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Mapping the Evolution of Rice Research Relation to Priorities? Tommaso Ciarli & Ismael Rafols SPRU, Sussex & Ingenio, Valencia [email protected] & [email protected] R ESEARCH Q UESTION Map how research efforts change through time and space, and how this is related to specific priorities, events, and cultures P ROBLEM AND M OTIVATION • Basic good, produced & adopted in many regions, in the N and in the S • Central actor in the green revolution • Different priorities and interests, depending on different factors • Problematisation: e.g. productivity, nutrition, use of resources • Evolution of (technological) characteristics Yields vs. Publications 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9 1 20000 25000 30000 35000 40000 Yield: Harvested production per unit of harvested area for crop products (Hg/Ha) Production per capita 95% CI Fitted values 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 0 1 2 3 4 20000 25000 30000 35000 40000 Yield: Harvested production per unit of harvested area for crop products (Hg/Ha) Production per capita 95% CI Fitted values India Philippines PAPER CONTRIBUTION 1. Empirical approach to studying the evolution of published research across time and space 2. How this may be related to priorities 3. Does research reflects the needs of farmers and consumers in different countries? M ETHOD • Co-word algorithms to analyse the similarity be- tween words • Two descriptors are similar when they appear to- gether in several documents • Cluster descriptors defining different topics (com- munities), and compute the network structure • Overlay subsets of the total corpus on the global map to identify high frequency areas D ATA DESCRIPTION 1983 1986 1989 1992 1995 1998 2001 2004 2007 2010 2012 Rank and number of pubs of top pubishers Australia Bangladesh Brazil China Cuba Egypt France Germany India Indonesia Iran Italy Japan Malaysia Netherlands Nigeria Pakistan Philippines Russia South Korea Spain Sri Lanka Taiwan Thailand UK USA Australia Bangladesh Brazil China Cuba Egypt France Germany India Indonesia Iran Italy Japan Malaysia Netherlands Nigeria Pakistan Philippines Russia South Korea Spain Sri Lanka Taiwan Thailand UK USA 0 1,000 Argentina Australia Bangladesh Benin Brazil China Colombia Cote d'Ivoire Cuba Egypt France Greece India Indonesia Iran Italy Japan Malaysia Mexico Nepal Nigeria Pakistan Philippines Russia South Korea Spain Sri Lanka Taiwan Thailand Turkey USA Venezuela Vietnam Argentina Australia Bangladesh Benin Brazil China Colombia Cote d'Ivoire Cuba Egypt France Greece India Indonesia Iran Italy Japan Malaysia Mexico Nepal Nigeria Pakistan Philippines Russia South Korea Spain Sri Lanka Taiwan Thailand Turkey USA Venezuela Vietnam 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 Area Pubs Value Food Nutr. Seed Waste Exp. -Imp. Pest. Fert. Yield Dimensions Rank Countries rank on several dimensions: top ten publishers lugs cutting date mowing statins farm results mathematics patents salads agrarian reform mephosfolan alternative splicing registration halosulfuron catalysts velocity gums heterochromatin compaction water policy plains yeast artificial chromosomes ammonia additives predator prey relationships elites bulls glycerol sterols consumer attitudes thiols plumules somatic hybridization real time pcr attractants trehalose food marketing components immunity water allocation ferritin solar energy allelism transposition phosalone soil test values red light sdspage diet studies rubber piglets rumen flora gene tagging elicitors testas duration edta fluchloralin drilling reservoirs dairy cattle subsidies production structure brassinolide antifeedants food policy fungicide tolerance ponds hoeing desorption ethephon methyl jasmonate cell cycle acc thiamin villages pigmeat stamens symbiosis floods allergens glumes lactic acid bacteria branching terpenoids fruit ethyl methanesulfonate irri buprofezin glutamine mcpa antibodies slow release fertilizers stomatal resistance chromatography noodles mutagenesis husking spermidine fly ash allelopathins urine buckwheat recombinant proteins sampling physiological races paraquat sulfate peptides migration structures hardness triazophos tricyclazole farming blood sugar size mancozeb seedborne organisms fermented foods substitution lines races soil fungi outbreaks carbon sequestration food production volatile fatty acids chemical properties quinalphos energy sources linseed decision making retrotransposons lysine spinach bacterial diseases marker genes path analysis glutelins farmers attitudes cholesterol tdna nutrient balance oviposition amylopectin volatilization density filling cows biochemistry animal models microbial activities international trade meat constraints anilofos food consumption biotypes maturity herbicide mixtures specific combining ability traits extension protein sesame ammonium general combining ability trends pollutants jasmonic acid biodeterioration proteomics rumen extraction soil management crop density processing agricultural policy salt oxygen heat stress extracts epistasis respiration lipid peroxidation yeasts lipids monocrotophos stomata gene location milk innovation adoption prices carbendazim remote sensing viscosity pendimethalin internodes plant density rural development silicon decomposition hydrogen peroxide surveys water use antioxidants costs economic analysis research taxonomy sucrose lead sunflowers iaa anther culture food contamination zinc fertilizers food plants senescence screening poultry farmers stored products utilization water carbofuran land use cowpeas physicochemical properties clones flag leaf varietal susceptibility promoters rice bran organic amendments flowering date hosts rice soils heritability treatment feeds tobacco emission digestibility leaf area growth rate inheritance butachlor plant extracts tillage seed production methane nutrition integrated control 24d diets soil ph tillering nutritive value lines gene mapping returns nutrients production toxicity crosses calcium cultivation potassium fertilizers complementary dna amylose urea in vitro culture farmyard manure crop residues phenotypes dna plant water relations cultural control dry matter starch composition chlorophyll paddy soils soil fertility varietal resistance salinity zinc photosynthesis varieties crop quality grain insecticides genotypes genetics natural enemies crop production soil panicles genetic markers enzyme activity yields application rates rice straw yield components control gene expression plant pathogens genes crop yield VOSviewer Plant protection: Pests Plant protection: Weeds Plant nutrition Rice varieties & classic genetics Transgenetics, molecular biology & genomics Consumption, human nutrition, food technologies Production & socioeconomic issues (a) Top countries in pubs (b) Publications & agri performance (c) Main topics in rice research Mostly stable rank, increasing differ- ences, some new players Pubs. loosely related to yields, nutri- tion, & inputs. Trade specialisation 7 main clusters of topics, well distin- guished, with strong connections W ORLDWIDE TECHNOLOGICAL TRAJECTORY xylan width water policy water allocation transposition thiamin tariffs summer sprays spikes specific combining ability soil fungi simple sequence repeats shading serine seed shattering sdspage sake reservoirs red light pyrolysis progeny prochloraz prawns potato starch ponds piglets permeability path analysis oxolinic acid mycelium mustard mollisols men meat malnutrition liveweight ligases introgression intensification insertional mutagenesis inorganic fertilizers inheritance igg hyphae holstein hexaconazole heterochromatin heat shock hardness groundwater recharge ginger genotoxicity genomics genetic vectors genetic mapping genetic gain general combining ability gene tagging gatt fungicide residues food marketing floods fisheries ferritin exons essential oil plants epistasis epidermis enzyme polymorphism embryology elites elisa elicitors efflux dry season disinfection disease models deregulation defence daimuron cytoplasm cryopreservation crossing consumer attitudes coir codons climate change chromosome maps chromosome analysis cholesterol cell cultures calcium silicate cakes bulls brain botanical fungicides biolistics bioinformatics biogas biofuels betaglucanase betacarotene baling backcrossing backcrosses azoxystrobin arthropod communities antisense dna antioxidant properties andosols amylopectin amplified fragment length poly amino acid sequences alternative splicing alphatocopherol allergens allelism alleles agricultural crises adolescents adaptability abamectin soil test values soil physics pretreatment polyamines milk histones helminths food processing quality eggs tryptophan synergism rice bran prolamins lead atp pig manure heading date fecundity blood sugar acc purification pleiotropy genetic distance edible fungi crop yield anthocyanins pigments lectins hoeing descriptions mitochondria fertility returns optimization density peptidases mephosfolan mangoes leaf area health fibre fermentation cell walls catalase protein quality irrigation requirements initiation farmers antibiosis alkalinity villages sugar lysine compaction toxicology systems irri flax energy cows allelopathins rubber leaf area index gene location extracts apples stem borers phosalone land use cell culture water use concentration canopy sodic soils serology farm size stomata parboiling oviposition lipids amylases protoplasts fruit bioassays ammonia treatment survival food grains molecular genetics food products economic thresholds swede rape neem extracts auxins starch exports alkali treatment detection aluminium malathion hch biomass callus agronomy consumption zinc fertilizers sunflowers residual effects cells lodging iaa protein grasses drought processing linkage quinalphos abscisic acid mycotoxins heterosis additives monocrotophos males senescence spikelets digestibility bran chlorpyrifos cowpeas amendments genetic variance weight nutritive value gamma radiation utilization surveys labour prices losses anther culture stored products 24d nutrients physiological races multiple cropping butachlor urea induced mutations plant height photosynthesis rotations apparatus nutrition drying date toxicity rice straw environment sowing fungicides proteins cultivation salinity green manures storage metabolism water tissue culture varietal susceptibility damage varieties composition usage farming systems yields soil distribution food plants grain plant pathogens economics varietal resistance breeding diseases pests VOSviewer xylose xylan width water policy water allocation transposition time structures spikes specific combining ability speciation slurries simulation simple sequence repeats sensing selenium rna polymerase rivers recessiveness protein quality progeny price formation prawns porosity populations poplars plumules plant breeding methods plains pigmeat piglets photolysis phosphate pericarp penetration obesity mephosfolan mendelism mefluidide maize straw lowland areas lipoxygenase kinases introgression initiation inheritance industrial wastes industrial crops incidence igg hyphae hormones holstein hardness half life growth models glutamine ginger genomics genetic mapping genetic gain general combining ability gene splicing gelatin gallic acid fungicide residues freezing forces food safety food packaging food marketing food analysis fertilizer requirement determi ferritin fermented foods explants epistasis elites efflux dry season dna methylation disease prevalence diploidy diet descriptions deregulation defence dairy cattle crossing consumer attitudes conferences complementary dna communities codons chromosomes chromosome maps chromosome analysis chilling chillies cell lines carboxylation cakes bulls brewing blood serum blood pressure blood lipids biolistics betaglucanase betacarotene beers beef cattle baling bacterial diseases backcrosses arthropod communities antineoplastic properties antigens antibacterial properties animal models analysis of variance amylopectin alternative splicing alphatocopherol allergens allelism alleles agropisciculture agricultural land agricultural crises age aerobic conditions adolescents adaptability abortion path analysis mefenacet lignin lateritic soils fodder breakage backcrossing soil texture purity pastures intensification conidia rumen thiamin site factors repetitive dna pheromones page lysine cell suspensions restriction mapping phytoalexins fruit fibre overwintering rice bran methamidophos meat irri cytology putrescine phosalone gametocides filter cake acc water requirements promoters mitochondria improved varieties electroporation paraquat genetic distance fungicide tolerance fecundity systems sugar boron toxicology rain polyamines betaglucuronidase urea fertilizers edifenphos quinalphos fertility puddling membranes eggs tests emergence lettuces extracts shading selectivity radishes oxygen food grains economic thresholds world markets migration parasites biotypes lipids haploidy glutelins agricultural research intake spikelets drainage maps malathion cell cultures human diseases irrigation water ammonia treatment interactions tillage depth auxins amylases consumption detection linkage genetic engineering driers races irrigation systems plant pests mycotoxins genetic variance food plants cells respiration weight sunflowers starch zinc fertilizers nutritive value peas mechanization monocrotophos losses innovation adoption farmyard manure comparisons tobacco gamma radiation husks additives prices processing lodging residual effects heterosis surveys cowpeas environment protoplasts digestibility carbofuran nutrients date drying butachlor water management cold resistance 24d hosts zinc farming systems molecular genetics salinity mineral nutrition storage germination transplanting proteins urea ecology rice straw nutrition natural enemies sources resistance mineral uptake varieties composition economics grain yields biotechnology plant pathogens breeding diseases agricultural entomology VOSviewer work study water policy water allocation velocity transposition sunshine hours summer stochastic models steaming standards speciation solubility silage making serine sensing progeny prawns pollutants pods pigmeat piglets phytase physiological races phosalone pericarp odours mowing micropropagation metolachlor mephosfolan mefluidide leaf sheaths lactones insertional mutagenesis infant formulae incidence immunity igg holstein heterozygosity heifers hardness halosulfuron gross margins ginger genotoxicity genetic vectors genetic gain genetic correlation gene splicing gels gcms galls gallic acid fungal morphology functional genomics freezing food marketing fodder ferritin fat farm equipment enterotoxins energy elites efflux edible fungi drilling dna methylation diversity diploidy diphenyl ether herbicides diet defence dairy cattle cysteine crop enterprises consumer attitudes conferences colonization codons cluster beans chromosome analysis cholesterol captan bulls breakfast brain blood pressure blight biogas biofuels biochemical pathways betaglucanase beef baling backcrosses azoxystrobin awareness apical meristems antigens animal models anhydrous ammonia alternative splicing allelochemicals agricultural crises adults adolescents acetochlor urine threshing drums structure pretreatment particle size genetic mapping gene interaction fruit fly ash extrusion yeasts tryptophan protein quality nucleotides isoproturon gene tagging fungicide residues food production amylopectin simulation rice oil purification maturity mangoes fish allelism serology selenium rice flour irri fecundity blood sugar antioxidants thiram magnesium fertilizers chromosome maps allergens agronomy parasites mcpa heat antibiosis ammonium subsidies soil test values polyethylene glycol methamidophos lead general combining ability runoff lysine yeast artificial chromosomes rumen electron microscopy buprofezin synthesis sugar paraquat page food grains path analysis irrigation requirements hch fibre decomposition cytology mancozeb chilling ammonia treatment acc quinalphos protein farmers allelopathins tricyclazole puddling pastures epistasis uniconazole tests rice bran repetitive dna putrescine food plants maturation lignin poultry backcrossing auxins prolamins depth additives water use intake cows biodeterioration tropics irrigation scheduling haploidy oxygen optimization maps polyamines land use carbendazim shading leaf area economic thresholds extracts price policy inceptisols human diseases sucrose mycotoxins races international trade environment detection cell cultures grasses farm inputs dna libraries utilization driers rice soils spikelets monocrotophos costs emission propanil senescence efficiency sunflowers gamma radiation amylases sustainability nutritive value tillering yield losses processing zinc fertilizers varietal susceptibility carbofuran trends plant extracts amino acid sequences sandy loam soils clay loam soils seed production genetic variance peas tobacco stored products interactions surveys digestibility inheritance crop husbandry cells comparisons cowpeas starch linkage heterosis drying nutrients cultivation npk fertilizers farming systems potassium fertilizers returns butachlor paddy soils fungicides tolerance chlorophyll 24d integrated control urea salinity storage zinc rotations resistance damage plant genetic resources sterility proteins rice straw nutrition mineral nutrition gene expression nutrient uptake varieties molecular genetics application rates varietal resistance soil plant pests weed control economics composition yields grain biotechnology plant pathogens pests diseases genetics VOSviewer width whole crop silage water policy water allocation transposition time series time terpenoids substitution lines structures soil mechanics simple sequence repeats serine seafoods recessiveness prebiotics poisoning ploidy piglets phosalone oxolinic acid neoplasms milk production mephosfolan laboratory animals insertional mutagenesis igg holstein glycerol ginger genetic vectors genetic mapping free living nematodes forces ferritin efflux dna amplification diazinon diabetes deletions defence crossing consumer attitudes conferences codons cheeses carbon sequestration bulls brain blood lipids bibliographies backcrosses alternative splicing allelism alcohols adolescents pathogenesis ochratoxins linkage groups inorganic fertilizers cluster beans breakage wind speed recombinant proteins magnesium fertilizers automation amplification stress response spread meat imazethapyr handling fungicide tolerance cholesterol light traps isotopes fodder antibiosis upland soils sorbitol gene tagging density atrazine systems subsidies hay fish development projects root exudates maturity life history irri epistasis education sugar retrotransposons prilling mefenacet marketing channels weight triazophos soil bacteria rice flour milk introgression immunodiagnosis general combining ability filter cake radishes chromosome number nutrient balance leaf sheaths amylopectin yeasts quinalphos earliness malathion phosphate lesions