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MAP SOP Report on measurements

AEROLOGICAL STATION OF PAYERNE

D. Ruffieux and H. Berger 16 February 2000 The Aerological Station of Payerne (SMI) installed systems in three main locations at the eastern part of Switzerland and Constant Volume Balloons (CVB) were launched at various sites on both sides of the Alps. The figure below shows these main locations.

Legend of the map. - Red dots : main cities - Green lines : boundaries - Purple dots : MAP-SAP measurement sites :

1 : Diepoldsau CVB launching and tracking site 2 : Hoher Kasten CVB tracking site + cameras site 3 : St. Lutzisteig Sodar site 4 : Vilters CVB launching and tracking site 5 : Malans CVB launching and tracking site 6 : Bivio CVB launching and tracking site 7 : La Vedutta (Julier Pass) WP + sodar + sounding + surf. site 8 : Monte Lema CVB tracking site 9 : Ispra CVB launching and tracking site 10 : Payerne Sounding site

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2

1 JULIER PASS : MAP-WP 1.1. Location La Vedutta, 2233 m asl, 46.47 N, 9.72 E is a site located next to the main road, about 1 km away from the top of the Julier pass (direction Bivio). The main valley at La Vedutta is oriented roughly East-West and a few secondary tributaries join the main valley (see black dot on Figure below). 1.2 Wind profiler at La Vedutta The wind profiler was installed end of June 1999 and was operational on 1.7.1999. It was producing 30 min. consensus profiles in two modes : - the low mode from 2450 m asl to 3230 m asl, gate resolution of 45 meters, - the high mode from 2570 m asl to 7000 m asl, gate resolution of 200 meters. Occasionally, the system was switched to a special mode for birds detection purpose. During these periods, no wind data are available. The figure below gives the total wind availability over the entire period.

770 775 780

145

150

155 340033003200310030002900280027002600250024002300220021002000190018001700

Geographical coordinates (km)

Geo

grap

hica

lcoo

rdin

ates

(km

)

Elevation (m asl)

BIVIO

La Vedutta

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Availability of data in function of height can be found in the figure below. The times were the wind profiler was not operating (in wind mode) during the SOP can be found in the table below. STARTING DATE STARTING TIME ENDING TIME COMMENT

13.09.1999 21:29 09:13 Bird mode 14.09.1999 15.15 16.00 Backup

20:48 22:14 Bird mode 17.09.1999 06:21 06:32 Backup 19.09.1999 10:30 10:44 Backup 21.09.1999 21:16 23:14 Bird mode 22.09.1999 21:07 23:07 Bird mode 30.09.1999 09:27 11:11 PC problem 05.10.1999 11:03 14:18 Antenna cleaning

15:02 15.50 Antenna cleaning 06.10.1999 21:25 00:45 Bird mode 07.10.1999 21:05 01:53 Bird mode 08.10.1999 20:29 23:31 Bird mode 10.10.1999 20:23 01:36 Bird mode

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 1002000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

Altit

ute

(mAS

L)Red = Valid DataGreen = Suspect DataBlue = No Data

Availability (%)

High mode

Low mode

See table below

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13.10.1999 20:51 23:48 Bird mode 14.10.1999 20:20 23:55 Bird mode 27.10.1999 20:39 22:40 Bird mode 28.10.1999 20:35 22:39 Bird mode 03.11.1999 14:11 14.55 PC problems 09.11.1999 08:05 09:00 Time problems

12:03 12:32 Snow removal 10.11.1999 08:03 08:26 Snow removal 15.11.1999 11.13 Stop system

1.3 SODAR at La Vedutta The Remtech PA1 sodar recorded 30 min averaged profiles data from 25.06.1999 to 14.11.1999. Data availability as well as mean wind speed can be found in the Figure below. Note that winds speed below 100 m agl is known to be overestimated by this type of sodar.

