malaysian export import hand book

8/12/2019 Malaysian export import hand book

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A ll you should know before exporting to Malaysia


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FoodSafetyStandardsInMajorExportMarkets:AReadymadeGuideForAgroExporters

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TableofContentsPROHIBITEDGOODS......................................................................................................................................... 4

PRODUCTCERTIFICATION

PROCESS

.................................................................................................................

4

IMPORTSPROCEDURE...................................................................................................................................... 4

FOODLAWS....................................................................................................................................................... 5

OTHERREGULATIONSREQUIREMENTS............................................................................................................. 6PlantandPlantProducts.............................................................................................................................. 6

LiveAnimals/Birds........................................................................................................................................ 7

Meatand

Poultry

Products

(except

pork)

....................................................................................................

7

HealthandMedicinalFoodProducts........................................................................................................... 8

BiotechnologyProducts................................................................................................................................ 8

OTHERSPECIFIEDSTANDARDS......................................................................................................................... 9

COPYRIGHTAND/ORTRADEMARKLAWS...................................................................................................... 10

RULESOFORIGIN............................................................................................................................................ 10

LABELINGREQUIREMENTS

.............................................................................................................................

11

A.GeneralRequirements........................................................................................................................... 11

B.RequirementsSpecifictoNutritionalLabeling....................................................................................... 16

Nutrientcontentclaim............................................................................................................................... 19

Nutrientcomparativeclaims..................................................................................................................... 20

Nutrientfunctionclaim.............................................................................................................................. 22

PACKAGINGAND

CONTAINER

REGULATIONS

...............................................................................................

23

FOODADDITIVEREGULATIONS...................................................................................................................... 26

PESTICIDESANDOTHERCONTAMINANTS..................................................................................................... 27

MAXIMUMPERMITTEDPROPORTIONOFMETALCONTAMINANT INSPECIFIEDFOOD............................. 28


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PESTICIDERESIDUE..................................................................................................................................... 42

PERMITTEDPRESERVATIVELIMITS .............................................................................................................. 68

PERMITTEDFOOD

ADDITIVE

IN

FOLLOW

UP

FORMULA

............................................................................

70

PERMITTEDCOLORINGSUBSTANCE........................................................................................................... 74

PROHIBITEDFLAVORINGSUBSTANCE....................................................................................................... 77

PERMITTEDFLAVORINGSUBSTANCE......................................................................................................... 78

PERMITTEDANTIOXIDANT.......................................................................................................................... 80

PERMITTEDFOODCONDITIONER................................................................................................................. 82

FOODCONDITIONER

THAT

MAY

BE

ADDED

TO

SPECIFIED

FOOD

.............................................................

85

PERMITTEDNUTRIENTSUPPLEMENT......................................................................................................... 87

PermittedBifidoBacteriainFood.............................................................................................................. 98

MAJORMALAYSIANREGULATORYAGENCIES............................................................................................... 99


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PROHIBITEDGOODSThe goods prohibited from exporting in Malaysia, unless accompaniedby relevant export license

includesugar,riceandpaddy,eggs,meat,liveanimals,cockles,skinandpartsofbirds,mineralsand

ores,plants,coral,livefish,oilpalms,milkandrelatedproducts,rubberseedsandpalmseeds.

PRODUCTCERTIFICATIONPROCESSProductcertificationassuresbuyersthataproductmeetscertainsetspecifications,aminimumlevel

ofperformance,orsetsafetyrequirements.ProductsmanufacturedinMalaysia,eithertoaMalaysian

standardoraforeignstandardissuedbytherespectivenationalstandardsinstitutesareacceptedby

SIRIMforitsProductCertificationMarkingScheme.Thus,productscertifiedbySIRIMwillbearthe

Malaysian quality mark (MS mark) or the safety mark (S mark) to denote compliance withMalaysian standards specifications. The certified mark is used on products certified to a foreign

nationalstandardorinternationalstandard.Inthecaseofproductsrequiringmandatorycertification,

control labels are issued. The labels are security printed and serially numbered, and specific

proceduresandconditionsfortheirusehavebeenestablishedtoensureallitemscanbetracedtothe

respectivemanufacturers.

IMPORTSPROCEDURERoyalCustomsandExciseDepartment,MinistryofFinanceMalaysiaRoyal Customs and Excise Department is an agency of the Ministry of Finance responsible for

ensuring efficient collection of indirect taxes such as customs duty (import and export),excise

duty, sales tax, service tax and vehicle levy and the controls of carriers, persons and articles

entering or departing Malaysia. This agency is governedby the Customs Act 1967.The Royal

Customs and Excise Department is also given powers to enforce and control theprohibition of

importandexportofgoodsundermorethan30otherlawsandregulationsadministeredbyother

departments andgovernment agencies.

The Royal Customs and Excise Department cooperates with a number of other agencies, anda

license and permit from responsible agency is necessary to import the following products:

alcoholicbeverages; animal and animal products; certain health and medicinal food products;

meatandmeatproducts;plantandplantproducts; poultryandpoultryproducts.

Imported goods may enter into Malaysia legally when shipment has arrived within the legal

landing placeandatcustoms airport. Allgoods tobe imported whether ornotsubject toimport


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duties mustbedeclared inwriting onCustoms No.1form.Alldeclarations shouldindicate afull

and true account of the number and description of goods and packages, value, weight,

measurement or quantity, and the country of origin or the final destination as thecase maybe.

Declarations mustbe submitted to the Customs station at the place where thegoods are tobe

imported.

TheCustoms Act1967provides for importers toactontheirbehalf. Onlyagents whohavebeen

approvedbytheDirector General ofCustoms canbeappointed forthispurpose.Applications to

act as approved agents must be made to the Customs station where the goods are to be

imported. Where duties such as import duty and sales tax are applicable onimported goods all

relevantdutiesmustbepaidbeforesuchgoodscanbereleased.

ThedocumentsrequiredbyMalaysiancustomsare:

CustomEntryform Evidenceofrighttomakeentry,e.g.billoflading ACommercial InvoiceorProforma invoice ifacommercial invoicecannotbeproduced PackingListOthernecessary documents todetermine merchandise admissibilityare suchascertificate of

origin,analysisetc.

FOODLAWSThe Food Act 1983 and the Food Regulations 1985 of Malaysia govern the various aspects offoodsafetyandqualitycontrolincludingfoodstandards, food hygiene, food import andexport,

food advertisement and accreditation of laboratories. The enforcement of Food Act1983 and

the Food Regulations 1985 is targeted towards reducing foodborn hazard and ensuring that

foodissafeforhumanconsumption.

The Food Safety and Quality Division (FSQD) of the Ministry of Health (MOH) is charged with

the implementation and enforcement of the law. FSQD implements an active food safety

program which includes routine compliance, sampling, food premises inspection, food import

control activity and licensing of specified food substances required under Food Act 1983 andits

Food Regulation 1985. It alsoconducts afoodmonitoring activity onspecific foodcontaminants

and additives. As a preventive approach, the FSQD havebeen implementing food handlers

training program, vetting of food labels, giving advice to the industry andconsumers, and

food safety certification scheme such Health Certificate, HACCP certification and Free Sale

Certificate.


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Specific compositional andlabelingrequirements weredeveloped forparticular foodproducts. The

use of health claims on labels is very restrictive. The content requirements arenot restrictive for

Indian products, but receiving approval for new food additives, especially those not currently

recognized by Codex Alimentarius can be onerous. Since more than half of the Malaysian

population is Muslim, labeling requirements for products containing pork and alcohol are very

strict. Attention should be given to adhering to Malaysian labeling requirements to avoid any

problems attheportofentryorontheretaillevel.

OTHERREGULATIONSREQUIREMENTS

Allfoodconsignments aresubject torandom checking andsampling at28entrypoints allover the

country to ensure food items imported into the country are safe and comply with theprescribed

standards and regulations. Foods will be destroyed if they are found unfit for human

consumption. Consignment of meat and meat products, milk and milk products, pork and pork

products imported intoMalaysiaaresubject toveterinary inspectionbytheauthorized officer(s)ofthe Dept. of Veterinary Services (DVS) at the point of entry on arrival in Malaysia. Random

samples will thenbe collected for laboratory testing and DVS has the right to reject, destroy, or

furtherdetainanyconsignment whendeemedrequired.

Health and medicinal food products need to be registered. Meat and milk and their related

products require an import license. Product registration and application for import licenses are

done through Malaysian registered companies. Fees are imposed for import licenses.Each of the

paragraphsbelow has listed specific requirements for the product group thatwouldbeuseful for

Indianexporters.

PlantandPlantProducts

The import of plant and plant products into Malaysia is governedby the Agricultural Pestsand

Noxious Plants (Import/Export) Regulations 1981. The aim of plant quarantine regulations is to

control the import of plants for the purpose of prevention of introduction of pests and disease

from foreign countries. The inspection and certification of consignment of plants, plant parts or

plantproducts, processed orotherwise mustconform withthecurrentphytosanitary requirements.

Applications forPhytosanitary Certificate (P.C.)aretobemadeonFormPQ9obtainable fromany

Plant Quarantine office and submitted at least four working days before the proposed date of

inspection. Acertified true copy of the ImportPermitwillberequired forthepurposes ofmeeting

the phytosanitary requirements. An import permit is issued by the Director General of the

Agriculture Department. All conditionsfor import ofplants are specified in this permit. As most

of the conditions tobe fulfilled need tobe undertaken in the country of origin of the plants, it is

vitalthattheimporter informsthesupplierbeforehand oftherequirements.