lead ammonia treatment regions yeast artificial chromosomes carotenoids seed drills cellulose carbaryl spermidine extracts rumen plant ecology lysine chlorpyrifos larvae statistical analysis lipid peroxidation lines races fermentation diets clay loam soils polyamines infection glutelins feeds rice bran stem borers cell walls varietal susceptibility monocrotophos flowers domestic markets sunflowers peas mortality minerals driers water use soil management haploidy pigeon peas evolution chilling biochemistry detection constraints physicochemical properties oxygen taxonomy water silicon innovation adoption alleles utilization sugars ph anilofos survival manganese tobacco seed production costs zinc fertilizers surveys processing nutritive value digestibility trends drought nutrition tillage sources linkage drying starch varietal resistance toxicity butachlor emission plant density methane heterosis farming systems zinc tillering storage nutrients urea productivity complementary dna crop plants as weeds potassium fertilizers cultivation returns breeding salinity composition proteins paddy soils rice straw varietal reactions production transplanting plant genetic resources molecular genetics varieties gene expression application rates grain yields genetics crop yield agricultural entomology biotechnology plant pathology plant pathogens VOSviewer whole crop silage trehalose trade marks systems structures soil mechanics real time pcr protein quality prawns piglets physiological races phosalone oxolinic acid oxidative stress nitrofen mycoplasmalike organisms mowing metering mephosfolan liming materials input prices igg holstein high density lipoprotein hardness handling fungicide tolerance forces farm results efflux date chromosome aberrations brain baling atrazine aquatic insects alternative splicing agricultural crises additives wind speed subsidies spawn purification pregermination plant organs neoplasms gene tagging detoxification daimuron steers initiation ferritin ethephon azoxystrobin vomitoxin transposition proteolysis polyethylene film education breakage antibiosis acc soil fungi hyphae food marketing tryptophan quinalphos isoproturon carbaryl synergism estimates calves water allocation sampling metolachlor elicitors yeasts magnesium fertilizers isotopes removal pigments genetic gain fodder allelism path analysis fruit deltamethrin lysine milk yield phosphate pathogenesisrelated proteins flax tricyclazole stomata mancozeb amylopectin monocrotophos general combining ability supply size shading driers cholesterol chlorpyrifos races meat rumen dark silage lead epistasis formulations detection marker genes glutelins acreage sugar introgression rice flour retrotransposons herbicide mixtures tropics profits lipid peroxidation internodes enzyme inhibitors wetlands maturity fecundity broadcasting varietal susceptibility milk amplified fragment length poly cellulose lettuces rye genetic variance poultry anilofos alphaamylase constraints silicon foods carbendazim processing iaa senescence water use physicochemical properties fermentation sucrose international trade zinc fertilizers trends colour digestibility case studies yield losses varietal resistance sunflowers ph diets variety trials pollen rice husks cowpeas rice bran costs toxicity land use drought sequential cropping analytical methods nutrients soil ph molecular genetics production tillage amino acid sequences fungicides butachlor quality nutritive value heterosis moisture content starch tillering varieties plant water relations zinc emission urea nutrient availability amylose yields rice soils methane soil salinity returns in vitro culture chromosomes genotypes grain photosynthesis soil fertility phosphorus fertilizers crop quality genetic markers panicles weed control crop production enzyme activity yield components chemical control rice straw gene expression genes plant pathogens crop yield VOSviewer zooplankton x radiation velocity trehalose trade marks telomeres systems structures standards sociology serology seed moisture remediation records projects prawns poisoning piglets oxolinic acid oxidative stress nitrofen mycoplasmalike organisms metolachlor mephosfolan mechanical methods maturity groups liming materials income distribution igg hypolipaemic properties holstein high density lipoprotein heterochromatin herbal drugs growth promoters genotoxicity fungicide tolerance fluchloralin flavones fisheries farm results electron microscopy efflux edta dna probes density date cultivators credit conferences carbon pathways bulls arsenites alternative splicing alphacypermethrin alkalinity additives acc seed inoculation packaging malt winter retinol quinalphos carbaryl branching time photosystem i methyl jasmonate malnutrition lipoxygenase ferritin antibiosis urease mcpa mancozeb keys imazethapyr farming elisa concentrates synthesis soil conservation deltamethrin steers seed dressings path analysis coastal areas transposition intensification fungal elicitors flax driers allelism sugar radicles nutrition tricyclazole genetic gain vegetation rumen cholesterol yeasts monocrotophos glyphosate gene tagging races lysine optimization tropics thermal properties structure silage meat women herbicide mixtures beans glutelins food production constraints soilless culture profits bensulfuron anilofos vascular bundles carbendazim water deficit varietal susceptibility fish retrotransposons oxygen nuclei international trade chlorpyrifos amylopectin alphaamylase substrates silicon light pollutants surveys milk general combining ability marker genes mineral uptake introgression monitoring epistasis butachlor agricultural policy seed production landraces internodes zinc fertilizers lipid peroxidation food security databases senescence prices diets tdna digestibility physical control anthers sucrose costs nutrients sequential cropping pearl millet human diseases bulk density biodiversity ph evolution toxicity fermentation simulation models tillage emission yield losses tobacco catalase case studies heritability colour varietal resistance rice soils fungicides water stress upland rice food processing soil ph pollen leaf area urea moisture content grain nutrient availability nitrogen content nutritive value messenger rna returns farmyard manure zinc crosses protein content salinity amylose stress methodology phosphorus fertilizers starch plant water relations soil fertility genotypes chromosomes weed control chemical control panicles genetic markers crop production yield components crop quality rice straw gene expression plant pathogens genes crop yield VOSviewer trade marks time stripping standards sorting projects plant pathology physiological races oxolinic acid mephosfolan liming materials income distribution holstein helminths halosulfuron glucosides gametocides fungicide tolerance fluchloralin flora farm results electron microscopy efflux dwarf cultivars defence date cultivators credit conferences carbon pathways biology area antifeedants alphacypermethrin additives actin sdspage protein quality antibiosis transposition packaging liveweight aquatic weeds allelism synthesis root hairs metolachlor buprofezin buds shading seed dressings races quinalphos prawns oilseeds glutamine ginger deficiency alkalinity propiconazole piglets mancozeb glycine gene interaction ferritin steers driers spawn phenotypic correlation elisa alternative splicing pigmeat pesticide mixtures paraquat oxadiazon injuries diploidy silica agronomy meat carbon sequestration volatile fatty acids pendimethalin coastal areas sampling risk monocrotophos markets centromeres carbofuran anilofos urease intensification glyphosate glutathione reductase nadph carbendazim bacterial diseases blood sugar tropics threshing thermal properties imazethapyr recombinant proteins nuclei fipronil lysine water deficit path analysis maturity tdna optimization international trade silage rye milk fecundity ethylene beans retrotransposons runoff light induced resistance mineral deficiencies landraces constraints yeasts puddling amylopectin agricultural policy recombination profits physical control women food consumption fertility varietal susceptibility costs risk assessment metal tolerance introgression traits internodes anthers hydrogen peroxide epistasis sucrose prices general combining ability rheological properties gibberellins cellulose silicon manual weed control zinc fertilizers 24d rice soils mung beans lead digestibility fungicides control rice husks food security growth rate water use mineral uptake yield losses human diseases nutrients food processing case studies sequential cropping heritability cowpeas colour emission seed production varietal resistance callus rain simulation models diets tillage promoters toxicity evolution ph urea analytical methods soil ph tillering soil cultivation moisture content nutritive value returns farmyard manure crosses yields stems salinity starch iron zinc phosphorus fertilizers weed control soil fertility amylose plant water relations chemical control genetic analysis genetic markers crop quality crop production enzyme activity panicles rice straw genotypes yield components plant pathogens gene expression genes crop yield VOSviewer whole crop silage testing sorting soil test values salads repetitive dna races physiological races peptidases patents mephosfolan mefluidide mefenacet halosulfuron gene tagging fluchloralin farm results development deregulation bulls benomyl attractants anilofos alternative splicing alphacypermethrin allelism air flow heterochromatin grain driers ferritin carbaryl usage shading molasses input prices fungicide tolerance cartap atrazine tariffs red light packaging hoeing centromeres water allocation plant breeding methods milk production mcpa transposition oxadiazon mancozeb paraquat fruit varietal susceptibility time landsat chitin microbial proteins lipoxygenase hyphae ginger genetic gain thiobencarb finishing monocrotophos diploidy piglets edta deltamethrin acc toxicology slurries propiconazole plant protein physical control stored products plant pathology biotypes fipronil eating patterns floods amplified fragment length poly pendimethalin tdna planting date drinking water terpenoids nitrate reductase acreage questionnaires imports chlorpyrifos real time pcr hosts dna methylation risk carbendazim farming synthesis lactic acid path analysis profits manual weed control intake fecundity ozone ethylene wheat flour epistasis carbon sequestration induced resistance flavour zinc fertilizers organic amendments nuclei general combining ability fertility pearl millet cholesterol rumen constraints recombination meat consumption alphaamylase reactive oxygen species anthers women variation rice soils prices nitrous oxide lipid peroxidation fluorescence water use internodes culture media milk silicon labour stomata animal models costs hybrid varieties cell walls callus poultry varietal resistance seed production yeasts introgression digestibility production water quality soil ph heritability tillage soil pollution messenger rna treatment evolution urea farmyard manure growth rate toxicity nutrients control human diseases pollen analytical methods foods potassium fertilizers farmers tillering returns climatic change climate crop residues plant water relations fermentation diets crosses characterization dry matter amylose protein content weed control soil fertility rice fields chemical control natural enemies starch photosynthesis iron drought biomass chromosomes varieties crop quality rice straw application rates soil yields stress panicles yield components genotypes genetic markers crop production gene expression plant pathogens genes crop yield VOSviewer 1) Research in all topics in all periods: ‘emergent’ tech- nologies/applications. 2) Pests and weeds control: green revolution legacy. 3) Focus on molecular biology and genomics (substitutes for direct research on plant protection ) 4) Human consumption high relevance in the last decade C OUNTRY RESEARCH SPECIALISATION xylan water policy volunteer plants transposition trade relations trade marks tariffs systems subsidies storms sterols somatic hybridization soil mechanics sociology social structure shading rubber registration races population ecology pollen tubes pigmeat phytase physiological races phosalone phloem oxolinic acid odours obesity nitrofen mined land metolachlor mendelism mathematics males malaria liveweight lipid metabolism landsat intervention internet intergenic dna immunity image processors igg holstein heterochromatin gross margins grain drying glycerol glufosinate gene splicing gcms gatt fungicide tolerance fruit friction freezing forces food marketing fisheries ferritin farm results excretion esters epigenetics elicitors electroporation duplication dormancy dna repair diet studies defence date components cold zones coarse grains chromosome analysis cheeses centromeres catalysts brain biology beverages beef awareness assays aquatic insects applicators ammonia additives alternative splicing aleurone cells agrarian reform additives activity actin ubiquitin time peptides intake polygalacturonase pathogenesis morphogenesis meiosis meat gene tagging dwarf cultivars diabetes azoxystrobin toxicology thiamin size sdspage regulatory sequences projects plains paclobutrazol history dairy cattle cracking betaglucanase antibodies allergens adsorbents work capacity water allocation sugar shifting cultivation marketing channels households haploidy buprofezin blood sugar atrazine terpenoids rural development ponds moulds flora energy sources beans protein kinase keys heifers harrowing gibberellins floods fish elites comparisons cholesterol allelochemicals allelism steers spinach reactive oxygen species radiation paraquat ions wetland soils teak risk reporter genes milk yield fluchloralin agronomy transposable elements spermidine crossbreds animal models amylopectin symbiosis lysine hardness fluorescence cows seed size tryptophan marker genes education threshing selenium recombination agricultural policy antibiosis anther culture urine storage decay plant pathology parasitism lipids dna libraries yeasts exports senescence seed testing protein biochemistry ammonium proteinases promoters milk degradation sclerotia proteins persistence fodder silicon density lime texture lambdacyhalothrin heat stress acreage husking evolution drainage sporulation quinalphos porosity pods triazophos salicylic acid clones salt aerobic conditions feed intake hydrogen peroxide feeding spatial distribution propiconazole phosphate marketing isoenzymes mancozeb mangoes epistasis women phenols traits herbicide mixtures surveys optimization genetic gain cabbages formulations antioxidants soil fungi lipid peroxidation cellulose water content poultry diets linseed digestibility control food grains maturity okras tobacco medicinal plants induced resistance constraints varietal susceptibility feeds extension colour profits income strains path analysis superoxide dismutase emission storage monocrotophos land use fermentation methane carbofuran pollen costs plant proteins anilofos nucleotide sequences farmers rice soils general combining ability physicochemical properties yield losses carbendazim tillering nutritive value starch genetic polymorphism rice bran simple sequence repeats inheritance peas physical control amylose leaf area substrates genetic analysis chickpeas phytotoxicity bulk density drought resistance water stress mineral uptake varieties pearl millet varietal resistance 24d zinc fertilizers lines fungicides heritability genetic transformation salt tolerance crop growth stage soil inceptisols cowpeas butachlor urea salinity chlorophyll crosses iron yields sequential cropping plant water relations gene expression spikelets dry matter zinc crop residues genetic markers nutrient availability crop quality enzyme activity potassium fertilizers soil fertility weed control crop production returns genes farmyard manure genotypes rice straw panicles chemical control plant pathogens yield components crop yield VOSviewer water allocation trade policy trade marks subsidies steers steaming soya protein soil suitability soil physics seedborne organisms salads rumen flora registration phorate onfarm conservation nitrofen nematicides neem seed cake mowing molasses milk composition mefluidide manual weed control lentils land ownership kasugamycin iprodione infiltration immunity holstein hoeing hexaconazole heifers harrowing guar glucosides fuels fruit food marketing flora farm size farm results ethoprophos entomophilic nematodes energy requirements embryology elasticities dairy cattle copper fertilizers cinosulfuron bifenox benomyl awareness animal nutrition ammonia additives alternative splicing alphacypermethrin adolescents water policy transport mefenacet forces validamycin roughage resource utilization lambdacyhalothrin international trade husking ginger essential oil plants cows asparagine acephate spermine red light phenotypic correlation organic wastes isoprocarb intensive cropping households fly ash women transposition thiamin symbiosis spread somatic hybridization physiological races igg exports economic thresholds demand defence change attractants terms of trade metsulfuron elicitors additives soil toxicity sesame production economics pigmeat neoplasms magnesium fertilizers heterochromatin ferritin constraints beans allergens spermidine piglets meat irri fungicide tolerance economic impact blood lipids thiols rumen risk ovules driers width maps gene tagging food pastes maltose deltamethrin atrazine allelism aleurone layer agricultural policy tricyclazole alkalinity feed intake farming testas purification production costs races quinclorac cholesterol genetically engineered microor eclosion food intake food grains energy sources acc carbendazim soil solution food consumption silica returns zinc fertilizers silage consumption biochemistry slow release fertilizers hardness biosafety integrated control processing medicinal plants nitric oxide laboratory animals irrigation systems costs cell ultrastructure edible fungi recombinant proteins biotypes broadcasting bacterial artificial chromosom plant breeding methods fibre varietal susceptibility sampling protein water bensulfuron satellite imagery path analysis chlorpyrifos topsoil predatory arthropods population genetics glutelins hosts soil fungi glumes gelation case studies oviposition lipids larvae structures economic analysis dna methylation deficiency epidermis wines triazophos water conservation root exudates digestibility lysine indexes carbon sequestration high yielding varieties electrophoresis cultural control nutrition salt amplified fragment length poly oxygen yeasts amylopectin risk assessment farming systems recombination production proteinases traits organic amendments food quality runoff environmental impact fecundity tdna meiosis crude protein taxonomy application date spraying leaf sheaths poultry general combining ability antioxidants optimization colour silicon land use screening nutrients detection food contamination plant density physicochemical properties cell walls stomata hydrogen