managing feeder calf health
DESCRIPTION
Presentation by Charlie Stoltenow, NDSU Extension Service veterinarian. This slideshow was part of the 2011 NDSU Feedlot School.TRANSCRIPT
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NDSU
Managing Feeder Calf Health
Prepared for the
2011 North Dakota Feedlot School January 27, 2010
Charles L. Stoltenow, DVM, Diplomat ACVPM
Associate Professor, Animal and Range Sciences
Extension Veterinarian
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NDSU
All of my health programs
start with nutrition.-Tim Richards, DVM, Kamuela, HI
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NDSU
Health Programs for Weaned Calves
• Worming
• Lice and mange
• Vaccinations
• Methaphylaxis
• Sick pens
• Biosecurity
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NDSU
Percent of all cattle experiencing health problems at feedlots after arrival
• Respiratory disease 14.4
• Digestive problems 1.9
• Bullers 2.2
• Lameness 1.9
• Central Nervous System 0.4
-NAHMS Feedlot Study, 1999
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NDSU
Bovine Pneumonia
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NDSU
Preventing Disease
• Preventing exposure
• Preventing infection– Passive immunity (colostrum)– Acquired immunity
• Natural exposure
• Vaccination– Efficacious vaccine
– Immunocompetent animal
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NDSU
VaccinationsRisk Management
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NDSU
Wild-type Virus
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NDSU
Modified-Live Virus
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NDSU
Killed Virus
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NDSU
Type of Vaccine
• Modified Live– Strong immune response
– Fewer doses required
– Interferon production
– Cell mediated immunity
– Resemble pathogenic form more closely
• Killed– More stable in storage
– Unlikely to cause disease due to residual virulence or reversion of virulence
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NDSU
Challenge vs. Resistance
Antibody needed for Resistance
Challenge to the Immune System
Amount ofAntibodyPresent in
Serum
Time
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NDSU
Challenge vs. Resistance
Antibody needed for Resistance
Challenge to the Immune System
DiseaseAmount ofAntibodyPresent in
Serum
Time
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NDSU
Challenge vs. Resistance
Antibody needed for Resistance
Challenge to the Immune System Disease
Amount ofAntibodyPresent in
Serum
Time
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NDSU
Challenge vs. Resistance
Antibody needed for Resistance
Challenge to the Immune System
Disease
Amount ofAntibodyPresent in
Serum
Time
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NDSU
Challenge vs. ResistanceAntibody needed for Resistance
Challenge to the Immune System
Amount ofAntibodyPresent in
Serum
Time
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NDSU
Response to One Dose of Vaccine
Time
Amount of Antibody Present in
SerumAntibody needed for Resistance
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NDSU
Response to Two Doses of Vaccine
Time
Amount of Antibody Present in
SerumAntibody needed for Resistance
“InsurancePolicy”
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NDSU
Vaccine Failure
• Animal already incubating the disease
• Passive transfer interference
• Wrong vaccine for condition
• Vaccine administered incorrectly
• Vaccine temperature abused
• Vaccine outdated
• Animal can not mount appropriate response
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NDSU
Animal Cannot MountResponse to Vaccine
• Pre-existing condition
• Inappropriate age of animal
• Number of doses
• Stressed condition– Increased cortisol– Decreased immunity– Sub-optimal nutrition
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NDSU
Common Vaccines for Calves
• Clostridia• IBR• BVD• PI3• BRSV• Mannheimia• Pasteurella
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NDSU
Clostridial Diseases
• Cl. chauvoei (blackleg)
• Cl. septicum (malignant edema)
• Cl. haemolyticum (red water)
• Cl. novyi (Black’s disese)
• Cl. sordellii (sore head)
• Cl. perfringens C&D (and B)(over eating)
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NDSU
Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis
• Fever
• Lethargic - standing/lying in the corner
• Coughing
• Nasal discharge
• Open mouth breathing
• Hyperemic muzzle (red nose)
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NDSU
Bovine Viral Diarrhea
• Immunosuppressive
• Associated with Mannheimia haemolytica
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NDSU
Consequences of a PI
• Presence of PI in cattle feedyards adversely affects health and performance of pen-mates and cattle in nearby pens– 0.3% prevalence of PI in feedlot cattle
– 2.6% of chronically ill and dead are PI
– 15.9% of BRD attributed to PI exposure
• Beef cow herds with one or more PI calves present before breeding had a 5% lower subsequent pregnancy rate.
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NDSU
Parainfluenza Type 3
• Fever
• Cough
• Nasal discharge (snotty nose)
• Ocular discharge (runny eyes)
• Increased respiration
• Predisposes animal to subsequent infection
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NDSU
Bovine Respiratory Syncitial Virus
• Fever (104-1080 F)
• Depressed
• Off feed
• Increased respiration
• Hypersalivation (drooling)
• Nasal discharge (snotty nose)
• Lacrimal discharge (runny eyes)
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NDSU
Mannheimia and Pasteurella• Mannheimia haemolytica• Pasteurella multocida• Severity of signs more pronounced
– Nasal discharge (snotty nose)– Dyspnea (difficult breathing)– High fever– Depressed (head and ears held low)– Toxemia
• Host immune response aids in tissue reaction
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NDSU
Vaccines for Cattle Entering Feedlot
• ESSENTIAL– IBR (modified live)
• May be useful– Mannheimia sp.