Applications forplantpermitshouldbemadeto:


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DirectorofCropProtectionBranch,

Department ofAgriculture,

JlnGallagher,

KualaLumpur,

Tel:(603)26973077;

Fax:+(603)26977205

LiveAnimals/Birds

TheDepartment ofVeterinary Services (DVS),empoweredbytheAnimalRules,1962DVSregulates

the importation of live animals or birds and livestock products into Malaysia. The Animal

Quarantine Services provide facilities for quarantine of live animals andbirds imported into the

country. AnimalOrdinance, 1953,AnimalRules1962,AnimalImportation

Order1962andFederalAnimalsQuarantineStation(Management andMaintenance) ByLaw

1984

are

enforced

and

requirements

such

as

import

license

and

health

certificate

are

needed

to

facilitate the importation of live animals andbirds into Malaysia. Further information on animal

quarantine requirements andservicescanbeobtained from:

DeptofVeterinary Services,

QuarantineandImport Export,

WismaTani,

PodiumBlock,Lot

4G1,Prescinct4,

Putrajaya.

Tel:+60388702000;

Fax:+60388882685; Website:

http://agrolink.moa.my/jph

MeatandPoultryProducts(exceptpork)

The Department ofVeterinary Services (DVS) is responsible forensuring products ofanimalorigin

for human consumption are hygienic, healthy, and wholesome and are suitable for consumption.

Under the Control of Slaughter Rules 1975, all meat and livestock products imported into the

country mustbecertified halaland theproducts must originate fromslaughterhouses which have

been

inspected

and

approved

by

the

Malaysian

veterinary

and

religious

authorities

(JAKIM

the

Islamic Development Foundation ofMalaysia). NOTE: Forcattle slaughter, it is important tonote

that the application of thoracic sticking, a procedure in which majorblood vessels around the

heart are cut to more quickly drain the blood and assure a more humane slaughter, is not

acceptable totheMalaysian Islamicauthorities.

In addition to certifying the plants for halal export, JAKIM will also approve and appoint


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IslamicCenters tomonitorandauditthehalalstatusoftheapprovedplantsandtoissuehalal

certificates for all export consignments. The Islamic Centers are dutybound to record all

monitoring andauditing activities oftheapproved plantsandtosubmit thesereports toJAKIM

uponrequest.Guidelinesontheappointment offoreignIslamicorganizations are

found inJAKIMwebsiteathttp://www.islam.gov.my/e halal/glossary.php.

Further information isobtainable from

DeptofVeterinaryServices,

WismaTani,PodiumBlock,Lot4G1,

Prescinct4,Putrajaya.

Tel:+60388702000.

Website:http://agrolink.moa.my/jph

Healthand

Medicinal

Food

Products

All health and medicinal food products need tobe classifiedby the National Pharmaceutical

Control Bureau (NPCB). Under theDangerous DrugsAct1952,Control ofDrugsandCosmetics

Regulations 1984, NPCB will determine if the health or medicinal food products need tobe

registered. Animport licensemaybenecessary andissuedbytheComplianceUnit.Inorder to

registerwiththeNPCB,theexporterorappointeddistributor needtowritetoNPCBstatingthe

name of the products, ingredients and its percentage, claims/usage andattach a copy of the

label/product literature.

Further information canbeobtained from:

NationalPharmaceutical ControlBureau (NPCB),

MinistryofHealthMalaysia,

JalanUniversiti,

P.O.Box319,46730

PetalingJaya.

Tel:+6(03)79573611

Fax:+6(03)79581312

website:http://www.bpfk.gov.my/

BiotechnologyProducts

The Lower House of the Malaysias Parliament passed the Biosafety Act onJune 27 2007,followedby the Upper Houses approval onJuly 11, 2007. It is currently waiting for final

approvaloftheBillbyKingofMalaysia.

Clause61states that:Alllivingmodified organisms, itemscontaining livingmodifiedorganisms and

products ofsuchorganisms shallbeclearly identified and labeled inamanner tobeprescribed and


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therequirements forsuchidentification andlabelingshallbeinaddition toanyotherwritten law.

The interpretation of products of such organisms means any product derived from a living

modifiedorganismorpartofalivingmodifiedorganism

a. iftheproductcontainsdetectable recombinant deoxyribonucleic acid(DNA);or

b. where the profile, characteristic or properties of the product is or are no longer

equivalent to its conventional counter irrespective of the presence of the recombinant

deoxyribonucleic acid(DNA)

The Ministry of Health (MOH) intends to implement labeling requirements forbiotechnology

derived foods. The new regulations are supposed tobe implemented as soon as theBiosafety

Act is effect. MOH is currently reviewing the labeling requirements before its final

implementation.

OTHERSPECIFIEDSTANDARDSSpecialPurposeFood(Regulation 388ofFoodRegulations 1985)

(1) IntheseRegulations, special purpose foodmeansafoodnamedordescribedas

particularlysuitableforconsumptionbypersonsrequiringspecialnutritionalneeds

and includes the food for which a standard is prescribed in Regulations 389 to

393.

(2) For the purposes of this regulation, the term carbohydrate includes alcohol,

hlycerol, sorbitol or sugar alcohol, and any carbohydrate substance that is

capableofbeingmetabolised.

(3)

No

person

shall

import,

manufacture

or

advertise

for

sale

or

sell

any

food,

other than those specified in Regulations 389 to 393, as special purpose food

without the prior written approval of the Director of Food Safety and Quality

DivisionoftheMinistryofHealth.

(4) Nolabelofanyfoodshallclaimthatafoodisaspecialpurpose foodunless

adequate information to support special suitability or nutritional qualities is

stated insuchlabel.

(5) Where a special purpose food contains any carbohydrate it shall notbe labeled

with the word or words sugarless or sugar free, or any word of similar

meaning.

(5A) where the ingredient, other than food additives, added tospecial purpose foodis

derived from plant, thecommon name of that plant shallbestated on thelabel of

thatfood.

(6) Forthepurposesofthisregulation, infantmeansanypersonupto12

months of age and children means any person from the age of more than 12

monthsuptotheageof3years

(7) Regulations 389 to 393 include infant formula, canned food for infants and


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children, cerealbased food for infants and children, low energy food and

formuladietaryfood.

COPYRIGHTAND/ORTRADEMARKLAWSTrade Marks Act, 1976 (Act 175) & Trade marks Regulation, 1983 provides protection against

misuse of trademarks and trade names. Protecting industrial rights and property rights is

basically theresponsibility ofeachcompany andthroughprivate legalcounsel. Trademarksand

brandnamescanberegisteredwiththe

Intellectual PropertyCorporation ofMalaysia,

32nd Floor,MenaraDayabumi,

JalanSultanHishamuddin,

50000KualaLumpur.

Tel:60322748671; Fax:+60322741332;Website:http://www.mipc.gov.my/

RULESOFORIGINGoodsoriginatinginapreferencecountrymaybedividedintotwocategories:

1. ProductswhollyproducedorobtainedintheexportingMemberState;2. ProductsnotwhollyproducedorobtainedintheexportingMemberState.

WhollyProducedorObtainedThefollowingshallbeconsideredaswhollyproducedorobtainedintheexportingMemberState:(a)Mineralproductsextractedfromitssoil,itswateroritsseabed

(b)Agriculturalproductsharvestedthere

(c)Animalsbornandraisedthere

(d)Productsobtainedfromanimalsreferredtoinparagraph(c)above

(e)Productsobtainedbyhuntingorfishingconductedthere

(f)Productsofseafishingandothermarineproductstakenfromtheseabyitsvessels

(g)Productsprocessedand/ormadeonboarditsfactoryshipsexclusivelyfromproductsreferredtoin

paragraph(f)above

(h)Usedarticlescollectedhere,fitonlyforthecollectionofrawmaterials

(i)Wasteandscrapresultingfrommanufacturingoperationsconductedthere

(j)Goodsproducedthereexclusivelyfromtheproductreferredtoinparagraph(a)to(i)above

NotWhollyProducedorObtained(i)AproductshallbedeemedtobeoriginatingfromASEANMemberStatesifatleast40percentofits

contentoriginatesfromanyMemberState.

(ii)Thevalueofthenonoriginatingmaterials,partsorproduceshallbe:


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(a)TheCIFvalueatthetimeofimportationoftheproductsorwhenimportationcanbeproven;or

(b)Theearliestascertainedpricepaidfortheproductsofundeterminedorigin intheterritoryofthe

MemberStatewheretheworkingorprocessingtakesplace.

Theformulafor40percentASEANcontentisasfollows:

ValueofImportedNonASEANMaterialsOriginMaterials,PartsorProduce+ValueofUndetermined

OriginMaterials,PartsorProduce 60%x100FOBPrice

DIRECTSHIPMENTPROVISIONSForCEPTThe following shallbe considered as consigned directly from the exporting Member State to the

importingMemberState:

(a)IftheproductsaretransportedpassingthroughtheterritoryofanyotherASEANcountry;

(b) If the products are transported without passing through the territory of any other non ASEAN

country;

(c) The products whose transport involves transit through one or more intermediate nonASEAN

countrieswithorwithouttransshipmentortemporarystorageinsuchcountriesprovidedthat:

(i)thetransitentryisjustifiedforgeographicalreasonsorbyconsiderationrelatedexclusively

totransportrequirements;

(ii)theproductshavenotenteredintotradeorconsumptionthere;and

(iii)theproductshavenotundergoneanyoperationthereotherthanunloadingandreloading

oranyoperationrequiredtokeepthemingoodcondition.

