mapping media accountability

7/30/2019 Mapping Media Accountability

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ee / Se ee / L /

Le-B (e.)

e Acctt e Be

Heet Hem Ve


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Bibliografsche Inormation der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek

De Detce Ntte ezecet ee Pt

e Detce Nte; etete

ce Dte m Iteet e tt://..e f.

Tobias EbErwEin / susannE FEnglEr / Epp lauk /

Tanja lEppik-bork (e.)

Mapping Media Accountability in Europe and Beyond

K: Hem, 011

e eec e t tee et ecee m te

e U Seet me Pmme (P/00-01)e t eemet 4414.

This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part

of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of

illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilm or in any other way,

and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted

only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9th, 1965, in

its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Herbert von

Halem Verlag. Violations are liable to prosecution under the German Copyright Law.

011 Heet Hem Ve, K

isbn 98--89-08-1

tt://.em-e.e

-: @em-e.e

TypEsETTing: Heet Hem VeprinT: ct GmH, e

CovEr dEsign: Ott Gce t, De

t Lexc 199 e ce t .

Lexc Retee em e ce t .


3/19

tet

susannE FEnglE r / Tobias EbErwEin /

Tanja lEppik-bork 7

e Acctt e Be

MaTThias karMasin / daniEla kraus /

andy kalTEnbrunnEr / klaus biCh lEr 22At: A Be-e

urMas loiT / Epp lauk / halliki harro-loiT 36t: mete Acctt

hEikki hEikkil / TiMo kylMl 5: Dect e t Pe

oliviEr baisnE / ludivinE balland 63ce: c A t (mt) Nt?

To bi as EbErw Ei n 77Gem: e tt Ve?

gianpiETro MaolEni / sErgio splEndorE

It: Dce e Acctt te

gEorgE hawaTMEh / judiTh p iEs J: e Acctt e tePte te Reme

huub EvErs / harMEn groEnharT e Nete: Bt Acctt

Se eem


4/19

MiCha gowaCki / pawE urbaniak 3P: Betee Acctt

Itmetzt

Mihai CoMan / raluCa radu / ManuEla prEoTEasa /

M i haEla pa u n / hor Ea b a da u 2

Rm: et Ye Pezt Jm t t

salvador alsius / MarCEl Mauri /

ruTh rodrguE MarTnE 55S: A Dee Ammetc Lce

Colin porlEa / sTEphan russ-Mohl 6Stze: e Pce Det

ri ad h F Erj an i : e ext text

MikE jE Mpson / waynE powEll Ute Km: m te Geteme t te Bee

Epp lauk / MarCus dEnTon 27Ae e Acctt e Be

Reeece 22

tt 257


5/19

SuSanne Fengler / TobiaS eberwein /

Tanja leppik-bork

d Acctty

E d Byd

As mv t th m sm, th s

Bcys d tch scsts Pds, t y tm d yh,

xct ssts m jsm. R-tm tchy

chs th mt t y th dmctc scts th Wst, t mcts s d ssy t v t xtt d-

v cts d cts tst. At th sm tm, th -

t sm s ss cy svd th v . As th d

d v hts th cs ch, tdt sss mds

sm cs d md mts stv d th d ttt-

cms d sht dvts tts. Wht jsm

00? Its t s c; hv, v thh sts, s

d sc ts vd s th dss scs mt d, d jsm v m th s th th

t d ss-m. As d, tt m-

d cctt, v- y m th c dsts t

Attc d csy shstctd c ts, t mt j-

stc ddc d qty t. Bt t stct

ts, xm, th tdt ss ccs, s td z-

ts sts d md s, t ths ts

th mt md cctty cm th t sstsctvty mttd ctzs Facebook d Twitter? Ad h

th t th t jsm d md cctty c

m th cts xcs th md cctty?