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100Availability (%)

0 2 4 6 8 10Wind speed (ms-1)

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

Altit

ude

(mag

l)Al

titut

e(m

AGL)

Solid line = valid dataDashed line = mean wind speed

Availability (%)

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1.4 PTU soundings at La Vedutta A VIZ sounding system (made available by the ETHZ-LAPETH) was used to perform pressure, temperature, and relative humidity profiles during the IOPs. The table below describes times and characteristics of the soundings launched at La Vedutta.

DATE STARTING TIME(UTC)

ESTIMATEDMAX. HEIGHT

(m asl)

MIN PRESSURE(hPa)

19.09.1999 14:00 21386 4520.09.1999 00:00 4380 58324.09.1999 18:00 14365 14125.09.1999 00:00 12851 178

06:00 9954 27630.09.1999 00:00 14681 133

06:00 9954 276 12:00 4491 578

02.10.1999 00:00 10266 263 03:00 10583 251 06:00 7781 375 09:00 18625 69 12:00 14137 142 15:00 17996 77 18:00 8157 358 21:00 11994 200

03.10.1999 00:00 8894 320 03:00 4820 557 06:00 2390 723 12:00 4487 585

17.10.1999 14:00 20386 51 18:00 10020 264

18.10.1999 00:00 12138 189 06:00 14097 138 12:00 9993 270 18:00 10645 238

20.10.1999 00:00 13585 148 06:00 16473 94 12:00 19641 57 18:00 10446 248

21.10.1999 00:00 7462 388 06:00 11620 206 12:00 8332 343 18:00 9594 284

22.10.1999 12:00 19928 55 18:00 7476 389

24.10.1999 12:00 5040 537 18:00 4592 568

29.10.1999 12:00 18230 73 18:00 12106 198

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30.10.1999 00:00 11281 225 06:00 11513 215 12:00 18730 67

01.11.1999 18:00 13887 14902.11.1999 00:00 15516 114

06:00 12088 199 12:00 9335 305 18:00 8980 318

05.11.1999 12:00 19719 57 18:00 13568 151

06.11.1999 00:00 15546 10911.11.1999 06:00 12875 165

12:00 20656 48 18:00 14212 134

12.11.1999 00:00 10595 236 06:00 9257 292 12:00 16416 96 18:00 15012 119

13.11.1999 00:00 15917 103 06:00 12778 169 12:00 16988 87

1.5 Surface measurements at La Vedutta A weather station located at 2 m agl with a Rotronic temperature and relative humidity sensor and a Young anemometer located on a 10 m agl mast recorded 1-minute values during the SOP. The temperature and relative humidity recorded 1-minute data from 31.08.1999 at 11:15 until 14.11.1999 at 11:30. The young recorded 1-minute wind speed and direction as well as standard deviation (1 second sampling). In the beginning of the SOP, the temperature and relative humidity sampling rate was turned to 10-minutes between IOPs. The time series of wind speed, wind direction, temperature and relative humidity can be found in the figures below.

250 260 270 280 290 300 310 320Julian day

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

Win

dSp

eed

(ms-2

)

7

250 260 270 280 290 300 310 320Julian day

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350W

ind

Dire

ctio

n(d

egre

es)

250 260 270 280 290 300 310 320Julian day

-15

-10

-5

0

5

10

15

20

Tem

pera

ture

(C)

250 260 270 280 290 300 310 320Julian day

0

20

40

60

80

100

Rel

ativ

eH

umid

ity(%

)

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1.6 SONIC measurements at La Vedutta A Campbell CSAT sonic anemometer was installed on the 10 m mast at 4.5 m agl. It recorded 1 minute data at a 10 Hz sampling rate from 19.09.1999 at 17:45 to 12.11.1999 at 23:55.

2. ST. LUTZISTEIG : MAP-SODAR 2.1 SODAR at St. Lutzisteig The Sensitron sodar was installed in Sankt Lutzisteig (550 m asl, 47.04°N, 9.51°E) and started recording the 18 August 1999. Due to a PC problem, the system did not measure between 3.10.1999 and 16.10.1999. For this reason data availability and mean wind speed are presented for the two periods : from 18.08.1999 to 3.10. and from 16.10.1999 to 15.11.1999.