LABELINGREQUIREMENTSA.GeneralRequirements

LanguagetobeusedWhere the food is produced, prepared or packaged in Malaysia, the language tobe used isBahasa Malaysia and in the case of imported food, the language maybe inBahasa Malaysia or

English,andineithercasemayincludetranslation thereof inanyotherlanguage.

Particularsinlabeling1. Theappropriatedesignationofthefoodoradescriptionofthefoodcontainingthecommonname

of its principle ingredients. Appropriate designation means a name or description, being a

specific,notgenericnameordescription,whichshallindicatetotheprospectivepurchaserthetrue

natureofthefoodtowhichitisapplied.Theletteringonthelabelshallbesoprominentinheight,

visualemphasis,andpositiontobeconspicuousbycomparisonwithanyothermatterappearingonthelabel.

2. In the case of mixed orblended food, words which indicate that the contents are mixed orblended, asthecasemaybe,andsuchwordshallbeconjoinedwiththeappropriate designation

ofthefood,inthefollowingform:


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Mixed (hereinserttheappropriate designationofthefood);or

Blended (here inserttheappropriate designation ofthefood):

Provided that the word mixed or blended shall notbe conjoined with the appropriate

designation of any mixed or blended food which does not comply with the standard

prescribedbytheseRegulations

3. Wherefoodcontainsbeeforpork,oritsderivatives,orlard,astatementastothepresenceinthatfoodofsuchbeeforpork,oritsderivatives,orlard,intheform

CONTAINS (statewhetherbeeforpork,oritsderivatives, orlard,asthecasemaybe)

Orinanyotherwordstothiseffect

4. A statement as to the presence of alcohol, in capital boldfaced lettering of a nonserifcharacter notsmallerthan6point,intheform

CONTAINSALCOHOL

or in any other words to this effect. This statement shall appear immediatelybelow the

appropriate designation ofthefood.

5. Where the food consists of two or more ingredients, other than water, food additives andnutrientsupplement,theappropriatedesignationofeachofthoseingredientsindescending

order

of

proportionby

weight

and

(if

required)

a

declaration

of

the

proportion

of

such

ingredient.

6. Where the foodcontains foodadditive,astatementas tothepresence in thebeerofsuch foodadditive,intheform

contains permitted (state type of the relevant food additive) provided that in the case of

coloringsubstanceorflavoringsubstanceitshallbesufficienttostatethecommonnameorthe

appropriatedesignationofthatfoodadditiveinplaceofthechemicalname.Astatement of the

minimum netweightorvolumeorthenumberofthecontentofthepackage; inthecaseoffood

packedinliquid,astatementoftheminimumdrainedweightofthefood

7. In the case of imported food, the name andbusiness address of manufactureror packer or theowner of the rights of manufacture, or the agent of any of them, and the name andbusiness

address of the importer in Malaysia and the name of the country of the origin of the food.

Please note that for the abovepurpose, a telegraphic or code address or an address at a Post

Office, or thename of thecompany or the trade name of themanufacturer, packer, importeror

sellerappearingonanydiscorcaporotherdevice forsealinganypackageofisnotsufficient.


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8. Therequirements inparagraph 5,6,7,8maybewritten innosmallerthan4pointlettering.Formandmanneroflabeling

1. Theparticulars requiredaboveshallappearconspicuously andprominently inthelabel.2. Allparticulars toappearonalabelshallbewritten innosmallerthan10pointletteringandwith

equalprominence withanyothermatterappearingonorattached tothepackage.

3. Every label shallbe legible and durably marked either on the material of the package or onmaterialfirmlyorpermanentlyattachedtothepackage

4. A label maybe firmly placed inside a package if the package is made of clear transparentmaterial;

The food contained in the package is not ready for directconsumption or in the case of food

ready for consumption, is completely enclosed in its natural shell or pod or interior wrapper

suchthat

ithas

no

direct

contact

or

is

not

likely

to

come

into

contact

with

the

label.

Nolabelshallappearontheextrawrapperofanyfood

5. Except for intentionally accepted unit symbols of weights and measures, thelettering ofeverywordorstatement required toappearonlabelsshallbe

allcapital letters;ortheheightoftheletteringalllowercaseletters;orshallbeuniform inevery

word or statement that is separately required lower case letters with the height of the lower

case an initial capital letter lettering shall be uniform in every word or statement that is

separately required.

6. Wherethepackage tobelabeled issosmallastoprevent theuseoflettersoftherequiredsize,letters of smaller size may be used if they are of the largest size practicable in the

circumstances andareinanyeventnosmaller thantwopoint.

7. Allletteringshallappear inacolorthatcontrastsstronglywithitsbackground.Datemarking(i) In relation to package of food, it means a date permanently marked orembossed on the

package, orin the label on thepackage, ofany foodsignifying theexpiry date or thedate

ofminimumdurabilityofthatfood,asthecasemaybe.

(ii) For the purposes of sub regulation (i), the expression expiry date, in relation to a package

food, means the date after which the food, when kept in accordance with any storage

conditions set out in the label of such food, may not retain the quality attributes normally

expected by a consumer; and date of minimum durability , in relation to a package of food,

means thedate untilwhich the food, when kept inaccordancewithanystorage conditions set

out in the label of such food,will retain any specific qualities for which tacit or express claim

hasbeenmade.

(iii) For the purposes of these regulations, only marking in clear, unmistakable datewhich canbe

correctly interpreted by the consumer shall constitute date marking. The marking of date in

codeformforlotidentification doesnotconstitutedatemarking.


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(iv)When inapackage intended forsale,shallbearorhaveembossed, onthelabelorelsewhere on

the package, a date marking in accordance with any of the alternatives as specified in the

following regulation.

EXPIRY DATE or EXP DATE (here insert the date, expressed in day,month andyearorinmonth andyear);

USEBY(here insertthedate,expressed inday,monthandyearorinmonthandyearorinmonthandyear);or

CONSUME BY or CONS BY (here insert the date, expressed in day,month andyearorinmonthandyear):

Thedateofminimum durability inrespect ofany foodshallbeshown in BEST BEFOREor BEST BEF (here insert the date, expressed in day, month and year or in month and

year);

(v)

Where

the

validity

of

the

date

marking

of

a

food

to

which

this

regulation

applies

is

dependent

onitsstorage,thestoragedirectionofthatfoodshallalsoberequired tobeborneonitslabel.

(vi) Nopersonshallprepareoradvertise forsaleorsellanyfoodspecified intheFifthSchedule

of the Food Regulations 1985 unless the package containing such food bears a date

marking.

(vii) The date marking requiredby this regulation shallbe incapitalboldfaced lettering of a non

serifcharacter notsmaller than6point.

FOODREQUIRINGDATEMARKING

Biscuit,bread

CannedfoodforinfantsandchildrenCerealbaseChocolate, whitechocolate andmilkchocolate

Coconutcream,coconutmilk,coconutpaste,coconutcreampowderanddesiccatedcoconut

Ediblefatandedibleoilotherthanmargarine inhermetically sealedcontainers

Foodadditives withashelflifeoflessthan18months

Infantformula

Liquidegg,liquideggyolk,liquideggwhite,driedegg,driedeggyolkanddriedeggwhite

Lowenergyformofanyfoodwhichrequiresdatemarking

Meatproduct innonhermetically sealedcontainers

Milkandmilkproductotherthanhardcheese

Noncarbonated pasteurized soft drink and noncarbonated U.H.T soft drink

Nutrient supplement or preparation of nutrient supplement sold as food

Pasteurized fruitjuice

Pasteurized vegetablejuice

Peanutbutter


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Sauce

Serikaya

Specialpurpose food

Matterforbiddenonanylabel(i) Nodescriptive matterappearing onorattached toorsuppliedwithanypackage offoodshall

include any comment on, reference to or explanation of,any statement or label requiredby

these Regulations to be borne on any package of food if such comment, reference, or

explanation either directly orby implication, contradicts, qualifies or modifies the statement

orthecontentofthatlabel.

(ii) Words to indicate grading, quality orsuperiority oranyother words ofsimilarmeaning shall

not appear on the label of any package of food unless such description of quality grading

conform to those established by the relevant authorities responsible for such grading; and

where

such

words

appear

on

the

label,

it

shall

be

presumed

that

the

food

is

in

compliance

with the requirements established by the relevant authorities in respect of that quality

grading.

(iii) No label which describes any food shall include the word pure or any otherwords of the

samesignificance unless

the food isof thestrength, purityorquality prescribedby theseRegulationsandisfree from

any other added substance apart from those essential in the processing of such food; and

there is no expressed stipulation in theseRegulations prohibiting the inclusion of such word

inthelabelinrespectofthatfood.

(iv) Foodshallincludetheword compounded, medicated, tonic or health oranyotherwords

ofthesamesignificance.

(v) No label which describes any food shall include any claim on theabsence of:beef orpork oritsderivatives, or lardoradded alcohol ifthe fooddoesnotcontain such ingredients; orany

food additive or nutrient supplement the addition of which is prohibited in these

Regulations.

(vi) ExceptasotherwiseprovidedintheseRegulations, pictorialrepresentationordesignmaybe

included in the labelfor thepurposeof illustratingrecipes involving theuseof the foodor

suggestionsonhowtoservethe food,wheresuch inclusion isnotmisleadingordeceptive,

and the representation or designs immediately preceded or followed or otherwise closely

accompanied, in not less than 6 point lettering, with the words RECIPE or SERVING

SUGGESTION orotherwordsofsimilarmeaning,asthecasemaybe.

