managing peace & security: regional & international conflict
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Managing Peace & Security: Regional & International Conflict. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Nobel Peace Prize
- Awarded by the Norwegian Nobel Committee- Barack Obama was awarded for :1. his efforts to strengthen international diplomacy 2. his vision of a world without nuclear weapons3. his work towards restarting the stalled Middle East peace process
Obama has given people hope for a better future
The Nobel Peace Prize
for 2009
Obama’s work towards restarting the stalled Middle East peace process
Feb 2009:Obama directed military to plan Iraq drawdown
Mar 2009:Obama announced that the US combat mission in Iraq would end by September 2010
Have you ever wondered why are the US troops in Iraq?
Mar 2003:
George Bush announced war against Iraq based on the following reasons:
1. Iraq's alleged possession of weapons of mass destruction which posed a threat to US’s security and that of their regional allies
2. Iraq's involvement in transnational terrorism
Known as the Iraq War
2 Aug 1990: Iraq invaded Kuwait
17 Jan 1991: US with the involvement of other countries invaded Iraq together (Gulf war)
28 Feb 1991: War ended with Iraq accepting terms of resolution
Mar 2003: George Bush announced war against Iraq
Feb 2009: Obama directed military to plan Iraq drawdown
Mar 2009: Obama announced that the US combat mission in Iraq would end by September 2010
Looking at the conflict between 1990-1991, what are some questions you have regarding it or the countries involved?
Managing Peace and Security:
Regional Conflict• Iraq & Kuwait
Causes & Impact
International Conflict • Transnational
Terrorism
Impact
Learning OutcomesAt the end of the lesson, you should be able to:
A. Explain the causes of conflict between Iraq & Kuwait: 1. Historical Enmity
2. Economic Problems 3. Oil Production
4. Territorial Disputes
B. Attempts to Resolve the Problems Between Iraq & Kuwait
C. Immediate Causes of Gulf War
Do you still remember what you have learnt in Sec 3 SS about conflicts?
Why do countries go to war?
MIDDLE
EAST
The Middle East
• Largest group of people living in the Middle East are the Arabs
• Islam is the main religion
• One of the most important oil-producing regions in the world
• Controls a strategic waterway known as the Suez Canal which links Europe to the Middle East and Asia (important trade route)
Saudi Arabia
Kuwait
Iraq
Yemen
Causes of the Gulf War
1. Historical Enmity2. Economic Problems 3. Oil Production4. Territorial Disputes
1. Historical Enmity
Under the Ottoman Empire in the past
Became British colonies and were granted independence from the British in 1961
Do you remember what happened the war between South Korea & North Korea?
What do you think happened between Iraq & Kuwait after they had gained independence?
• Iraq refused to recognise Kuwait’s independence as it claimed that Kuwait was historically a part of Iraq and governed under the same territory when they were both under Ottoman rule
• Iraq had on several occasions claimed sovereignty over Kuwait and even sent troops to claim Kuwait in 1961
• However Iraq was stopped by British and other Arab nations’ troops
1. Historical Enmity (continued)
• In 1963, Iraq gave up its claim on Kuwait after facing pressure from its Arab neighbours and receiving a large sum of money from Kuwait
• However there were several instances where Iraq used its military power to threaten Kuwait over border disputes
1. Historical Enmity (continued)
How do you think this led to the Gulf War?
Iraq never accepted the fact of Kuwait’s independence and Kuwait’s refusal to give in was seen as defiance and a personal attack on Saddam Hussein. Kuwait’s refusal was also a threat toIraq’s national interest. Therefore Iraq decided to attack Kuwait.
Anything that affects the existence, independence, sovereignty, economic development and territorial control of a country
Who is Saddam Hussein?
Looking at the cartoon, what kind of person do you think he was?
Why do you say so?
Who is Saddam Hussein?
• President of Iraq from 16 July 1979 until 9 April 2003
• Always seen himself as a great leader of the Arab world
• Ruthless: Did not allow anyone to oppose him• Captured by US forces in 2003• Convicted of the 1982 killing of 148 Iraqs in
2006• Sentenced to death and executed in 2006
2. Economic ProblemsImpact of Iran-Iraq War (1980 to 1988) on Iraq
• Heavy loss of lives
• Owed about US$80 billion in debts to its neighbours and other countries, such as the US and France (supplied food and war equipment **Kuwait provided Iraq a loan of US$14 billion• Reconstruction of Iraq required US$230 billion• Prices of basic necessities became very high and people became unhappy with Saddam Hussein
Before the war, Iraq was a prosperous country with about
US$35 billion in reserves
2. Economic Problems (continued)
How do you think this led to the Gulf War?