6/19

SuSanne Fengler / TobiaS eberwein / Tanja leppik-bork

hs th y qsts ths vm, hch ssms ts

t th stts q md cctty Wst d Est E

s s t A stts. Whch stshd md cctty st-mts, xm, ss ccs, md jsm, d mdsm,

thv th vd jsm cts ths yss d hy? Ds

ch md systm c th s dvs md cctty

stmts y md sss d md ss? A cmtv

stdy md cctty stmts s v m mtt s thy

cty ttct cs ttt y E d tt

cy ms sch s th E mmss1 d th c E2.

h sch std h hs zd th ctxt th eu-dd jct d Acctty d scy E (d-

Ac), jt ft 3 sch sttts css E d yd. A

mc stdy, d 0, th mct th vs stshd d

vtv md cctty stmts th ct ths

ct; th ct st3 vds dtd mt th stdys

ss d sch sts.

Media accountability: Instruments and deinitions

d-J Btd, h d cmtv stdy md c-

ctty 000, dd md cctty stmts4 s y

-tt ms m md ss tds th c

(000: 0). Hs stdy csd cds thcs E cts

d s cdd yss ss ccs, mdsm d -

sm vs s xms md cctty stmts (Mai).

ys t, Btds st Mais qs csd xts scth Itt, d tcy th sc , hs dy td th

ctcs md cctty. Exst dts md cct-

. . . mmss tf W Dcmt SeC (007) 3, v t: htt://c../mt_ scty/md_tsc/dc/sm/md_sm_s_.d

. . . Rst 636 (008), v t: htt://ssmy.c.t/.s?=/Dc-mts/Adtdxt/ t0/ereS.htm

. htt://.mdct.

4 I hs 000 vm, Btd ss th tm md cctty systms. Hv, ths d-t s th v t s d vs sv sss c: hs s th tm systmsms t d t c thtc dt systms thy. h systms smyd y Btd ct instrumentst hd th md cct d st ts-cy t th md. hs, s md cctty stmts (Mai) th ctxt ths sch.


7/19

d Acctty E d Byd

ty my s d t csdd. Rss-h (003) d

(00), Mais th dt c cssd s:

established instruments o media accountability: ss ccs; mds-m; md jsm td js; md ctcsm th mss

md; s tts t th dt, cct xs tc.;5

innovative instruments of media accountability m : sch

s dt s (. . th s st thNederlandse Omroep

Stichting6); sts mt s ctt (. . th Btsh Mail

Watch7); csts t ctq ssss tm mts (s

ctcd, stc, th sm th uS dy The Spokes-

man Review8); mdsm (sch s th Gm Bs mth dyFrankurter undschau9); d th md-ctc ctvts

TwitterdFacebook.1

y, sm ths vtv stmts q t th ,

ths mdsm ss ccs ct x-

st mts. Jstc cds thcs d ss ms

t csdd t s stmts, t s m sttts c-

st md sss hv, hch t th

xt sct ths tdct. Accd t Btd (000: 5), thm md cctty s t

mv th svcs th md t th c; st th st m-

d th ys th t; dvsy tct dm sch d

ss; t, th ss, th tmy tht t ds t y ts t

th xs dmccy d th ttmt th t md.

cQ (00: 0) ds md cctty s vty -

vty csss y hch th md s dcty dcty t

th scty th qty d/ csqcs ct. Whths chctzts my csttt v stt t,

st dt md cctty t th d ths tdc-

t, t csd ts sttt d tchc ctxts

cmtv sctv.

5 cmhsv vvs stshd md cctty stmts c. Btd(000: ) d Rss-h (00: ).

. htt://s./s/s/ . htt://.mtch.c. . htt://.ssmv.cm/cst . htt://..d0 hs st ds t th dvd th t, s Mais cm v m

shstctd.


