mapping climate mitigation technologies within the residential and commercial buildings sector...
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Mapping Climate Mitigation Mapping Climate Mitigation Technologies within the Residential Technologies within the Residential and Commercial Buildings Sectorand Commercial Buildings Sector
Mitali Das GuptaMitali Das GuptaTERITERI
Climate Change Mitigation Technologies in the Energy Supply Climate Change Mitigation Technologies in the Energy Supply and Buildings Sector: Trade Realities and Implications for and Buildings Sector: Trade Realities and Implications for
Access to TechnologiesAccess to Technologies-An ICTSD Side Event-An ICTSD Side Event
Poznan, 2 December 2008Poznan, 2 December 2008
Trends in building sector energy consumption and Trends in building sector energy consumption and emissions……Some factsemissions……Some facts
The IPCC suggests that buildings-related emissions account for The IPCC suggests that buildings-related emissions account for nearly 30% of total global CO2 emissions from energy use (19% nearly 30% of total global CO2 emissions from energy use (19% from the residential sector and 10% from the commercial sector)from the residential sector and 10% from the commercial sector)
Global CO2 emissions resulting from energy use in buildings have Global CO2 emissions resulting from energy use in buildings have increased at an average of 2.7% per year during the period 1999-increased at an average of 2.7% per year during the period 1999-04 04
According to the working group III of the AR4, carbon dioxide According to the working group III of the AR4, carbon dioxide emissions through the use of electricity in residential and emissions through the use of electricity in residential and commercial buildings increased at an annual rate of 2% between commercial buildings increased at an annual rate of 2% between 1970 – 2004 1970 – 2004
Some of the largest rise in carbon dioxide emission came from Some of the largest rise in carbon dioxide emission came from developing Asia (30%) followed by North America (29%) and OECD developing Asia (30%) followed by North America (29%) and OECD Pacific (18%).Pacific (18%).
Buildings are responsible for at least 40% of energy use in most Buildings are responsible for at least 40% of energy use in most countries. The absolute figure is rising fast, as construction countries. The absolute figure is rising fast, as construction activity is booming, especially in the developing countries such as activity is booming, especially in the developing countries such as China and India China and India
IPCC findings on building sector IPCC findings on building sector potential to mitigate CCpotential to mitigate CC
IPCC 4IPCC 4thth AR estimates that AR estimates that by 2020, CO2 emissions by 2020, CO2 emissions from building energy use from building energy use can be reduced by 29% can be reduced by 29% cost effectively.cost effectively.
New buildings: >75% savings compared to current (at low to zero additional cost)
Projected CO2 emissions: A1 Baseline Scenario-residencesProjected CO2 emissions: A1 Baseline Scenario-residences
Building Sector CO2 Emissions
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030
CO
2 (M
ton
CO
2)
Centrally Planned Asia
Other Asia
Latin America
North America
Middle East and N. Africa
Western Europe
Former Soviet Union
Sub Saharan Africa
Pacific OECD
Central and E. Europe
LBNL/IEA Historical Data A1 Marker Scenario
Note: 1971-2000 data based on LBNL modifications of IEA data; 2001-2030 data based on LBNL disaggregation of SRES data; 2000-2010 data adjusted to actual 2000 carbon dioxide emissions
Shows Shows rapid economic growthrapid economic growth, especially in developing nations, especially in developing nations• Most of CO2 emissions increase occurs in China, India, and Middle East/North Most of CO2 emissions increase occurs in China, India, and Middle East/North
AfricaAfrica
Projected CO2 Projected CO2 emissions: emissions: 15.6 Gt 15.6 Gt in 2030in 2030
Average annual Average annual CO2 emissions CO2 emissions growth is growth is 2.5% over 2.5% over the 30-year periodthe 30-year period
Mitigation in Buildings & Sustainable DevelopmentMitigation in Buildings & Sustainable Development
Reduction in local air pollution
Improved health & lifestyle
Improved productivity
Employment opportunities
Poverty alleviation
Energy securityDEVELOPMENT IMPERATIVES
Interventions
Energy efficiency principles
Thermal envelope
Building energy management
Transforming solar energy
Domestic hot water
Heating systems
Cooling & cooling loads
Energy efficiency principles
HVAC systems
Lighting systems... etc
Source: IPCC (2008)
Components of residential and commercial Components of residential and commercial energy consumption in the USenergy consumption in the US
Source: IPCC
Technologies for developed countriesTechnologies for developed countries
Developedcountries
Measures covering largestpotential
GHG mitigation potential from baseline
(%)Measures providing cheapest
mitigation options
EU
Insulation especially windows andwalls, BEMs for space heating andcooling 21%- technical
Energy efficient TVs,refrigerators and freezers,lighting best practices
12% - economic