• War with Iran had drained Iraq’s economy• Therefore Iraq needed to attack Kuwait and gain control over its resources in order to ease the economic hardships in Iraq to appease the people
How do you think Iraq can pay off this massive debtand rebuild the country in another way besides Gaining control over Kuwait’s resources ?
By earning more revenue from the sale of oil
3. Oil Production
• However, oil prices were falling due to over-production by some countries
• OPEC had put quotas on the amount of oil that countries can produced to prevent decline in oil prices
• However Kuwait and the United Arab Emirates ignored the quota set
OPEC = Organization of the
Petroleum Exporting Countries
3. Oil Production (continued)
What do you think happened when countries ignored the quota set and produced oil well above their assigned limits?
• Oil prices fell • Iraq lost revenue (lost US$1 billion from oil sales each time oil price fell by US$1)
3. Oil Production (continued)
How do you think this led to the Gulf War?
• Iraq was unhappy as the action of Kuwait & UAE was equivalent to waging an economic war on Iraq (90% of its income came from sale of oil)
•This affected its national interest as this hindered its efforts to repay its debts and rebuild its country
•Therefore it led to Iraq’s decision to attack Kuwait
4. Territorial Disputes
Do you remember what happened between China & India when India gained
its independence from Britain?
What do you think happened when Iraq & Kuwait gained independence?
4. Territorial Disputes (continued)Rumaila oilfield
• As Iraq and Kuwait had inherited their borders from the British, some were not very well-defined
• The unclearly-defined borders between Iraq and Kuwiat had resulted in both sides sharing the profitable Rumaila oilfield
4. Territorial Disputes (continued)• In 1990, Iraq accused Kuwait for stealing oil by drilling for oil from the
Iraqi side using slant-drilling technology
• Iraq demanded Kuwait to stop drilling for oil completely and demanded US$2.4 billion in compensation
• Kuwait refused as it claimed that it had only drilled oil from their side of the oilfield
4. Territorial Disputes (continued)
How do you think this led to the Gulf War?
• Iraq was unhappy as Kuwait’s refusal to Iraq’s demands was seen as defiance and a personal attack on Saddam Hussein who saw himself as a great leader of the Arab world
• Their refusal also affected Iraq’s national interest as Kuwait was depleting oil from the Rumaila oilfield on Iraqi’s side which would affect their oil production
• Therefore Iraq decided to invade Kuwait
4. Territorial Disputes (continued)Bubiyan and Warbah Islands (inherited from the British)
Iraq wanted the islands because:
1. Kuwait has the potential to block off Iraq’s access to the Persian Gulf which would affect Iraq’s oil transportation
2. They would help it gain access to the open waters of the Persian Gulf which create better transport possibilities for Iraq
3. They would enable Iraq to transport oil in greater quantities (Current port, Umm Qasr has shallow waters where big ships cannot dock and has poor port facilities)
4. Territorial Disputes (continued)Bubiyan and Warbah Islands (inherited from the British)
• Iraq did not accept Kuwait’s ownership of these two islands and had attempted to claim ownership of the islands through force in the 1960s and 1970s but failed.
• From 1978, Iraq wanted to lease the islands from Kuwait, but Kuwait refused because it feared this would open the door for further territorial demands from Iraq.
4. Territorial Disputes (continued)
How do you think this led to the Gulf War?
• Iraq was unhappy as Kuwait’s refusal to give up the islands was seen as defiance and a personal on Saddam Hussein who saw himself as a great leader of the Arab world
• Kuwait’s refusal also affected its national interest as without access to the Persian Gulf, Iraq would find it difficult to export oil which would result in the loss of revenue
• Therefore Iraq decided to invade Kuwait
Bubiyan and Warbah Islands
Attempts to resolve the problems between Iraq and Kuwait?
Mediation by Arab LeagueComplaints made by Iraq against Kuwait over :1.The alleged oil theft over Rumaila oilfield.2.Iraq’s request that Kuwait and rest of Arab
countries should cancel Iraq’ wartime debt to them.
3.Over- production of oil by Kuwait and UAE (that led to Iraq’a economic problems)
4. Territorial issues (Bubiyan and Warbah islands)
Were these attempts at mediation successful?
