managing change - soumyaa srikrishna
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CHANGE [email protected]
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CHANGE AGENTS
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Types
Outside Pressure Type People-Change-Technology Type Analysis-for-the-Top Type Organizational Development Type
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Roles
Consulting Training Research
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Characteristics
Hemophily Empathy Linkage Proximity Structuring Capacity Openness Reward Energy Synergy
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Classification
Internal External Internal - External
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Why Change fails ?
Leadership Support Allocated Resources Planning and Implementation Communication & Buy-In Priority Adjustment period
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What is power?
Power is the ability to …▫Get someone to do something you want
done.▫Make things happen in the way you want
“Power is the opportunity to build, to create, to nudge history in a different
direction." Richard Nixon
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Sources of Power in Organizations
Powerover Others
Legitimate Power
Reward Power
Coercive Power
Expert Power
Referent Power
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Commitment
Consequences of Power
RewardPower
Legitimate Power
CoercivePower
ExpertPower
ReferentPower
Resistance
Compliance
Sources of Power
Consequences of Power
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Managers Acquire the power needed for leadership by working towards
Power-oriented behavior Position power and personal power 2–C’s : Centrality and Criticality Building expertise Visibility of their job performance Expanding contacts with senior
people. Seeking opportunities to increase
name recognition. 11
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Empowerment
The process by which managers help others to acquire and use the power needed to make decisions affecting themselves and their work.
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Empowerment, and the way managers empower others:
Power as an expanding pie. With empowerment, employees must be
trained to expand their power and their
new influence potential.
Empowerment changes the dynamics
between supervisors and subordinates.
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The Evolution of Power: From Dominationto Delegation
None
High
Deg
ree o
f Em
pow
erm
en
t
Domination Consultation Participation Delegation
Influence Sharing
Manager/leader consults followers
when making decisions
Power Sharing
Manager/leader and
followers jointly make
decisions
Power Distribution Followers are granted authority to
make decisions
Authoritarian Power
Manager/leader impose decisions
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Sexual Harassment and Power
•Harasser stereotypes the victim as subservient and powerless
•Harasser threatens job security or safety through coercive or legitimate power
•Hostile work environment harassment continues when the victim lacks power to stop the behaviour
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Office Romance and Power
Co-workers believe that employees in relationships abuse their power to favour each other.
Higher risk of sexual harassment when relationship breaks off.
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Organizational Politics
Organizational Politics
intentional enhancement
of self-interest
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Organizational Politics
“Organizational politics involves those activities by organizations to acquire, develop, and use power and other resources to obtain one’s preferred outcomes in a situation in which there is uncertainty or dissent about choices.”
(Pfeffer, 1981)
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Factors Influencing Political Behaviour
Political behaviour
Low High
Favourable outcomes
• Rewards• Averted punishments
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Political Tactics
Attacking or blaming others. Creating a favorable image. Developing a base of
support. Inspirational appeal Consultation Exchange Coalition Pressure
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How do organizational politics affect managers and management?
Political action in the chief executive suite.
Political action and subunit power.
Managers placing themselves in the positions of other persons involved in critical decisions or events.
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Can the firm use politics strategically?
Organizational governance & its implications The pattern of authority, influence, and
acceptable managerial behavior established at the top of the organization.
Significantly determined by the effective control of key resources by members of a dominant coalition.
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Can the firm use politics strategically? A person’s behavior must satisfy the
following criteria to be ethical: The behavior must produce the greatest
good for the greatest number of people. The behavior must respect the rights of
all affected parties. The behavior must respect the rules of
justice.
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Limiting the Effects of Political Behavior
Open communication Provide Sufficient Resources Introduce Clear Rules Free Flowing Information Measure performance, not personalities Remove Political Norms Hire Low-Politics Employees Increase Opportunities for Dialogue Peer Pressure Against Politics
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The Bottom Line: Managing Organizational Politics Effectively
Learn theCulture and the“Rules of the
Game” forSuccess in theOrganization
Learn theCulture and the“Rules of the
Game” forSuccess in theOrganization
Establish Cred-ibility and an
Overall PositiveImpression inthe Eyes of
Others in theOrganization
Establish Cred-ibility and an
Overall PositiveImpression inthe Eyes of
Others in theOrganization
Build a Base ofSupport byNetworking,
FormingAlliances, etc.,
with KeyPlayers
Build a Base ofSupport byNetworking,
FormingAlliances, etc.,
with KeyPlayers
Create andImplementFormal and
Clear Policies,Procedures,
etc., to ReduceAmbiguity
Create andImplementFormal and
Clear Policies,Procedures,
etc., to ReduceAmbiguity
Be Open andVisible withEmployees
When Dealingwith Key
Issues thatAffect Them
Be Open andVisible withEmployees
When Dealingwith Key
Issues thatAffect Them
Act in WaysConsistent with
What isVerbally
Communicatedto Employees
(Walk the Talk)
Act in WaysConsistent with
What isVerbally
Communicatedto Employees
(Walk the Talk)
Use DefensiveBehaviors asProtection
Against DirtyPolitical
Players in theOrganization
Use DefensiveBehaviors asProtection
Against DirtyPolitical
Players in theOrganization
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WORKPLACE DYNAMICS
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Positive Change
Planning Feedback Group Thinking Measuring Change