USALighting, space heating and spacecooling 37%- market not available
GermanyHeat insulation, fuel switch fromcoal and oil to gas and biomass 26%- technical not available
JapanWater heater, space heater, home appliances 28% - technical not available
UKEfficient gas boilers, cavityinsulation and loft insulation 24%- technical
Efficient fridge and freezers, dish
washers
Source: IPCC
Technologies for developing countries and Technologies for developing countries and economies in transitioneconomies in transition
DevelopingCountries andeconomies intransition Measures covering largest potential
GHG mitigation potential from baseline (%)
Measures providing cheapest mitigation options
India Wood stoves, efficient lighting, kerosene stoves 33%- marketWood stoves, efficient lighting,kerosene stoves
ChinaEfficient lighting, efficient appliances such asairconditioners and refrigerators 23% - market Not available
PakistanEfficient lights and ceiling fans, improved buildingdesign 18%- technical Efficient lights, fans and refrigerators
16%- economical
IndonesiaEfficient refrigerators, flouroscent lamps, efficientelectric water heaters, 25%- techical
Efficient refrigerator, lights andairconditioners
19%- economic
Thailand Lighting, refrigeration and air conditioning 31%- technical Lighting, refrigeration and air conditioning
13%- economic
HungaryInsulation, retrofit of windows, replacement of certain building components like windows 45%- technical
Individual metering of hot water, waterflow controllers and retrofitted windows
31%- economic
Poland
Insulation of walls, improvement of homeappliances, fuel switching from coal to gas, solarand biomass 26%- technical
Efficient street lighting, efficient lightingin offices,
18%- economic
Applicability of energy efficiency technologies in different regions 1.Applicability of energy efficiency technologies in different regions 1.
Applicability of energy efficiency technologies in different regionsApplicability of energy efficiency technologies in different regions 2. 2.
Technologies available commerciallyTechnologies available commercially
Technology specificationTechnology specification Country of importCountry of import BenefitBenefit
Thermal envelopeThermal envelope Europe, Japan, USAEurope, Japan, USA Glazing that reflects or absorbs a large fraction of the Glazing that reflects or absorbs a large fraction of the solar radiation reduces solar heat gain by up to 75%solar radiation reduces solar heat gain by up to 75% reducing cooling loadsreducing cooling loads
Heating systemsHeating systems India, USA, CanadaIndia, USA, Canada Achieving heating levels less than 15 kWh/ m2/yr even Achieving heating levels less than 15 kWh/ m2/yr even in moderately cold climates, compared to 220 and 250–in moderately cold climates, compared to 220 and 250–400 kWh/m2/yr for the average of existing buildings in 400 kWh/m2/yr for the average of existing buildings in Germany and Central/Eastern EuropeGermany and Central/Eastern Europe
Cooling systemsCooling systems USA, EuropeUSA, Europe
HVAC (Heating, ventilation and HVAC (Heating, ventilation and air conditioning)air conditioning)
USA, Canada, Belgium, Denmark, USA, Canada, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Singapore, United Finland, France, Singapore, United Kingdom Kingdom
Some studies indicate that increasing the thermostat by Some studies indicate that increasing the thermostat by 2°C to 4°C will reduce annual cooling energy use by 2°C to 4°C will reduce annual cooling energy use by more than a factor of three for a typical office building in more than a factor of three for a typical office building in Zurich, and by a factor of two to three if the thermostat Zurich, and by a factor of two to three if the thermostat setting is increased from 23°C to 27°C for night-time air setting is increased from 23°C to 27°C for night-time air conditioning of bedrooms in apartments in Hong Kongconditioning of bedrooms in apartments in Hong Kong
Active collection and Active collection and transformation of solar energytransformation of solar energy
Germany, CanadaGermany, Canada 50–75% of the heating and cooling energy needs of 50–75% of the heating and cooling energy needs of buildings as constructed under normal practice can buildings as constructed under normal practice can either be eliminated or satisfied through passive solar either be eliminated or satisfied through passive solar designdesign
LightingLighting U.S.A, Germany, U.K., Japan U.S.A, Germany, U.K., Japan A number of recent studies indicate savings in lighting A number of recent studies indicate savings in lighting energy use of 40 to 80% in the day lighted perimeter energy use of 40 to 80% in the day lighted perimeter zones of office buildingszones of office buildings
Status in IndiaStatus in India Construction practices mainly involve reinforced cement Construction practices mainly involve reinforced cement
concrete (RCC) as the roofing element, which is noted for concrete (RCC) as the roofing element, which is noted for its high thermal conductivity. High thermal conductivity its high thermal conductivity. High thermal conductivity does not lead to the protection of building from heating. does not lead to the protection of building from heating.