peroxide crop density iaa varietal resistance organic matter reverse transcriptase pcr crop residues lead climate soil ph nutritive value evolution internodes utilization urea notillage senescence tobacco swede rape npk fertilizers microsatellites fermentation flowering date combining ability phytotoxicity methane emission treatment chemical control analytical methods potassium fertilizers in vitro culture heading date amino acid sequences soil pollution pest control genetic distance clones dry matter hybrid varieties soil fertility seed production salinity cultivation transplanting pollen cadmium natural enemies plant water relations dna drought crosses biomass tillering starch grain varieties amylose crop production soil yields paddy soils genotypes rice straw photosynthesis chromosomes yield components application rates crop quality panicles enzyme activity genetic markers plant pathogens gene expression crop yield genes VOSviewer xylitol x radiation water uptake water requirements water policy volunteer plants volatile fatty acids varietal susceptibility trade marks time systems steers steaming sprayers specific combining ability sources soil physics soil biology soil air slurries shading selectivity salt safeners rock phosphate residual effects recovery real time pcr quinalphos propiconazole prilling polymers poisoning piglets physiological races phosphine phorate pest management persistence peroxidases path analysis parasitic plants paraquat paclobutrazol ovules organic acids odours nitrification inhibitors nickel morphometrics molasses milk yield microbial pesticides metolachlor mathematics marketing margins manual weed control mancozeb maltose males malaria magnesium fertilizers liveweight liming materials lentils land consolidation kasugamycin iron fertilizers in situ hybridization igg iaa holstein hoeing high density lipoprotein hexaconazole heifers heat resistance harrowing handling gross margins globulins ginger geography genetic stability genetic parameters genetic gain general combining ability gene tagging gene interaction fungicide tolerance freezing forces fly ash fluchloralin flavones filter cake fauna farming farmers attitudes farm results ethoprophos esterases energy requirements elites elicitors electron microscopy edta edifenphos dyes dry farming drilling dosage effects dna binding motifs disease prevalence dietary carbohydrate diapause diallel analysis development deltamethrin date dairy cattle crossbreds credit cracks copper fertilizers cloves citric acid cattle dung cartap carboxylation carbendazim captan capital butachlor buprofezin bulls boron fertilizers boring insects blood chemistry biology biogas biodeterioration benomyl beneficial insects beef cattle azimsulfuron azadirachtin awareness arsenites area antibodies antibiosis anilofos ammonium ammonia additives amines altitude alphacypermethrin allelopathins allelism alkaloids air flow agricultural sciences age adolescents additives acephate acc urban areas thiamin nutrient balance heterosis genetic variance driers culture media clay loam soils alternative splicing removal lime hardness fipronil fecundity farmyard manure classification chilling bioassays actin 24d water deficit starch granules races phosphates pendimethalin pastures microbial activities immunity floods feed intake dark carbofuran breakage zinc fertilizers wages mulches ferritin structure seed development sampling ratooning ponds lambdacyhalothrin fluorescence transposition selenium neoplasms meat hyphae households height biotypes respiration prediction ova maturity malnutrition cell lines varietal resistance thiobencarb tdna renewable energy proteinases halosulfuron diversification conidia apoptosis alphaamylase terpenoids satellite imagery recombinant proteins moisture heterochromatin water resources rice fields laboratory animals endoplasmic reticulum digestibility constraints surveys leaf area history spikelets food grains water stored products stability seed weight varietal reactions stems ph notillage grapes genetic distance flowering date fermentation farming systems drainage risk ethanol endogenous growth regulators cold tolerance proteomics plant extracts intake heading date emergence air temperature water use jasmonic acid cholesterol yeasts sunflowers fungicides beans urea nutrients markets plant tissues water pollution poultry larvae economic analysis rice husks phosphorus fertilizers paddy soils in vitro culture amylopectin food intake food consumption cultural control crosses control cell walls plant water relations virulence rice soils crop growth stage women wetlands costs protein content colour bacterial artificial chromosom tobacco silt loam soils returns rice flour plant disease control phytotoxicity international trade agricultural policy case studies prices emission rotations grain tillers food security imazethapyr arsenic recombination climatic change microsatellites characteristics human diseases salinity pest resistance soil fertility genetic polymorphism foods drought nutritive value promoters photosynthesis water management retrotransposons databases rice bran panicles soil diets yield losses biomass amylose yields plant breeding methodology moisture content crop quality starch rice straw application rates weed control genetic diversity chemical control enzyme activity evolution plant pests chromosomes crop production genetic markers plant pathogens crop yield gene expression genes VOSviewer zinc fertilizers yeast artificial chromosomes x radiation women whole crop silage water requirements water policy vibration vertebrate pests varietal susceptibility varietal reactions triazophos tobacco time terpenoids taste subsidies stomatal resistance sterols sterility steers spinach specific combining ability spawn somatic hybridization solar energy soil mechanics soil biology slurries silica shedding sex ratio sex pheromones self pollination seed dormancy seasonal abundance salicylic acid restorer genes recovery races quinalphos putrescine protoplasts protein quality propiconazole progeny prawns porosity politics plumules plant density piglets physiological races phosphine phorate percolation pedigree path analysis paraquat paclobutrazol ozone ova outcrossing odours ochratoxins nucleocytoplasmic interaction nontarget effects nitrofen neoplasms nematicides molecular weight mitosis mitochondrial genetics milk production meiosis mefluidide meals markets manual weed control mannitol mancozeb management malnutrition males magnesium fertilizers lugs linolenic acid liming lime ligases life history lectins leaf age lakes laboratory tests keys kasugamycin jasmonic acid isoprothiolane isolation international cooperation intercropping integrated control initiation infiltration infestation induced mutations incorporation imidacloprid imazapic ige hydration hoeing hexaconazole heterochromatin heritability helminths height heat growth retardants glyphosate globalization ginger genetic gain general combining ability gene tagging gene interaction gcms galls g proteins fungicide tolerance functional genomics forces food processing quality food prices food policy food plants food marketing foliar diagnosis fluchloralin flax flavones flag leaf filter cake ferritin fenvalerate females fauna farmyard manure farmers attitudes farm results faeces exposure evolution ethoprophos ethnicity esterases essential oil plants epistasis epidermis environment entomophilic nematodes endoplasmic reticulum elites elicitors electroporation electron microscopy eggs efflux efficacy edifenphos economic analysis eating patterns earliness dry matter accumulation dry farming drilling dosage effects diurnal variation disease distribution diapause developmental stages desorption demand deltamethrin deletions dehiscence defence deep placement ddt dark cysteine cutting cultural control crossing crop enterprises cracks copper fertilizers consumption consumer attitudes conservation conferences components compatibility comparisons commodities combining ability cold hardening coatings coating clay loam soils citric acid cinosulfuron chromosome analysis chlorothalonil chlorosis chlorimuron chilling children chicks characteristics cell membranes cell cultures cation exchange capacity cartap carbofuran carbendazim carbaryl calves calcium ions cabbages butachlor buprofezin broadcasting breakage bread brassinolide branching boron fertilizers blood serum blood pressure blood lipids bird repellents biotypes biology biolistics biodeterioration bioassays bifenox betaglucuronidase bensulfuron benomyl beneficial insects basal dressings baling baits bacteriophages azoxystrobin awareness auxins atrazine atp arsenites arid lands area aquatic weeds aquatic organisms apomixis antibiosis antagonism animal manures animal ecology anilofos anhydrous ammonia aneuploidy amplification ammonium amendments altitude alternative splicing allergens allelochemicals allelism alanine agropisciculture agronomy agricultural sector agricultural sciences agricultural entomology agricultural crises agrarian reform adolescents activity acid soils acetylcholinesterase acephate abortion abnormal development abamectin water allocation varietal resistance threshing taxonomy production costs prices planting date malondialdehyde inbred lines households betaine anther culture absorption strains soil properties rheology reverse transcriptase pcr phenotypic variation lead international trade innovation adoption geographical distribution flowers dna methylation density clones animal models agricultural development upland rice stems soil pollution seed weight production manganese inceptisols iaa flowering date cowpeas amylases weed control oligosaccharides equations degradation water use potassium fertilizers plant pigments holstein genetic polymorphism chemical control rice soils properties phytotoxicity pest control mulching extracts costs use efficiency lowland areas farming systems crop growth stage protein synthesis nitrogen balance leaf area milk yield complementary dna nutrients npk fertilizers mung beans tropics tillers proteins emission varieties milk soil fertility land use drought resistance anthocyanins sucrose nutrient availability farmers soil growth rate chromosomes quantitative trait loci plant water relations calcium protein content ph methane nucleotide sequences zinc yields natural enemies photosynthesis iron plant height genotypes gene expression proline chlorophyll yield components enzyme activity plant pathogenic fungi salt tolerance colour application rates genetic markers urea food processing salinity plant pathogens crop quality rumen crop production feeds digestibility fermentation starch genes moisture content physicochemical properties crop yield rice straw VOSviewer India China USA Thailand zinc fertilizers yield losses xylem xylan xanthophyll women weight gain water requirements water pollution water policy water allocation wastewater volatile compounds virulence vigour varietal susceptibility varietal resistance varietal reactions variation variance urine triazophos trehalose traps transcription factors transactivation trade policy toxins tobacco tillage tdna taxonomy surveys sucrose subsidies storms stomatal resistance sterility steers sprays specific combining ability speciation sowing sources somatic hybridization soilless culture soil mechanics soil air sociology shedding sequence tagged sites seed set seed dormancy sap sake rye root shoot ratio rna interference removal regulatory sequences redox potential recombinant dna races quinalphos putrescine purity pulping protein quality propiconazole proline profits processing price stabilization porosity polymers poisoning plumules pleiotropy plant tissues plant residues plant pathology plant density pirimiphosmethyl pigmeat piglets physiological races physical control photosynthates photoperiod photoinhibition phorate pest management peptides peas path analysis particles paclobutrazol ozone origin organic carbon oils occurrence nontarget organisms nitrofen nitrate nickel nematicides naa muscles mulches moisture mitosis mitochondrial genetics minerals milk yield milk micropropagation methodology mendelism membranes meiosis mefluidide markets marketing boards manual weed control mancozeb management malt males magnesium fertilizers lucerne liveweight linolenic acid liming light lettuces learning leachates lakes lactones labour costs kinetin kasugamycin isotopes isolation iron fertilizers ions introgression intestines integrated control intake insecticide resistance insecticidal plants initiation inheritance infestation industrial crops income distribution incidence inceptisols immunity immune response imazapic imagery hyphae hybridization husks host range homeostasis holstein hoeing hexaconazole heterosis heterochromatin heritability heifers heating heat stability heat resistance hch hardness handling guar growth retardants growth inhibitors green manures glyphosate glutamine glufosinate glucose globulins genomics genomes genetic vectors genetic stability genetic mapping genetic gain genetic effects genetic distance general combining ability gene tagging gene splicing gene interaction gamma radiation gametocides fungicides fungicide tolerance fungal spores fuels fruit freezing forecasts forecasting forces food processing quality food plants food pastes food marketing food analysis food fodder fly ash fluoride fluchloralin flowers flowering date flours flax flavones fixation filter cake filling fields ferritin fenvalerate fenclorim fauna fatty acids fat farmyard manure farm results exports explants expert systems exons evolution ethyleneimine ethylene ethyl methanesulfonate ethoprophos ethnic groups estimation essential oil plants epistasis epidermis environment entomophilic nematodes energy endoplasmic reticulum elites elisa elicitors electroporation elasticities eggs efflux efficacy edifenphos eclosion earliness dyes dwarfing duration duplication drying air dry farming drilling driers doughs dna cloning dna diversity diurnal variation disease distribution disease control direct dna uptake diet diapause diameter diabetes developmental stages detection desiccation descriptions density demand deltamethrin deletions dehiscence deficiency defence ddt dde date data analysis dairy cattle cytoplasm cytochrome p450 cysteine cyhalofopbutyl cutting cultural methods crossing crossbreds crop density credit cracks cracking cost analysis correlation correlated traits copper fertilizers consumption consumer preferences consumer attitudes conferences components competitive ability compatibility comparisons commodities combining ability collection cold hardening cold coatings coating coarse grains cluster analysis clones cleaning clay loam soils citrinin citric acid cinosulfuron chromosomes chromosome maps chromosome analysis chlorothalonil chlorimuron chloride chitin chilling children chickpeas chemistry chemical degradation chemical control characteristics cereal products centromeres centres of diversity cellulose cellulase cells cell membranes cell cultures cell culture cations catalysts cartap carrots carotenoids carbon sequestration carbofuran carbendazim carbaryl captan calves callus calcium peroxide calcium chloride caffeic acid cacodylic acid cabbages byproducts butyric acid butachlor buprofezin bulls buffalo feeding buds broadcasting breakage breadmaking brassinolide branching botanical fungicides boron fertilizers boiling body mass index blood serum blood lipids blood chemistry biotypes biotechnology biology biological treatment biolistics biofuels biofilms biodeterioration biochemical receptors biochemical pathways bioavailability bioassays binding proteins bifenox beverages betaine betaglucosidase betaglucanase benzyladenine bensulfuron benomyl beneficial insects beef cattle beef beans basal dressings baling bakery products bacteriophages bacterial toxins bacterial diseases backcrossing backcrosses azoxystrobin awns auxins aubergines ash ascorbic acid arthropod communities arsenites arsenates aromatic hydrocarbons arid lands area arable farming aquatic weeds aquatic animals appropriate technology appressoria application methods application date apples apoptosis apomixis antisense dna antineoplastic properties antibodies antibiotics antibiosis antibacterial properties anthocyanins anthers anther culture antagonism anoxia animal models animal manures animal ecology anilofos anhydrous ammonia aneuploidy andosols analytical methods analysis of variance anaerobiosis amylopectin amylases amplified fragment length poly amplification ammonium sulfate ammonium ammonia additives amino acid sequences altitude alternative splicing alphatocopherol alphacypermethrin alphaamylase alluvial soils allergies allelopathins allelism alkaloids alkalinity alkaline soils alkali treatment algorithms alfisols aleurone layer aleurone cells aldehydes alcohols alcoholic beverages albumins alanine air flow agropisciculture agronomic characteristics agricultural trade agricultural sciences agricultural products agricultural manpower agricultural entomology agricultural engineering age aflatoxins aetiology adventitious roots adsorption adsorbents adolescents adhesion adenosinetriphosphatase additives adaptability activity activated carbon acid soils acid phosphatase acetylcholinesterase acetolactate synthase acetic acid acephate acc absorption abscisic acid abortion abnormal development abamectin yields water stress varieties toxicity lines genetic transformation fermentation drought resistance biodiversity agricultural production tropics soil management pest resistance genotypes genetically engineered organis genetic markers drought digestibility agricultural policy swamps potassium fertilizers plant water relations plant height crop residues crop quality acid sulfate soils upland rice rain natural enemies emission diets biomass urea ultisols tillers socioeconomics pest control organic fertilizers food security plant pathogenic fungi methane iron genes rice fields plant pathogens land use plant pests application rates rice straw crop production crop yield VOSviewer zinc fertilizers yeast artificial chromosomes xylan xanthophyll x radiation women wild animals water use water policy water allocation volatile compounds varietal susceptibility varietal resistance varietal reactions variance urine tubulin triazophos trehalose transcription factors transactivation trade policy trace element fertilizers toxins tobacco testing tdna surface water superoxide dismutase subsidies storms stored products steers steaming sprays specific combining ability sowing somatic hybridization soil water soil types genetic soil ph shedding shading sesame seed maturation sake rubber rivers ribosomal rna removal regulatory sequences recombinant dna races quinalphos putrescine protoplasts protein quality propiconazole projects progeny production processing price policy pretreatment pregermination potassium fertilizers porosity population ecology polymorphism pollution pollination pollen plumules plasmids plant pathology plant density pigmeat piglets physiological races phorate peptides pathogenesis path analysis particles parasites packaging