managing for gut health - montana state · pdf filemanaging for gut health. ... ruminant...
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Managing for gut health
Dr. Greg PennerAssociate Professor and Centennial Enhancement Chair in Ruminant Nutritional PhysiologyUniversity of Saskatchewan
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Take-home messages A consistent supply of DM and nutrients are
required to maintain gut health Production responses have not been well
characterized but can be extrapolated Management strategies to minimize variation in
intake may yield greatest rewards Recovery following a challenge takes time, but
can be accelerated
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Requirements of the gastrointestinal tract Absorptive and secretory
• Supply energy • Regulates ruminal pH• Urea recycling
Barrier• First arm of the immune response• Prevents pathogen and antigen translocation
Communicative• Facilitates cross-talk between host and microbiota• Nutrient sensing
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Why is there variation in rumen pH?
5.0
5.4
5.8
6.2
6.6
7.0-2
880
-252
0
-216
0
-180
0
-144
0
-108
0
-720
-360 0
Rum
inal
pH
Time relative to the challenge, min
ControlResistantSusceptible
Penner et al., 2009
020406080
100120140160180
Control Resistant Susceptible
Dur
atio
n pH
< 5
.8, h
/180
min
c
a
b
P < 0.05
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Greater absorption reduces risk for low pH
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
Acetate Butyrate
Upt
ake,
nm
ol/(m
g pr
otei
n ×
min
)
Control
Resistant
Susceptible
bb
bba
a
Penner et al., 2009
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Barrier function Ability to promote selective permeability
• Allow absorption of nutrients• Prevent movement of non-desired compounds,
toxins, enteric flora
Damage occurs in two forms• Lesions• Compromised tight-cell junctions
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Barrier function
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Weimer et al., 2010; JDS
Evidence supporting stability in the rumen microbial community structure
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Gut health is more than just the rumen
012345
Rumen Omas. Abomas. SI
Wei
ght,
kg
Gorka et al., 2017
Region Length, mDuodenum 0.53Jejunum 21.62Ileum 0.80Cecum 0.22Colon 4.63
Total 27.80Length in ft 91.2 Watanabe et al., unpublished
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Rumen acidosis: more than just the rumen!
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Rumen Duodenum Jejunum Ileum Cecum Proximalcolon
Distalcolon
pH
Control Acidosis
* * * *
Pederzolli, unpublished
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What is gut health?
Good types of microbes
Large rumen papillae
Good fibre digestion capabilityOptimal bacterial protein production
Efficient nutrient absorption
Adequate capacity
Balanced residence time and passage rate
Good barrier function
Regulated pH
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What is gut health?
Forage-basedAttributes Active and regulated microbial
community (fibre digestion) Nutrient absorption Barrier function
Requirements Consistent supply of dry matter and
nutrients
Concentrate-basedAttributes Active and regulated microbial
community (starch digestion) Nutrient absorption Barrier function
Requirements Consistent supply of dry matter and
nutrients
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Challenges to gastrointestinal function?