(viii)Claimsonthelabel.

(a) Claims which highlight the absence or nonaddition of a particular substance in or tofoodmaybeincludedinthelabelprovidedthattheclaimsarenotmisleadingandthe

substance:

Notsubjecttospecificrequirementsinthisregulation

isonewhichconsumerswouldnormallyexpecttofindinthefood

has not been substituted by another substance giving the food equivalent


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characteristics unless the nature of the substitution is clearly stated with equal

prominence;and

(b) Claimswhichhighlighttheabsenceornonadditionofoneormorenutrientsinorto

foodshallberegardedasnutritionclaims,andregulationonnutritionallabelingshall

applytothoseclaims.

(c) Nutritionclaimsinthisregulationincludethefollowingclaims:

Nutrientcontentclaims

Nutrientcomparativeclaim

Nutrientfunctionclaim;and

Claimforenrichment,fortificationorotherwordsofsimilarmeaning.

B.RequirementsSpecifictoNutritionalLabeling

1. In these Regulations, nutritional labeling , in relation to a package of food, means a

description intended toinform theconsumer ofthenutrientcontentofafood.

2. Nutritional labeling is compulsory for the following foods: prepared cereal foods; various

types ofbread; variety of milk and powdered milk, including sweetened condensed milk,

evaporated milk and cultured milk; canned meat; canned fish; canned vegetable, canned

fruit andvarious types of fruitjuices, salad dressing andmayonnaise, various types ofsoft

drinkincludingbotanicaldrink,soybeanmilkandsoybeandrink.

3. Thereshallbewritten onthelabelofthefoodspecified in(2)

a. the amount of energy, expressed in kilocalorie (kcal) or kilojoule (KJ) orbothper100gor

100 ml or per package if the package contains only a single portion and per serving as

quantifiedonthelabel;and

b.

the

amount

of

protein,

available

carbohydrate

(that

is

carbohydrate

excluding

dietary

fiber) and fat, expressed in g per 100g or per 100 ml or per package if the package

containsonlyasingleportionandperservingasquantified onthelabel.

4. Thereshallbewrittenonthe labelonapackage ofreadytodrinkbeverage, theamountoftotal

sugars inthefollowing form:

Carbohydrate ...g

Totalsugars ...g

5. Whereaclaim ismaderegarding theamountortypeoffattyacids, theamountsofsaturated,

monounsaturated, polyunsaturated and trans fatty acid shallbe declared in the following

from,asthecasemaybe:

Fat ....gComprisingof

Monounsaturated ....g

polyunsaturated ....g

saturated ....g

Trans fattyacid ....g.


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6.Theamount ofenergy tobelistedshouldbecalculatedbyusing thefollowingconversion

factors:

a Carbohydrates 4kcal/g(17kJ)

b Protein 4kcal/g(17kJ)

c Fat 9kcal/g(37kJ)

d Alcohol (Ethanol) 7kcal/g(29kJ)

e Organicacid 3kcal/g(13kJ)

f Dietaryfibre 2kcal/g(8.5kJ)

7. The amount of protein tobe listed shallbe calculated using the following formula: Protein =TotalKjeldahlNitrogenxConversion factorforspecificfood

8. Theconversion factors forspecific foodspecified in(7)shallbeasfollows:

FOODS CONVERSION

Wholemealorflourorbulgur

5.83

Flour,mediumorlowextraction 5.70

Macaroni, spaghetti, wheatpastes

5.70

Bran 6.31

Rice 5.95

Rye,barley,oats 5.83

Groundnuts 5.46

Soyabean, seeds, flourorproducts

6.25

Almond

5.18

Brazilnut 5.71

Coconuts, chestnuts, treenuts 5.3


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Page 18

Milkandmilkproducts 6.38

Sesame,safflower, sunflower 5.30

Magarine,butter 6.38

Other foods 6.25

9. Except as otherwise provided in these Regulations, there maybe written on the label of foodtheamountofvitaminsandminerals inaccordancewiththefollowingcriteria:

(a)onlyvitaminsandminerals whicharelisted intheNutrient ReferenceValues (NRV)

or where the vitamins and minerals are not included under paragraph (a) with the

writtenapprovaloftheDirector,and(b) only those vitamins and minerals which are present in not less than 5 per cent of the

NutrientReference Value(NRV),suppliedbyaservingasquantifiedonthelabel.

10. The numerical information on vitamins and minerals shallbe expressed in metric units per100gorper100mlorperpackage ifthepackage contains onlyasingleportionandperserving

as quantified on the label; in addition, this information maybe expressed as a percentage of

the Nutrient Reference Value (NRV) per 100g or per 100ml or per package if the package

containsonlyasingleportionandperservingasquantified onthelabel.

11. Wherethenumerical information onvitaminsandmineralshasbeenexpressedasapercentage ofNutrientReferencevalue(NRV)shallbeusedforlabelingpurposes:

NutrientReferenceValues(NRV)

VitaminA(ug) 800

VitaminD(ug)

5

VitaminC(mg)

60

VitaminE(mg)

10

Thiamin(mg)

1.4

Riboflavin (mg) 1.6


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Niacin(mg)

18

VitaminB6(mg)

2

Folicacid(ug)

200

VitaminB12(ug)

1

Calcium(mg) 800

Magnesium (mg)

300

Iron(mg)

14

Zinc(mg)

15

Iodine(ug) 150

12. There maybe written on a label of a package of food the amount of cholesterolor dietary

fibre; theamount ofcholesterol shallbeexpressed inmgper100gorperml orperpackage if

thepackage contains onlyasingle portion andperserving asquantified on the labeland the

amount of dietary fibre shallbe expressed in g per100g or per 100 ml or per package if the

packagecontainsonlyasingleportionandperservingasquantified onthelabel.

13. Whereafoodother than foodspecified in(2)containsanutrition labeling, (3)shallapply tothelabeling.

14. Where a food makes a nutrition claim, it is also mandatory to include a nutritionlabeling as

specified in (3) and the amount of any other nutrient for which a nutritionclaim ismade in

respect ofthefood.

Nutrientcontentclaim

(1) In these Regulations, nutrient content claim means a nutrition claim that describes

thelevelofanutrientcontained inafood.

(2) When anutrient content claim orasynonymous claim, that is listed inTable IandTable II to

theFifthASchedule ismade,theconditionsspecified intheTablesforthatclaimshallapply.

(3)Whereafoodisbyitsnature lowinorfreeofthenutrient thatisthesubjectoftheclaim,the

term describing the level of the nutrient shall not immediatelyprecede the name of the food


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but shallbe in the following from, that is, alow (naming the nutrient) food or a (naming

thenutrient)free food.

Nutrientcomparativeclaims

(1) IntheseRegulations, nutrient comparative claim means aclaim thatcomparesthenutrient

levelsorenergyvalueoftwoormorefoods.

(2) There maybe written on a label of a package food a statement that compares the level of a

nutrient in the food with the level ofanutrient ina reference food in thefollowing words or

anyotherwordsofthesamesignificance, thatare,reduced ,

lessthan , fewer , increased, morethan , light orextra.

(3)Forthepurposeof(2),nutrient comparative claimsmayonlybeusedonthelabelbasedonthe

food sold, taking into account further preparation required for consumption if relevant,

according

to

the

instructions

for

use

on

the

label

and

subject

to

the

following

conditions:

(a)The foodbeing compared shallbedifferent versions of thesameorsimilar foodand the

foodsbeingcompared shouldbeclearly identified.

(b)Astatement oftheamountofdifference intheenergyvalueornutrientcontentshallbe

given and the following information shall appear in close proximity to the nutrient

comparative claim:

(i) the amount of difference related to the same quantity, expressed as a

percentage, fraction oranabsolute amount and fulldetailsofthecomparison shall

begiven

(ii) the identity of the food to which the food isbeing compared,and thefood

shall be described in such a manner that it can be readily identified by

consumers; and

(c ) the comparison shouldbebased onarelative difference ofat least 25percent in

the energy value or nutrient content, except for micro nutrients where a 10 per cent

difference in the Nutrient Reference Value (NRV) would be acceptable, between the

compared foods and a minimum absolute difference in the energy value or nutrient

contentequivalent tothefiguredefinedas low ora source .

CONDITIONSFORNUTRIENTCONTENTSFORUSEOFNUTRITIONCLAIMS


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Component Claim Conditions (Notmorethan)

Energy Low

Free

40kcal(170kJ)per100g(solids)

or

20kcal(80kJ)per100ml(liquids)

4kcalper100mlor100g

Fat Low 3gper100g(solids)

1.5gper100ml(liquids)

Free 0.15gper100g(or100ml)

SaturatedFat Low 1.5gper100g(solids)


and 10 per cent of total energy of

thefood

Free 0.1gper100g(solids)


Cholesterol Low 0.02gper100g(solids)


Free 0.005gper100g(solids)


TransFattyAcid Low 1.5per100g(solids)

0.75gper100ml(liquids)and

and 10 per cent of total energy of

thefood

Free 0.1gper100g(solids)0.1gper100ml(liquids)

Sugar Free 0.5g100g(or100ml)

Sodium Low 0.12gper100g


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Page 22

VeryLow 0.04gper100g

Free 0.005gper100g

Nutrientfunctionclaim

(1) In these regulations, nutrient function claim means a nutrition claim that describes the

physiological role of the nutrient in the growth, development and normal functions of the

body.

(2) A nutrient function claim shall not imply or include any statement to the effect that the

nutrientwouldaffordacureortreatment fororprotection fromadisease.