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100Availability (%)

0 2 4 6 8 10Wind speed (ms-1)

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

Altit

ude

(mag

l)Al

titut

e(m

AGL)

Solid line = valid dataDashed line = mean wind speed

Availability (%)

First period (18.08 - 03.10.1999)Second period (16.10 - 15.11.1999)

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3. SAP-RADIOSOUNDINGS : MAP-RASO

For the duration of the MAP-SOP, four daily soundings were launched at the Aerological Station of Payerne (491 m asl, 46.81 N and 6.94 E). The Meteolabor SRS400 sondes measured temperature, relative humidity, wind speed and wind direction from ground to about 30 km asl. The launching times were one hour before 12:00 UTC, 18:00 UTC, 00:00 UTC, and 06:00 UTC.

4. CAMERAS : MAP-CAM Three S-VHS cameras and « Time Lapse » recorders were installed on the Hoher Kasten 1794 m asl, 47.28 N, 9.49 E, the 2.09.1999. They were dismounted the 14.11.1999. - North-east oriented camera : looks at the mouth of the Rhein Valley toward

the Lake of Constance. No problems were mentioned during the entire campaign (100% availability)

- South-east oriented camera : looks at the mouth of the l’Ill/Montafon valley connecting with the Rhein valley. No major problems were reported. The days from 19.10.1999 at 12:16 to 25.10.1999 at 05:00 were lost due to a technical problem.

- South oriented camera : looks at the region between Hoher Kasten and Bivio, including the « elbow » of Sargans. No problems were mentioned during the entire campaign (100% availability).

The cameras recorded 1 image every 6 seconds and their angles of view are shown in the figure below. One S-VHS camera and « Time Lapse » recorder, was made available to the EPFZ (LAPETH). It was installed on the northern side of the Lake of Constance and looked south-east toward the mouth of the Rhein valley into the lake of Constance.

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5. SURFACE STATIONS : MAP-NET

- Special measurements with a Thygan of dew point and temperature (10-min resolution) at ENET stations of Valbella and Quinten (systems provided by SMI/TM).

- Special measurements of 10-min pressure at ASTA station of Vaduz and at ENET stations of Quinten and Altenrhein (systems provided by SMI/TM, recording under the responsibility of LAPETH).

- Special measurements of 10-min temperature and relative humidity with « Hotdog » loggers, at military radio-sounding stations and at conventional station of Bad-Ragaz (systems provided by SMI/TM, recording under the responsibility of the swiss army).

6. CONSTANT VOLUME BALLOONS : MAP-CVB This project is the result of a collaboration between the Aerological Laboratory of the University of Toulouse, the CNES, and the SMI. Constant volume balloons were launched from various sites on both sides of the Alps. The table below gives general information on each trajectory performed during the SOP.

NE

SE

S

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IOP Nb. Date

Synoptic Flow direction CVB

reference

Launching site

Flight Time (UTC)

Flight duration

Flight Level (m)

Trajec. Length (km)

Objectives

13/09/99 South flow SMI1 Ispra 12:39-20:10 07h30m 4900 200 Transalpine trajectory C NW

14/09/99 South flow SMI2 Ispra 08:10-18:50 10h30m 5000 300 Transalpine trajectory C W 2 18/09/99 West flow SMI3 Ispra 14:55-17:10 02h15m 4000 Transalpine trajectory NC 2 19/09/99 South Foehn CNES1

