management of acute and chronic sinusitis bastaninejad, shahin, md, orl & hns, tums amiralam...
TRANSCRIPT
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Management of Acute Management of Acute and Chronic Sinusitisand Chronic Sinusitis
Bastaninejad, Shahin, MD, ORL & Bastaninejad, Shahin, MD, ORL & HNS, TUMSHNS, TUMS
Amiralam HospitalAmiralam Hospital
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Presentation OutlinePresentation Outline
1.1. Acute SinusitisAcute Sinusitis
2.2. Chronic SinusitisChronic Sinusitis
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ImportanceImportance
in USA, one in five antibiotic prescriptions
are for patients with sinusitis symptoms!
(acute and chronic)
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Acute SinusitisAcute Sinusitis
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Definition
• Acute sinusitis Acute sinusitis is defined as sinunasal
inflammatory Sx & Hx lasting less than one
month
– Acute Viral Rhinosinusitis (AVRS)
– Acute Bacterial Rhinosinusitis (ABRS)
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DiagnosisDiagnosis
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PLAIN SINUS X-RAYS AND OTHER IMAGING ARE NOT PLAIN SINUS X-RAYS AND OTHER IMAGING ARE NOT NECESSARY IN MAKING THE DIAGNOSIS OF ACUTE NECESSARY IN MAKING THE DIAGNOSIS OF ACUTE
SINUSITISSINUSITIS
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AVRS TreatmentAVRS Treatment
• Maintain adequate hydration
• Steamy shower or increase humidity in your
home or personal steam vaporizer
• Apply warm facial packs
• Analgesics (acetaminophen, ibuprofen,
aspirin no less than 18yr)
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AVRS Treatment• Saline irrigation lavage
• Decongestants (oral)
– i.e.: Pseudoephedrine hydrochloride 60 mg every
4 to 6 hours, not to exceed 4 doses per 24 hours.
• Decongestant nasal sprays for no longer
than 5 days
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AVRS Treatment
• Adequate rest
• Sleep with head of bed elevated
• Avoid cigarette smoke and extremely cool
or dry air
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When to start Abx for ABRSWhen to start Abx for ABRS
– Persistence of symptoms for longer than Persistence of symptoms for longer than 10 days 10 days
– Worsening of symptoms after 7 daysWorsening of symptoms after 7 days– Conditions Requiring Action Before Seven Conditions Requiring Action Before Seven
Days:Days:• Fever >=39 and a documented history of Fever >=39 and a documented history of
sinusitis sinusitis • Upper teeth pain (not of dental origin) Upper teeth pain (not of dental origin) • Severe symptoms Severe symptoms • Known anatomical blockage Known anatomical blockage
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ABRS GermsABRS Germs
• Streptococcus pneumoniae
• nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae
• Moraxella catarrhalis
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ABRS Treatment• Abx:
– Amoxicillin 500 mg tab three times per day x 10-14 days… in under 18yrs try 80-90mg/kg/day
– For those allergic to amoxicillin: Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole
– For patients allergic to both amoxicillin and TMP/SMX, macrolides can be prescribed
• Nasal steroid spray• Pain killer
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Follow up
• 3 day children
• 7 day adult
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Partial responsePartial response
• patient is symptomatically improved but
not back to normal at the end of the first
course of antibiotics
– An additional 10 to 14 days of amoxicillin
– TMP/SMX: one double strength tab BID x 14
days
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Little or no improvementLittle or no improvement• Amoxicillin/Clavulanate • Cephalosporin 3rd generation ie. Cefuroxime,
Cefpodoxime, Cefprozil, or Cefdinir• Clarithromycin 500mg BIDx 14 days• Azithromycin 500 mg every day x 3 days• Quinolones…
• In patients who have not responded to In patients who have not responded to three weeksthree weeks of continuous antibiotic therapy practitioners of continuous antibiotic therapy practitioners should consider referral to ENT or Allergy for should consider referral to ENT or Allergy for further workupfurther workup
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Invasive Fungal Sinusitis
• Uncommon
• Seen usually in immunocompromised or diabetic patients
• Aspergillosis, mucormycosis
• Requires high index of suspscion
• Diagnosed by biopsy and culture
• Therapy for invasive forms requires wide local debridement and IV Ampo. B
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Chronic RhinosinusitisChronic Rhinosinusitis
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DefinitionDefinition
• Chronic rhinosinusitis is a group of disorders characterized Chronic rhinosinusitis is a group of disorders characterized
by:by:
– inflammation of the mucosa of the nose and paranasal sinuses
for at least 12 consecutive weeks’ duration
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DiagnosisDiagnosis
the use of symptoms the use of symptoms to define CRS is not to define CRS is not as effective as for as effective as for ABRSABRS
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EtiologyEtiology
• The potential causes of CRS may be
numerous, disparate, and frequently
overlapping
• A unified, accepted understanding of the A unified, accepted understanding of the
etiology of CRS is still being soughtetiology of CRS is still being sought
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Major Major debatable debatable
CRS CRS etiologiesetiologies
AllergyAllergy BacterialsBacterials
Anatomic VariationsAnatomic Variations FungiFungi
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AllergyAllergy• The concordance of allergy and CRS
ranges from 25% to 50%, 25% to 50%, with pediatric pediatric studies reporting the higher associationstudies reporting the higher association
• In the subpopulation of patients with CRS symptomatic enough to require surgery, allergy is present in 41% to 84% 41% to 84% of patients
• Perennial hypersensitivity Predominates Perennial hypersensitivity Predominates (especially house dust mite)(especially house dust mite)
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• Allergic patients with CRS responded more poorly to medical management medical management than allergic patients who did not have CRS
• Impact of allergic rhinitis on surgical results in endoscopic sinus surgery success rate success rate will be diminished about 10% (90%80%)
• The etiologic association between allergic The etiologic association between allergic rhinitis, and CRS is less clear yet (despite rhinitis, and CRS is less clear yet (despite ABRS)ABRS)
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Bacterial InfectionBacterial Infection• The role of bacteria in the pathogenesis of CRS, remains
elusiveelusive, But: – Staphylococcus aureus
– Coagulase-negative staphylococcus– Anaerobic
– Gram-negative bacteria.