(4) No label which describes any food shall include any claims relating to the function of a

nutrient in the body unless the food for which the nutrient function claim is made shall

contain at least the amount nutrient in the level tobe considered as a source of that nutrient

perreferenceamountasspecified inTableIItotheFifthASchedule .

(4) Except as otherwise provided in these Regulations, only the following nutrient function

claimsoranyotherwordsofsimilarmeaningshallbepermitted:

(a) Calciumaidsinthedevelopment ofstrongbonesandteeth;

(b) Proteinhelpsbuildandrepairbodytissues

(c) Ironisafactorinredbloodcellformation

(d) VitaminDhelpsthebodyutilizecalciumandphosphorus

(e) Vitamin B1/Thiamine is needed for the release of energy from

carbohydrates.

(f) Vitamin B2/Riboflavin is needed for the release of energy from proteins, fats and

carbohydrates.

(g) Niacin is needed for the release of energy from proteins, fats and

carbohydrates

(h) Folicacidisessential forgrowthanddivisionofcells

(i) Vitamin B12/Cyanocobalamin is needed for red blood cell production (j)

Vitamin

C

enhances

absorption

of

iron

from

non

meat

sources;

or

(k) Magnesium promotescalciumabsorption andretention

(5) No label on a package containing any food shallbear a nutrient function claimexcept those

permitted inthisregulationorwithpriorwrittenapprovaloftheDirector.


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PACKAGINGANDCONTAINERREGULATIONSPackagingonretailpremises(1) Wherefoodispackagedonretailpremisesandisoffered,exposedorkeptfor

sale

in such package at the said premises in such a manner that the customer may

himselfselectthepackage, theneverysuchpackageoffoodhastobesealed,and

where the package is of transparent flexible material, the label maybe inserted

insidethepackage.

Restrictionsandlimitationsonpackagingmaterials(1) Noperson shall import, manufacture, advertise forsaleorselloruseorcauseor

permit tobeused inthepreparation, packaging, storage, delivery orexposure of

food for sale, any package, appliance, container orvessel whichyields or could

yield to its contents, any toxic, injurious or tainting substance, or which

contributes tothedeterioration ofthefood.

(2) Nopersonshallimport,manufacture, advertise forsaleorsellanypackage,appliance, container or vessel made of enamel or glazed earthenware that is

intended for use in the preparation, packaging, storage, delivery or exposureof

foodforsaleandiseithercapableofimparting lead,antimony,arsenic,cadmium

oranyother toxic substance toany foodprepared, packed, stored,delivered or

exposed init,or isnotresistant toacidunless thepackage,appliance, container

orvesselsatisfied thetestdescribed intheThirteenthSchedule. (Appendix C).

(3) No person shall import, manufacture or advertise for sale or sell or use in the

preparation, packaging, storage, delivery orexposure of food for sale, anyrigid

orsemirigid package,appliance, container orvessel,madeofpolyvinylchloride

whichcontainsmorethan1mg/kgofvinylchloridemonomer.

(4) Nopersonshallimport,prepareoradvertise forsaleorsellanyfoodinanyrigid

orsemirigid package, appliance, container orvesselmadeofpolyvinylchloride

ifthefoodcontainsmorethan0.05mg/kg ofvinylchloridemonomer.

(5) Nopersonshalluse,orcauseorpermittobeused,inthepreparation,

packaging, storage, delivery or exposure for sale of any food, any package,

appliance, containerorvesselthathadbeenusedorintended tobeusedforany

nonfoodproduct.

(6) Recyclingofthefollowingpackages prohibited:

a. of any sugar, flour or meal, any sack that has previouslybeen used for

anypurpose

b.

ofany

edible

fat

or

edible

oil,

any

bottle

or

metal

container,

than

silos

and

tankers forediblefatand edibleoil,thathaspreviouslybeenusedforany

purposes

c. of any food of nonswine origin, any package, appliance; container or

vessel that isintended foruseorhasbeenusedforanyproductofswine

origin(susscrofa)

d. ofanyfood,otherthanthatpackaged inanextrawrapper, anyplastic


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Page 24

bottlethathaspreviouslybeenusedforanypurpose;

e. ofanyfood,otherthanalcoholicbeverage andshandy (typeofMalaysian

beer), anybottle that has previouslybeen used for alcoholicbeverage or

shandy.

f. ofanymilk,softdrink,alcoholicbeverageorshandy,anyglassbottle

thathaspreviouslybeenusedforanother food;

g. of any vegetable, fish or fruit, anybox or crate that has previously

beenusedforanother food

h. of any polished rice, any gunny sack that has previouslybeen used for

another food

(7) Useofdamagedpackageprohibited

(8) Toys,coins,etc.nottobeplaced infood

BulkContainers

(1) Bulkcontainer includesanywagon,crate,silo,tankerandothersimilarcontainer

anybox,cartonandothersimilarcontainer inwhichmore thanoneduly labeled

packageanditscontentsarenotintended toberetainedwhen

the packages or the contents are soldby way of retail. Bulk containers are not

subjecttotheformandmanneroflabelinganddatemarking indicatedabove.

TEST FOR PACKAGES, APPLIANCES, CONTAINERS AND VESSELS USED FOR STORAGE OF

FOOD

1. Preparation:

Thesurfaceof theware tobe testedshallbewashed inwatercontainingdetergentandrinsedwith

cleanwater. Thesurfacetobetestedshallnotbehandledthereafter.Allremnantsofwatershallberemovedfromthewashedwarebyrinsingitwithleachingsolutionthat

comprises4percentofaceticacidinwaterv/v.

2. Test:

Thewareshallthenbefilledwiththeleachingsolutionatroomtemperaturetothemaximumcapacity

of the ware. The ware shall be covered to minimize contamination and shall be left at room

temperaturefor24hours.Aftertheperiodof24hours,theleachingsolutionshallbethoroughlystiffed

andaportionshallberemovedforanalysis.Theleachateshallnotcontainantimony,arsenic,cadmium

orleadabovethefollowinglimits,expressedinppm:

Sb

0.2

As

0.2

Cd

0.2

Pb

2.0

TESTFORPACKAGES,APPLIANCES,CONTAINERSANDVESSELSUSEDFORCOOKING


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Page 25

Test:Thewareshallbeheatedto120Candfilledtotwothirdsofitseffectivevolumewithboilingleaching

solution(4percentofaceticacidinwaterv/v). Thevesselsshallbecovered,byitsownlid,ifany,and

the leaching solution shallbe keptboiling gently for 2 hours. Leaching solution shallbe added

periodicallytoensurethattheareaofcontactisnotdiminished. Thevesselshallthenbeleftatroom

temperaturefor22hours.

After22hours,thevolumeoftheleachingsolutionshallberestoredtotwothird

oftheeffectivevolumeofthevessel. Afterthoroughstirring,aportionoftheleachingsolutionshallbe

removedforanalysis.

The leachate shall not contain antimony, arsenic, cadmium, or lead above the following limits,

expressedinppm:

Sb

0.7 As

0.7 Cd

0.7 Pb

7.0


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Page 26

FOODADDITIVEREGULATIONS(1) Food additive means any safe substance that is intentionally introduced intoorona food in

small quantities in order to affect the foods keeping quality,texture, consistency, appearance,

odor, taste, alkalinity or acidity, or to serve any other technological function in themanufacture, processing, preparation, treatment, packing, packaging transport, or storage of

the food, and thatresults or maybe reasonable expected to result directly or indirectly in the

substance or any of its byproducts becoming a component of, or otherwise affecting the

characteristics of, the food and includes any preservative, coloring substance, flavoring

substance, flavor enhancer, antioxidant and food conditioner, but shall not include nutrient

supplement, incidental constituentorsalt.

(2) No person shall import, manufacture, advertise for sale or sell or introduce into or on any

foodadditive other thanapermitted foodadditive; or anypermitted foodadditive thatdoes

not comply with the standard prescribed in these Regulations, where such standard is so

prescribed.

(3) Notwithstanding subregulation (2), theaddition offoodadditive tofood isprohibited except as

otherwise permittedbytheseRegulations. Areference intheseRegulations totheadditionoruse

of other food inthecomposition offoodforwhichastandard isprescribed intheseRegulations

shallnotbeconstrued aspermission fortheuseoffoodadditives.

(4) Nopersonshallintroduce intooronafoodanyfoodadditive insuchamannerastoconcealany

damage to,oranyinferiority inthequalityofthatfood.

(5) Notwithstanding anything in these Regulations, a food additive maybe present in any food

where

(a) The additive is permitted by these Regulations to be in any ingredient used in the

manufacture ofthefood;and

(b)The

proportion

of

the

additive

in

any

such

ingredient

does

not

exceed

maximum

proportion ifany,permittedbytheseRegulations forthatingredient; and

(c )Thetotal proportion of the additive in the final product does not exceedthemaximum

proportion, ifany,permittedbytheseRegulations forthatproduct; and

(d)Thefood intowhich theadditive iscarriedoverdoesnotcontain theadditive ingreater

quantity than would be the case if the food were made under proper technological

conditionsandinaccordance withsoundmanufacturing practice

(e)The additive carried over is present in the food at a level that issignificantly less than

thatnormally required fortheadditive toachieveanefficient technological function inits

ownright

Labelingrequirement(1) There shall be written in the label on the package containing food additive imported,

manufactured, advertised forsaleorsold

(a) the words (state the chemical name of the food additive) as permitted (state the

typeoffoodadditive); provided that inthecaseofcoloringsubstance orflavoring


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substance it shall be sufficient to state the common name or the appropriate

designationofthatfoodadditive inplaceofthechemicalname;

(b) astatementgivingdirection foritsuse.