CNES2 Ispra Ispra

08:48-15:00 11:13-19:10

06h12m 07h57m

5000 4500

300 350

Transalpine trajectory C W Transalpine trajectory C W

3 25/09/99 West flow Fluxes in the Po

Plain

SMI4 Ispra 13:55-16:39 02h44m 5000 30 Boundary layer sounding NC

4 29/09/99 West flow

SMI5 CNES3

Ispra Ispra

12:33-14:38 16:55-22:32

02h05m 05h40m

2500 4800

45 270

Transalpine trajectory NC Transalpine trajectory NC

4 30/09/99 South west flow CNES4 CNES5

Ispra Ispra

04:56-09:21 12:33-14:33

04h30m 02h00m

4000 3700

290 110

Transalpine trajectory C W Transalpine trajectory C W

4 01/10/99 West flow CNES6 SMI6

Ispra Diepoldsau

08:21-12:21 11:27-13:34

04h00m 02h07m

1800 3500

14 110

Alps South side trajectory NC Alps North side trajectory NC

5 02/10/99 South Fohen CNES7 CNES8 CNES9 SMI7 SMI8 SMI9

Ispra Ispra Ispra Bivio Bivio Bivio

08:09-11:15 09:30-11:50 14:20-20:00 09:20-12:25 12:30-16:10 14:34-17:15

03h06m 02h20m 05h40m 03h05m 03h40m 02h41m

3800 4500 3200 2300 3500 3300

200 150 350 150 180 130

Transalpine trajectory C W Transalpine trajectory NC Transalpine trajectory C W Valley trajectory OV W Valley trajectory OV W Valley trajectory OV W

5 05/10/99 North Flow SMI10 Ispra 10:26-14:26 04h00m NLB (1500m maxi)

100 Boundary layer structure

5 06/10/99 North flow CNES10 CNES11 CNES12 CNES13

Diepoldsau Diepoldsau Diepoldsau Diepoldsau

06:55-14:40 08:25-13:05 11:49-15:49 13:30-18:10

07h45m 04h40m 04h00m 04h40m

3500 4500 3500 4000

250 135 98 150

Transalpine trajectory C Transalpine trajectory C Transalpine trajectory C ? Transalpine trajectory C ?

11/10/99 East flow SMI11 Ispra 15:25-21-55 06h30m NLB (300 m maxi)

23 Boundary layer structure

12/10/99 West flow SMI12 Ispra 10:30-16:30 06h00m 1600 m maxi 15 Boundary layer structure

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7 19/10/99 West flow SMI13 SMI14

Ispra Vilters

09:11-14:11 12:30-13:30

05h00m 01h00m

4600 4600

180 30

Alps South side trajectory NC Alps North side trajectory NC

8 20/10/99 South flow CNES14 CNES15 CNES16 SMI15

Ispra Ispra Ispra Vilters

06:49-18:15 08:48-15:45 10:48-14:00 10:41-12:41

11h26m 06h57m 03h12m 02h00m

3800 3600 4800 3000

400 300 200 100

Transalpine trajectory C Transalpine trajectory C Transalpine trajectory NC Valley trajectory ZV

8 21/10/99 South flow SMI16 SMI17 SMI18 SMI19

Vilters Vilters Vilters Vilters

09:24-09:44 10:41-11:20 14:58-18:48 16:14-17:04

00h20m 00h39m 03h50m 00h50m

2400 2300 4000 3000

15 20 200 25

Valley trajectory ZV Valley trajectory ZV Valley trajectory RV Valley trajectory ZV

9 22/10/99 South flow SMI20 SMI21 SMI22 SMI23 CNES17 CNES18

Ispra Vilters Vilters Vilters Ispra Ispra

08:42-12:42 08:12-12:02 09:34-10:34 12:57-22:57 12:48-20:00 17:45-22:00

04h00m 03h50m 01h00m 09h00m 09h12m 06h15m

2700m maxi 4700 2200 2500 3300 4000

50 120 30 120 270 160

Transalpine trajectory NC Valley traj. ZV, SW flow Valley trajectory ZV Valley trajectory RV Transalpine trajectory C W Transalpine trajectory C W

9 23/10/99 South flow CNES19 Ispra 16:59-22:00 05h00m 3000 m maxi 50 Transalpine trajectory NC 10 24/10/99 South flow SMI24

SMI25 SMI26 SMI27 SMI28 CNES20

Malans Malans Malans Malans Malans Ispra

06:23-09:43 07:50-10:03 10:16-14:06 13:22-16:22 14:47-17:57 06:50-12:20

03h10m 02h13m 03h50m 03h00m 03h10m 05h30m

4800 2400 2500 2500 2600 3400

65 70 140 90 220 240

Valley trajectory RV Valley trajectory RV Valley trajectory RV Valley trajectory RV Valley trajectory RV Transalpine trajectory C W