ozone ovaries organic wastes oils occurrence nutrient balance nucleotides nontarget organisms nitrofen nickel nematicides mushrooms muscles mulches morphometrics morphology moisture mitosis mitochondrial genetics mitochondrial dna milk microbial pesticides meteorology metabolites membranes meiosis mefluidide manual weed control mancozeb management malt males malaria magnesium fertilizers magnesium lugs lucerne lodging linolenic acid liming materials liming lime light intensity light lettuces leachates lawns and turf lakes lactones kernels kasugamycin isotopes isolation iron fertilizers ions intestines intervention integrated control intake initiation infestation infant formulae industrial crops income distribution incidence inceptisols immunity immune response imazapic hydrology hormones homeostasis holstein hoeing hexaconazole heterosis heterochromatin heritability heat stability heat resistance hardness gypsum growth retardants growth inhibitors groundwater recharge grain glyphosate glutamine glumes glufosinate globulins genetic vectors genetic parameters genetic models genetic gain genetic distance general combining ability gene tagging gene splicing gene interaction gamma radiation fungicides fungicide tolerance fungal spores fruit freezing forecasts forecasting forces food processing quality food plants food marketing food analysis food fodder fly ash fluoride fluchloralin flowers flowering date flavones fixation fish filter cake filling fields ferritin fenvalerate fenclorim female labour feed additives fauna farmyard manure farm results fallow exports explants exons evolution ethoprophos esterases essential oil plants equations epistasis epidermis enzyme polymorphism environment entomophilic nematodes energy endoplasmic reticulum elites elisa elicitors electroporation efflux efficacy education edifenphos economic analysis eclosion earliness dwarf cultivars duplication dry season dry farming drainage systems domestication dna fingerprinting diurnal variation ditches disinfection disease distribution direct dna uptake dietary carbohydrate diet diapause diabetes developmental stages development programmes density denitrification deltamethrin deletions deficiency defence deep placement decision support systems ddt date cytoplasm cytochrome p450 cysteine cutting culture media cultural control crop enterprises cracks cracking cost analysis correlation correlated traits copper fertilizers contracts consumer preferences consumer attitudes conservation conferences components competitive ability compatibility commodities combining ability cold storage cold hardening coatings coating coarse grains clones cleaning clay loam soils citrinin cinosulfuron chromosome analysis chlorothalonil chloroplast genetics chlorimuron chitin chilling children chemistry cheeses cereal products centromeres cellulose cellulase cells cell membranes cell cultures cattle manure catalysts cartap carrots carotenoids carboxylation carbon sequestration carbon pathways carbon dioxide enrichment carbofuran carbendazim carbaryl captan canopy calcium peroxide calcium chloride caffeic acid cacodylic acid byproducts butachlor buprofezin bulls bulk density buds broadcasting breakage brassinolide branching botanical fungicides boron fertilizers blood serum blood lipids blight biotypes biotechnology biosynthesis biomass biology biolistics biogas slurry biodeterioration biochemical pathways bioavailability bioassays binding sites binding proteins bilanafos bifenox beverages betaine betaglucosidase betaglucanase bensulfuron benomyl beneficial insects beef beans basal dressings baling bacteriophages bacterial proteins backcrosses azoxystrobin availability auxins aubergines atp ash ascorbic acid arsenites arsenates aromatic hydrocarbons aquatic weeds appropriate technology appressoria applicators application methods apples apoptosis apomixis antisense dna antineoplastic properties antifungal properties antifungal agents antibodies antibiosis anthocyanins anthers anther culture antagonism anoxia animal models animal manures animal behaviour anilofos anhydrous ammonia aneuploidy analytical methods anaerobiosis amylopectin amylases amplification ammonium sulfate ammonium amino acid sequences altitude alternative splicing alphatocopherol alphacypermethrin alphaamylase allergies allelopathins allelochemicals allelism alkalinity alkaline soils aleurone layer aleurone cells alcohols alcoholic beverages albumins alanine agricultural trade agricultural sciences agricultural products agricultural meteorology agricultural entomology agricultural engineering aggregates age aflatoxins adsorption adsorbents adolescents adhesion adenosinetriphosphatase adaptability activity activated carbon acreage acetylcholinesterase acetolactate synthase acetic acid acephate absorption abscisic acid abortion abnormal development abamectin yield losses weed control tillers starch returns nitrogen content markets inoculation income crosses cows constraints callus alluvial soils yields profits natural enemies genetic polymorphism agricultural policy rice soils protein content poultry pest control npk fertilizers crop residues composition pest resistance panicles nutritive value land use gene expression chemical control rumen quantitative trait loci nature conservation microbial flora chromosomes upland rice rice bran molasses landraces fermentation farmers crop growth stage growth rate in situ conservation biodiversity plant pathogenic fungi salt tolerance crop quality aquaculture salinity genetic markers plant pests diets soil fertility genes application rates urea plant pathogens feed intake dry matter genetic diversity crop production rice straw crop yield VOSviewer zinc fertilizers x radiation women whole crop silage wetlands water reuse water policy virulence varietal susceptibility varietal resistance urea fertilizers tubulin triazophos traps transposition transcription factors transactivation trade relations tobacco tests tdna taxonomy tariffs superoxide dismutase subsidies sterility stem borers steers spinach specific combining ability speciation somatic hybridization soil types cultural soil physics soil biology sequence tagged sites seed inoculation seed dormancy sclerotia salicylic acid sake rye rumen flora rivers risk regulatory sequences reflectance recombinant dna races quinalphos putrescine prototypes protoplasts protected cultivation propiconazole profits processing price support precision agriculture prebiotics populations plumules pleiotropy plasmids plant tissues plant density piglets phytase physiological races photosynthates photoperiod phorate percolation peptides pathogenesis path analysis paraquat paclobutrazol ovaries outcrossing oils ochratoxins nutrient deficiencies nurseries nucleic acids nontarget organisms nitrofen new species nematicides naa mitosis mills microbial pesticides metsulfuron mendelism membranes meiosis mefluidide markets mancozeb malnutrition magnesium fertilizers linolenic acid linoleic acid liming light intensity light levelling length learning landraces land use land management labour costs keys kernels kasugamycin isolation iron fertilizers ions introgression initiation inheritance infiltration infestation immunity imazapic image processors ige hypolipaemic properties hyphae hybridization host range honeydew homeostasis holstein hoeing hexaconazole heterochromatin height heat stability heat resistance health heading harrowing growth retardants growth inhibitors green manures grasses glycerol glufosinate genomes genetic vectors genetic stability genetic models genetic mapping genetic gain genetic distance gene tagging gene splicing gene interaction gcms gatt gamma radiation gametocides fungicides fungicide tolerance fruit freezing forces food plants food marketing fly ash fluchloralin flowers flowering date flavones ferritin fenvalerate fauna fatty acids farm results farm equipment expressed sequence tags explants expert systems exons evolution evaluation ethylene ethyl methanesulfonate ethoprophos ethnicity esterases essential oil plants epistasis epidermis environmental temperature entomophilic nematodes endoplasmic reticulum elites elisa elicitors electroporation efflux efficacy education edifenphos earliness dwarfing duration duplication driers drainage systems dna amplification dna diurnal variation disease distribution direct dna uptake diffusion diatomite diallel analysis desorption deregulation density denitrification demand deltamethrin deletions dehiscence defence dde date cytoplasm cytochrome p450 cysteine cultural methods cultivators cucumbers crossing crop growth stage crop enterprises crop density costs cost analysis correlation analysis copper fertilizers cooking quality cooking consumer attitudes conferences components compaction communities commodities cold hardening cold coatings coating coastal areas cluster analysis clones climatic seasons climate clay loam soils citric acid cinosulfuron chromosomes chromosome maps chromosome analysis chlorothalonil chloroplast genetics chlorimuron chilling cheeses centromeres centres of diversity cell membranes cell cultures cation exchange capacity cartap carbofuran carbendazim carbaryl calves calcium peroxide calcium chloride butachlor buprofezin buds breakage brassinolide branching brain boron fertilizers blood serum bird repellents biotypes biotechnology biosynthesis biology biological activity in soil biolistics biogas slurry biodeterioration biochemical pathways binding proteins bilanafos bifenox beverages betaine betaglucanase bensulfuron benomyl beneficial insects baits bacteriophages bacterial toxins bacterial diseases backcrossing backcrosses azoxystrobin azadirachtin awns availability auxins attractants atrazine atp arsenites arsenates area aquatic organisms aquatic animals aquaculture appropriate technology appressoria apoptosis apomixis antisense dna antineoplastic properties antifungal agents antibodies antibiotics antibiosis anthocyanins anthers anther culture animal nutrition animal models anilofos aneuploidy anaerobiosis amylases amplified fragment length poly amplification ammonium amino acid sequences alternative splicing alphatocopherol alphacypermethrin alphaamylase allergies allelopathins allelism alkaloids algorithms aleurone layer aleurone cells aldehydes alanine air temperature air pollutants air flow agroforestry agricultural research agricultural products agricultural engineering agricultural development agricultural credit aging aggregates age aerobic conditions adolescents adhesion additives activity acetylcholinesterase acetic acid acephate accuracy absorption abscisic acid abortion abnormal development abamectin transplanting tillering survival sowing date rumen rice flour returns proteinases profitability potassium fertilizers physical control milk production meat linseed glucose general combining ability feeding blood sugar substrates prices poultry nitrogen balance manual weed control heritability genetic markers albumins agricultural policy wheat flour treatment stress response stems production costs lines lead heterosis farmyard manure drought resistance drought callus beans agricultural production production exports calcium sugarbeet seed weight nutrients milk gene expression moisture content mineral content milk yield genotypes bulk density allelopathy soil organic amendments nitrogen fixing bacteria growth rate composting soil fertility salt tolerance organic matter leaf area genes cellulase amylose manganese fermentation urea poultry manure cellulose salinity pest control natural enemies weed control iron zinc sandy soils plant extracts ph mortality crude protein chemical control productivity nutritive value stored products pests plant pathogenic fungi digestibility plant pathogens panicles enzyme activity yield components composts application rates crop yield rice straw VOSviewer zinc fertilizers xylem x radiation wild animals wastewater volatile fatty acids vibration variation trehalose traps transcription factors transactivation traditional medicines trade marks trace element fertilizers tobacco thiamin tdna tariffs surveys superoxide dismutase subsidies submergence storms sterility steers specific combining ability speciation somatic hybridization soil test values soil physics soil bacteria sociology simulation silage additives shedding shading sewage sludge sequence tagged sites seed dormancy sclerotia sap sake rubber rna reservoirs removal regulatory sequences recovery recessive genes radishes races quinalphos putrescine protoplasts propiconazole prawns potassium fertilizers population structure plumules plastids plasmids plant tissues plant pathology physiological races physical control photoinhibition phorate percolation peptides peas pathogenesis path analysis paraquat paclobutrazol packaging outcrossing organic acids nucleotides nontarget organisms nitrofen new host records nematicides muscles mulches mitosis mitochondrial genetics mills milk yield micropropagation microbial pesticides methamidophos mesophyll mendelism membranes meiosis mefluidide meat meal market competition mancozeb malnutrition males male sterility malaria magnesium fertilizers lucerne loci localization liveweight linolenic acid liming materials liming light life history leaf conductance leachates larvae kinetin keys kasugamycin jute isotopes isoprothiolane isolation irrigated conditions iron fertilizers ions intake inorganic fertilizers inoculation initiation infiltration immunity immune response imazapic imagery hyphae hydrology host range homeostasis holstein hoeing hexaconazole heterosis heterochromatin herbal drugs heating heat stability heat resistance heat hardness haplotypes growth retardants growth inhibitors grapes glutamine glufosinate globulins globalization genomics genomes genetic vectors genetic stability genetic resistance genetic mapping genetic gain genetic effects genetic distance genes general combining ability gene tagging gene splicing gene interaction gatt gamma radiation gametocides fungicide tolerance fungal spores fuels freezing forecasting forces food processing quality food plants food packaging food marketing food grains food chemistry food analysis fluctuations fluchloralin flowers flowering date flora flavones filter cake filling fields ferritin fenvalerate feed additives fecundity explants exons excretion evolution ethyleneimine ethylene ethyl methanesulfonate ethoprophos essential oil plants epistasis environment entomophilic nematodes energy endoplasmic reticulum emission embryogenesis elites elisa elicitors electroporation eggs efflux efficacy dwarfing duplication drilling driers drainage systems dna fingerprinting dna diversity diurnal variation disease prevalence disease distribution direct dna uptake diameter diallel analysis diabetes developmental stages desorption desiccation descriptions deregulation deltamethrin deletions dehiscence defence dde date dairy cattle cytoplasmic male sterility cytoplasm cytochrome p450 cysteine culture media crossing crossbreds crop growth stage crop density credit correlation copper fertilizers cooling conferences composts components cold hardening cold coir coatings coating cluster analysis clones climate change clay soils clay loam soils citrinin citric acid chromosomes chromosome maps chromosome analysis chlorothalonil chitosan chitinase chitin chilling children centromeres centres of diversity cellulose cells cell membranes cell division cell cultures cell culture casein hydrolysate cartap carbon sequestration carbon dioxide carbofuran carbendazim carbaryl callus calcium peroxide calcium chloride cacodylic acid byproducts buprofezin bulls buds broadcasting breakage brassinolide branching boron fertilizers boring insects blood serum blood lipids biotypes biotechnology biosynthesis biology biolistics biogas slurry biogas biofilms biodiesel biochemical pathways bioassays binding sites binding proteins bifenox betaine betaglucanase benzyladenine beef cattle bamboos bacteriophages backcrossing backcrosses azoxystrobin azimsulfuron azadirachtin availability auxins attractants atrazine atp arthropod pests arsenites arsenates aroma area archaeology aquaculture appressoria apples apoptosis apomixis apical meristems antisense dna antineoplastic properties antibodies antibiotics antibiosis anthocyanins anthers anther culture animal physiology animal manures anilofos aneuploidy andosols analytical methods anaerobiosis amylopectin amylases amplified fragment length poly amplification ammonium amino acid sequences altitude alternative splicing alphatocopherol alphacypermethrin allergies allelopathins allelism alleles alkaloids alkalinity algorithms aleurone layer aleurone cells albumins alanine air flow agronomy agrarian reform aging aggregates adventitious roots adults adsorption adolescents adhesion adenosinetriphosphatase additives adaptability acid phosphatase acetolactate synthase acetic acid acephate acc absorption abscisic acid abortion abnormal development abamectin tillage texture stress interactions animal models vigour rotary cultivators oxadiazon losses lead imports heritability food intake food consumption feeds farmers attitudes water use varietal susceptibility starch manual weed control enzyme activity crop quality water stress proteins mineral content control plant water relations leaf area growth rate drought resistance statistical analysis npk fertilizers liveweight gain urea nutrients education women varietal resistance tillering rice bran pearl millet natural enemies food security drought demand ash rain plant extracts labour beans soil physical properties soil amendments ph magnesium improved varieties diets carbohydrates varieties soil ph fermentation protein content grasslands rice husks iron nutritive value plant pathogenic fungi moisture content genotypes chemical control rice straw returns yields weed control upland rice farmers application rates yield components plant pathogens cowpeas plant height crop production crop yield VOSviewer Indonesia Vietnam Egypt Nigeria Different countries participate in the global trajectory India: Plant nutrition, protection & traditional breeding China: different forms of genetic research, no protection USA: only transgenics Top exporters: Thailand and Vietnam Low income countries top producers: very little pub- lished research (production & socioeconomic) Egypt top yield, Nigeria bottom yield C ONCLUSIONS SO FAR A dynamic picture of the political economy of rice re- search, contrasted with yield, nutrition and inputs. • The map of published research on rice has changed dramatically in the last three decades: different technologies • Pests and traditional genetics ⇒ production and nutrition ⇒ transgenic and molecular biology ⇒ human nutrition • Main future direction: transgenic. Sustainability? • Countries participate differently in shaping the global trajectory • Countries pubs not obviously aligned with priori- ties/outcomes A CKNOWLEDGEMENT UK ESRC project (RES-360-25-0076) and US National Science Foundation (Award # 1064146). The findings and observations contained in this paper are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the NSF.