Energy efficient glazings with different coatings are Energy efficient glazings with different coatings are available commercially. These glasses are being imported available commercially. These glasses are being imported from Japan, U.S.A and Europe. This includes glasses from from Japan, U.S.A and Europe. This includes glasses from Saint GobainSaint Gobain
In Lighting, LEDs (Light emitting diodes) are available which In Lighting, LEDs (Light emitting diodes) are available which are coming from Europe, U.S. The companies mainly are coming from Europe, U.S. The companies mainly operating in this segment in India are GE, Phillips.operating in this segment in India are GE, Phillips.
Solar air heaters are being used for drying of yarn, Solar air heaters are being used for drying of yarn, processed and finished cloth in the commercial buildings of processed and finished cloth in the commercial buildings of the textile industry of many developing countries like India. the textile industry of many developing countries like India. Solar chimneys are also available. Solar chimneys are also available.
India is the 5th largest producer of solar cells/modules and India is the 5th largest producer of solar cells/modules and SPV production has been growing continuously.SPV production has been growing continuously.
Energy saving potential for a new residential and Energy saving potential for a new residential and commercial building in Indiacommercial building in India
Residential and Commercial building
Measure Savings potential (percentage of energy usage)
Proper orientation, fenestration and shading, roof and wall insulation (wall insulation for air conditioned buildings only)
15% and 10%
Energy efficient lighting for internal application 5% and 15%
Solar water heating system 10% and 15%
The CII-Godrej Green Business Center (CII Godrej GBC) Building, a The CII-Godrej Green Business Center (CII Godrej GBC) Building, a joint initiative of the Government of Andhra Pradesh, Confederation joint initiative of the Government of Andhra Pradesh, Confederation of Indian Industry (CII) and Godrej, with the technical support of of Indian Industry (CII) and Godrej, with the technical support of USAID and is the first green building in India USAID and is the first green building in India
Source: TERI compilation
Technologies under R&D in the developing Technologies under R&D in the developing countriescountries
LEDs in India and countries in South and LEDs in India and countries in South and South East AsiaSouth East Asia
Energy efficient appliancesEnergy efficient appliances
Thermal envelopeThermal envelope
Active collection and transformation of Active collection and transformation of solar energy in India, South Africa, Brazilsolar energy in India, South Africa, Brazil
Policies to promote GHG mitigation in buildingsPolicies to promote GHG mitigation in buildings A combination of voluntary and mandatory schemes is already emerging: for A combination of voluntary and mandatory schemes is already emerging: for
example, voluntary labelling schemes such as example, voluntary labelling schemes such as CASBEECASBEE (Comprehensive (Comprehensive Assessment System for Building Environmental Efficiency, Japan) and Assessment System for Building Environmental Efficiency, Japan) and LEEDLEED (US) (US) (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) and the mandatory building (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) and the mandatory building “passport” under the “passport” under the EU Buildings DirectiveEU Buildings Directive (EU). (EU).
Many developing countries enacted legislation on energy efficiency in buildingsMany developing countries enacted legislation on energy efficiency in buildings• Thailand, India, China, South Africa, Egypt, Bahrain, Tunisia, Morocco, Mexico, Brazil, Thailand, India, China, South Africa, Egypt, Bahrain, Tunisia, Morocco, Mexico, Brazil,
Argentina, Chile, Colombia, PeruArgentina, Chile, Colombia, Peru
A number of others are currently introducing the mechanisms:A number of others are currently introducing the mechanisms:• Kenya, Uganda and the United Arab EmiratesKenya, Uganda and the United Arab Emirates
The most commonly applied measures in these countries:The most commonly applied measures in these countries:• Voluntary and mandatory labeling, Voluntary and mandatory labeling, • Appliance standards Appliance standards • Awareness raising campaignsAwareness raising campaigns
Only very few evaluations of such measures operating in these developing Only very few evaluations of such measures operating in these developing countries are availablecountries are available
Necessary policies to promote GHG mitigation in Necessary policies to promote GHG mitigation in buildingsbuildings
Tax and market incentives Tax and market incentives Need for global benchmarks and capacity building in Need for global benchmarks and capacity building in
sustainable building constructionsustainable building construction Change in the consumer behaviourChange in the consumer behaviour Continuous R&D and improvement of personal knowhowContinuous R&D and improvement of personal knowhow Successful implementation of performance-based codes Successful implementation of performance-based codes
also require education and training of building officials and also require education and training of building officials and
inspectors.inspectors. Technologies available today can achieveTechnologies available today can achievedramatic improvements in building energydramatic improvements in building energyefficiency, but market failures andefficiency, but market failures andbehavioral barriers are blocking progress behavioral barriers are blocking progress