managing urban change revision
DESCRIPTION
A presentation used in class to help revise some of the main points of the OCR (A) AS level unit: Managing Urban ChangeTRANSCRIPT
Revision: Urban Change
-We will know what they are expected to know for the urban change exam
-We will begin to revise the main concepts and theories
Word, words and terminology
Urban
Rural
Urbanisation
Percentage urban
Rural-urban migration
Counterurbanisation
Urban hierarchy
Mega-city
World City
CBD
Edge city
Waste disposal
Paratransit
Derelict land
Garden grabbing
Functions
Deindustrialisation
Global shift
Ghetto
Sink estate
Gated community
Inner ring
Urban land value surface
Urban manager
Aggolomeration
Suburbanisation
TNC
Informal economy
Social housing
Threshold
Urban regeneration
Brownfield
Re-imaging
Reurbanisation
Suburban intensification
Centralising
Decentralising
Exclusion
Cycle of poverty
Multiple deprivation
Economic globalisation
Post-industrial
Image
Disaffected
Polaristaion
Floodplain
Risk
Sustainability
Sustonable development
Need
Ecological footprint
Carrying capacity
Carbon netral
Affordable housing
Definition BingoWrite four words from the following list
Cross them off if they are defined
Urban
Rural
Urbanisation
Percentage urban
Rural-urban migration
Counterurbanisation
Urban hierarchy
Mega-city
World City
CBD
Edge city
Waste disposal
Paratransit
Derelict land
Garden grabbing
Definitions
You need to know key words to understand the exam questions
Using key words show you know what you are talking about
Knowledge Check Q’s
p209 of book
In what ways do urban areas differ to rural
areas?Produce a table of urban characteristics and the rural comparisons e.g
Urban Rural
-Lack of ‘natural world’-High amounts of incidence of nature and natural processes
Hint:Think Environment, Economy. People
Urban Rural
-Lack of ‘natural world’-High amounts of incidence of nature and natural processes
-Dominance of buildings and transport network -Low building density, difficulty in access
-High levels of pollution (Water, air but also sound, light, visual)
-Pollution exists but of a different nature. Mainly confined to water and air associated with agricultural practice
-Pace of living (characterised as high)-Pace traditionally seen as more relaxed (is this a reality?)
-Employment in the secondary, tertiary and quaternary sectors
-Employment dominated in the primary industry
-High level of service provision (commercial and social welfare sectors)
-Low levels of services
-High population density -Low population density
-Urban lifestyle, values and behavior (e.g no talking on the tube, rat race, wine bars and coffee shops)
-Rural lifestyles, values and behavior (e.g. local pub, community spirit,)
-Diversity in terms of wealth, age and ethnicity-Diverse in terms of wealth and age however mainly white
-Raised stress levels -Raised stress levels also (perceived to be lower)
Explain what is meant when it is said that ‘urbanistaion is a
multi-strand process.’
In pairs define Urbansiation
Hint: 5 parts
What makes it ‘multi-strand’ ?
UrbanisationThe process by which places and people become more urban
Five elements:
Shift in economy
Change in population distribution (concentration)
Change in way of life
Spread of built up area
Shift in size and character (village to town, town to city)
Not a single line definition. The idea of 5 strands to the definition.
Describe the three main features of urban change at a
global scale.
Dissect the question
Answer the question- use the text book if necessary
Describe the three main features of urban change at a
global scale.
1.The rural to urban shift
2.The MEDC- LEDC shift (who is urbanising)
3.The shift in size (global and national)
How and why do processes of urbansiation change along the
urbansiation pathway?
Sketch the pathway from the next slide
Place the key words from the box onto your diagram
Time
Urb
an
pop
ula
tion
as
% o
f to
tal p
op
ula
tion
0
100
50
25
75
1
2
3
4
5
LDCs
LEDCs
RICs
NICs
MEDCs
The rural society
phase (a)
Economic take-off begins.