• Despite the uncertainties surrounding the etiologic factors associated
with CRS, antibiotic therapy has served as a mainstay of treatment
mostly of mixed mostly of mixed infections, with a infections, with a
median of 3 different median of 3 different bacteriesbacteries
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• Why their contribution is elusive?Why their contribution is elusive?
• Relative abundance of eosinophils and the
paucity of neutrophilic inflammation in
tissue samplestissue samples of the most cases of CRS
• This inflammatory response may be
independent of infection
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Probable MechanismsProbable Mechanisms
• Chronic infectionChronic infection
• OsteitisOsteitis
• Bacterial allergy Bacterial allergy
• Superantigen (usually from SA) Superantigen (usually from SA)
• BiofilmsBiofilmsThe exact role of bacteria The exact role of bacteria in CRS remains unclearin CRS remains unclear
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Fungi Fungi (mechanisms in CRS)(mechanisms in CRS)• Chronic Invasive Fungal Sinusitis
• Allergic Fungal Sinusitis (charactristicscharactristics:
eosinophilic mucin containing noninvasive fungal
hyphae, nasal polyposis, characteristic radiographic
findings, immunocompetence, and allergy)
• Fungal balls obstruction
• Immune Complex (non-IgE inflammation)
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• At the current time, it appears that multiple multiple
conditions may play a direct or conditions may play a direct or
contributory rolecontributory role in the pathogenesis of
CRS
• Current literature supports the important
role that bacteria and/or fungirole that bacteria and/or fungi, appear to
play in the pathogenesis of CRS
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Anatomic VariantsAnatomic Variants
• May predispose to earlier obstruction of
the sinuses, allowing for the development
of CRS, although strong evidence is although strong evidence is
lackinglacking
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CRS medical therapies
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SteroidsSteroids
• Topical (INCS): Four of the five clinical
trials demonstrated significant significant
improvement improvement in symptoms
• Although systemic steroids are widely
used, no RCTs have investigated their use
in CRS without polyposis
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AntibioticsAntibiotics• There is a lack of RCT in the literature regarding to
this topic, however, no difference between
antibiotics was noted
• But nowadays, MacrolidsMacrolids are in particular attention
because in addition to antibacterialantibacterial effects,
macrolides have some interesting antiinflammatoryantiinflammatory
effects akin to those of corticosteroids
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• Also macrolides can possibly decrease biofilm decrease biofilm
formation and overall bacterial virulence
• Regimens (3mo duration):
– ErythromycinErythromycin Ethylsuccinate: Ethylsuccinate: 400 q6h up to
2wk, then 400 BD up to 10wk
– Clarithromycin:Clarithromycin: 500 q12h up to 2wk, then 500
daily up to 10wk
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Nasal douchingNasal douching
• At least four RCTs have shown improvement in symptomssymptoms, quality of life quality of life and endoscopyendoscopy and imagingimaging findings
• Nasal saline irrigation has been shown to potentially provide more benefit than nasal saline spray in patients with CRS
• A 2007 Cochrane review concluded that nasal saline appears to have benefits as an adjunctive treatment for CRS
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Antifungal agentsAntifungal agents
• To date no convincing evidence no convincing evidence of their
efficacy over and above saline douching
has been provided
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DecongestantsDecongestants
• No RCTs have been performed in CRS
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MucolyticsMucolytics
• There is little evidence in the literature for
the use of mucolytics such as bromhexine
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AntihistaminesAntihistamines
• There is no evidence to support the use of antihistamines
in CRS, and they are not recommended
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Proton Pump inhibitorsProton Pump inhibitors
• The importance of GERD as a cause of CRS The importance of GERD as a cause of CRS
is unknownis unknown, but it may be more important in
the pediatric population than in adults
• No RTCs have shown benefitNo RTCs have shown benefit
• GERD may be more of a comorbid state than
a cause of CRS
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ConclusionConclusion
• To date, however, because of the paucity
of properly conducted trials, no absolute no absolute
recommendation for a ‘correct regimen’ recommendation for a ‘correct regimen’
can be given can be given
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CRS without nasal polypsCRS without nasal polyps• INCS for 3-6mo
• Nasal Douching with N/S
• Macrolide for 1.5 to 3mo
• Mucolytics
• On failures, perform culture guided On failures, perform culture guided therapytherapy
• If failed again If failed again Proceed with FESS Proceed with FESS operationoperation
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CRS with nasal polypsCRS with nasal polyps
• INCS for undisclosed time!
• Nasal Douching with N/S
• Macrolide administration for 1.5 - 3mo
• Oral corticosteroids for 10 days (20-40mg)
• Montelukast
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