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Page 1: MappingtheEvolutionofRiceResearch...genetics natural enemies crop production soil panicles genetic markers enzyme activity yields application rates rice straw yield components control

Mapping the Evolution of Rice ResearchRelation to Priorities?

Tommaso Ciarli & Ismael RafolsSPRU, Sussex & Ingenio, Valencia

[email protected] & [email protected]

RESEARCH QUESTION

Map how research efforts change through time andspace, and how this is related to specific priorities,events, and cultures

PROBLEM AND MOTIVATION

• Basic good, produced & adopted in many regions,in the N and in the S• Central actor in the green revolution• Different priorities and interests, depending on

different factors• Problematisation: e.g. productivity, nutrition, use

of resources• Evolution of (technological) characteristics

Yields vs. Publications

19831984

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

19921993

19941995 1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

20012002

20032004

2005

200620072008

2009

201020112012

.5.6

.7.8

.91

20000 25000 30000 35000 40000Yield: Harvested production per unit of harvested area for crop products (Hg/Ha)

Production per capita 95% CIFitted values

1983

1984

1985

1986

1987

1988

19891990

1991

1992

1993199419951996

1997

19981999 2000

200120022003

20042005

2006 20072008200920102011 2012

01

23

4

20000 25000 30000 35000 40000Yield: Harvested production per unit of harvested area for crop products (Hg/Ha)

Production per capita 95% CIFitted values

India Philippines

PAPER CONTRIBUTION

1. Empirical approach to studying the evolution ofpublished research across time and space

2. How this may be related to priorities3. Does research reflects the needs of farmers and

consumers in different countries?

METHOD

• Co-word algorithms to analyse the similarity be-tween words• Two descriptors are similar when they appear to-

gether in several documents• Cluster descriptors defining different topics (com-

munities), and compute the network structure• Overlay subsets of the total corpus on the global

map to identify high frequency areas

DATA DESCRIPTION

1983 1986 1989 1992 1995 1998 2001 2004 2007 2010 2012

Rank and number of pubs of top pubishers

Australia

Bangladesh

Brazil

China

Cuba

Egypt

France

Germany

India

Indonesia

Iran

Italy

Japan

Malaysia

Netherlands

Nigeria

Pakistan

Philippines

RussiaSouth Korea

Spain

Sri Lanka

Taiwan

Thailand

UK

USA

Australia

Bangladesh

Brazil

China

Cuba

Egypt

France

Germany

India

Indonesia

Iran

Italy

Japan

Malaysia

Netherlands

Nigeria

Pakistan

Philippines

Russia

South Korea

Spain

Sri Lanka

Taiwan

Thailand

UK

USA

0

1,000

Argentina

Australia

Bangladesh

Benin

Brazil

China

Colombia

Cote d'Ivoire

Cuba

Egypt

France

Greece

India

Indonesia

Iran

Italy

Japan

Malaysia

Mexico

Nepal

Nigeria

Pakistan

Philippines

Russia

South Korea

Spain

Sri Lanka

Taiwan

Thailand

Turkey

USA

Venezuela

Vietnam

Argentina

Australia

Bangladesh

Benin

Brazil

China

Colombia

Cote d'Ivoire

Cuba

Egypt

France

Greece

India

Indonesia

Iran

Italy

Japan

Malaysia

Mexico

Nepal

Nigeria

Pakistan

Philippines

Russia

South Korea

Spain

Sri Lanka

Taiwan

Thailand

Turkey

USA

Venezuela

Vietnam

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

33

Area Pubs Value Food Nutr. Seed Waste Exp. -Imp. Pest. Fert. Yield

Dimensions

Ra

nk

Countries rank on several dimensions: top ten publishers

lugs

cutting date

mowing

statins

farm results

mathematics

patents

salads

agrarian reform

mephosfolan

alternative splicing

registration

halosulfuron

catalysts

velocity

gums

heterochromatin

compaction

water policy

plains

yeast artificial chromosomes

ammonia additives

predator prey relationships

elites

bulls

glycerol

sterolsconsumer attitudes thiols

plumules

somatic hybridization

real time pcr

attractants

trehalosefood marketing

components

immunity

water allocation

ferritin

solar energy

allelism

transposition

phosalone

soil test values

red light

sdspage

diet studies

rubber

piglets

rumen flora

gene tagging

elicitors

testas

durationedta

fluchloralin

drilling

reservoirs

dairy cattle

subsidies

production structure

brassinolide

antifeedants

food policy

fungicide tolerance

ponds

hoeing

desorption

ethephon

methyl jasmonate

cell cycle

acc

thiamin

villages

pigmeat

stamens

symbiosis

floods

allergens

glumes

lactic acid bacteria

branching

terpenoids

fruit

ethyl methanesulfonate

irri

buprofezin

glutamine

mcpa

antibodies

slow release fertilizers

stomatal resistance

chromatography

noodles

mutagenesis

husking

spermidine

fly ash

allelopathins

urine

buckwheat

recombinant proteins

sampling

physiological races

paraquat

sulfate

peptides

migration

structures

hardness

triazophos

tricyclazole

farming

blood sugar

size

mancozeb

seedborne organisms

fermented foods

substitution lines

races

soil fungi

outbreaks

carbon sequestration

food production

volatile fatty acids

chemical properties

quinalphos

energy sources

linseed

decision making

retrotransposons

lysine

spinach

bacterial diseases

marker genes

path analysis

glutelins

farmers attitudes

cholesterol

tdna

nutrient balance

oviposition

amylopectin

volatilization

density

filling

cows

biochemistry

animal models

microbial activities

international trade

meat

constraints

anilofos

food consumption

biotypes

maturity

herbicide mixtures

specific combining ability

traitsextension

protein

sesame

ammonium

general combining ability

trends

pollutants

jasmonic acid

biodeterioration

proteomics

rumen

extraction

soil management

crop density

processing

agricultural policysalt

oxygen

heat stressextracts

epistasis

respiration

lipid peroxidation

yeasts

lipids

monocrotophos

stomata

gene location

milk

innovation adoption

prices

carbendazim

remote sensing

viscosity

pendimethalin

internodes

plant density

rural development

silicondecomposition

hydrogen peroxide

surveys

water use

antioxidants

costs

economic analysis

research

taxonomy

sucrose

lead

sunflowers

iaa anther culture

food contamination

zinc fertilizers

food plants

senescence

screening

poultry

farmers

stored products

utilization

water

carbofuran

land use

cowpeas

physicochemical properties

clones

flag leaf

varietal susceptibility

promotersrice bran

organic amendments flowering date

hosts

rice soils

heritability

treatment

feeds

tobacco

emission

digestibility

leaf area

growth rate

inheritance

butachlor

plant extracts

tillage

seed production

methane

nutrition

integrated control

24d

diets

soil ph tillering

nutritive value

lines

gene mappingreturns

nutrients

production

toxicity

crosses

calcium

cultivation

potassium fertilizers

complementary dnaamylose

urea

in vitro culture

farmyard manure

crop residues

phenotypes

dna

plant water relations

cultural control

dry matter

starch

composition

chlorophyll

paddy soilssoil fertility

varietal resistance

salinity

zincphotosynthesis

varieties

crop quality

grain

insecticides

genotypes

genetics

natural enemies

crop production

soilpanicles

genetic markers

enzyme activity

yields

application rates

rice straw

yield components

control

gene expression

plant pathogens

genes

crop yield

VOSviewer

Plant protection:Pests

Plant protection:Weeds

Plant nutritionRice varieties &classic genetics

Transgenetics,molecular biology

& genomicsConsumption,human nutrition,

food technologies

Production &socioeconomic

issues

(a) Top countries in pubs (b) Publications & agri performance (c) Main topics in rice research