Rapid rural-to-urban migration
(c)
Maturing economy: rates of
urbanisation continue
to rise(e)
Mass urbanisation in most
developed countries: rate of
urbanisation levels off
(b)
Advanced economies,
decentrailsation sets in
(d)
Time
Urb
an
pop
ula
tion
as
% o
f to
tal p
op
ula
tion
0
100
50
25
75
1
2
3
4
5
LDCs
LEDCs
RICs
NICs
MEDCs
GlossaryLDC Least economically developed countryRIC Recently industrialising countryNIC Newly Industriaised countryMEDC More economically developed countryLEDC Less economically developed country
The rural society phase: low levels of urbansiation; largely rural population of
subsistence farmers
Economic take-off begins;rapid rural-to-urban migration leads to an accelerating rate
of urbanisation
Maturing economy: rates of urbanisation continue to rise but then start to slacken off; suburban spread
Mass urbanisation in most developed countries: rate of
urbanisation levels off and percentage urban
peaks; most people now live in towns
In advanced economies,
decentrailsation sets in: people move to smaller towns and
cities and to semi-rural areas; urbanism
continues to spread
What case studies have you studied this
unit?Newcastle-Upon-Tyne, UK
Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea
Birmingham, UK
Dhaka, Bangladesh
Cambridge (Traffic)
London, UK
Mumbai, India
?
With the aid of examples, examine why the fortunes of
urban areas fluctuate.
How? Why? ExampleRapid rate of
unemploymentGlobal shift in manufacturing
Birmingham (second half of 20th C)
Attraction of TNCs Cheap Labour Dhaka (second half of 20th C)
‘Urban growth gives rise to more issues than urban decay.’ To what
extent do you agree with this statement?
Urban decay issues
Urban growt
h issues
Spider diagramsSpider diagrams
High levels of congestionHigh rates of unemployment
‘Deprivation is a relative term.’ Explain what this
means.
1.Define:
a)Deprivation
2.What does relative mean?
3.Bring the two together
4.What examples could you use?
Summarise the main challenges associated with providing services in an urban area.
Guess the challenge and define it
Funding
Physical access
Ageing areas and population
Life-cycle changes
Service thresholds
Examine the main threats to human health in urban
areas.
Car accident
-High levels of congestion
-High vehicle density
Dhaka- 60,000 road deaths a year
Are the use of brownfield sites and flood plains just issues for MEDC urban areas? Justify your
viewpoint.
London- Issues Mumbai-Issues
BrownfieldBrownfield
Flood Flood
Explain why transport is so important to the prosperity of
urban areas.
Why, why, why chain.
Transport leads to
prosperity
Why?
Why?
Why?
Why?
Why?
Why?
Do urban areas have to face a vicious downward spiral of
urban decay.
Create an essay plan.
Declining job opportunities; rising
unemployment
Decline in services
Physical fabric and
infrastructure deteriorate
More enterprising, economically active people move away
Increasing decay
Loss of investment confidence
Example:Birmingham
-Why?-How did it break it?
Why do land values affect the spatial patterns of urban
areas?a.Where is the most expensive land?
b.What is on this land?
c. Why?
d.Where is the least expensive land?
e.What is on this land?
f. Why?
g.Do anomalies exist?
Identify how urban areas in MEDCs differ from those in
LEDCs.
Construct a table of LEDC, MEDC
Explain why it is unlikely that urban areas will ever be completely sustainable.
What is meant by ecological footprint? Why is it used and
what are it limitations?
Draw a footprint
Write the definition in the middle
Write the uses and limitations around the edge
The amount of land to
provide the resource
and disposal for people
Shows how close to carrying capacity
Allows comparisons
Lack of LEDC data
Indicates areas to target
No account of economic, cultural or
political factors of well being
Can be used on different scales
78% of earth is deemed to have
no capacity
What internal actions are most likely to contribute most to making urban areas more
sustainable.
1.Brain storm the internal actions
2.Rank them
Internal actions
Recycle waste
Provide ‘green’ infrastructure
Make a living space healthy and secure
Reuse brownfield sites
Make areas more compact
Reduce use of private car
Create a fairer society
Encourage wide participation in decision making
‘Eco-city and eco-town projects are simply showpieces that will do little to making urban areas more sustinable.’ Do you
agree? Give your reasons.
Class discussion and debate
Using examples, suggest how urban areas might ‘lead the
way to a greener world.’
Revision Websites
Be careful
No website will tell you exactly what you need to know (different exam boards)