making forestry research work: bridging science, practice and policy
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THINKING beyond the canopy
MAKING FORESTRY RESEARCH WORK : BRIDGING SCIENCE, PRACTICE and POLICY
Robert Nasi
INAFOR Conference, 5-7/12/2011, IPB Bogor
THINKING beyond the canopy
‘The whole life of policy is a chaos of purposes and accidents. It is not at all a matter of the rational implementation of the so-called decisions through selected strategies.’
Clay and Schaffer (1984).
The policy change process
THINKING beyond the canopy
‘Constraints to successful management of sustainable forest management over the years largely relate to the adoption of recommendations - not the generation of ‘best practice’.
Dawkins & Phillip (1998).
The gap between knowledge and
practice
THINKING beyond the canopy
A (never ending) silviculture story
THINKING beyond the canopy
• Indonesian Selective Cutting System (Tebang Pilih Indonesia – TPI): 1972
• Indonesian Selective Cutting and Replanting System (Tebang Pilih Tanam Indonesia – TPTI): 1989
• Selective Cutting and Strip Planting System (Tebang Pilih Tanam Jalur – TPTJ): 1995
• Intensified silviculture’ (SILIN) or Intensified Selective Cutting and Replanting System (Tebang Pilih Tanam Intensif Indonesia-TPTII): 2005
• Silvicultural Multi-system (Multisistem Silvikultur)….
The Indonesian silvicultural systems
THINKING beyond the canopy
• TPI abandoned for TPTI without real assessment and lowland forest disappeared
• TPTI: still prominent but • Indiscriminate (all production forests; all population structure)• Growth assumptions are too optimistic (most species <1cm/yr)• No control of logging intensity (RIL ineffective if >8 trees/ha)• Discrepancy between concession duration (20yr)/cutting cycle
(35yr)/rotation (70yr)• Expensive ($10-15/m3)• Line planting is not really successful (concession, maintenance)
As a result the condition of the logged-over stands is not as good as could be expected
TPI and TPTI
Appanah 1998; Yasman, 1998; Sist et al. 2003
THINKING beyond the canopy
Scientific recommendations
Sist et al. 2003
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• Diameter felling limit reduced to 40cm
• Line planting of 200 seedlings/ha
• Rotation cycle down to 25 yr.
• Concession given for periods of 55 to 70 yr
• Growth assumption of planted trees 2cm/yr
SILIN/TPTII
Priyadi et al. 2011
• Extensive stand perturbation• Minimum fructification
diameter generally> 40cm• First growth estimates only 7
to 13% of planted trees reach 2cm/yr
• Costs $15 to 40/m3• Still complex prescriptions• Authorize cutting in logged-
over area
Seems to go against all the previous recommendations
THINKING beyond the canopy
How to foster adoption and
implementation of good
research based practices and
policies?
Uptake / Adoption Curves
Early Adopters Laggards
Time
Numberofusers
Research shows that when 10 to 25% of a target ‘population’ has adopted an innovation, the whole process becomes self-sustaining.
ONLY THEN DO ‘GOOD PRODUCTS SELL THEMSELVES’
Early Majority
Late Majority
Cumulative
FrequencyPioneers
Publications
Number of downloads /yr
THINKING beyond the canopy
Publications
Title Download(2005 - 2011)
Realising REDD+: national strategy and policy options 46,793Hutan pasca pemanenan: melindungi satwa liar dalam kegiatan hutan produksi di Kalimantan
38,947
Moving ahead with REDD: issues, options and implications 29,252Dari desa ke desa: dinamika gender dan pengelolaan kekayaan alam 28,974Belajar dari Bungo: mengelola sumberdaya alam di era desentralisasi 22,992Payments for environmental services: some nuts and bolts 22,350Plantulas de 60 especies forestales de Bolivia: guia Ilustrada 22,035Panduan singkat cara pembuatan arang kayu: alternatif pemanfaatan limbah kayu oleh masyarakat
21,875
Atlas industri mebel kayu di Jepara, Indonesia 20,014Partisipasi masyarakat dalam pembuatan kebijakan daerah di kabupaten Tanjung Jabung Barat, Jambi: ketidakpastian, tantangan, dan harapan
19,712
Menuju kesejahteraan dalam masyarakat hutan: buku panduan untuk pemerintah daerah
19,160
Riquezas da floresta: frutas, plantas medicinais e artesanato na América Latina
18,623
THINKING beyond the canopyDouthwaite 2001
Changing levels of stakeholder involvement during successful innovation
and uptake processes
Development Start-up Adaptation Application / expansion
RESEARCH TEAM
KEY STAKEHOLDERS
Cons
ulta
tion
Part
ners
hip
Ow
ners
hip Quantifying
impact
Understanding process
Spilsbury & Nasi 2004
Outreach and uptake efforts that have little or no effect
Educational materials (distribution of recommendations for changed practice; including practical guidelines, audiovisual materials, and electronic publications) Didactic educational meetings (lectures like this one!!)
Pile of 855 guidelines in general practices in the Cambridge and Huntingdon Health Authority “The mass of paper we collected represents a large amount of information, but it is in an unmanageable form that does little to aid decision making”
UNFF 4, Brazzaville 2004 THINKING beyond the canopy
Interventions of variable effectiveness
Audit and feedback (or any summary of performance)
The use of local opinion leaders (practitioners identified by their colleagues as influential)
Local consensus processes (inclusion of participating practitioners in discussions - problem focus & appropriateness of solutions)
UNFF 4, Brazzaville 2004 THINKING beyond the canopy
Consistently effective outreach efforts.
Educational outreach ‘visits’ ‘Social’ media (blogs, twitter, facebook, website). Repeated reminders (manual or computerized). Multifaceted interventions a combination that
includes two or more of the following: ‘audit’ and feedback, reminders, local consensus processes, or marketing).
Interactive educational meetings (participation of intended users in workshops that include discussion or practice).
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Impact on scientific publication
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Using videos, photos and media stories to make complicated REDD+ issues more accessible for stakeholders worldwide
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Conclusions• Passive dissemination of information is generally
ineffective• Best practice for dissemination and promoting
effective diffusion is well known but seldom implemented by research institutions
• Applied and strategic research institutions must reward success in uptake / adoption not just count publications
• Further empirical studies on the relative effectiveness and efficiency of different dissemination and uptake strategies is required – build this into the research process
THINKING beyond the canopy
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