Permitted food additives thatmaybeadded tospecified foods and themaximum permittedlevels

arelistedintheSixth,Seventh,Eight,Ninth,TenthandEleventhScheduleoftheFood

Regulation 1985. A listofpositive andnegative listofpermitted foodadditives isattached inthe

Appendix IV.

PESTICIDESANDOTHERCONTAMINANTSThe Food Safety and Quality Division, Ministry of Health enforce regulations concerningpesticide

residues in foodstuffs. Authorized officers, appointed by the Division may enter any premises

wherehebelievesanyfoodtowhichtheFoodActapplies isprepared, preserved,packaged, stored,

conveyed,distributed orsold,andexamineanysuchfoodandtakesamples thereof.PesticideResidue

(1) ForthepurposesoftheseRegulations, thetermpesticides includes:

(a) Any preparation used, or capable or purporting tobe capable ofbeing used, for

preventing theattackof,orfor destroying

(i) fungiorotherparasitic plantsorbacteria thataffectorattackplants, fruits,grains,

animalsorproperty

(ii) insectsorotherpeststhataffectorattackplants,fruits,animalsorproperty;

(iii) noxiousanimalsornoxiousbirdsor

(iv) weedsorothernoxiousplants;and

(b)Anysubstance purporting tobepesticide.

(2) No person shall import, prepare for sale or sell any food containing pesticideresidue in a

proportion greater than the proportion specified for that food asset forth in theSixteenth

Schedule intheFoodRegulations orasrecommendedintheCodexAlimentarius wherethe

pesticide is not specified in the Sixteenth Schedule. If the pesticide residue limit is not

specified for a particular food in the Sixteen Schedule or Codex Alimentarius, then the

pesticideresidueshallnotcontainmorethan0.01milligramperkilogram inthefood.

(3) Themaximum pesticide residue limits (MRL) infoodarealso listed inthe16thSchedule of the

FoodRegulations 1985.

The Pesticides Act 1974 under Section 713 provides for the control of the importation and

manufacture of a pesticide through a registration scheme under the Pesticides (Registration

Rules) 1976. Only locally registered companies may register pesticides. Applications for

registration mustbesubmitted tothefollowing address: Secretary, Pesticides Board,Department

of Agriculture,Jalan Gallagher, 50480 Kuala Lumpur. Application forms areobtainable from the

same address. Submissions shouldbe made as far in advance as possible prior to the desired

registration date. The period of registration of a pesticide is 3years, effective from the date of


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registration unless is terminatedby the registrant orcanceledby the Pesticides Board. The fee

for registration of a pesticide is RM400/ for a period of three years. A list of the approved

pesticides isavailable fromthePesticideBoard.

MAXIMUMPERMITTEDPROPORTIONOFMETALCONTAMINANTINSPECIFIEDFOOD

METALCONTAMINANT

(Maximum permitted proportion inmilligram perkilogram

(mg/kg)

Food Arsenic Lead Tin Mercury Cadminium Antimony

Flavoring substance 1 2 40 0.05 1 1

Bakingpowder,creamoftartar 2 2 40 0.05 1 1

Milkandmilkproduct 0.5 1 40 0.05 1 1

Sweetening substance:

i. other than glycerol, molasses,

saccharinandsorbitol

ii.molasses

1

1

0.5

2

40

40

0.05

0.05

1

1

1

1

Honey 1 0.5 40 0.05 1 1

Meat and meat product other than

ediblegelatin

1 0.5 40 0.05 1 1

Ediblegelatin 2 2 40 0.05 1 1

Fishandfisheryproduct:

i. Predatory

ii. Others

1

1

2

2

40

40

1*

0.5*

1

1

1

1

Ediblefatandedibleoil 0.1 0.1 40 0.05 1 1

Vegetableproductandfruit

productotherthanvegetablejuice

andfruitjuice

1 2 40 0.05 1 1

Vegetablejuiceandfruitjuice 0.1 0.5 40 0.05 1 0.15

Tomatopulp,pasteandpuree 2 2 40 0.05 1 1

Tea, tea dust, tea extract and

scented tea

1 2 40 0.05 1 1

Coffee, chicory and related

products

1 2 40 0.05 1 1

Cocoaandcocoaproduct 1 2 40 0.05 1 1


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Page 29

Spiceandothercurrypowder 5 2 40 0.05 1 1

Currypowder 1 2 40 0.05 1 1

Sauce 1 2 40 0.05 1 1

Pickle 1 2 40 0.05 1 1

Alcoholicbeverageandvinegar 0.2 0.5 40 0.05 1 0.15

Softdrink:

i. Requiringdilution

ii. Fordirectconsumption

0.5@

0.1

1@

0.1

40@

40

0.05@

0.05

1@

1

0.15@

0.15

Specialpurpose food:

i. infantformula

ii. Canned food for infants

andchildren

iii. Cerealbased food for

infantsandchildren

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.5

0.5

0.5

40

40

40

0.05

0.05

0.05

1

1

1

1

1

1

Any food for which no other limit isspecified, excluding water and food

additive** 1 2 40 0.05 1 1

For food packed in can and tin foil

otherthaninfantsformula,canned

food for infants and children and

cerealbased food for infants and

children (forSncontentonly) * * * * * *

NOTES:

1. **Themaximum permitted proportion ofmetalcontaminant infoodadditive, otherthan

flavouring substance, coloring substance and edible gelatin, shallbe governedbygood

manufacturing practice.

2. * means that the maximum permitted proportion shallbe as specified for the

respective foodintheTable

3. @indicates levelbeforedilution

4. #indicatesmethylmercury


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Page 30

METALCONTAMINANT

(Maximumpermittedproportioninmilligramper

kilogram(mg/kg)

Food Arsenic Lead Antimony Cadminium Barium

Coloringsubstance 3 10 50 50 50

(100mg/kgofanycombination ofthesesubstances)

MAXIMUM PERMITTED PROPORTION OF 3MONOCHOLOROPROPRANE1,2 DIOL (3

MCPD)INSPECIFIEDFOOD

FOOD MAXIMUM PERMITTED PROPORTION

INFOOD(MG/KG)

All foods containing acid hydrolysed

vegetable protein(liquidfoods)

0.02

All foods containing acid hydrolysedvegetableprotein(solidfoods)

0.05

Acidhydrolysed vegetable protein 1.0

MICROORGANISMS

Food TotalPlateCountat

37oCfor48hr

ColiformCountat

37oCfor48hr

Escherichiacoli

Count

Pasteurized milk,

pasteurized cream

and milk powder(including full

cream and skim

milkpowder)

105 pergorperml 5 x 10 per g or per

ml

Icecream 5x104 perg 100perg Absent1g

I for consumption,

excluding meat and

meatproducts in 106 perg 5x10perg

hermeticallysealed

containers

Fish and fish

product ready for

consumption,

excluding fish and

fish product in

hermetically sealed

106 perg 5x10perg


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Page 31

containers

Infantformula 104 perg 10perg

Liquid eggs, liquid

egg yolk and liquid

eggwhite5x104 perml 5x10perml

Dried liquid egg,

dried liquid egg,

yolk and dried

liquideggwhite

5x10xperg 5x10perg

NOTE: In places where the Escherichia coli count is not specified, it shall comply with good

manufacturing practice.

TABLEII

MYCOLOGICALCONTAMINANT

Food Mycological Contaminant Maximum permitted

proportion in microgram

perkilogram (ug/kg)

Groundnuts for further

processing

Aflatoxin 15

Milk Aflatoxin 0.5

Others Aflatoxin or any other

mycotoxins

5

DRUGRESIDUE

MAXIMUMPERMITTEDPROPORTIONOFDRUGRESIDUESINFOOD

The food specified in column 2) of the Tablebelow shall not contain the drug specified in

column (1) thereof in proportions greater than the maximum permitted proportions specified

oppositeandinrelation tothatfoodincolumn (3)thereof .

Substance (1)

Drug definition of

residues in which

MRLwasset

(2)

Food

(3)

Maximum Residue

Limits (MRLs) in

food(ug/kg)

Albendazole 2Aminosulfone

metabolite

Muscle, fat(cattle

andotherspecies),

100

milk(cattle

Liver,kidney

(cattle and other

species

5000

Amoxicillin Amoxicillin Milk(cattle) 4


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Muscle, liver,

kidney, fat (all food

producing species)

50

Ampicillin Ampicillin Milk(cattle) 4

Muscle, liverkid,fat

(all food producing

specieis)

50

Amprolium 14 amino2n

propy5

(pyrimidinylmethyl)

2picolinium

chloride

hydrocholoride

Muscle (chicken,

turkey,pheasantand

calf), liver (calf),

kidney(calf)

500

Liver (chicken,

turkey and

phesant), kidney

(chicken and

turkey)

1000

Fat (calf) 2000

Egg(chickenand

turkey)

4000

Avoparcin Avoparcin Milk(cattle) 10

Edible offal, muscle

(mammalian and

poultry)

100

Azaperone Sum of azaperone

andazaperol

Muscle, fat(pig) 60

Liver,kidney(pig) 60

Benzylpenicilin Benzylpenicillin Milk(cattle 4

Liver, kidney,

muscle (cattle and

pig)

50

Carazlol Carazlol Muscle, fat(pig) 5

Liver(pig) 25

Carbadox Carbadox Muscle, fat(pig) 5

Liver(pig) 30Carpofen Carprofen Muscle(horse) 50

Fat(horse) 100

Muscle, fat(cattle) 500

Liver,kidney

(cattleandhorse)

