managing pierce’s disease - aggie horticulture · managing pierce’s disease jim kamas associate...

2/5/2018

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Managing Pierce’s Disease

Jim KamasAssociate Professor & Extension Fruit

SpecialistTexas A&M Agrilife Extension Service

Viticulture & Fruit LabFredericksburg, TX

A Historical Perspective

From: A Feasibility Study for GrapeProduction in Texas, 1976‐ R.L. Perry

1996‐2009 A Raging Battle With Vectors & Pathogen Across Much of the State

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• Xylem-limited Bacterium

• Native to SE United States

• Directly Occludes Vascular Tissue (Xylem)

• Obligately Vectored by Insects

• Intolerant to Cold Climates

• Enlargement of TylosesAdds Additional Blockage

Xylella fastidiosaBiology

DiseaseRangeinU.S.NowKnowntoBeMuchGreaterthanOriginallyThought

2004‐2011 Texas Pierce’s Disease

Research & Education Program • Statewide Mapping & Testing

• Vector Trapping‐Species/Region/Seasonality

• Epidemiology• Pathogen Diversity/Strain Relationships

• Supplemental Hosts ID• Rootstock Trials• Resistant/Tolerant Variety Testing

• Novel Control Methods

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The Game Changer in California• Introduced

From Texas on Nursery Stock

• Distant Flyer• Feeds on Woody Tissue

• Vine to Vine Disease Spread

All Sharpshooters are Voracious Feeders and Need to Change Feeding Hosts

Frequently

These Two Subfamilies have Very Different Flight Patterns

Cicadellini

ProconiiniCicadellini are More Efficient Vectors, But Proconiini AreMore Distant Fliers and Feed on More Mature Wood

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Cuerna costalis

10 mm

Homalodisca vitripennis

12 mm

Homalodisca insolita

10 mm

Oncometopia orbona

12 mm

Oncometopia sp. (undescribed)

12 mm

Paraulacizes irrorata

10mm

Texas Sharpshooters‐Proconiini

Photos I. Lauziere & F. Mitchell

Texas Sharpshooters‐ Cicadellini

Draeculacephala navicula

8 mm

Draeculacephala robinsoni

6mm

Graphocephala coccinea

10 mm

Graphocephala hieroglyphica

6 mm

Graphocephala versuta

6 mm


Xyphon sagittifera

6 mm

Xyphon flaviceps

6 mm

4 mm

Ciminius hartiSibovia occatoria

6 mm

Clastoptera lineatocollis

5 mm

Clastoptera lawsoni

5 mm

Clastoptera xanthocephala

4 mm

Other Texas Xylem Feeders‐Clastopterini

Pacarina puella

22 mm

Fidicinini

Lepyronia quadrangularis

10mm

Lepyroniini


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So, What is the Relative Abundance and Variation from Season to Season?

What Else We Learned From Insect Surveys

Proximity to Riparian Habitat

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Do Injectable Neonicotinoids Work?

Weather Is Still Has the Greatest Impact

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Xylella fastidiosaA Range of Host Responses

• Susceptibility – the lack of resistance mechanisms.

• V. labrusca, V. vinifera, Fr./Am. Hybrids. Great differences in field longevity

• Resistance – the ability of the host to limit colonization by the pathogen.

• V. smallii, V. arizonica and others?

• Tolerance ‐ the ability of host to sustain infection by the pathogen with no reduction in yield.

• ‘Black Spanish’, ‘Blanc du Bois’, ‘MisBlanc’, most wild Vitis species native to Gulf Coast and S.E. United States

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July 05

August 04

July 03

Maps of Disease Progress in a Viognier VineyardDuring 2003 ‐2005

David Appel, 2006Texas PD Symposium

So Just Where is Xylella Anyway?

Plant/Sample Family Common Name ELISAQRT PCR PCR

Ratibida columnifera Asteraceae Prairie coneflower

Chamaecrista fasciculata Fabaceae Partridge pea

Magnolia grandiflora Magnoliaceae Magnolia

Ficus carica L. Moraceae Fig tree

Coelorachis cylindrica Poaceae Cylinder joint-tail grass

Vitis rotundifolia Vitaceae Muscadine grape

Vitis mustangensis Vitaceae Mustang grape


Juniperus ashei Cypressaceae Ash juniper

Ratibida columnifera Asteraceae Prairie coneflower

Hibiscus syriacus Malvaceae Rose-of-Sharon

Pinus taeda L. Pinaceae Loblolly pine

Setaria magna Poaceae Giant foxtail

Callicarpa americana L. Verbenaceae American beautyberry



Modiola caroliniana Malvaceae Grassland herb N/A

Fraxinus pennsylvanica Oleaceae Green ash N/A

Ampelopsis arborea Vitaceae Peppervine N/A

Carya illinoinensis Juglandaceae Pecan N/A

Magnolia grandiflora Magnoliaceae Magnolia N/A

Osmanthus fragrans Oleaceae Sweet olive N/A

L. Morano, TX PD Mgmt. Guide

Xylella Strain Relationships?