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0


Institutions o media accountability

I dmctc scts, h ss dm d dm xss sst mts th csttts, jsm s td t y

sm xtt y s, sy cv sss , tct yth

d th ht y. N s, tdcd sv E

cts ct ys th th m t vt tsm, my hv

ct mct th dm jsm th tm. Dvsty

s sd t vy ds css E y md cmtt

,11 h th stt, s d-J Btd (000: 08) td, shd

t tct ct mt th s md dmc-cy, xct y dv th thts tht md t d t stt th

css s-t hch t hd thht E

th tt h th 0th cty.12

Figure Laws and norms as formal and informal institutions ofmedia regulation

hs, th mjty tt ccts th d jsm, sch

s ty sststc, dscmty sd t, s

cvd t y s sormal institutions, t y ss stc

Nms s xst, th eu d t v css E, t th -stct th md sct. cmtv yss, c. th stdy th eu-ddct MeiaeM, shd ts st (htt://.mddm.m.). U Me-

iaeM, th dAc jct css Mais d th th jstc ctt thmd; d t yz s-ct mchsms d th ttmt mts (mvs), c ts, dvts, d th .

xm, th ct ss ccs th Utd Kdm 953 (cd y thPss mts mmss ) d Gmy s cdd y sstt -tc thts t ct stt-ctd dy t mt th md.


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d Acctty E d Byd

ms d cds thcs. h tt csdd s m stt-

ts (c. norT 0) d s sv t c-dt dvds ctvts.

Hv, dhc t ms s inormal institutionsct cd ct, t c y cc vty ss (c. . ).

I ct ys, cmmct schs hv mhszd th t

chct md cctty. hy mhsz tht h ch s m-

d cctty stmt my t t hv y csd (v

ms) mct th qty jsm, md cctty st-

mts my xt sm c s systm stcts (ruSS-Mol

4). Mais sch s ss ccs, cct xs d mdsm my hv

th vtv s s cctv ct, hch mhszs th cs-s chct md cctty. m cmc sctv, m

sttts, sch s stc ms d thc cds, t ds

tht th m th cts cm vvd, th m d ths v

th sttt cms (c. leipol 00). h cs c sc

ts, . .Facebook,s st xm ths ssmt.

Dstsh th ds stttzt s hs t ct-

z md cctty stmts. W sst dftt t

high versus lowdegrees o institutionalization d t instruments anchoredinside versus outside the journalistic proession (c. . ).

As th chts ths sh dt, sm cts

E hv m m sttts md cctty, d ch

vty, th ths.13 W ssm tht th tc d cmc hsty

ch cty hs s shd ts sttts md cctty.14 -

thm, stmts md cctty hv tsd m

jstc ct t th. xm th cct mdsm-

sh td cdv th 9th cty d s vvd thUtd tts th 0s. dy, h sv tt qty md

my mdsm, Gm sms hv y dtd th cct,

I stt cms t t th t v, t v tht t th v ds-ty scts, c sy sv tht md cms hd th scts th dsty cctty mss (c. karMaSin/liTSCka 00; karMaSin/weer 00).h cct ct sc ssty (CSr) s ddvd th md sct (c.

s jarren [00] d Meier/Trappel [00] ct vc mds md cm-s), y d t th t my md sss tht md c dd ths c svc s. CSr s cct hch xd sch ct.

Ptc d cmc sctsts hv sc hhy tstd th ttcms sttts d ms, d ts mct scts c. Adm mths The Wealtho Nations() d x Ws The rotestant Ethics and the Spirit o Capitalism (0/0).


10/19


Figure Typology of media accountability instruments

Source: Authors

thh th Gm md systm sts vty Mais. At th

cs th B W, Wst md dts d zts

td t mt Wst ccts md cctty t th Est

E jsm cts th vy ds sccss, s th s

chts dmstt.15 It hhy tst t sch csss

dfs (c. kleinSTeuber 993) d ths stdy th th ddcy(c. liCbaC/uCkerMan 00) Mais E cts d yd.

Media accountability: Literature review

Av sch hs s csd th hsty (. . brown 74; MarolF

; pTTker/STarCk 00) d stts q md cctty st-

mts th stshd dmccs th A-x, cdv d

Rcty, uneSCo hs d t m Assss d Dvmt 00,tt md ctts Est E d vsy h t sd th d md cctty t Est E yd th eu d t As (c. araSTi 00).