Mostly stable rank, increasing differ-ences, some new players

Pubs. loosely related to yields, nutri-tion, & inputs. Trade specialisation

7 main clusters of topics, well distin-guished, with strong connections

WORLDWIDE TECHNOLOGICAL TRAJECTORY

Min

xylan

width

water policy

water allocation

transposition

thiamin

tariffs

summer

sprays

spikes

specific combining ability

soil fungisimple sequence repeats

shading

serine

seed shattering

sdspage

sake

reservoirs

red light

pyrolysis

progeny

prochloraz

prawns

potato starch

ponds

piglets

permeability

path analysisoxolinic acid

myceliummustard

mollisols

menmeat

malnutrition

liveweight

ligases

introgression

intensification

insertional mutagenesis

inorganic fertilizers

inheritance

igg

hyphae

holstein

hexaconazole

heterochromatin

heat shock

hardness

groundwater recharge

ginger

genotoxicity genomics

genetic vectors

genetic mapping

genetic gain

general combining ability

gene tagging

gatt

fungicide residues

food marketing

floods

fisheries

ferritin

exons

essential oil plants

epistasis

epidermis

enzyme polymorphism

embryology

elites

elisa

elicitors

efflux

dry season

disinfection

disease models

deregulation

defence

daimuron

cytoplasm

cryopreservation

crossing

consumer attitudes

coir

codons

climate change

chromosome maps

chromosome analysis

cholesterol

cell cultures

calcium silicate

cakes

bulls

brain

botanical fungicides

biolistics

bioinformatics

biogas

biofuels

betaglucanase

betacarotene

baling

backcrossing

backcrosses

azoxystrobinarthropod communities

antisense dna

antioxidant properties

andosols

amylopectin

amplified fragment length poly

amino acid sequences

alternative splicingalphatocopherol

allergens

allelism

alleles

agricultural crises

adolescents

adaptability

abamectin

soil test values

soil physics

pretreatment

polyamines

milk

histones

helminths

food processing quality

eggs

tryptophan

synergism

rice bran

prolamins

lead

atp

pig manure

heading date

fecundity

blood sugar

acc

purification

pleiotropy

genetic distance

edible fungi

crop yield

anthocyanins

pigments

lectins

hoeing

descriptions

mitochondria

fertility

returns

optimization

density

peptidases

mephosfolan

mangoes

leaf area

health

fibre

fermentation

cell walls

catalase

protein quality

irrigation requirements

initiation

farmers

antibiosis

alkalinity

villages

sugar

lysine

compactiontoxicology

systems

irri

flax

energy

cows

allelopathins

rubber

leaf area index

gene location

extractsapples

stem borers

phosalone

land use

cell culture

water use

concentration

canopy

sodic soils

serologyfarm size

stomata

parboiling

oviposition

lipids

amylases

protoplasts

fruit

bioassays

ammonia treatment

survival

food grains

molecular genetics

food products

economic thresholds

swede rape

neem extracts

auxins

starch

exports

alkali treatment

detection

aluminium

malathion

hch

biomass

callus

agronomy

consumption

zinc fertilizers

sunflowers

residual effects

cells

lodging

iaa

protein

grasses

drought

processing

linkage

quinalphos

abscisic acid

mycotoxins

heterosis

additives

monocrotophos

males

senescence

spikelets

digestibility

bran

chlorpyrifos

cowpeas

amendmentsgenetic variance

weight

nutritive value

gamma radiation

utilization

surveys

labour

prices

losses

anther culture

stored products 24d

nutrients

physiological races

multiple cropping

butachlor

urea

induced mutations

plant height

photosynthesis

rotations

apparatus

nutrition

drying

date

toxicity

rice straw

environment

sowing

fungicides

proteins

cultivation

salinity

green manures

storage

metabolism

water

tissue culture

varietal susceptibility

damage

varieties

composition

usage

farming systems

yieldssoil

distribution

food plants

grain

plant pathogens

economics

varietal resistance

breeding

diseases

pests

Max

VOSviewer

Min

xylose xylan

width

water policy

water allocation

transposition

time

structures

spikes

specific combining ability

speciation

slurries

simulation

simple sequence repeats

sensing

selenium

rna polymerase

rivers

recessiveness

protein quality

progeny

price formation

prawns

porosity

populations

poplars

plumules

plant breeding methods

plains

pigmeat

piglets

photolysis

phosphate

pericarp

penetration

obesity

mephosfolan

mendelism

mefluidide

maize straw

lowland areas

lipoxygenase

kinases

introgression

initiation

inheritance

industrial wastes

industrial crops

incidence

igg

hyphae

hormones

holstein

hardness

half life

growth models

glutamine

ginger

genomics

genetic mapping

genetic gain

general combining ability

gene splicing

gelatin

gallic acid

fungicide residues

freezing

forces

food safety

food packaging

food marketing

food analysis

fertilizer requirement determi

ferritin

fermented foods

explants

epistasiselites

efflux

dry season

dna methylation

disease prevalence

diploidy

diet

descriptions

deregulation

defence

dairy cattle

crossing

consumer attitudes

conferences

complementary dna

communities

codons

chromosomeschromosome maps

chromosome analysis

chilling

chillies

cell lines

carboxylation

cakes

bulls

brewing

blood serumblood pressure

blood lipids

biolistics

betaglucanase

betacarotene

beers

beef cattle

baling

bacterial diseases

backcrosses

arthropod communities

antineoplastic properties

antigens

antibacterial properties

animal models

analysis of variance

amylopectin

alternative splicing

alphatocopherol

allergens

allelism

alleles

agropisciculture

agricultural land

agricultural crises

age

aerobic conditions

adolescents

adaptability

abortion

path analysis

mefenacet

lignin

lateritic soils

fodder

breakage

backcrossingsoil texture

puritypasturesintensification

conidia

rumen

thiamin

site factors

repetitive dna

pheromones

page

lysine

cell suspensions

restriction mapping

phytoalexins

fruit

fibre

overwintering

rice bran

methamidophos

meat

irri cytology

putrescine

phosalone

gametocides

filter cake

acc

water requirements

promoters

mitochondria

improved varieties

electroporation

paraquat

genetic distance

fungicide tolerance

fecundity

systems

sugar

boron

toxicology

rain

polyamines

betaglucuronidase

urea fertilizers

edifenphos

quinalphos

fertility

puddling

membranes

eggs

tests

emergence

lettuces

extracts

shading

selectivity

radishes

oxygen

food grains

economic thresholds

world markets

migration

parasites

biotypes

lipids

haploidy

glutelins

agricultural research

intake

spikelets

drainage

maps

malathion

cell cultures

human diseases

irrigation water

ammonia treatment

interactions

tillage depth

auxins

amylasesconsumption

detection

linkage

genetic engineering

driers

races

irrigation systems

plant pests

mycotoxins

genetic variance

food plants

cells

respiration

weight

sunflowers

starch

zinc fertilizers

nutritive value

peas

mechanization

monocrotophos

losses

innovation adoption

farmyard manure

comparisons

tobacco

gamma radiation

husks

additives

prices processing

lodging

residual effects

heterosis

surveys

cowpeas environment

protoplasts

digestibility

carbofuran

nutrients

date

drying

butachlor

water management

cold resistance

24d

hosts

zinc

farming systemsmolecular geneticssalinity

mineral nutrition

storage

germination

transplanting

proteins

urea

ecology

rice straw

nutrition

natural enemies

sources resistance

mineral uptake

varieties

compositioneconomics

grain

yields

biotechnology

plant pathogens

breeding

diseases

agricultural entomology

Max

VOSviewer

Min

work studywater policy

water allocation

velocity

transposition

sunshine hours

summer

stochastic models

steaming

standards

speciation

solubility

silage making

serine

sensing

progeny

prawns

pollutants

pods

pigmeat

piglets

phytase

physiological races

phosalone

pericarp

odours

mowing

micropropagation

metolachlor

mephosfolan

mefluidide

leaf sheaths

lactones

insertional mutagenesis

infant formulae

incidence

immunity

igg

holstein

heterozygosity

heifers

hardness

halosulfuron

gross margins

ginger

genotoxicity

genetic vectors

genetic gain

genetic correlation

gene splicinggels

gcms

galls

gallic acid

fungal morphology

functional genomics

freezing

food marketing

fodder

ferritin

fat

farm equipment

enterotoxins

energy

elites

efflux

edible fungi

drilling

dna methylation

diversity

diploidy

diphenyl ether herbicides

diet

defence

dairy cattle

cysteine

crop enterprises

consumer attitudes

conferences

colonization

codons

cluster beans

chromosome analysis

cholesterol

captan

bulls

breakfast

brain

blood pressure

blight

biogas

biofuels

biochemical pathways

betaglucanase

beef

baling

backcrosses

azoxystrobin

awarenessapical meristems

antigens

animal models

anhydrous ammonia alternative splicing

allelochemicals

agricultural crises

adults

adolescents

acetochlor

urine

threshing drums

structure

pretreatment

particle size

genetic mapping

gene interaction

fruit

fly ash

extrusionyeasts

tryptophan

protein quality

nucleotides

isoproturon

gene tagging

fungicide residues

food production

amylopectin

simulation

rice oil

purification

maturity

mangoes

fish

allelism

serology

selenium

rice flour

irri

fecundity

blood sugar

antioxidants

thiram

magnesium fertilizers

chromosome maps

allergens

agronomy

parasites

mcpa

heat

antibiosis

ammonium

subsidies

soil test values

polyethylene glycol

methamidophos

lead

general combining ability

runoff

lysine

yeast artificial chromosomes

rumen

electron microscopy

buprofezin

synthesis

sugar

paraquat

page

food grains

path analysis

irrigation requirements

hch

fibre

decomposition

cytology

mancozeb

chilling

ammonia treatment

acc

quinalphos

protein

farmers

allelopathins

tricyclazole

puddling

pastures

epistasis

uniconazole

tests

rice bran

repetitive dna

putrescine

food plants

maturation

lignin

poultry

backcrossing

auxins

prolamins

depth

additives

water use

intakecows

biodeteriorationtropics

irrigation scheduling

haploidy

oxygen

optimization

maps

polyamines

land use

carbendazim

shading

leaf area

economic thresholds

extracts

price policy

inceptisols

human diseasessucrosemycotoxins

races

international trade

environment

detection

cell cultures

grasses

farm inputs

dna libraries

utilizationdriers

rice soilsspikelets

monocrotophos

costs

emission

propanil

senescenceefficiency

sunflowers gamma radiation

amylases

sustainability

nutritive value

tillering

yield losses

processing

zinc fertilizers

varietal susceptibility

carbofuran

trends

plant extracts

amino acid sequences

sandy loam soilsclay loam soils

seed production

genetic variance

peas

tobacco

stored products

interactions

surveys

digestibility

inheritance

crop husbandry

cells

comparisons

cowpeas

starch

linkage

heterosis

drying

nutrients

cultivation

npk fertilizers

farming systems

potassium fertilizers

returns

butachlor

paddy soils

fungicides

tolerance

chlorophyll

24d

integrated control

urea

salinitystorage

zinc

rotationsresistancedamage

plant genetic resources

sterility

proteins

rice straw

nutrition

mineral nutrition

gene expression

nutrient uptake

varieties

molecular genetics

application rates

varietal resistance

soil

plant pests

weed control

economics composition

yields

grain

biotechnology

plant pathogens

pests

diseases

genetics

Max

VOSviewer

Min

width

whole crop silage

water policy

water allocation

transposition

time series

time

terpenoids

substitution lines

structures

soil mechanics

simple sequence repeats

serine

seafoods

recessiveness

prebiotics

poisoning

ploidy

piglets

phosalone

oxolinic acid

neoplasms

milk production

mephosfolan

laboratory animals

insertional mutagenesis

igg

holstein

glycerol

ginger

genetic vectors

genetic mapping

free living nematodes

forces

ferritin

efflux

dna amplification

diazinon

diabetes

deletions

defence

crossing

consumer attitudes

conferences

codons

cheeses

carbon sequestration

bulls

brain

blood lipids

bibliographies

backcrosses

alternative splicing

allelism

alcohols

adolescents

pathogenesis

ochratoxins

linkage groups

inorganic fertilizers

cluster beans

breakage

wind speed

recombinant proteins

magnesium fertilizers

automationamplification

stress response

spread

meat

imazethapyr

handling

fungicide tolerance

cholesterol

light traps

isotopes

fodder

antibiosis

upland soils

sorbitol

gene tagging

density

atrazine

systems

subsidies

hay

fish

development projects

root exudates

maturity

life history

irri

epistasis

education

sugar

retrotransposons

prilling

mefenacet

marketing channels

weight

triazophos

soil bacteria

rice flour

milk

introgression

immunodiagnosis

general combining ability

filter cake

radishes

chromosome number

nutrient balance

leaf sheaths

amylopectin

yeasts

quinalphos

earliness

malathion

phosphate

lesions

lead

ammonia treatment

regions

yeast artificial chromosomes

carotenoids

seed drills

cellulose

carbaryl

spermidine

extracts

rumen

plant ecology

lysine

chlorpyrifos

larvae

statistical analysis

lipid peroxidation

lines

races

fermentation

diets

clay loam soils

polyamines

infection

glutelins

feeds

rice bran

stem borers

cell walls

varietal susceptibility

monocrotophos

flowers

domestic markets

sunflowers

peas

mortality

minerals

driers

water use

soil management

haploidy

pigeon peas

evolution

chilling

biochemistry

detection

constraints

physicochemical properties

oxygen

taxonomy

water

silicon

innovation adoption

alleles

utilization

sugars

ph

anilofos

survivalmanganese

tobacco

seed production

costs

zinc fertilizers

surveys

processing

nutritive value

digestibility

trends

drought

nutrition

tillagesources

linkage

drying

starch

varietal resistance

toxicity

butachlor

emission

plant density

methane

heterosis

farming systems

zinc

tillering

storagenutrients

urea

productivity

complementary dna

crop plants as weedspotassium fertilizers

cultivation

returnsbreeding

salinity

composition

proteins

paddy soils

rice straw

varietal reactions

production

transplanting

plant genetic resources

molecular genetics

varieties

gene expression

application rates

grain

yields

genetics

crop yield

agricultural entomology

biotechnology

plant pathology

plant pathogens

Max

VOSviewer

Min

whole crop silage

trehalose

trade marks

systems

structures

soil mechanics

real time pcr

protein quality

prawns

piglets

physiological races

phosalone

oxolinic acid

oxidative stress

nitrofen

mycoplasmalike organisms

mowing

metering

mephosfolan

liming materials

input prices

igg

holstein

high density lipoprotein

hardness

handling

fungicide tolerance

forces

farm results

efflux

date

chromosome aberrations

brainbaling

atrazine

aquatic insects

alternative splicing

agricultural crises

additives

wind speed

subsidies

spawn

purification

pregermination

plant organs

neoplasms

gene tagging

detoxification

daimuron

steers

initiation

ferritin

ethephon

azoxystrobin

vomitoxin

transposition

proteolysis

polyethylene film

education

breakage

antibiosis

acc

soil fungi

hyphae

food marketing tryptophan

quinalphos

isoproturon

carbaryl

synergism

estimates

calves

water allocation

sampling

metolachlor

elicitorsyeasts

magnesium fertilizers

isotopes

removal

pigments

genetic gain

fodder

allelism

path analysis

fruit

deltamethrin

lysine

milk yield

phosphate

pathogenesisrelated proteins

flax

tricyclazole

stomata

mancozeb

amylopectin

monocrotophos

general combining ability

supply

size

shading

driers

cholesterol

chlorpyrifos

races

meat

rumen

dark

silage

lead

epistasis

formulations

detection

marker genes

glutelins

acreage

sugar

introgression

rice flour

retrotransposons

herbicide mixtures

tropics

profits

lipid peroxidation

internodes

enzyme inhibitors

wetlands

maturity

fecundity

broadcasting

varietal susceptibility

milk

amplified fragment length poly

cellulose

lettuces

rye

genetic variance

poultry

anilofos

alphaamylase

constraints

silicon

foods

carbendazim

processing

iaa

senescence

water use

physicochemical properties

fermentation

sucrose

international trade

zinc fertilizers

trends

colour

digestibility

case studies

yield losses

varietal resistance

sunflowers

ph

diets

variety trials

pollen

rice husks

cowpeas

rice bran

costs

toxicity

land use

drought

sequential cropping

analytical methods

nutrients

soil ph

molecular genetics

production

tillage

amino acid sequences

fungicides

butachlor

quality

nutritive value

heterosis

moisture content

starch

tillering

varieties

plant water relations

zincemission

urea

nutrient availability

amylose

yieldsrice soils

methane

soil

salinity

returns

in vitro culture

chromosomes

genotypes

grain

photosynthesis

soil fertility

phosphorus fertilizers

crop quality

genetic markers

panicles

weed control

crop production

enzyme activity

yield components

chemical control

rice straw gene expression

genes

plant pathogens

crop yield

Max

VOSviewer

Min

zooplankton

x radiationvelocity

trehalose

trade marks

telomeres

systems

structures

standards

sociology

serology

seed moistureremediation

records

projects

prawns

poisoning

piglets

oxolinic acid

oxidative stress

nitrofen

mycoplasmalike organisms

metolachlor

mephosfolan

mechanical methods

maturity groups

liming materials

income distribution

igg

hypolipaemic properties

holstein

high density lipoprotein

heterochromatin

herbal drugs

growth promoters

genotoxicity

fungicide tolerance

fluchloralin

flavones

fisheries

farm resultselectron microscopy

efflux

edta

dna probes

density

date

cultivators

credit

conferences

carbon pathways

bulls

arsenites

alternative splicing

alphacypermethrin

alkalinity

additives

acc

seed inoculation

packaging

malt

winter

retinol

quinalphos

carbaryl

branching

time

photosystem i

methyl jasmonatemalnutrition

lipoxygenase

ferritin

antibiosis

urease

mcpa

mancozeb

keys

imazethapyr

farming

elisa

concentrates

synthesis

soil conservation

deltamethrin

steers

seed dressings path analysis

coastal areas

transposition

intensification

fungal elicitors

flax

driers

allelism

sugar

radicles

nutrition

tricyclazole

genetic gain

vegetation

rumen

cholesterol

yeasts

monocrotophos

glyphosate

gene tagging

races

lysine

optimization

tropics

thermal properties

structure

silage

meat

women

herbicide mixtures

beans

glutelins

food production

constraints

soilless culture

profits

bensulfuron

anilofos

vascular bundles

carbendazim

water deficit

varietal susceptibility

fish

retrotransposons

oxygen

nuclei

international trade

chlorpyrifos

amylopectin

alphaamylase

substrates

silicon

lightpollutants

surveys

milk

general combining ability

marker genes

mineral uptake

introgression

monitoring epistasis

butachlor

agricultural policy

seed production

landracesinternodes

zinc fertilizers

lipid peroxidation

food security

databases senescence

prices

diets

tdna

digestibility

physical control

anthers

sucrose

costs

nutrients

sequential cropping

pearl millet

human diseases

bulk densitybiodiversity

ph

evolution

toxicity

fermentation

simulation models

tillage

emission

yield losses

tobacco

catalase

case studies

heritability

colour

varietal resistance

rice soils

fungicides

water stress

upland rice

food processing

soil ph

pollen

leaf area

urea

moisture content

grain

nutrient availability nitrogen content

nutritive value

messenger rna

returns

farmyard manure

zinc

crosses

protein content

salinity

amylose

stress

methodology

phosphorus fertilizers

starch

plant water relations

soil fertility

genotypes

chromosomes

weed control

chemical control

panicles

genetic markers

crop production

yield components

crop quality

rice straw gene expression

plant pathogens

genes

crop yield

Max

VOSviewer

Min

trade marks

time

stripping

standards

sortingprojects

plant pathology

physiological racesoxolinic acid

mephosfolan

liming materials

income distribution

holstein

helminths

halosulfuron

glucosides

gametocides

fungicide tolerance

fluchloralin

flora

farm resultselectron microscopy

efflux

dwarf cultivars

defence

date

cultivators

credit

conferences

carbon pathways

biology

areaantifeedants

alphacypermethrin

additives

actin

sdspage

protein quality

antibiosis

transposition

packaging

liveweight

aquatic weeds

allelism

synthesis

root hairs

metolachlor

buprofezin

buds

shading

seed dressings

races

quinalphos

prawns

oilseeds

glutamine

gingerdeficiency

alkalinity

propiconazole

piglets

mancozeb

glycine

gene interaction

ferritin

steers

driers spawn

phenotypic correlation

elisa

alternative splicing

pigmeat

pesticide mixtures

paraquat

oxadiazon

injuries

diploidysilica

agronomy

meat

carbon sequestration

volatile fatty acids

pendimethalin

coastal areas

sampling

risk

monocrotophos

markets

centromeres

carbofurananilofos

urease

intensification

glyphosate

glutathione reductase nadph

carbendazim

bacterial diseases

blood sugar

tropics

threshing

thermal properties

imazethapyr

recombinant proteins

nuclei

fipronil

lysine

water deficit

path analysis

maturity

tdna

optimization

international trade

silage

rye

milk

fecundity

ethylene

beans

retrotransposons

runoff

light

induced resistancemineral deficiencies

landraces

constraints

yeasts

puddling

amylopectin

agricultural policy

recombination

profits

physical control

women

food consumption

fertility

varietal susceptibility

costs

risk assessment

metal tolerance

introgression

traits

internodes

anthers

hydrogen peroxide

epistasis

sucroseprices

general combining ability

rheological properties

gibberellins

cellulose

silicon

manual weed control

zinc fertilizers

24drice soils

mung beans

lead

digestibility

fungicides

control

rice husks

food security

growth rate

water use

mineral uptake

yield losses

human diseases

nutrients

food processing

case studies

sequential croppingheritability

cowpeas

colour

emission

seed production

varietal resistance

callus

rain

simulation models

diets

tillage

promoters

toxicity

evolution

ph

ureaanalytical methods

soil ph tilleringsoil

cultivation

moisture content

nutritive value

returns

farmyard manure

crosses

yields

stems

salinity

starch

iron

zinc

phosphorus fertilizers

weed control

soil fertility

amylose

plant water relations

chemical control

genetic analysis

genetic markers

crop qualitycrop production

enzyme activity

panicles

rice straw

genotypes

yield components

plant pathogens

gene expression

genes

crop yield

Max

VOSviewer

Min

whole crop silage

testing

sorting

soil test values

salads

repetitive dna

races

physiological races

peptidases

patents

mephosfolan

mefluididemefenacet

halosulfuron

gene tagging

fluchloralin

farm results

development

deregulation

bulls

benomyl

attractants

anilofos

alternative splicing

alphacypermethrin

allelism

air flow

heterochromatin

grain driers

ferritin

carbaryl

usage

shading

molasses

input prices

fungicide tolerance

cartap

atrazine

tariffs

red light

packaging

hoeing

centromeres

water allocation

plant breeding methods

milk production

mcpa

transposition

oxadiazon

mancozeb

paraquat

fruit

varietal susceptibility

time

landsat

chitin

microbial proteins

lipoxygenase

hyphaeginger

genetic gain

thiobencarb

finishing

monocrotophos

diploidy

piglets

edta

deltamethrin

acc

toxicology

slurries

propiconazole

plant protein

physical control

stored products

plant pathology

biotypes

fipronil

eating patterns

floods

amplified fragment length poly

pendimethalin

tdna

planting date

drinking waterterpenoids

nitrate reductase

acreage

questionnaires

imports

chlorpyrifos

real time pcr

hosts

dna methylation

risk

carbendazim

farming

synthesis

lactic acid

path analysis

profits

manual weed control

intake

fecundity

ozone

ethylene

wheat flour

epistasis

carbon sequestration

induced resistance

flavour

zinc fertilizers

organic amendments

nuclei

general combining ability

fertility

pearl millet

cholesterol

rumen

constraints

recombination

meat

consumption

alphaamylase

reactive oxygen species

anthers

women

variation

rice soils

prices

nitrous oxide

lipid peroxidation

fluorescence

water use

internodes

culture media

milk

silicon

labour

stomata

animal models

costs

hybrid varieties

cell walls

callus

poultry

varietal resistance

seed production

yeasts

introgression

digestibility

production

water quality

soil ph heritabilitytillage

soil pollution

messenger rna

treatment

evolution

urea

farmyard manure

growth rate

toxicity

nutrients

control

human diseases

pollen

analytical methods

foods

potassium fertilizers

farmers

tillering

returnsclimatic change

climate

crop residues

plant water relations

fermentation

diets

crosses

characterizationdry matter

amylose

protein content

weed control

soil fertility

rice fields

chemical control

natural enemies

starch

photosynthesis

irondrought

biomass chromosomes

varieties

crop quality

rice straw

application rates

soilyields

stress

panicles

yield components

genotypes genetic markers

crop production

gene expression

plant pathogens

genes

Max

crop yield

VOSviewer

1) Research in all topics in all periods: ‘emergent’ tech-nologies/applications.2) Pests and weeds control: green revolution legacy.

3) Focus on molecular biology and genomics (substitutesfor direct research on plant protection )4) Human consumption high relevance in the last decade