Inherent challenges within current production settings• Management
• Weaning• Dietary challenges
• Environment • Heat stress• Competition
• Physiological • Parturition
Low/transient low feed intake
Rapid dietary change / induction of rumen acidosis
www.usask.ca5.5
5.6
5.7
5.8
5.9
6.0
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
6.5
0 2 4 6 8 1012141618202224
Incu
bato
r pH
Control Low pHAlternating Diurnal
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
ND
F di
gest
ibili
ty, %
DM
Direct effects of ruminal acidosis
Calsamiglia et al., 2002; JDSC
ontr
ol
Low
pH
Alte
rnat
ing
Diu
rnal
a
b
aa
P < 0.05
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050
100150200250300350400
Dur
atio
n pH
< 5
.6, m
in/d
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
LPS,
EU
/mL
Low pH induces an inflammatory response
Khafipour et al., 2012: CJAS
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0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
LBP,
ug/
mL
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
SAA
, ug/
mL
Low pH induces an inflammatory response
Khafipour et al., 2012: CJAS
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Barrier function of the rumen epithelium
Aschenbach and Gäbel, 2000; JAS
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Acidification impairs absorption
Wilson et al., 2012; JAS
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750 μm 600 μm
Steele et al., 2009
CONTROL ACIDOSIS
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2K
100 µm150 μm 100 μm
Steele et al, 2009
CONTROL ACIDOSIS
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Inconsistent nutrient supply: the real challenge for gut health
Variation in DMI and nutrient intake alters:• Nutrient supply for microbes• Growth response and antigen release• Nutrients available for cattle• Function of the rumen and whole gut
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Weaning compromises total tract barrier function
• 14 newborn Holstein bull calves
• Weaned on d 42 after a 7 d step-down program vs. or not weaned
• Cr-EDTA used as an indicator of barrier function
Greater urinary Cr = reduced barrier function
Wood et al., 2015: JDS
Not weaned
Weaned
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Low feed intake for newly received feedlot cattle
Week relative to arrivalVariable 1st week 2nd week 3rd and 4th weeksDMI (% of BW) 0.5% to 1.5% 1.5% to 2.5% 2.5% to 3.5%
Hutcheson and Cole, 1986; JAS
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Acetate Propionate Butyrate
Abs
orpt
ion,
%
of p
re-fe
ed
with
draw
al
Gäbel et al., 1993
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Variation in nutrient supply: beef cow example Swathgrazing – forage allocation cycle
• 3 d/paddock or longer
-100
0
100
200
300
400
500
Corn grazing Barley swathgrazing
Greenfeed inDrylot
Dur
atio
n pH
< 5
.8,
min
/d Day 1Day 2Day 3
Jose, Penner, McKinnon, Lardner, unpublished
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Information Required Does the severity of short-term feed restriction
affect the absorptive and barrier functions of the gastrointestinal tract?
Does the severity of short-term feed restriction affect recovery of absorptive and barrier function?
Can we manipulate the diet to mitigate the response?
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18 cannulated Angus heifers• 3 treatments
• 75% of feed ad libitum• 50% of feed ad libitum• 25% of feed ad libitum
5 periods
Baseline Feed restriction Recovery 1 Recovery 2 Recovery 3
Zhang et al., 2013; JAS
Ingredient , % of DMBarley silage 30Grass-Alfalfa hay 30Barley grain (rolled) 32Pellet 8
Nutrient composition DM,% 65.8 ± 1.9OM,% of DM 92.3 ± 1.2CP,% of DM 11.2 ± 0.4Fat, % of DM 1.8 ± 0.0NDF,% of DM 40.1 ± 0.4
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Feed restriction decreases the VFA (nutrients for cows) in the rumen
Zhang et al., 2013
a
b
a
c
a
d
0102030405060708090
100
BASE FR
Tota
l rum
inal
SC
FA, m
M
Experimental period
P < 0.001
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Rumen pH increases during feed restrictionTreatment × period; P < 0.001
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
BASE FR
Dur
atio
n (p
H <
5.5
), m
in/d
Experimental period
Period; P < 0.001
Zhang et al., 2013
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Nutrient absorption is reduced with feed restriction
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
BASE FR
Tota
l SC
FA, m
mol
/h
Experimental period
Treatment; P = 0.080Period; P = 0.091
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
75% 50% 25%
Tota
l SCF
A, m
mol
/h
Treatment
Zhang et al., 2013
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Barrier function of the gut is reduced with feed restriction Treatment × period; P < 0.001
Zhang et al., 2013
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Feed restriction impacts cattle when they return to full feed conditions
Treatment × period; P < 0.001
Zhang et al., 2013
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Ad libitum feeding after feed restriction induces rumen acidosis
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
FR REC1 REC2 REC3
Dur
atio
n (p
H <
5.5
), m
in/d
Experimental period
Quadratic; P < 0.001Treatment × period; P < 0.001
Zhang et al., 2013; JAS
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Absorption capability did not recover until about 3 wk after feed restriction
Treatment × Period; P = 0.009
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Management strategies to improve gut health Consistent feed supply that meets nutrient
requirements• Good husbandry, bunk management, grain processing
Feed additives that help to stabilize rumen fermentation
• Ionophores, yeast, probiotics, essential oils, etc. Can we predict the low feed intake event?