• Had some successes initially• Iraq managed to get some concessions from
Kuwait and other countries • OPEC countries agreed to increase the price of
oil from US$ 18 to US$21– Iraq would earn more from the sale of oil
• Kuwait promised to write off wartime debts and provide additional US$500 million as a loan to Iraq
POSITIVE
• However, Kuwait refused to concede territory to Iraq nor pay for oil drilled from Rumaila oilfield
IRAQ invaded KUWAIT 2nd August 1990
NEGATIVE
What were the immediate causes of the Iraq-Kuwait conflict?
The negotiations talks between Iraq and Kuwait had been progressing well.Iraq’s invasion of Kuwait had come as a surprise move to many.
What then, were the immediate causes that led to the invasion by Iraq?
What were the immediate causes of the Iraq-Kuwait conflict?
Saddam Hussein’s leadership• Kuwait’s repeated refusal to give
in on the territorial issues and Rumaila oil theft were seen as a personal insult to Saddam.
Iraq’s Official Reason• To free Kuwait from the ruling government at
the request of revolutionaries
What were the immediate causes of the Iraq-Kuwait conflict?
Political problems
• Hussein had deployed a large number of troops at the border of Kuwait.
• The soldiers were getting restless.• Hussein feared that the soldiers would turn
against him if he delayed taking action against Kuwait.
What were the immediate causes of the Iraq-Kuwait conflict?
Misreading the position of the US• Saddam Hussein believed that US was
sympathetic to Iraq’s problems with Kuwait.
• And therefore would not help Kuwait in the event of an Iraqi invasion.
In 1990, a US Ambassador in Iraq declared that "we have no opinion on the Arab-Arab conflicts." She also said that the U.S. did not intend "to start an economic war against Iraq".
Learning OutcomesAt the end of the lesson, you should be able to explain:
A. Reactions to Iraq’s invasion of KuwaitB. Impact of Gulf WarC. Effectiveness of UN
Reactions to the Iraqi Invasion of Kuwait
Reactions from:• The Arab countries• America• United Nations (International response)
Understanding the Gulf War & its Effects
The Players The 4 Stages
Understanding
The Players…
Individual Countries
Regional
International
Iraq
Arab League (including Saudi Arabia & Middle East)
US & Coalition ForcesUN
Kuwait
The 4 Stages of the Gulf War
Stage 1 : Why Iraq invaded Kuwait (Recall)
Stage 2: When Iraq first invaded Kuwait
Stage 3: When Iraq was in full-blown invasion
Stage 4: Review of Gulf War – The Effects…
The Gulf War
the war fought between Iraq and a coalition led by the United States that freed Kuwait from Iraqi invaders
1990-1991
Timeline of Gulf War 2 August 1990 — Iraq invades Kuwait. Saddam Hussein proclaims
Kuwait as a province of Iraq. 7 August 1990 — Operation Desert Shield begins. The first US forces
arrive in Saudi Arabia. 29 November 1990 — UN authorizes any force necessary to remove Iraqi
forces from Kuwait. Iraqis are given to 15 January to leave Kuwait. 21 January 1991 — Congress grants President George H.W. Bush the
authority to use military force. 15 January 1991 — Deadline passes for Iraqi withdrawal. 16 January 1991 — Air campaign begins against military leadership
targets in Kuwait and Iraq (concentrating on Baghdad).
Timeline of Gulf War24 February 1991 — Desert Storm begins as coalition ground forces
drive on Iraqi forces in Kuwait. 28 February 1991 — After 100 hours, Iraq agrees to a ceasefire. Iraqi
forces have retreated from Kuwait. The United States (under the leadership of President George H.W. Bush, Defense Secretary Dick Cheney and Chairman of the Joint Chiefs Colin Powell) is satisfied with U.N. objectives and does not push on to Baghdad. Within Iraq, Saddam brutally crushes Shi'ite and Kurdish opposition.
3 March 1991 — Iraq accepts conditions for a permanent cease fire.
Stage 1: Why Iraq invaded Kuwait
Can you recall why Iraq invaded Kuwait?
Stage 2: When Iraq first invaded Kuwait
Regional – Fear of Iraqi Dominance
a. With Iraq occupying Kuwait, they control 20% of world’s oil
production
b. Iraqi army now at Kuwait – Saudi Arabia
border
• Iraq might set a high price for oil to solve its economic problems• Create problems for world economy
• Iraq might invade Saudi Arabia for its resources• Saudi Arabia was no match for Iraq
What is the fear? What is the fear?
Regional – ‘Arab Solution’
Kuwait appealed to Arab League for help (did not want western help)
Arab League called upon Iraq to withdraw troops, but not all the Arab countries supported this.