11/19

d Acctty E d Byd

Gm-s cts. A ths tc sm cts d

md systms hv hh d md sssm ccd t

H/c (c. ). I ctst, tt mst sch xsts md cctty th dt cts (th th t x-

ct alSiuS 00), Est E (xct wka 00) d th A

d (sds aFe 00). As, Mais Ac, As d Lt Amc hv

mst v stdd t m dsctv vms sts

tht st hch stmts d zts xst th d.16

h mjty t d cmtv cdmc stds md

cctty dsctv d cs -stshd Mais

ss ccs; my cm jstc cds thcs. stc, Wd-m (99) d Ps (009) hv cmd ss ccs Wst

E, d sv ths hv cmd E s. tt

cds thcs jsts (c. aFe 00; kreuTler 007; laiTila ;

liMor/iMelboiM 00). h mdsm md cctty

hs stdd msty th Utd tts, h th cct s mst cm-

m ( ct vv c. STarCk 00). I E, Evs t . (00) d

E (00) hv d sch md mdsm. d sm

td js hs cvd tt cdmc ttt ct ys, hms stds hv cmtd md jsm th mss m-

d (. . beuTner/weiCerT 00; Fengler 00, 00; kreiTling ;

krger/Mller-SaCSe 998; Malik 004; porleZZa 005; ruSS-Mol

999; ruSS-Mol/Fengler 000; weSSler t . 99; weiSS 005). Iv-

tv ms md cctty E ttt , t

hv t ths tcd systmtcy. Dm/H (008)

hv vdd hhy s cssct th dt y dv

tyy md-td s. m stds x th tt m-d ctcsm s Gmy d th Utd tts (c. eberwein 00;

Fengler 00; uTTer 00; SCnerr 00; TeiS-berglMair 00;

wie/SCMiT 00), t ts c ctc jsm ms y

c. v, sm stdy yz th ss th Gm

bildblog.de hs cm th tst shts t th mtvt ds

(ttmt s h ct thm) d th ss t y

sch ctvts (c. Maer t . 00). h mct md cctty s

t dtd (c. aenenS 00; jarren/Vowe ; MCuail ), t

6 . . . th G Jst sc, ccvd y d-J Btd, thtt://../ms/t/dx.h


12/19


y stdd systmtcy. D md sss d md csms

ch th tts hv cs th mct md cct-

ty stmts? Oy vy sm-sc d t-dtd sch -jcts (. . kepplinger 3; norTingTon 3) hv t st ty tcd

th mct (stshd) Mais md sss.17 O th mst

mtt s th dAc sch jct s t s t dts

t md cctty mc dt.

Media accountability and the Internet

Py th mst tst, d ch, sct stdy mdcctty tdy s th yss th stts q d ss mct

Mais. h Itt fs mst dss y vs

stc dts t sm, t hh sd d cst.18 hs,

th th c th css hd th md cct

y ch dy d q ccts md cctty.

B th dvt th dt , Btd ccty mhszd th

mtc s-t y md s d md sss,

t t tht md csms t v t thtc -sd t cm vvd md cctty (berTran 000: ).19

h, Btd cd th dc th cv d md

cctty, t tht md cctty sh mv th s-

vcs th md t th c d st th st md th

ys th t (berTran 000: 5). Hd ssv m

th c md,2 schs csdd md ctcsm my s

qst m tt-md md csmt chc

Rct stds cs th fcts md tcy th cs ct th md(c. aSle t . 00; raga t . 00). I , ttmt s tty mttct st mst cmty ctd th stdy md s-ct.

8 xm, smth s sm s tt t th dt hch ms tht md svs vc t hs dsstsct th jstc dct (c. irSCMa n 70) vvdhh cst dct th md s, cd th tm t t th tt, t y thstm, d t cy th tt t th mx. h, my mht hv dt chs th xt t std th vc t thy dd t dd t tstth md ctt. I th dt , th cst vc hs dcd dmtcy. At th

sm tm, mt md cctty stmts s t csty mdcms: stcts sc d tm d t y y m. A ss xt ths hm my td th th h Oss thy

s (c. olSon ).0 E. ., J/Zm (00: 3) smmz s t s 00 tht th cs tst md

sm s .