Peach Phony Disease Citrus Variegated Chlorosis

Oleander Leaf Scorch Almond Leaf Scorch Oak Leaf Scorch

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Summary of X. fastidiosa genetics at one locus

X. fastidiosa strain name

Extracted from: common name

Extracted from: scientific name

Characterization based on gyrB sequence*

3032 Mexican hat Ratibida columnifera

ELM, MUL, RGW

2325 Giant ragweed

Ambrosia psilostachya

ELM, MUL, RGW

B4-1 Infected Grape

Vitis vinifera Grape

B1-50 Infected Grape


Bacch. Sea myrtle Baccharis halimifolia

ELM, MUL, RGW

1318B Infected Grape

Vitis vinifera ELM, MUL, RGW and Grape

Dr. Lisa Morano, U. of Houston‐Downtown

Dr. Lisa Morano, U. of Houston‐Downtown

Summary of X. fastidiosa genetics at one locus

X. fastidiosa strain name

Extracted from: common name

Extracted from: scientific name

Characterization based on gyrB sequence*

3032 Mexican hat Ratibida columnifera

ELM, MUL, RGW

2325 Giant ragweed

Ambrosia psilostachya

ELM, MUL, RGW

B4-1 Infected Grape


B1-50 Infected Grape


Bacch. Sea myrtle Baccharis halimifolia

ELM, MUL, RGW

1318B Infected Grape

Vitis vinifera ELM, MUL, RGW and Grape

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X. fastidiosa strain relationships and potential recombination between strains

• Host Specificity of Pecan Strains f Xylella fastidiosa subsp.Multiplex. R. S. Sanderlin, Plant Disease May 2017, Volume 101, Number 5.

• A pecan strain of X.f. could only infect pecan, even though it is in the subspecies multiplex and should be pathogenic on a number of other typical hosts for that subspecies (sycamore, red maple, plum, blueberry, etc.),

• Also, a sycamore multiplex strain could not infect pecan,• Message = seems to be greater host specialization of X.f. isolates than just the subspecies level.

• Xylella fastidiosa Isolates from Both Subsp.multiplex and fastidiosa Cause Disease on Southern Highbush Blueberry (Vaccinium sp.) Under Greenhouse Conditions. J. E. Oliver, P. A. Cobine, and L. De La Fuente. Phytopathology Jul 2015, Volume 105, Number 7.

• BLS of blueberry is known to be caused by X.f. subsp. multiplex,• They inoculated blueberry with X.f. subsp. fastidiosa from grape and blueberry and got symptom development equal to that with inoculations with a multiplex isolate,

• Natural Competence Rates Are Variable Among Xylella fastidiosa Strains and Homologous Recombination Occurs In Vitro Between Subspecies fastidiosa andmultiplex. Prem P. Kandel, Rodrigo P. P. Almeida, Paul A. Cobine, and Leonardo De La Fuente. Molecular Plant‐Microbe Interactions Jul 2017, Volume 30, Number 7.

• X.f. takes up DNA from the environment, left there by dead bacterial cells and incorporates it into its own genome,

• One subspecies can take up DNA from a different subspecies, thus “merging” the two strains,

• More evidence that the subspecies concept of X.f. is probably too simple, and a lot of the variability we observe is a result of recombination of subspecies.

Lit. Review Notes Courtesy Dr. Dave Appel

Texas grapevine evaluations Focus on traditional breeding

Variety Parentage Color Vineyard Date Brix pH TA

U0502‐20 50% Chardonnay White

Leakey 7/26/14 24.4 3.72 6.4

Hye 7/29/14 25.5 4.09 7.8

Industry 8/6/14 18.0 3.42 ‐

U0502‐3850% Chardonnay

Red

Leakey 7/26/14 25.0 3.79 6.3

Hye 7/25/14 24.0 4.02 8.0

Industry 8/6/14 22.1 4.00

U0505‐3550% Cabernet

SauvignonRed

Leakey ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐

Hye 7/29/14 24.9 3.97 8.4

Industry 7/28/14 21.5 3.38 ‐


Red

Leakey 7/26/14 24.4 3.72 6.4

Hye 7/29/14 25.5 4.09 7.8

Industry 8/19/14 19.8 3.81 ‐


Red

Leakey 7/28/14 23.9 3.81 5.85

Hye ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐

Industry 8/19/14 19.1 3.8

U0501‐12 50% Syrah RedLeakey ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐

Hye 8/19/12 26.2 4.15 4.92


RedLeakey 8/5/14 25.1 3.86 4.85

Hye 8/6/14 23.3 4.13 4.95

Variety Trial Harvest 2014

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2014 Harvest – Hill Country

Merlot Sangiovese

U0502‐38 U0505‐35 U0502‐10 U0502‐26U0502‐01

U0505-35June 15, 2012Industry, Texas

• Breeder: Dr. Andy Walker (UC Davis)• Parentage: A81-138 x Cabernet Sauvignon

U0505-35

U0502-38

• Breeder: Dr. Andy Walker (UC Davis)• Parentage: A81-138 x ‘Chardonnay’

7/12/2013

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U0502-20 Harvest 2012

U0502-20June 11, 2012Industry, Texas

U0502-20• Breeder: Dr. Andy Walker (UC Davis)• Parentage: A81-138 x Chardonnay

Fruit Chemistry 2017 94% & 88% Selections

• 07355‐75 22.8 ⁰B 3.51 pH

• 07713‐51 23.7 ⁰B 3.61 pH

• 07370‐84 22.8 ⁰B 3.57 pH

• U0502‐38 27.5 ⁰B 3.66 pH

• U0505‐35 23.2 ⁰B 3.81 pH

• U0502‐20 22.0 ⁰B 3.47 pH

First Releases from Andy Walker

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And the Orphans……..?

•U.C. Patent Attorneys are Open to Releasing a Few 88% (and perhaps 94%) Into Public Domain

• Timing?

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