• Recovery diets?
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Can We Mitigate the Response by Changing the Forage-to-Concentrate Ratio? Animals and Experimental Design 20 cannulated Angus heifers
• 4 treatments• High forage/High forage• High forage/Moderate forage• Moderate forage/High forage• Moderate forage/Moderate forage
Baseline Feed restriction Recovery 1 Recovery 2 Recovery 3
Albornoz et al., 2013
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Role of forage in recovery after low feed intake
Albornoz et al., 2013; JAS
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Low feed intake decreases SCFA absorption
0100200300400500600700800
Baseline Restriction
SCFA
abs
orpt
ion,
mm
ol/h
P = 0.038
Albornoz et al., 2013; JAS
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
Baseline Restriction
DM
I, kg
/d
High forageModerate forage
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0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Week 1 Week 2 Week 3
DM
I, kg
/d
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
Week 1 Week 2 Week 3
Dur
atio
n pH
< 5
.5, m
in/d
Feeding a high forage diet improves recovery
ab
cbc
abaab
b
a
b
b
ab
ab
Treat x period, P = 0.033 Treat x period, P < 0.001
Albornoz et al., 2013; JAS
High forage
Moderate forage
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Nutritional strategies to accelerate recovery of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) Several nutrients may help promote GIT function
• Butyrate Gorka et al., 2013; Kawalski et al., 2015
• Betaine• Coccidia infection Kettunen et al. 2001; Fetterer et al. 2003
• Antioxidants• Superoxide dismutase benefits GIT in mice Vouldoukis et al. 2004
• May counteract hypoxic conditions Dengler et al., 2015
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Use of a compound feed additive to accelerate recovery of the GIT n = 32
Fed ‘High’ 3 d low feed
intake at 50%
TreatmentIngredient, % DM High Storm Storm+Barley silage 9 20 20Barley grain 79 67.5 66.6Min/vit 12.5 12.5 12.5RP betaine 0.7Antioxidant 0.01Butyrate 0.2
Penner et al., unpublished
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Use of a compound feed additive to accelerate recovery of the GIT
Treatment
Ingredient, % DM High Storm Storm+
Barley silage 9 20 20
Barley grain 79 67.5 66.6
Min/vit 12.5 12.5 12.5
RP betaine 0.7
Antioxidant 0.01
0.2
Baseline LFI
CON = no LFI
Recovery
Penner et al., unpublished
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Increasing the F:C ratio and use of a compound supplement stabilized DMI
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
Baseline Challenge Recovery
Dry
mat
ter i
ntak
e, k
g/d
CON LFI STORM STORM+Treatment x period, P < 0.001
Only STORM+ recovered to baseline DMI after low feed intake
Penner et al., unpublished
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Increasing the F:C ratio and use of a compound supplement stabilized pH
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
Baseline Challenge Recovery
Mea
n ru
min
alpH
CON LFI STORM STORM+Treatment x period, P = 0.022
Penner et al., unpublished
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Increasing the F:C ratio and use of a compound supplement improved absorption
0
200
400
600
800
1,000
Acetate Butyrate
Flux
rate
, µm
ol/(c
m2
×h)
CON LFI STORM STORM+
P = 0.089
P = 0.011a
b
ab
b
Penner et al., unpublished
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Take-home messages A consistent supply of DM and nutrients are
required to maintain gut health Production responses have not been well
characterized but can be extrapolated Management strategies to minimize variation in
intake may yield greatest rewards Recovery following a challenge takes time but
can be accelerated
www.usask.ca
Thank you