13/19

d Acctty E d Byd

th st. Bt t dt, sv ss ccs css E d t cd

sttvs th dc (c. Fengler t . t; puppiS 00).

h Itt d scy th W .0 f mss vs ctzs t cm ctvy d th dt t th qty m-

d ctt. h Itt vds th dc th stmts t

c jstc ms (c. Fengler 00).21 V s,Facebook d

Twitter, cmmt cts, th sts mdsm d th

(c. . 3), mms th dc c sy cmmct d cm-

mt th qty stc dcts dt c sh.22

Figure Traditional and digital instruments for creatingnewsroom transparency

Source: adapted from Meier 2009

At th sm tm, shd md th sh th ttv d mzdtss th 0s s s th d s ctz dcst t th dt thdcst sct th 0s, hch t tms s std th ct mdctcz th stshd md.

d ss s stt t m md-td ngos, th th Utd Kdm t d ths d.


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h cs th dc t th md cctty css

v th Itt s tcy mtt th d t md systms

t d tht tc cstts. I my tsmt ddv cts, th vmt hvy stcts th md s-

s, hch ct ths xctd t fctv s-ctc. th-

m, dv Ps (00) md c-t, sst

dc-csv sctv md cctty th dt

. hs ch, md Kmss cct md sthds

(), cds t y s dd s tstd ts (sts,

md ms), t s ctzs s hv smy hh tst

cct d tst md. h, sst t md md cctty th dt (c. . ):

Figure Media accountability in the digital age

Accountability activities byaudience/stakeholders

Accountability activities bymedia professionals

Self-regulationState regulation Co-regulation

Nty, th Itt s s xct tm md ct-

csm y sts d th mms th md dsty. Bs hv

md s th mst stmt md cct-

ty. Dm d H (00), md-td s c cssd t dft cts:

Citizen Blogs: stc s tt y th c tsd th

md,

Audience Blogs: jstc s tt y th c th

th md,

Journalist Blogs: stc s tt y sts tsd

md sttts, d

Media Blogs: stc s tt y sts th m-d sttts.

Hv, t cssy t vstt th chs tht st-

shd stmts md cctty hv t c th dt (c.


15/19

d Acctty E d Byd

eberwein 00; eVerS 00; einonen 00). hd ss cc d

th cmts t stc ctts Facebook s vd -

dd t YouTube? hd ss cc ct t cmt t th - ctt dcst t s shd t Yahoo!?

Mapping media accountability: A comparative perspective

Europe and beyond

I , md cctty stmts dy xst th th

m mst E cts, t df m ch th csdy

th d t th stcts d mchsms. Wh dstctv cts md cctty d xst cts th Utd Kdm (c.

th cht y Jms/P ths ), Ity Pd y

stmts sv th s md s-t. Ev cts

th cs ct ts sh m dfcs: . . ds ccs

qt cmm tzd, t hv t cty m ss -

Gmy. Ad h Gmy d tzd th hv t

md cctty cts, cty s cs hy d ct

s Ast s chctzd y sc mst Mai s, th ss ccst vvd 00 d TV cty tt md d tcs

s th mst s md s-ct (c. th ts t-

t y Kms t ., E d Pzz/Rss-h ths vm).

I c d Ity, th stt d -md cmts dmt

th md, md s-ct t xsts th m st, s Bs/

Bd d zz/d sh ths vm. h stt s

smy cmx Est E, s Bd t ., Gc/U d

Lt t . t ths : Est hs t ss ccs; Pd hsth sts sscts d th cds thcs, t thm s

fctvy mtd. Ad v cts th Nthds d -

d th tdts cctty d mttd stmts,

stshd Mais sch s ss ccs d md jsm th mss

md c ms ms th dt , s Evs/Ght d

H/Kym t t ths vm.

