


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Agriculture: Chain of Events

Plows pulledby animals

Larger

food surplus

Greater

division of labor

During this period, stratification became a major feature of social life. Anelite gained control of surplus resources and defended their position witharms. This centralization of power and resources eventually led to thedevelopment of the state as the rich and powerful developed the institutionof the state to further consolidate their gains.

Elite control of

valued goods

Elite control ofvalued goods

Elite defense of

position with arms

Social

stratification

Centralization

of power


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Agrarian Societies

Agrarian societies are basedon large-scale agriculturalproduction made possible byplows pulled by animals.

These societies: Are more efficient than earlier

societies

Have a huge food surplus

Have a complex division oflabor

Permit the accumulation ofwealth by the few

Involve considerableinequality.


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3. The Industrial Revolution

The Industrial Revolutioninvolved a dramatic change inthe nature of production:

Machines replaced tools

Steam and other energy sourcesreplaced human or animal power

Unskilled workers replaced skilledworkers

Work that had been performed inthe home by family members wasnow performed in factories withthe help of machines.


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Machines

driven by fuels

Population increase:

rural to urban shift

Larger surpluses:food & mfgd goods

Division of labor:

unskilled/skilled

Increased trade:

food & mfgd goods

Widespreaddistribution of goods

Widespread

distribution of goods

Class conflict:

power v. rights

Low wages:slave-like labor

Greater inequality:

capital v. labor

Wealth concentrated:

rich v. poor

Power concentration:

capitalists & state

Industry: Chain of Events


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Industrial Societies

Industrial societies rely heavilyon machines powered by fuelsfor the production of goods.

These societies:

Are extremely efficient Produce large surpluses of

food & manufactured goods

Involve substantial inequality

The breakup of agricultural-based feudal societies causedpeople to seek employment in thecities, creating a labor surplus

resulting in extremely low wages.


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4. The Information Revolution

The Information Revolutioninvolves a dramatic shift frommanufacturing and agricultureto service industries.

The information superhigh-way, satellite dishes, andcellular phones are changing:

How families spend their time The kind of work we do

Many other aspects of our lives


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Postindustrial Societies

Postindustrial societies aredominated by:

Information

Service industries (e.g.,government, research, education,health, sales, law, banking)

High technology

It is still too early to identifyand understand all theramifications this new kind ofsociety will have for social life.


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Sources

Sociology Timelinehttp://www.missouri.edu/~socbrent/timeline.htm

The Great Transition

http://www.mc.maricopa.edu/~reffland/anthropology/lost_tribes/hg_ag/

Exploration: Consequences of the Revolutionhttp://www.mc.maricopa.edu/~reffland/anthropology/lost_tribes/seg6.html
http://www.missouri.edu/~socbrent/timeline.htmhttp://www.mc.maricopa.edu/~reffland/anthropology/lost_tribes/hg_ag/http://www.mc.maricopa.edu/~reffland/anthropology/lost_tribes/seg6.htmlhttp://www.mc.maricopa.edu/~reffland/anthropology/lost_tribes/seg6.htmlhttp://www.mc.maricopa.edu/~reffland/anthropology/lost_tribes/hg_ag/http://www.missouri.edu/~socbrent/timeline.htm

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