1000


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Cefquinome Cefquinome Milk(cattle) 20

Muscle, fat(cattle) 50

Liver,cattle) 100

Kidney, (cattle) 200

Ceftiofursodium Desfuroylcetiofur Milk(cattle) 100

Muscle(pigand 200

cattle)

Fat(pigandcattle) 600

Liver (pig and

cattle)

2000

Kidney ((pig and

cattle)

4000

Clorsulon Clorsulon Muscle (cattle) 100

Liver(cattle) 200

Kidney (cattle) 300

Fat((cattle) 400

Closantel Closantel Muscle,liver

(cattle)

1000

Muscle,liver

(sheep)

1500

Fat(sheep) 2000

Kidney, fat(cattle) 3000

Kidney,(sheep) 5000

Cloxacllin Cloxcillin Milk(cattle) 30

Muscle, liver,kidney, fat (all food

producing species)

300

Colistin Colistin Milk(cattle) 50

Muscle, liver, fat

(cattle, chicken,

pig, rabbit and

sheep

150

Kidney (cattle,

chicken, pig, rabbit

andsheep

200

Egg(chicken) 300

Danofloxacin Danofloxacin Fat(cattle) 200

Muscle (cattle and

chicken)

300

Kidney(chicken) 500


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Fat(chicken) 600

Liver(cattle) 900

Liver,kidney

(chicken)

1200

Decoquinate Decoquinate Muscle, liver,

kidney, fat (cattle

andsheep

500

Dexamethazone Dexamethazone Milk(cattle) 0.3

Muscle,kidney

(cattle,horse,pig)

0.5

Liver (cattle and

pig)

2.5

Dicloxacillin Dicloxallin Milk(cattle) 30

Muscle, liver,

kidney, fat (all foodproducing species)

300

Dihydrostreptomycin Dihydrostreptomycin Milk(cattle) 200

Muscle, liver,fat 500

(cattle, chicken,

pigandsheep)

Kidney (cattle,

chicken, pig and

sheep)

1000

Dimetridazole Dimetridazole Edibleoffal,muscle(chickenandpig

5

Diminazene Diminazene Milk(cattle) 150

Muscle (cattle) 500

Kidney (cattle) 6000

Liver(cattle) 12000

Doramectin Doramectin Muscle (cattle) 10

Kidney (cattle) 30

Liver(cattle) 100

Fat(cattle) 150

Doxycycline

Doxycycline

Muscle

(cattle,

pig

andpoultry) 100

Liver (cattle, pig

and poultry), fat

(pigandpoultry)

300

Kidney (cattle, pig 600


35/100


Page 35

andpoultry)

Enrofloxacin Sum of enrofloxacin

andciprofloxacin

Muscle, liver,

kidney (cattle,

chickenandpig

30

Erythromycin Erythromycin Milk(mammalian) 40

Edible offal,

muscle, egg

(mammalian and

poultry)

300

Estradiol17B Estradiol17B Food ofbovine

origin

GAHP*

Ethopabate Ethopabate Muscle (chicken,) 500

Liver,kidney

(chicken)

1500

Febantel Sum of febandazole,oxfendazole and

oxfendazole

Milk (cattle)muscle, kidney, fat

(cattle, pig and

sheep)

100

Liver(cattle,pig

andsheep)

500

Ferbendazole Sum of

ferbendazole,

oxfendazole and

oxfendazole sufone

Milk (cattle),

muscle, kidney, fat

(Cattle,pig and

sheep)

100

Liver (cattle, pig

andsheep)

500

Florfenicol Sum of florfenicol

and its metabolites

measured as

florfenicolamine

Muscle (cattle) 200

Kidney (cattle) 300

Liver(cattle) 3000


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Flubendazole Flubendazole Muscle,Liver(pig) 10

Fat(pig) 20

Fat(cattle) 40

Liver(cattle) 100

Muscle(poultry) 200

Egg(poultry) 400

Liver(poultry) 500

Flumequine Flumequine Muscle , fat (cattle,

pig, poultry and

sheep)

50

Liver (cattle, pig,

poultryandsheep)

100

Kidney (cattle, pig,

poultryandsheep)

300

Flumethrin Flumethrin Edible offal, muscleandmilk(cattle)

50

Gentamicin Gentamicin Milk (cattle),

muscle, fat (cattle

andpig)

100

Liver (cattle and

pig)

200

Kidney(cattleand

pig)

1000

Isometamidium Isometamidium Muscle,fat,milk

(cattle)

15

Liver(cattle) 500

Kidney (cattle) 1000

Ivermectin 22, 23,

Dihydroavermectin

B1a

Liver (pig and

sheep)

15

Fat(pigandsheep) 20

Fat(cattle) 40

Liver(cattle) 100

Levamisole Levamisole Muscle, kidney, fat

(cattle,

pig,

poultry

andsheep)

0

Liver(poultry) 100

Lincomycin Lincomycin Edibletissue(pig) 100

Maduramicin Maduramicin Edible tissue,

muscle, (chicken),

240


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Page 37

Fat(chicken) 480

Liver(chicken) 720

Moxidectin Moxidectin Muscle (deer),liver

(cattle)

20

Liver (sheep),

kidney (deer), fat

(cattleandsheep)

50

Liver (deer),

kidney (cattle and

sheep)

100

Fat(deer),milk

(cattleandsheep)

500

Neomycin Neomycin Muscle, liver, fat

(chicken, turkey,

duck, cattle, goat,

sheepandpig),

500

Kidney (chicken,

turkey, duck, cattle,

goat,sheepandpig)

1000

Nicarbazin Nicarbazin Muscle, liver,

kidney(chicken)

4000

Nystatin Nystatin Edible tissue (pig

and poultry), egg

(poultry)

0

Oxacilin Oxacilin Milk (all food

producing species)

30

Muscle, liver,


producing species)

300

Oxfendazole Sum of

fenbendazole,

oxfendazole and

ozfendazole sulfone

Muscle, kidney, fat

(cattle, pig and

sheep),milk(cattle)

100

Liver (cattle, pig

andsheep)

500

Oxibendazole Oxibendazole Milk (cattle and

sheep)

50

Muscle, liver,

kidney, fat (cattle,

horse, pig and

100


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Page 38

sheep)

Oxytetracycline Oxytetracyline Fat (cattle, sheep,

pig, chicken and

turkey)

10

Milk(cattle),muscle

(cattle, sheep, pig,

chickenandturkey)

100

Egg(chicken) 200

Liver (cattle, sheep,

pig, chicken and

turkey

300

Kidney (cattle,

sheep, pig, chicken

andturkey

600

Penicillin Penicillin Edible tissue(chicken, quail, pig

and sheep), egg

(chickenand

quail),milk(cattle)

0

Edibletissue

(turkey)

10

Edibletissue

(cattle)

50

Phoxim Phoxim Edibleoffal,muscle

(pig)

10

Fat(pig) 50

Progesterone Progesterone Foodofbovine

origin

GAHP*

Robenidine

hydrochloride

Robenidine

hydrochloride

Edibletissue

(poultry)

100

Fat(poultry) 200

Salinomycin Salinomycin Egg(poultry) 20

Muscle (cattle) 50

Edible offal (pig),

muscle (pig and

poultry)

100

Edibleoffal(cattle

andpoultry)

500

Sarafloxacin Sarafloxacin Fat(chicken) 10

Liver(chicken) 100


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Spectinomycin Spectinomycin Milk(cattle) 200

Muscle (cattle,

chickenandpig

300

Fat (cattle, chicken

andpig)

500

Liver (cattle,

chickenandpig)

2000

Kidney (cattle,

chickenandpig

5000

Spiramycin Expressed as

syramycin

equivalents

antimicrobially

activeresidues

Muscle (pig) 200

Kidney,fat(pig) 300Liver(pig) 600

Sum of spiramycin

andneospiramycin

Muscle (cattle and

chicken), milk

(cattle)

200

Kidney (cattle), fat

(cattleand

chicken)

300

Liver(cattleand

chicken)

600

Kidney(chicken)

800

Streptomycin Streptomycin Milk(cattle) 200

Muscle, liver, fat

(cattle, chicken,

pigandsheep)

500

Kidney (cattle,

chicken, pig and

sheep)

1000

Sulphadiazine Suphadiazine Edible offal

(mammalian),

muscle

(mammalian),milk

100

cattleSulphadimethoxine Sulphadimethoxine Milk(cattle) 10

Edible offal, muscle

(cattleandchicken)

100

Sulphadimidine Sulphadimidine Milk(cattle) 25


40/100


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Edible offal

(chicken and

mammalian),

muscle(chicken

and mammalian),

liver, kidney, fat

(cattle)

100

Sulphamethazine Sulphametazine Edible tissue

(cattle, turkey,

chickenandpig)

100

Sulphaquinoxaline Sulphaquinoxaline Edibleoffal,muscle

(poultry)

100

Sulphonamide Sulphonamide Muscle, liver,


producing species),

milk(cattle)

100

Testoterone Testroterone Food ofbovine

origin

GAHP*

Tetracycline Sum of parent drug

andits4epimer

Muscle (cattle,

poultry, pig and

sheep), milk

(cattle)

100

Egg(poultry) 200

Liver (cattle,

poultry, pig and

sheep

300

Kidney (cattle,

poultry, pig and

sheep)