– Clostridial bacterins•Highly Recommended
–BRSV (modified live)–BVD (modified live)–PI3 (modified live)
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NDSU
Morbidity Rates by SourceAgri-Practice, 1992
• Auction 36%
• Ranch 14%
• Pre-conditioned 2.8%
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NDSU
Metaphylaxis
• Treating animals with antibiotics at labeled rates before animal becomes ill
• Short term treatment
• Micotil®, Nulfor® Excede ® and Tetradure®
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NDSU
Effect of timing of Tilmicosin metaphylaxis on control of bovine respiratory disease and performance in feeder cattle
Item Control Preshipment Postshipment
No Animals/Pen 100/10 100/10 100/10
BRD Morbidity 54 29 15
Days to 1st BRD 3.5 10.3 15.3
Treat Succ. % 41/54 (75.9) 24/29 (82.8) 12/15 (80.0)
Treat Fail. % 13/54 (24.1) 5/29 (17.2) 3/15 (20.0)
BRD Mortality 2 0 0
Initial Weight 437.4 448.1 440.2
28 Day Weight 525.8 537.1 534.0
Weight Gain 88.5 89.0 93.9
ADG 3.16 3.18 3.35
DMI 11.4 12.3 12.4
Feed/Gain 3.70 3.98 3.93
Elanco, 1999
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NDSU
Bacterial Receptor Sites
• Group 1– Draxxin – Nuflor– Micotil
• Group 2– A180– Baytril
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NDSU
*EstimatedAntibiotic Costs500 lbs, one time
• Metaphylaxis– Nuflor 15 ml SC 2 days $ 8.25
– Micotil 7.5 ml SC 2 days 8.97
– Excede 7.5 ml SC 3 days 13.12
– Tetradure 15 ml SC 7 days 4.15
• Treatment– Draxxin 5.7 ml SC 10 days 21.42
– A180 7.5 ml SC 2 days 8.18
– Baytril 10 ml SC 2 days 6.62
– ResFlor Gold 30 ml SC once 18.85
– Banamine 5 ml IV once 1.40
*January 22, 2011
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NDSU
Treating Disease
• Recognize sick animals
• Make the correct diagnosis
• Use the correct therapy
• Give the animals time to get well
• Get rid of the unproductive animals
• Learn from experience
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NDSU
Recognizing Disease
• Appetite depression (not in the feed bunk)
• Increase in body temperature
• Generalized depression
• Stiff gait
• Cough
• Watery eyes, runny nose
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NDSU
Correct Diagnosis
• Clinical observation• Sampling of live animals
– Nasal swab– Serology
• Necropsy of dead animals– Veterinarian– Feedlot personnel
• Analysis of records• Diagnostic laboratory
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NDSU
NDSU VDL Antibiotic Resistance Patterns for Mannheimia, 2006
Drug % Resistant % Susceptible % Intermediate
Polyflex 17.1 82.9 0.0
Naxcel/Excede 0.0 100.0 0.0
Baytril 0.0 97.5 2.5
Nuflor 0.0 97.5 2.5
Micotil 5.0 90.0 5.0
Gentocin
LA200 7.5 77.5 15.0
TMZ-SMZ 22.0 78.0 0.0
Penicillin 17.1 22.0 61.0
Amiglyde
n=298
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NDSU
Respiratory Illness Treatment
• Develop treatment schedule with your VETERINARIAN
• Sick animals need a sick pen– Enough space for treating 5 days
• Consider re-vaccination– Attack rate > 5% per day– Response to 1st time antibiotic therapy < 80%
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NDSU
Arrival Protocol Example
• Arrival– Metaphylaxis
– 4-way MLV vaccine• Booster in seven days
– Parasiticide Internal/External
• 28 days later– Castrate
– Implant
– Clostridials
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NDSU
Illness Protocol Example
• Illness– Day One Antibiotic & Banamine– Day Three Antibiotic & Banamine– Day Five Big Gun Antibiotic???– Day Seven Realizer pen
• Heavy Cattle– Naxcel
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NDSU
Mannheimia hemolytica in Market Stressed Cattle After Natural Infection
Current Microbiology 1988
• Risk of Stress and Commingling– Mannheimia hemolytica produces substances in
stressed cattle allowing the organism to be more pathogenic
– Neuraminidase produced in market stressed cattle after a natural Mannheimia hemolytica infection
– Neuraminidases play a role in adhesion of organisms to host epithelial cells.
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NDSU
What does a sick animal cost?
• Feedlot– Sick animal $90/animal
• Medical costs $30
• Decreased efficiency $60
*Texas A&M Ranch to Rail Program
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NDSU
Mycoplasma bovis• Clinical Signs
– Pneumonia– Mastitis– Polyarthritis
• Difficult to Treat– Extracellular– No cell wall– Adhere to cells– Toxins– Hemolysins, proteases,
nucleases and neurotoxins ?
• Treatment– Few antibiotics work
– Those that may• Enrofloxacin
• Florfenicol
• Spectinomycin
• Tetracycline
• Draxxin
• Clean-up– Survive many days
when protected from sunlight
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NDSU
Coccidiosis• Intracellular parasite• Complex life cycle (dose dependent)• Symptoms
– Diarrhea (bloody)– Neurologic– Respiratory???? (predisposition)
• Treatment– Amprolium, sulfamethazine, sulfaquinoxaline
• Prevention– Decoquinate, monensin