COUNTRY RESEARCH SPECIALISATION

Min

xylan

water policy

volunteer plants

transposition

trade relationstrade markstariffs

systems

subsidies

storms

sterols

somatic hybridization

soil mechanics

sociologysocial structure

shading

rubber

registration

races

population ecology

pollen tubes

pigmeat

phytase

physiological races

phosalone

phloem

oxolinic acid

odours

obesity

nitrofen

mined land

metolachlor

mephosfolan

mendelism

mathematics

males

malaria

liveweight

lipid metabolism

landsat

intervention

internet

intergenic dna

immunity

image processors

igg

holstein

heterochromatingross margins

grain drying

glycerol

glufosinate

gene splicing

gcms

gatt

fungicide tolerance

fruit

friction

freezing

forces

food marketing

fisheries

ferritin

farm results

excretion

esters

epigenetics

elicitors

electroporation

duplication

dormancy

dna repair

diet studies

defence

date

components

cold zones

coarse grains

chromosome analysis

cheeses

centromeres

catalysts

brain

biology

beverages

beef

awarenessassays

aquatic insects

applicators

ammonia additives

alternative splicing

aleurone cells

agrarian reform

additives

activity

actin

ubiquitin

time

peptides

intake

polygalacturonase

pathogenesis

morphogenesis

meiosis

meat

gene tagging

dwarf cultivars

diabetes

azoxystrobin

toxicology

thiamin

size

sdspage

regulatory sequences

projects

plains

paclobutrazol

history

dairy cattle

cracking

betaglucanase

antibodies

allergens

adsorbents

work capacity

water allocation

sugar

shifting cultivation

marketing channels

households

haploidy

buprofezin

blood sugar

atrazine

terpenoids

rural development

ponds

moulds

flora

energy sources

beans

protein kinase

keys

heifers

harrowing

gibberellinsfloods

fish

elites

comparisons

cholesterol

allelochemicals

allelism

steers

spinach

reactive oxygen species

radiation

paraquat

ions

wetland soils

teak

riskreporter genes

milk yield

fluchloralin

agronomy

transposable elements

spermidine

crossbreds

animal modelsamylopectin

symbiosis

lysine

hardness

fluorescence

cows

seed size

tryptophan

marker genes

education

threshing

selenium

recombination

agricultural policy

antibiosis

anther culture

urine

storage decay

plant pathology

parasitism

lipids

dna libraries

yeasts

exports

senescence

seed testing

protein

biochemistry

ammonium

proteinases

promoters

milk

degradation

sclerotia

proteins

persistence

fodder

silicon

density

lime

texture

lambdacyhalothrin

heat stress

acreage

husking

evolution

drainage

sporulation

quinalphos

porositypods

triazophos

salicylic acid

clones

salt

aerobic conditions

feed intake

hydrogen peroxide

feeding

spatial distribution

propiconazole

phosphate

marketing

isoenzymes

mancozeb

mangoes

epistasis

women

phenols traits

herbicide mixtures

surveys

optimization

genetic gain

cabbages

formulations

antioxidants

soil fungi

lipid peroxidation

cellulose

water content

poultry

diets

linseed

digestibility

control

food grains

maturity

okras

tobacco

medicinal plants

induced resistance

constraints

varietal susceptibility

feeds

extension

colour

profits

income

strains

path analysis

superoxide dismutase

emission

storage

monocrotophos

land use

fermentation

methane

carbofuran

pollen

costs

plant proteins

anilofos

nucleotide sequences

farmers

rice soils

general combining ability

physicochemical properties

yield losses

carbendazim

tillering

nutritive value

starch

genetic polymorphism

rice bran

simple sequence repeats

inheritance

peas

physical control

amylose

leaf area

substrates

genetic analysis

chickpeas

phytotoxicity

bulk density

drought resistancewater stress

mineral uptake

varieties

pearl millet

varietal resistance

24d

zinc fertilizers

lines

fungicides

heritability

genetic transformation

salt tolerance

crop growth stagesoil

inceptisols

cowpeas

butachlor

urea

salinity

chlorophyll

crosses

iron

yields

sequential cropping

plant water relations

gene expression

spikelets

dry matter

zinc

crop residues

genetic markers

nutrient availability

crop quality

enzyme activity

potassium fertilizers

soil fertility

weed control

crop production

returns

genes

farmyard manure

genotypes

rice straw

panicles

chemical control

plant pathogens

yield components

Max

crop yield

VOSviewer

Min

water allocation

trade policytrade marks

subsidies

steers

steaming

soya protein

soil suitability

soil physics

seedborne organisms

salads

rumen flora

registration

phorate

onfarm conservation

nitrofen

nematicides

neem seed cake

mowing

molasses

milk composition

mephosfolan

mefluidide

manual weed control

lentils

land ownership

kasugamycin

iprodione

infiltration

immunity

holstein

hoeing

hexaconazole

heifers

harrowing

guar

glucosides

fuels

fruit

food marketing

flora

farm sizefarm results

ethoprophos

entomophilic nematodes

energy requirements

embryology

elasticities

dairy cattle

copper fertilizers

cinosulfuronbifenox

benomyl

awareness

animal nutrition

ammonia additives

alternative splicing

alphacypermethrin

adolescents

water policy

transport

mefenacet

forces

validamycin

roughage

resource utilization

lambdacyhalothrin

international trade

husking

ginger

essential oil plants

cows

asparagine

acephate

spermine

red light

phenotypic correlation

organic wastes

isoprocarb

intensive cropping

households

fly ash

women

transposition

thiamin

symbiosis

spread

somatic hybridization

physiological races

igg

exports

economic thresholds

demand

defence

change

attractants

terms of trade

metsulfuron

elicitors

additives

soil toxicity

sesame

production economics

pigmeat neoplasms

magnesium fertilizers

heterochromatin

ferritin

constraints

beans

allergens

spermidine

piglets

meat

irri

fungicide tolerance

economic impact

blood lipids

thiols

rumen

risk

ovules

driers

width

maps

gene tagging

food pastes maltose

deltamethrin

atrazine

allelism

aleurone layer

agricultural policy

tricyclazole

alkalinity

feed intake

farmingtestas

purification

production costs

races

quinclorac

cholesterol

genetically engineered microor

eclosion

food intake

food grains

energy sources

acc

carbendazim

soil solution

food consumption

silica

returns

zinc fertilizers

silage

consumption

biochemistry

slow release fertilizers

hardness

biosafety

integrated control

processing

medicinal plants

nitric oxide

laboratory animals

irrigation systems

costs

cell ultrastructureedible fungi

recombinant proteins

biotypes

broadcasting

bacterial artificial chromosom

plant breeding methods

fibre

varietal susceptibility

sampling

protein

water

bensulfuron

satellite imagery

path analysis

chlorpyrifos

topsoil

predatory arthropods

population genetics

glutelins

hosts

soil fungi

glumes

gelation

case studies

oviposition

lipids

larvae

structures

economic analysis

dna methylation

deficiency

epidermis

wines

triazophos

water conservation

root exudates

digestibility

lysine

indexes

carbon sequestration

high yielding varieties

electrophoresis

cultural control

nutrition

salt

amplified fragment length poly

oxygen

yeasts

amylopectin

risk assessment

farming systems

recombination

production

proteinases

traits

organic amendments

food quality

runoff

environmental impact

fecundity

tdna

meiosis

crude protein

taxonomy

application date

spraying

leaf sheaths

poultry

general combining ability

antioxidants

optimization

colour

silicon

land use

screening

nutrientsdetection

food contamination

plant density

physicochemical properties

cell walls

stomata

hydrogen peroxide

crop density

iaa

varietal resistance

organic matter

reverse transcriptase pcr

crop residues

lead

climate

soil ph

nutritive value

evolution

internodes

utilization

urea

notillage

senescence

tobacco

swede rape

npk fertilizers

microsatellites

fermentation

flowering datecombining ability

phytotoxicity

methane

emission

treatment

chemical control

analytical methods

potassium fertilizers

in vitro culture

heading date

amino acid sequences

soil pollution

pest control

genetic distance

clones

dry matter

hybrid varietiessoil fertility seed production

salinity

cultivation

transplanting

pollen

cadmium

natural enemies

plant water relations

dna

drought

crosses

biomass

tillering

starch

grain

varieties

amylose

crop production

soilyieldspaddy soils

genotypes

rice straw

photosynthesis chromosomes

yield componentsapplication rates

crop quality

panicles

enzyme activity

genetic markers

plant pathogens

gene expression

crop yield

genes

Max

VOSviewer

Min

xylitol

x radiationwater uptake

water requirements

water policy

volunteer plants

volatile fatty acids

varietal susceptibility

trade marks

time

systems

steers

steaming

sprayers

specific combining ability

sourcessoil physics

soil biology

soil air

slurries

shading

selectivity

salt

safeners

rock phosphate

residual effects

recovery

real time pcr

quinalphos

propiconazole

prilling

polymerspoisoning

piglets

physiological races

phosphine

phorate

pest management

persistence

peroxidases

path analysis

parasitic plants

paraquat

paclobutrazol

ovules

organic acids

odours

nitrification inhibitors

nickel

morphometrics

molasses

milk yield

microbial pesticides

metolachlor

mephosfolan

mathematics

marketing margins

manual weed control

mancozeb

maltose

males

malaria

magnesium fertilizers

liveweight

liming materials

lentilsland consolidation

kasugamycin

iron fertilizers

in situ hybridization

igg

iaa

holstein

hoeing

high density lipoprotein

hexaconazole

heifers

heat resistance

harrowing

handling

gross margins

globulins

ginger

geography

genetic stability

genetic parameters

genetic gain

general combining ability

gene tagging

gene interaction

fungicide tolerance

freezing

forces

fly ash

fluchloralin

flavones

filter cake

fauna

farmingfarmers attitudes

farm results

ethoprophos

esterases

energy requirements

elites

elicitors

electron microscopy

edta

edifenphos

dyes

dry farming

drilling

dosage effects

dna binding motifs

disease prevalence

dietary carbohydrate

diapause

diallel analysis

development

deltamethrin

date

dairy cattle

crossbreds

credit

cracks

copper fertilizers

cloves

citric acid

cattle dung

cartap

carboxylation

carbendazim

captan

capital

butachlor

buprofezin

bulls

boron fertilizers

boring insects

blood chemistry

biology

biogas

biodeterioration

benomyl

beneficial insects

beef cattle

azimsulfuron azadirachtin

awareness

arsenites

area

antibodies

antibiosis

anilofos

ammonium

ammonia additives

amines

altitude

alphacypermethrin

allelopathins

allelism

alkaloids

air flow

agricultural sciences

age

adolescents

additives

acephate

acc

urban areas

thiamin

nutrient balance

heterosis

genetic variance

driers

culture media

clay loam soils

alternative splicing

removal

lime

hardness

fipronil

fecundity

farmyard manure

classification

chilling

bioassays

actin

24d

water deficit

starch granules

races

phosphates

pendimethalin

pastures

microbial activities

immunity

floods

feed intake

dark

carbofuran

breakage

zinc fertilizers

wages

mulches

ferritin

structure

seed development

sampling ratooning

ponds

lambdacyhalothrin

fluorescence

transposition

selenium

neoplasms

meat

hyphae

households

height

biotypes

respirationprediction

ovamaturity

malnutritioncell lines

varietal resistance

thiobencarb

tdna

renewable energyproteinases

halosulfuron

diversification

conidia

apoptosisalphaamylase

terpenoids

satellite imagery

recombinant proteins

moistureheterochromatin

water resources

rice fields

laboratory animals

endoplasmic reticulum

digestibility

constraints

surveys

leaf area

history

spikelets

food grains

water

stored products

stability

seed weight

varietal reactions

stems

ph

notillage

grapes

genetic distance

flowering date

fermentation

farming systems

drainage

risk ethanol

endogenous growth regulators

cold tolerance

proteomics

plant extracts

intake

heading dateemergence

air temperaturewater use

jasmonic acid

cholesterol

yeasts

sunflowers

fungicides

beans

urea

nutrients

markets

plant tissues

water pollution

poultry

larvae

economic analysis

rice husks

phosphorus fertilizers

paddy soils

in vitro culture

amylopectin

food intake

food consumption

cultural control

crosses

control

cell walls

plant water relations

virulence

rice soils crop growth stage

women

wetlands

costs

protein content

colour

bacterial artificial chromosom

tobacco

silt loam soils

returns

rice flour

plant disease control

phytotoxicity

international trade

agricultural policy

case studies

prices

emission

rotations

grain

tillers

food security

imazethapyr

arsenic

recombination

climatic change

microsatellites

characteristics

human diseases

salinity

pest resistance

soil fertility

genetic polymorphism

foods

drought

nutritive value

promoters

photosynthesis

water management

retrotransposonsdatabases

rice bran

panicles

soil

diets

yield losses

biomass

amylose

yields

plant breeding

methodology

moisture content

crop quality

starch

rice straw

application rates

weed control

genetic diversity

chemical control

enzyme activity

evolution

plant pests

chromosomescrop production

genetic markers

plant pathogens

crop yield

gene expression

genes

Max

VOSviewer

Min

zinc fertilizers

yeast artificial chromosomes

x radiation

women

whole crop silage

water requirements

water policy

vibration

vertebrate pests

varietal susceptibility

varietal reactions

triazophos

tobacco

time

terpenoids

taste

subsidies

stomatal resistance

sterols

sterility

steers

spinach

specific combining ability

spawn

somatic hybridization

solar energy

soil mechanics

soil biology

slurriessilica

shedding

sex ratio

sex pheromones

self pollination

seed dormancy

seasonal abundance

salicylic acid

restorer genes

recovery

races

quinalphos

putrescine

protoplasts

protein quality

propiconazole

progeny

prawns

porosity

politics

plumules

plant density

piglets

physiological races

phosphine

phorate

percolation

pedigree

path analysis

paraquat

paclobutrazol

ozone

ova

outcrossing

odours ochratoxins

nucleocytoplasmic interaction

nontarget effects

nitrofen

neoplasms

nematicides

molecular weight

mitosis

mitochondrial genetics

milk production

mephosfolan

meiosis

mefluidide

meals

markets

manual weed control

mannitol

mancozeb

management

malnutrition

males

magnesium fertilizers

lugs

linolenic acid

liming

lime

ligases

life history

lectins

leaf age

lakes

laboratory tests

keys

kasugamycin

jasmonic acid

isoprothiolane

isolation

international cooperation

intercropping

integrated control

initiation

infiltration

infestation

induced mutations

incorporation

imidacloprid

imazapic

ige

hydration

hoeing

hexaconazole

heterochromatin

heritability

helminths

height

heat

growth retardants

glyphosate

globalization

ginger

genetic gain

general combining ability

gene tagging

gene interaction

gcms

galls

g proteins

fungicide tolerance

functional genomics

forces

food processing quality

food pricesfood policy

food plants

food marketing

foliar diagnosis

fluchloralin

flax

flavones

flag leaf

filter cake

ferritin

fenvalerate

females

fauna

farmyard manure

farmers attitudes

farm results

faeces

exposure

evolution

ethoprophos

ethnicity

esterasesessential oil plants

epistasis

epidermis

environment

entomophilic nematodes

endoplasmic reticulum

elites

elicitors

electroporation

electron microscopy

eggs

efflux

efficacy

edifenphos

economic analysis

eating patterns

earliness

dry matter accumulation

dry farming

drilling

dosage effects

diurnal variation

disease distribution

diapause

developmental stages

desorption

demand

deltamethrin

deletions

dehiscence

defence

deep placement

ddt

dark

cysteine

cutting

cultural control

crossing

crop enterprises

cracks

copper fertilizers

consumption

consumer attitudes

conservation

conferences

components

compatibility

comparisons

commodities

combining ability

cold hardening

coatings

coating

clay loam soils

citric acid

cinosulfuron

chromosome analysis

chlorothalonil

chlorosis

chlorimuron

chilling

children

chicks

characteristics

cell membranes

cell cultures

cation exchange capacity

cartap

carbofuran

carbendazim

carbaryl

calves

calcium ions

cabbages

butachlor

buprofezin

broadcasting

breakage

bread

brassinolide

branching

boron fertilizers

blood serumblood pressure

blood lipids

bird repellents

biotypes

biology

biolistics

biodeterioration

bioassays

bifenox

betaglucuronidase

bensulfuron

benomyl

beneficial insects

basal dressings

baling

baits

bacteriophages

azoxystrobin

awareness

auxins

atrazine

atp

arsenites

arid lands

area

aquatic weeds

aquatic organisms

apomixis

antibiosis

antagonism

animal manures

animal ecology

anilofos

anhydrous ammonia

aneuploidy

amplification

ammonium

amendments

altitude

alternative splicing

alphacypermethrin

allergens

allelochemicals

allelism

alanine

agropisciculture

agronomy

agricultural sector

agricultural sciences

agricultural entomology

agricultural crises

agrarian reform

adolescents

activityacid soils

acetylcholinesterase

acephate

abortion

abnormal development

abamectin

water allocation

varietal resistance

threshing

taxonomy

production costs

prices

planting date

malondialdehyde

inbred lines

households

betaine

anther cultureabsorption

strains

soil properties

rheology

reverse transcriptase pcr

phenotypic variation

lead

international trade

innovation adoption

geographical distribution

flowers

dna methylation

density

clones

animal models

agricultural development

upland rice

stems

soil pollution

seed weight

production

manganese

inceptisols

iaa

flowering date

cowpeas

amylases

weed control

oligosaccharides

equationsdegradation

water use

potassium fertilizers

plant pigments

holstein

genetic polymorphism

chemical control

rice soils

properties

phytotoxicity

pest control

mulching

extracts

costs

use efficiency

lowland areas

farming systems

crop growth stage

protein synthesis

nitrogen balance

leaf area

milk yield

complementary dna

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npk fertilizers

mung beans

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nutrient availability

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soil

growth rate

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quantitative trait lociplant water relations

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protein contentph

methane

nucleotide sequences

zinc

yields

natural enemies

photosynthesis

iron

plant height

genotypes

gene expressionproline

chlorophyll

yield components

enzyme activity

plant pathogenic fungi

salt tolerance

colour

application rates

genetic markers

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food processing

salinity

plant pathogens

crop quality

rumen

crop production

feeds

digestibility

fermentation

starch

genesmoisture content

physicochemical properties

crop yield

rice straw

Max

VOSviewer

India China USA Thailand

Min

zinc fertilizers

yield losses

xylem

xylan

xanthophyll

women

weight gain

water requirementswater pollution

water policy

water allocation

wastewater

volatile compounds

virulence

vigour

varietal susceptibility

varietal resistance

varietal reactions

variation

variance

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trehalose

traps

transcription factorstransactivation

trade policy

toxins

tobacco

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taxonomy

surveys

sucrosesubsidies

storms

stomatal resistance

sterility

steers

sprays specific combining ability

speciation

sowingsources

somatic hybridization

soilless culture

soil mechanics

soil air

sociology

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sequence tagged sites

seed set

seed dormancy

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sake

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root shoot ratio

rna interference

removal

regulatory sequences

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processingprice stabilization

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polymerspoisoning

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plant density

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ozone

origin

organic carbon

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occurrence

nontarget organisms

nitrofen

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nematicides

naa

muscles

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moisturemitosis

mitochondrial genetics

minerals

milk yield

milk

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methodology

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mendelism

membranes

meiosis

mefluidide

marketsmarketing boards

manual weed control

mancozeb

management

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linolenic acid

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light

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learning

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lactones

labour costs

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kasugamycin

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isolation

iron fertilizers

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introgression

intestines

integrated control

intake

insecticide resistance

insecticidal plants

initiation

inheritance

infestation

industrial crops

income distribution

incidence

inceptisols

immunity

immune response

imazapic

imageryhyphae

hybridization

husks

host range

homeostasis

holstein

hoeing

hexaconazole

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heterochromatin

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hardness

handling

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growth inhibitors

green manures glyphosate

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glufosinate

glucose

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genomicsgenomes

genetic vectors

genetic stability

genetic mapping

genetic gain

genetic effects

genetic distance

general combining ability

gene tagging

gene splicing

gene interaction

gamma radiation

gametocides

fungicides

fungicide tolerance

fungal spores

fuels

fruit

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forecasts

forecasting

forces

food processing quality

food plants

food pastes

food marketing

food analysis

food

fodder

fly ash

fluoride

fluchloralin

flowers

flowering date

flours

flax

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fixation

filter cake

filling

fields

ferritin

fenvalerate

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fauna

fatty acids

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farmyard manure

farm results

exports

explants

expert systems

exons

evolution

ethyleneimineethylene

ethyl methanesulfonate

ethoprophos

ethnic groups

estimation

essential oil plants

epistasis

epidermis

environment

entomophilic nematodes

energy

endoplasmic reticulum

elites

elisa

elicitors

electroporation

elasticities

eggs

efflux

efficacy

edifenphos

eclosionearliness

dyes

dwarfing

duration

duplication

drying air

dry farming

drilling

driers

doughs

dna cloning

dna

diversity

diurnal variation

disease distribution

disease control

direct dna uptake

diet

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diameter

diabetes

developmental stages

detection

desiccation

descriptions

density

demand

deltamethrin

deletions

dehiscence

deficiency

defence

ddt

dde

date

data analysis

dairy cattle

cytoplasm

cytochrome p450

cysteine

cyhalofopbutyl

cutting

cultural methods

crossing

crossbreds

crop density

credit

cracks

crackingcost analysis

correlation

correlated traits

copper fertilizers

consumption

consumer preferences

consumer attitudes

conferences

components

competitive ability

compatibility

comparisons

commodities

combining ability

collection

cold hardening

cold

coatings

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coarse grains

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clones

cleaning

clay loam soils

citrinin

citric acid

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chromosomeschromosome maps

chromosome analysis

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chlorimuron

chloride

chitin

chilling

children

chickpeas

chemistry

chemical degradation

chemical control

characteristics

cereal products

centromeres

centres of diversity

cellulose

cellulase

cells

cell membranes

cell cultures

cell culture

cations

catalysts

cartap

carrots

carotenoids

carbon sequestration

carbofuran

carbendazim

carbaryl

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calves

callus

calcium peroxide

calcium chloride

caffeic acid

cacodylic acid

cabbages

byproducts

butyric acid

butachlor

buprofezin

bulls

buffalo feeding

buds

broadcasting

breakage

breadmaking

brassinolide

branching

botanical fungicides

boron fertilizers

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body mass index

blood serum

blood lipids

blood chemistry

biotypes

biotechnology

biology

biological treatment

biolistics

biofuels

biofilms

biodeterioration

biochemical receptorsbiochemical pathways

bioavailability

bioassays

binding proteins

bifenox

beverages

betaine

betaglucosidase

betaglucanase

benzyladenine

bensulfuron

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beneficial insects

beef cattle

beef

beans

basal dressings

baling

bakery products

bacteriophages

bacterial toxins

bacterial diseases

backcrossing

backcrosses

azoxystrobin

awns

auxins

aubergines

ashascorbic acid

arthropod communities

arsenites

arsenatesaromatic hydrocarbons

arid lands

area

arable farming

aquatic weeds

aquatic animals

appropriate technology

appressoria

application methods

application date

apples

apoptosis

apomixis

antisense dna

antineoplastic properties

antibodies

antibiotics

antibiosis

antibacterial properties

anthocyanins

anthersanther culture

antagonism

anoxia

animal models

animal manures

animal ecology

anilofos

anhydrous ammonia

aneuploidy

andosols

analytical methods

analysis of variance

anaerobiosis

amylopectin

amylases

amplified fragment length poly

amplification

ammonium sulfate

ammonium

ammonia additives

amino acid sequences

altitude

alternative splicing

alphatocopherol

alphacypermethrin

alphaamylase

alluvial soils

allergies

allelopathins

allelism

alkaloids

alkalinity

alkaline soils

alkali treatment

algorithms

alfisols

aleurone layer

aleurone cells

aldehydes

alcohols

alcoholic beverages

albumins

alanine

air flow

agropisciculture

agronomic characteristics

agricultural trade

agricultural sciences

agricultural products

agricultural manpower

agricultural entomology

agricultural engineering

age

aflatoxins

aetiology

adventitious rootsadsorption

adsorbents

adolescents

adhesion

adenosinetriphosphatase

additives

adaptability

activity

activated carbon

acid soils

acid phosphatase

acetylcholinesterase

acetolactate synthase

acetic acid

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absorption

abscisic acid

abortion

abnormal development

abamectin

yields

water stress

varieties

toxicitylines

genetic transformation

fermentation

drought resistancebiodiversity

agricultural production

tropics

soil management

pest resistance

genotypes

genetically engineered organis

genetic markers

drought

digestibility

agricultural policy

swamps

potassium fertilizers

plant water relations

plant height

crop residues

crop quality

acid sulfate soilsupland rice

rain

natural enemies

emission

diets

biomass

urea

ultisols

tillers

socioeconomics

pest control

organic fertilizers

food security

plant pathogenic fungi

methane

iron

genes

rice fields

plant pathogens

land use

plant pestsapplication rates

rice straw

crop production

crop yield

Max

VOSviewer

Min

zinc fertilizers

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xylan

xanthophyll

x radiation

women

wild animals

water use

water policy

water allocation

volatile compounds

varietal susceptibility

varietal resistance

varietal reactions

variance

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trehalosetranscription factors