Why no Western help?
Effectiveness of vote?
Did not want a return of western imperialism
Not effective as some Arab countries had alliances with Iraq
International – America’s Response
b. Operation Desert Shield launched with a coalition of more than 30 countries
providing troops, equipment etc
a. Responded to Saudi Arabia’s invitation to
help defend their kingdom
Main Reason for Response
- Cannot allow a ruthless country dominate oil production
Effect if Iraq did have control of
oil production???
1. Iraq would have great economic & military power2. Iraq would have the arrogance to intimidate and coerce its neighbours who control the world’s remaining oil reserves
International – UN’s Response
UN passed a resolution
Demanding for immediate Iraqi withdrawal
Called for immediate & intensive negotiations between
Iraq & Kuwait Froze Kuwait’s and Iraq’s assets worldwide to stop use of
funds by Iraq
Economic & Political sanctions: No country to sell Iraq goods,
as 90% of Iraq’s goods are imported
Stage 3: When Iraq was in full-blown invasion
Country – Iraq’s Response
a. Initially, Iraq seemed compliant when Arab leaders called for a resolution. Agreed to withdraw from Kuwait, provided a different Kuwaiti government is formed
Saddam’s Actions…
b. Once Arab League condemned his actions, Saddam Hussein became defiant
- Announced the Annexation of Kuwait
- Iraqis took westerners in Iraq & Kuwait hostage
Reaction of the International Community?
International – UN & US
Coalition troops started pouring
into Saudi Arabia
UN gave a deadline for Iraq
to withdraw troops (15th Jan
1991)
US arranged for meeting
between Iraq & US Secretary of
State
We will still press on!!
International – UN & US
- Since Iraq did not comply with diplomatic efforts, need to FORCE Iraq out of Kuwait
Operation Desert Storm
Iraq accepted defeat & ALL UN resolutions
Destroyed Iraq’s command & control capabilities
Coalition regained Kuwait City
Stage 4: Review of WarConsequences of Gulf War
1. Impact on Kuwait
2. Impact on Iraq (a) Destruction of Iraqi military capability (b) Political instability in Iraq (c) Suffering of Iraqis
3. Regional & International Impact (a) Environment catastrophe (b) Displacement of foreign workers
Stage 4: Review of WarConsequences of Gulf War
1. Impact on Kuwait
-> 1,000 Kuwaiti civilians killed, thousands tortured by Iraqi soldiers
-Kuwaitis were treated harshly & forced to flee their country
-Businesses, hospitals were looted by Iraqi soldiers
-Iraqi army set fire to Kuwaiti oil wells, losses of US$25 billion
2. Impact on Iraq
a. Destruction of Iraqi military capability
b. Political Instability in Iraq
c. Suffering of Iraqis
2. Impact on Iraq
a. Destruction of Iraqi military capability
-Before invasion, Iraq had one of the most impressive military powers in Middle East
-After the Gulf war, 1/3 of Iraq’s capabilities were destroyed by coalition forces
What happened to Iraq during the war?
Coalition had state of the art weapons
Iraqi air defence destroyed
No way to protect Iraqi ground troops
Loss of morale of the Iraqi soldiers
(many surrendered instead of fight)
Fleeing soldiers & ground troops
attacked
1/3 Iraqi’s capabilities destroyed
Kurds in Iraq
Have wanted a homeland of their
own for a long time
Encouraged by the coalition forces to stand up against
Sadam
Thought the coalition forces
would support them, but they did not
Thousands of Kurds massacred
& 1 million fled the country
b. Political Instability
- Large amount of Iraqi infrastructure destroyed by coalition forces
- Electricity supply destroyed- Could not operate water purification &
sewage facilities as there was no electricity- Spread of disease
c. Suffering of Iraqis
- When Iraq realized that they were losing the battle, they set fire to Kuwaiti oil wells and dumped oil into the Persian Gulf
- Marine life became threatened- Cost millions of dollars to put out the fires and
clear the oil slick from the Persian Gulf
3. Regional & International Impact (a) Environment catastrophe
- At the time of Iraq’s invasion, early 2 million foreign workers (Bangladesh, India, Egypt … ) were working in Kuwait
- Fled Kuwait when war broke out
- Lost of income- Families suffered
3. Regional & International Impact (b) Displacement of foreign workers
Was the UN Successful at maintaining PEACE & STABILITY?
YES, why?
- A lot of countries helped, self-interest, didn’t want iraq to have all the share and cause price of oil to increase
- US (militarily strong, strong leadership)