11 27/10/99 West flow Fluxes into Po

plain

CNES21 SMI29

Ispra Ispra

09:25-12:25 12:44-15:02

03h00m 02h18m

2000 NLB 400m maxi

33 15

Boundary layer structure Boundary layer structure

12 29/10/99 West flow CNES22 Ispra 16:36-00:36 08h00m 3400 180 Boundary layer structure

12 30/10/99 South flow CNES23 CNES24 CNES25 CNES26

Ispra Ispra Ispra Ispra

04:41-10:10 06:17-11:30 08:11-12:55 09:38-13:15

05h29m 05h13m 04h44m 03h37m

4350 5200 3400 4000

150 125 90

Transalpine trajectory C NW Transalpine trajectory C NW Transalpine trajectory C NW Transalpine trajectory C W

13 01/11/99 South flow CNES27 Ispra 17:15-20:45 03h30m 3850 105 Transalpine trajectory NC

13 02/11/99 South Flow CNES28 CNES29 CNES30 SMI30

Ispra Ispra Ispra Malans

07:34-12:20 10:44-16:50 15:11-18:00

04h46m 06h10m 02h49m 03h11m

3900 4660 4600 1800

95 115 50 85

Transalpine trajectory C NW Transalpine trajectory C NW Transalpine trajectory C NW Valley trajectory RV

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SMI31 SMI32

Malans Malans

07:49-11:00 10:50-11:42 12:37-20:50

00h52m 07h28m

1600 3500

40 270

Valley trajectory ZV Valley trajectory RV

15 05/11/99 South flow CNES31 CNES32 CNES33 CNES34 SMI33 SMI34 SMI35 SMI36

Ispra Ispra Ispra Ispra Malans Malans Malans Malans

10:16-15:33 13:18-17:18 15:52-18:39 19:09-22:42 10:06-12:47 12:21-14:21 15:07-18:52 17:16-19:50

03h16m 04h00m 02h50m 03h33m 02h41m 02h00m 03h30m 02h30m

3850 4500 3400 4100 3000 1700 3500 2500

150 150 100 150 100 70 150 80

Transalpine trajectory C W Transalpine trajectory C NW Transalpine trajectory C NW Transalpine trajectory NC Valley trajectory RV Valley trajectory RV Valley trajectory RV Valley trajectory RV

15 07/11/99 North flow SMI37 Diepoldsau 17:25-24:00 06h35m 5000 250 Transalpine trajectory C W 15 08/11/99 North flow SMI38

SMI39 CNES35 CNES36 CNES37 CNES38 CNES39 CNES40

Diepoldsau Ispra Diepoldsau Diepoldsau Diepoldsau Diepoldsau Diepoldsau Diepoldsau

11:55-15:20 14:22-16:34 07:51-13:20 09:14-12:00 11:07-16:02 14:21-16:11 15:22-18:30 16:17-18:39

03h30m 02h14m 05h29m 02h46m 05h00m 02h00m 03h10m 02h22m

1700 3500 3900 5000 3800 4800 4000 3400

80 90 350 200 150 150 150 100

Transalpine trajectory NC PV bannners Po plain Transalpine trajectory C NW Transalpine trajectory C W Transalpine trajectory C W Transalpine trajectory C W Transalpine trajectory C W Transalpine trajectory C W

15 09/11/99 North flow SMI40 Ispra 13:08-16:38 03h30m 1700 50 PV bannners Po plain 16 11/11/99 South flow SMI41 Ispra 15:58-10:00 18h00m 4800 300 Transalpine trajectory C W

16 12/11/99 South flow CNES41

CNES42 SMI42

Ispra Ispra Ispra

07:51-13:38 11:28-16:00 15:44-

05h40m 05h00m

4200 3400 5000

200 250 250

Transalpine trajectory C NW Transalpine trajectory C W Transalpine trajectory C W

Symbols used in the table: NBL: no lift balloon, C: crossing the Alps; NC not crossing the Alps, W: waves; NW: no waves; RV: Rhine valley; ZV Wallensee: OV: other valley