transactivation

trade policy

trace element fertilizers

toxins

tobacco

testing

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surface water

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storms

stored products

steers

steaming

sprays specific combining ability

sowing

somatic hybridization

soil watersoil types genetic

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ribosomal rnaremoval

regulatory sequencesrecombinant dna

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putrescine

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protein quality

propiconazole

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progeny

production

processingprice policy

pretreatment

pregermination

potassium fertilizers

porosity

population ecology

polymorphism

pollution

pollination

pollen

plumules

plasmids

plant pathology

plant density

pigmeat

piglets

physiological races

phorate

peptides

pathogenesis

path analysis

particles

parasites

packaging

ozone

ovariesorganic wastes

oils

occurrence

nutrient balance

nucleotides

nontarget organisms

nitrofen

nickel

nematicides

mushrooms

muscles

mulches

morphometrics

morphology

moisturemitosis

mitochondrial genetics

mitochondrial dna

milk

microbial pesticides

meteorology

metabolites

mephosfolan

membranes

meiosis

mefluidide

manual weed control

mancozeb

management

malt

males

malaria

magnesium fertilizers

magnesium

lugs

lucerne

lodging

linolenic acid

liming materials

liming

lime

light intensity

light

lettuces

leachates lawns and turf

lakes

lactones

kernels

kasugamycin

isotopes

isolation

iron fertilizers

ions

intestines

intervention

integrated control

intake

initiation

infestation

infant formulae

industrial crops

income distribution

incidence

inceptisols

immunity

immune response

imazapic

hydrology

hormones

homeostasis

holstein

hoeing

hexaconazole

heterosis

heterochromatin

heritability

heat stability

heat resistance

hardness

gypsum

growth retardants

growth inhibitors

groundwater recharge

grain

glyphosate

glutamine

glumes

glufosinate

globulins

genetic vectors

genetic parameters

genetic models

genetic gain

genetic distance

general combining ability

gene tagging

gene splicing

gene interaction

gamma radiation

fungicides

fungicide tolerance

fungal spores

fruit

freezing

forecasts

forecasting

forces

food processing quality

food plants

food marketing

food analysis

food

fodder

fly ash

fluoride

fluchloralin

flowers

flowering date

flavones

fixation

fish

filter cake

filling

fields

ferritin

fenvalerate

fenclorim

female labour

feed additives

fauna

farmyard manure

farm results

fallow

exports

explants

exons

evolution

ethoprophos

esterasesessential oil plants

equations

epistasis

epidermis

enzyme polymorphism

environment

entomophilic nematodes

energy

endoplasmic reticulum

elites

elisa

elicitors

electroporation

efflux

efficacy

education

edifenphos

economic analysis

eclosionearliness

dwarf cultivars

duplication

dry season

dry farming

drainage systems

domestication

dna fingerprinting

diurnal variation

ditches

disinfection

disease distribution

direct dna uptake

dietary carbohydrate

diet

diapause

diabetes

developmental stages

development programmes

density

denitrification

deltamethrin

deletions

deficiency

defence

deep placement

decision support systems

ddt

date

cytoplasm

cytochrome p450

cysteine

cutting

culture media

cultural control

crop enterprises

cracks

crackingcost analysis

correlation

correlated traits

copper fertilizers

contracts

consumer preferences

consumer attitudes

conservation

conferences

components

competitive ability

compatibility

commodities

combining ability

cold storage

cold hardening

coatings

coating

coarse grains

clones

cleaning

clay loam soils

citrinin

cinosulfuron

chromosome analysis

chlorothalonil

chloroplast genetics

chlorimuron

chitin

chilling

children

chemistry

cheeses

cereal products

centromeres

cellulose

cellulase

cells

cell membranes

cell cultures

cattle manure

catalysts

cartap

carrots

carotenoids

carboxylation

carbon sequestration

carbon pathways

carbon dioxide enrichment

carbofuran

carbendazim

carbaryl

captan

canopy

calcium peroxide

calcium chloride

caffeic acid

cacodylic acid

byproducts

butachlor

buprofezin

bulls

bulk density

buds

broadcasting

breakage

brassinolide

branching

botanical fungicides

boron fertilizers

blood serum

blood lipids

blight

biotypes

biotechnology

biosynthesis

biomass

biology

biolistics

biogas slurry

biodeterioration

biochemical pathways

bioavailability

bioassays

binding sites

binding proteins

bilanafos

bifenox

beverages

betaine

betaglucosidase

betaglucanase

bensulfuron

benomyl

beneficial insects

beef

beans

basal dressings

baling

bacteriophages

bacterial proteins

backcrosses

azoxystrobin

availability

auxins

aubergines

atp

ashascorbic acid

arsenites

arsenatesaromatic hydrocarbons

aquatic weeds

appropriate technology

appressoria

applicators

application methods

apples

apoptosis

apomixis

antisense dna

antineoplastic properties

antifungal properties

antifungal agents

antibodies

antibiosis

anthocyanins

anthersanther culture

antagonism

anoxia

animal models

animal manures

animal behaviour

anilofos

anhydrous ammonia

aneuploidy

analytical methodsanaerobiosis

amylopectin

amylases

amplification

ammonium sulfate

ammonium

amino acid sequences

altitude

alternative splicing

alphatocopherol

alphacypermethrin

alphaamylase

allergies

allelopathins

allelochemicals

allelism

alkalinity

alkaline soils

aleurone layer

aleurone cells

alcohols

alcoholic beverages

albumins

alanineagricultural trade

agricultural sciences

agricultural products

agricultural meteorology

agricultural entomology

agricultural engineering

aggregates

age

aflatoxins

adsorption

adsorbents

adolescents

adhesion

adenosinetriphosphatase

adaptability

activity

activated carbon

acreage

acetylcholinesterase

acetolactate synthase

acetic acid

acephate

absorption

abscisic acid

abortion

abnormal development

abamectin

yield losses

weed control

tillers

starch

returns

nitrogen content

markets

inoculation

income

crosses

cows

constraints

callus

alluvial soils

yields

profits

natural enemies

genetic polymorphism

agricultural policy

rice soils

protein content

poultry

pest control

npk fertilizers

crop residues composition

pest resistance

panicles

nutritive value

land use

gene expression

chemical control

rumen

quantitative trait loci

nature conservation

microbial flora

chromosomes

upland rice

rice bran

molasses

landraces

fermentation

farmers

crop growth stage

growth rate

in situ conservation

biodiversity

plant pathogenic fungi

salt tolerance

crop quality

aquaculture

salinity

genetic markers

plant pests

diets

soil fertility

genes

application rates

urea

plant pathogens

feed intake

dry matter

genetic diversity

crop production

rice straw

crop yield

Max

VOSviewer

Min

zinc fertilizers

x radiation

women

whole crop silage

wetlands

water reusewater policy

virulence

varietal susceptibility

varietal resistance

urea fertilizers

tubulin

triazophos

traps

transposition

transcription factorstransactivation

trade relations

tobacco

tests

tdna

taxonomy

tariffs

superoxide dismutasesubsidies

sterility

stem borers

steers

spinach

specific combining ability

speciation

somatic hybridization

soil types cultural

soil physics

soil biology

sequence tagged sites

seed inoculation

seed dormancy

sclerotia

salicylic acid

sake

rye

rumen flora

rivers

risk

regulatory sequences

reflectance

recombinant dna

races

quinalphos

putrescine

prototypes

protoplasts

protected cultivation

propiconazole

profits

processingprice support

precision agriculture

prebiotics

populations

plumules

pleiotropy

plasmids

plant tissues

plant density

piglets

phytase

physiological races

photosynthates photoperiod

phorate

percolation

peptides

pathogenesis

path analysis

paraquat

paclobutrazol

ovaries

outcrossing

oils

ochratoxins

nutrient deficiencies

nurseries

nucleic acids

nontarget organisms

nitrofen

new species

nematicides

naa

mitosis

mills

microbial pesticides

metsulfuron

mephosfolan

mendelism

membranes

meiosis

mefluidide

markets

mancozeb

malnutrition

magnesium fertilizers

linolenic acid

linoleic acid

liming

light intensity

light

levellinglength

learning

landraces

land useland management

labour costs

keys

kernels

kasugamycin

isolation

iron fertilizers

ions

introgression

initiation

inheritance

infiltration

infestation

immunity

imazapic

image processors

ige

hypolipaemic properties

hyphae

hybridization

host range

honeydew

homeostasis

holstein

hoeing

hexaconazole

heterochromatin

height

heat stability

heat resistance

health

heading

harrowing

growth retardants

growth inhibitors

green manures

grasses

glycerol

glufosinate

genomes

genetic vectors

genetic stability

genetic models

genetic mapping

genetic gain

genetic distance

gene tagging

gene splicing

gene interaction

gcms

gatt

gamma radiation

gametocides

fungicides

fungicide tolerance

fruit

freezing

forces

food plants

food marketing

fly ash

fluchloralin

flowers

flowering date

flavones

ferritin

fenvalerate

fauna

fatty acids

farm results

farm equipment

expressed sequence tags

explants

expert systems

exons

evolution

evaluation

ethylene

ethyl methanesulfonate

ethoprophos

ethnicity

esterasesessential oil plants

epistasis

epidermis

environmental temperature

entomophilic nematodes

endoplasmic reticulum

elites

elisa

elicitors

electroporation

efflux

efficacy

education

edifenphos

earliness

dwarfing

duration

duplication

driers

drainage systems

dna amplification

dna

diurnal variation

disease distribution

direct dna uptake

diffusion

diatomitediallel analysis

desorption

deregulation

density

denitrification

demand

deltamethrin

deletions

dehiscence

defence

dde

date

cytoplasm

cytochrome p450

cysteine

cultural methods

cultivators

cucumbers

crossing

crop growth stage

crop enterprises

crop density

costs

cost analysis

correlation analysis

copper fertilizers

cooking quality

cooking

consumer attitudes

conferences

components

compactioncommunities

commoditiescold hardening

cold

coatings

coating

coastal areas

cluster analysis

clones

climatic seasons

climate

clay loam soils

citric acid

cinosulfuron

chromosomeschromosome maps

chromosome analysis

chlorothalonil

chloroplast genetics

chlorimuron

chilling

cheeses

centromeres

centres of diversity

cell membranes

cell cultures

cation exchange capacity

cartap

carbofuran

carbendazim

carbaryl

calves

calcium peroxide

calcium chloride

butachlor

buprofezin

buds

breakage

brassinolide

branching

brain

boron fertilizers

blood serum

bird repellents

biotypes

biotechnology

biosynthesis

biology

biological activity in soil

biolistics

biogas slurry

biodeterioration

biochemical pathways

binding proteins

bilanafos

bifenox

beverages

betaine

betaglucanase

bensulfuron

benomyl

beneficial insects

baits

bacteriophages

bacterial toxins

bacterial diseases

backcrossing

backcrosses

azoxystrobin

azadirachtin

awns

availability

auxins

attractants

atrazine

atp

arsenites

arsenates

area

aquatic organisms

aquatic animals

aquaculture

appropriate technology

appressoria

apoptosis

apomixis

antisense dna

antineoplastic properties

antifungal agents

antibodies

antibiotics

antibiosis

anthocyanins

anthersanther culture

animal nutrition

animal models

anilofos

aneuploidy

anaerobiosis

amylases

amplified fragment length poly

amplification

ammonium

amino acid sequences

alternative splicing

alphatocopherol

alphacypermethrin

alphaamylase

allergies

allelopathins

allelism

alkaloids

algorithms

aleurone layer

aleurone cells

aldehydes

alanine

air temperature

air pollutants

air flow

agroforestry

agricultural research

agricultural products

agricultural engineering

agricultural development

agricultural creditaging

aggregates

age

aerobic conditions

adolescents

adhesion

additives

activity

acetylcholinesterase

acetic acid

acephate

accuracy

absorption

abscisic acid

abortion

abnormal development

abamectin

transplantingtillering

survival

sowing date

rumen

rice flour

returns

proteinases

profitability

potassium fertilizers

physical control

milk production

meat

linseed

glucose

general combining ability

feeding

blood sugar

substrates

prices

poultrynitrogen balance

manual weed control

heritability

genetic markers

albumins

agricultural policy

wheat flour

treatment

stress response

stems

production costs

lines

lead

heterosis

farmyard manure

drought resistance

drought

callus

beans

agricultural production

production

exports

calcium

sugarbeet

seed weight

nutrients

milk

gene expression

moisture content mineral content

milk yield

genotypesbulk density

allelopathy

soil

organic amendments

nitrogen fixing bacteria

growth rate

composting

soil fertility

salt tolerance

organic matter

leaf area

genes

cellulaseamylose

manganese

fermentation

urea

poultry manure

cellulose

salinity

pest control

natural enemies

weed control

iron

zinc

sandy soils

plant extracts

ph

mortality

crude protein

chemical control

productivity

nutritive value

stored products pests

plant pathogenic fungi

digestibility

plant pathogens

panicles

enzyme activity

yield components

composts

application rates

crop yield

rice straw

Max

VOSviewer

Min

zinc fertilizers

xylemx radiation

wild animals

wastewater

volatile fatty acids

vibration

variation

trehalose

traps

transcription factorstransactivation

traditional medicines

trade marks

trace element fertilizers

tobacco

thiamin

tdna

tariffs

surveys

superoxide dismutasesubsidies

submergence

storms

sterility

steers

specific combining ability

speciation

somatic hybridization

soil test values

soil physics

soil bacteria

sociology

simulation

silage additives

shedding

shading

sewage sludge sequence tagged sites

seed dormancy

sclerotia

sap

sake

rubber

rna

reservoirs

removal

regulatory sequences

recovery

recessive genes

radishes

races

quinalphos

putrescine

protoplasts

propiconazole

prawns

potassium fertilizers

population structure

plumules

plastids

plasmids

plant tissues

plant pathology

physiological races

physical control

photoinhibition

phorate

percolation

peptides

peas

pathogenesis

path analysis

paraquat

paclobutrazol

packaging

outcrossing

organic acids nucleotides

nontarget organisms

nitrofen

new host records

nematicides

muscles

mulches

mitosis

mitochondrial genetics

mills

milk yield

micropropagation

microbial pesticides

methamidophos

mesophyll

mephosfolan

mendelism

membranes

meiosis

mefluidide

meat

meal

market competition

mancozeb

malnutrition

males

male sterility

malaria

magnesium fertilizers

lucerne

loci

localization

liveweight

linolenic acid

liming materials

liming

light

life history

leaf conductanceleachates

larvae

kinetin

keys

kasugamycin

jute

isotopes

isoprothiolane

isolation

irrigated conditions

iron fertilizers

ions

intake

inorganic fertilizers

inoculation

initiation

infiltration

immunity

immune response

imazapic

imageryhyphae

hydrology

host range

homeostasis

holstein

hoeing

hexaconazole

heterosis

heterochromatin

herbal drugsheating

heat stability

heat resistance

heat

hardness

haplotypes

growth retardants

growth inhibitors

grapes

glutamine

glufosinate

globulins

globalization

genomicsgenomes

genetic vectors

genetic stability

genetic resistance

genetic mapping

genetic gain

genetic effects

genetic distance

genes

general combining ability

gene tagging

gene splicing

gene interaction

gatt

gamma radiation

gametocides

fungicide tolerance

fungal spores

fuels

freezing

forecasting

forces

food processing quality

food plants

food packaging

food marketing

food grains

food chemistry

food analysis

fluctuations

fluchloralin

flowers

flowering date

flora

flavones

filter cake

filling

fields

ferritin

fenvalerate

feed additives

fecundity

explants

exons

excretion

evolution

ethyleneimineethylene

ethyl methanesulfonate

ethoprophos

essential oil plants

epistasis

environment

entomophilic nematodes

energy

endoplasmic reticulum

emission

embryogenesis

elites

elisa

elicitors

electroporation

eggs

efflux

efficacy

dwarfing

duplication

drilling

driers

drainage systems

dna fingerprinting

dna

diversity

diurnal variation

disease prevalence

disease distribution

direct dna uptake

diameter

diallel analysis

diabetes

developmental stages

desorption

desiccation

descriptions

deregulation

deltamethrin

deletions

dehiscence

defence

dde

date

dairy cattle

cytoplasmic male sterility

cytoplasm

cytochrome p450

cysteine

culture media

crossing

crossbreds

crop growth stage

crop density

credit

correlation

copper fertilizers

cooling

conferences

composts

components

cold hardening

cold

coir

coatings

coating

cluster analysis

clones

climate change

clay soils

clay loam soils

citrinin

citric acid

chromosomeschromosome maps

chromosome analysis

chlorothalonil

chitosan

chitinase

chitin

chilling

children

centromeres

centres of diversity

cellulose

cells

cell membranes

cell division

cell cultures

cell culture

casein hydrolysate

cartap

carbon sequestration

carbon dioxide

carbofuran

carbendazim

carbaryl

callus

calcium peroxide

calcium chloride

cacodylic acid

byproducts

buprofezin

bulls

buds

broadcasting

breakage

brassinolide

branching

boron fertilizers

boring insects

blood serum

blood lipids

biotypes

biotechnology

biosynthesis

biology

biolistics

biogas slurry

biogas

biofilms

biodiesel

biochemical pathways

bioassays

binding sites

binding proteins

bifenox

betaine

betaglucanase

benzyladenine

beef cattle

bamboos

bacteriophages

backcrossing

backcrosses

azoxystrobin

azimsulfuron azadirachtin

availability

auxins

attractants

atrazine

atp

arthropod pests

arsenites

arsenates

aroma

area

archaeology

aquaculture

appressoria

apples

apoptosis

apomixis

apical meristems

antisense dna

antineoplastic properties

antibodies

antibiotics

antibiosis

anthocyanins

anthersanther culture

animal physiology

animal manures

anilofos

aneuploidy

andosols

analytical methodsanaerobiosis

amylopectin

amylases

amplified fragment length poly

amplification

ammonium

amino acid sequences

altitude

alternative splicing

alphatocopherol

alphacypermethrin

allergies

allelopathins

allelism

alleles

alkaloids

alkalinity

algorithms

aleurone layer

aleurone cells

albumins

alanine

air flow

agronomy

agrarian reform

aging

aggregates

adventitious roots

adults

adsorption

adolescents

adhesion

adenosinetriphosphatase

additives

adaptability

acid phosphatase

acetolactate synthase

acetic acid

acephate

acc

absorption

abscisic acid

abortion

abnormal development

abamectin

tillage

texture

stress

interactions

animal models

vigour

rotary cultivators

oxadiazon

losses

lead

imports

heritability

food intake

food consumption

feeds

farmers attitudes

water use

varietal susceptibility

starch

manual weed control

enzyme activity

crop qualitywater stress

proteins

mineral content

control

plant water relations

leaf area

growth rate

drought resistance

statistical analysis

npk fertilizers

liveweight gain

urea

nutrients

education

women

varietal resistance

tillering

rice bran

pearl millet

natural enemies

food security

drought

demandash

rain

plant extracts

labour

beans

soil physical properties

soil amendments

ph

magnesium

improved varieties

diets

carbohydrates

varieties

soil ph

fermentation

protein content

grasslands

rice husks

iron

nutritive value

plant pathogenic fungi

moisture content

genotypes

chemical control

rice straw

returns

yields

weed control

upland rice

farmers

application rates yield components

plant pathogens

cowpeas

plant height

crop production

crop yield

Max

VOSviewer

Indonesia Vietnam Egypt Nigeria

Different countries participate in the global trajectoryIndia: Plant nutrition, protection & traditional breedingChina: different forms of genetic research, no protectionUSA: only transgenics

Top exporters: Thailand and VietnamLow income countries top producers: very little pub-lished research (production & socioeconomic)Egypt top yield, Nigeria bottom yield

CONCLUSIONS SO FAR

A dynamic picture of the political economy of rice re-search, contrasted with yield, nutrition and inputs.

• The map of published research on rice haschanged dramatically in the last three decades:different technologies

• Pests and traditional genetics ⇒ production andnutrition ⇒ transgenic and molecular biology ⇒human nutrition

• Main future direction: transgenic. Sustainability?• Countries participate differently in shaping the

global trajectory• Countries pubs not obviously aligned with priori-

ties/outcomes

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

UK ESRC project (RES-360-25-0076) and US National Science Foundation (Award # 1064146). The findings and observations contained in thispaper are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the NSF.

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