At th mt-v, md cctty dfs t th stshd

dmccs Wst E, th tvy tdt ssdm s cssy qst vty md s-ct, d

th y dmccs Est E, hch xcd h cty

th stt-ctd md. h t A cts hch m t


16/19


stdy s (thd y j) d Jd (y Htmh/Ps)

st sm d hy tctc cts th sty ctd

md systms tst (c. rug 00). I ths cts, hvt xct tht ms c-t th cct md cctty th

s th ms ct t msdy mt t s th y t

dv ddt md. sqty, Mais vd y cmc

zt my y ssttts st ts d v-

s th mss md y th stt (c. Ferjani 00). Hv, h

Jd hs tc d md systm cy d th y

990s, tsts ss md systm hv t ccmd

y th tc systm.I d t stct ths vm, my th md md sys-

tms E (c. allin/ManCini 004), tht xs th dfcs d

smts jsm cts y t systm-td dmss

sch s th dvmt tcs d th c sh, md mts,

th jstc sssm, s s th d d t stt

tvt md mts. W xct tht H/cs md

ty x th dfcs md cctty, s th ths y

mt ss ccs h csd th vy ds js-tc sssm css E. xm, th Dmctc tst

d my vv dft ts scty hch c s

th st st md ccs Gmy d cdv. Itys

jsm ct s, y ctst, chctzd y st tc -

sm t md d tcs. h t s t ss tht md

stt t t s dss s-t.

H/cs - md (004: 67.) dvds md systms

d sm cts t th s: th dt Pzd Pst d (std ths

vm y c, Ity d ),

th Nth/t E Dmctc tst d (-

std y Ast, d, Gmy, th Nthds d t-

zd), d

th Nth Attc L d (std y th Utd

Kdm).

th stty vv th mst ctst css (c.wirT/kolb 00), ths stdy s cds (c. . ):

Est, Pd d Rm s Est E cts d

Jd d s s t xms A stts.


17/19

d Acctty E d Byd

Figure Journalism cultures in Europe and beyond

Source: adapted from Hallin/Mancini 2004

Hv, s t td, th Est E md systms

th ctts, t m th Utd tts, hv t dt cdd

H d cs md. It ttmts t xtd th md t-

ds Est E d yd (c. bluM 005) hv t csdd

sct. h scst hsty d th vsy sty ctd

md systms Est E cts v d ss t ssm

tht thy hv th jsm ct, hch c th dvddt s-cts. L (00c), xm, hy dvds Est eu

mm stts t cts y t tds th tsh -

t th tc systm d th md systm. h dstshs c-


18/19

0


ts th tvy d ss dm t xtt sstt stt -

tc (. . Pd d Rm) d cts h th md hv

m sccssy dstcd thmsvs m tc s (. . Est-). I , tt s cty t th stts q d qty

md cctty systms Est E, h s-t

mchsms y ty stshd d tsmt csss

(c. ToMaSS/TZankoFF 00: 4). hs ss t ty d

ths d dt xst sch.

Conclusions

It mst tst t sv h vs md cct-

ty stmts th dt md systms css E d

yd d h th Itt s ch th dsc md c-

ctty th dvd cts stdd. W s s

h th jsm cts std ths d tms

th d Mai stttzt, d hth th dc hs -

dy cm vt ct. A tt ss s tht th H/c

md my y ty sd t x th vty md cct-ty css E. xm, Ast, hch H d c

cssy m th Dmctc tst Nth/t

E cts, sms th dt md ct, th -

d t th sc mst th Mais tht c d Gmy d

d. d ctcsm qty ccs th m ttmt,

st d mcy c d Rm th cts s t

hh d tc c th md.

Hv md th d md cctty sch, dmd cctty stmts s any inormal institution, both ofine and

online, performed by both media professionals and media users, which intends to

monitor, comment on and criticize journalism and seeks to expose and debate prob-

lems o journalism:

at the individual level (e. g. plagiarism o a single journalist, misquotations

in an article),

at the level o media routines (e. g. the acceptance o corruption among jour-

nalists), at the organizational level (e. g. PR infuence on editorial decisions in a news-

room), and

at the extra-media level (e. g. state repressions against journalism).


19/19

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mapping media accountability

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