600

Thiabendazole Sum of

thiabendazole and

5hydroxy

thiabendazole

Muscle, liver,

kidney and fat

(cattle, pig, goat

and sheep), milk

(cattleandgoat)

100

Tiamulin 8alpha

hydrozymutilin

Muscle(pig) 3600

Liver(pig) 10800

Kidney,fat(pig) 14400

Tilmicosin Tilmicosin Milk(sheep) 50

Muscle, fat (cattle,

poultry, pig and

100


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Page 41

sheep

Kidney (cattle and

sheep)

300

Liver (cattle and

sheep), Kidney

(pig)

1000

Liver(pig) 1500

Trenbolone acetate BTrenbolone Muscle (cattle) 2

Liver(cattle) 10

Triclabendazole 5chloro6(2,3

dicholorphenozy

benzimidazole2

one)

Fat (cattle and

sheep)

100

Trimethoprim Trimethoprim Edible offal, muscle(mammalian and

chicken), egg

(chicken), milk

(cattle)

50

Tysolin Tysolin Milk(cattle) 50

Muscle, liver,

kidney (chicken

and cattle), edible

tissue (cattle), fat

(chicken), egg

(chicken)

200

Virginiamycin Virginiamycin Muscle, liver,

kidney, fat(cattle)

0

Muscle (pig and

poultry)

100

Fat(poultry) 200

Liver (pig and

poultry)

300

Kidney,fat (pig) 400

Kidney(poultry) 500

Zeranol Zeranol Muscle (cattle) 2Liver(cattle) 10

*Goodanimalhusbandrypractice

Note:TheseMRLswillbereviewedeveryyear.


42/100


Page 42

PROHIBITEDDRUGSThefollowingdrugsareprohibited infood:

BetaagonistsexcludingRactopamine

1. Nitrofurans2. Chloramphenicol

PESTICIDERESIDUE

The food specified in column (2) of the tablebelow shall not contain the pesticide specified in

relation thereto in column (1) in proportion greater than the maximum permitted proportion

specified incolumn (3)thereof inrelation tothefood.

Note

NotprescribedmeanstheMaximumResidueLimitsarenotrequired.

Pesticide Food MaximumResidueLimits

2,4D Rice (milled or olished) 0.05 Coconut/coconut oil 0.05 Palmoil 0.05 Banana 0.1 Su ar cane 3Abamectin Kale 0.05 Cabba e 0.05 Chinesecabba e 0.05 Mustards 0.05Ace hate Rice (milled or olished) 0.2 Cocoa beans 0.2 Citrus fruits 1

Cauliflower 2 Celer 5 Kale 5 Coconut/coconut oil 0.5 Cabba e 2 Man o 1 Palmoil 0.5 Lettuce 5


43/100


Page 43

Mustards 5 Tomato 1 Potato 0.5Acetami rid Okra 2

Lon beans 2 Cabba e 2 Brin al 2 Cucumber 2Alachlor Maize 0.1 So a bean 0.2 Groundnuts 0.05Ametr n Cocoa beans 0.2 Coffee beans 0.2 Citrus fruits 0.1 Coconut/coconut oil 0.2 Palmoil 0.2 Pinea le 0.2

Banana 0.2 Su arcane 0.1 Tea 0.2Amitraz Pa a a 0.5 Citrusfruits 0.5

Chilli 0.2

Meat(sheep) 0.1

Meat (cattle,pig) 0.05

Durian 0.5

Edible offal (cattle, sheep,

pig)

0.2

Frenchbeans 1

Mango 0.5

Legumevegetables 1

Brinjal 0.5

Anilofos Rice(milledorpolished) 0.1

Atrazine Maize 0.2

Pineapple 0.2

Sugarcane 0.1

Azadirachtin Notprescribed

Azoxytrobin Chilli 1

Cucumber 0.5Tomato 1

Bacillusthruingiensis Notprescribed

Bendiocarb Chilli 0.2

Kale 0.2

Cabbage 0.2


44/100


Page 44

Chinesecabbage 0.2

Mustard 0.2

Legumevegetables 0.2

Watermelon 0.2

Brinjal 0.2

Cucumber 0.2

Benomyl (expressed as

carbendazim)

Seecarbendazim


45/100


Page 45

Bensulfuronmethyl Rice(milledorpolished) 0.02

Bentazone Rice(milledorpolished) 0.1

Maize 0.2

Soyabean 0.05

Grounduts 0.05

Bispyribacsodium Rice(milledorpolished) 0.05

Bitertanol Banana 0.5

Bordeauxmixture Notprescribed

BPMC Rice(milledorpolished) 0.2

Bromacil Pineapple 0.1

Bromopropylate Chill 1

Brinjal 1

Buprofezin Rice(milledorpolished) 0.2

Butocarboxim Cocoabeans 0.5

Chilli 2Longbeans 2

Palmoil 2

Tomato 2

Cadusafos Banana 0.01

Sugarcane 0.01

Captan Coffeebeans 10

Groundnuts 10

Palmoil 10

Banana 15

Strawberries 20Tea 10

Tomato 15

Carbaryl Okra 10

Rice(milledorpolished) 1

Poultrymeat 0.5

Soyabean 1

Cabbage 5

Chinesecabbage 5

Pumpkins 3

Pepper (black/white) 5

Mango 5

Mustards 10

Brassicavegetables 5

Legumevegetables 5

Brinjal 5

Cucumber 3


46/100


Page 46

Carbendazim Onion(bulb) 2

Rice(milledorpolished) 0.5

Papaya 3

Coffeebeans 0.1

Citrusfruits 10

Chilli 5

Guava 3

Sweetpea 2

Groundnuts 0.1

Kale 5

Cabbage 2

Carbofuran (sumofcarbofuran

and 3 hydroxycarbofuran

expressedascarbofuran

Chinesecabbage 5

Pepper (black/white) 0.1

Mango 3Banana 1

Celery 2

Lettuce 5

Mustards 5

Legumevegetables 2

Watermelon 2

Cucumber 0.5

Tomato 5


Maize 0.1


Mango 0.1

Banana 0.1

Sugarcane 0.1

Brinjal 0.1


47/100


Page 47

Carbosulfan Rice(milledorpolished) 0.2

Chilli 0.5

Longbeans 0.5

Watermelon 0.5

Cartap (expressed as free

base)

Brinjal 0.5

Cucumber 0.5


Cabbage 0.2

Chinesecabbage 2

Lettuce 2

Mustards 2


48/100


Page 48

Chinomethionat Chilli 0.5

Brinjal 0.5

Chiorfenapyr Cabbage 1

Chinesecabbage 1

Brinjal 1

Cucumber 1

Chiorfluazuron Okra 0.3

Chilli 0.3

Longbeans 0.3

Kale 0.3

Radish 0.3

Lettuce 0.3

Mustards 0.3

Brinjals 0.3

Chlorimuron ethyl Rice(milledorpolished) 0.02Chlorothalonil Onion(bulb) 0.5

Cocoabeans 0.05

Coffeebeans 0.2

Chilli 5

Springonionleaves 10

Ginger 0.5

Groundnuts 0.05

Cabbage 1


Mango 3Banana 0.2

Celery 10

Lettuce 10

Legumevegetables 5

Watermelon 5

Cucumber 5

Tomato 5

Potato 0.2

Chlorpyrifos Starfruit 1

Okra 0.2


Cocoabeans 0.05

Citrusfruits 1

Cauliflower 0.05

Chilli 0.5

Ginger 0.05


49/100


Page 49

Maize 0.5

Guava 1

Coconut/coconut oil 0.5

Cabbage 0.05


Palmoil 0.5

Mustards 1

Leafyvegetables 1


Tomato 0.5

Potato 0.05

Cinosulfuron Rice(milledorunpolished) 0.1

Cocoabeans 0.1

Palmoil 0.1

Clethodim Onion(bulb) 0.2Tomato 01.

Copperhydroxide Not prescribed

Copperoxychloride Not prescribed

Coppersulphate Notprescribed

Coumaphos (sum of

coumaphos and its oxygen

analogue

Meat (fat) 0.5

Milk(fat) 0.02

Cupric

hydroxide

Not

prescribed

Cuprousoxide Not prescribed

Cyclosulfamuron Rice(milledorpolished) 0.1

Cycloxydim Onion(bulb) 0.5

Citrusfruits 0.5

Tomato 0.5

Cyfluthrin Cocoabeans 0.1

Citrusfruits 0.5

Chilli 0.5

Ginger 0.01


Brinjal 0.5

Cyhalothrin Okra 0.2


Cocoabeans 0.1

Chilli 0.5

Durian 0.1


50/100


Page 50

Sweetpea 0.5

Longbeans 0.5

Cabbage 0.2


Palmoil 0.1

Brinjal 0.1

Cymoxanil Onion(bulb) 0.2

Cabbage 0.2

Squash 0.2

Melons 0.2

Cucumber 0.2

Tomato 0.2

Yam 0.2

Potato 0.2

Cypermethrin (sum ofisomers)

Starfruit 2

Okra 0.5

Papaya 2

Cocoabeans 0.05


51/100


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Citrusfruits 2

Chilli 0.5

Meat (fat) 0.2

Maize 0.05

Guava 2

Greengram 0.05

Longbeans 0.5

Kale 1

Cabbage 1

Cauliflower 1Mango 2

Palmoil 0.5

Lettuce 2

Mustards 2

Leafyvegetables 2

Brassicavegetables 1


Brinjal 0.2

Milks(fat) 0.05

Tomato

0.5

Cyproconazole Cocoabeans 0.1

Coffeebean

malaysian export import hand book

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