mappro: a program for processing the projection of latitude-longitude coordinates into rectangular...

Computers & Geo.wiences Vol. 21, No. 7, pp. 859-875, 1995 Elseviet Science Ltd

009%3004(%)ooo22-4 Printed in Great Britain

MAPPRO: A PROGRAM FOR PROCESSING THE PROJECTION OF LATITUDE-LONGITUDE COORDINATES

INTO RECTANGULAR MAP COORDINATE SYSTEMS

DAVID ALLISON Department of Geology and Geography, 341 Life Sciences Building, University of South Alabama,

Mobile, Alabama, U.S.A. (e-mail: dallison @jaguar 1 .usouthal.edn )

(Received 24 August 1994; accepted 27 September 1994)

Abstract-The advent of powerful, graphically oriented, desktop computer systems has increased dramatically the ability of the earth scientist to process and analyze geographic data electronically. Data that are digitized and stored electronically can be analyzed in ways that are not possible or practical with manual methods. Geographic data stored within databases can be manipulated and combined more effectively, and with greater precision, when it is stored in digital form. Unfortunately, the conversion of existing geographic data into digital form is both time consuming and prone to a variety of digitization errors. MAPPRO is presented here as a program that can convert the universal form of geographic data- latitude and longitude coordinates-into the digital Cartesian coordinates that are required by computer systems. In this form geographic data can be imported into digital base maps that are calibrated to a standard projection coordinate system. In this way maps can be created without the need for repetitive manual plotting of geographically controlled data if the latitude-longitude database exists. MAPPRO has been applied to the task of plotting geological structure orientation data by this author however, virtually any data that is defined in terms of latitude and longitude may be plotted with MAPPRO. The current availability of global positioning systems (GPS) that can rapidly and accurately determine latitude- longitude coordinates has the potential to produce large amounts of position data that may need to be plotted on a variety of map projections. This type of data can be plotted directly onto digital base maps with the aid of MAPPRO. In addition, MAPPRO can be used to produce mathematically precise map boundaries and latitude-longitude grid lines. The output format used by MAPPRO allows for the importation of data into diverse selection of geographic information system (GIS) and computer-aided design (CAD) applications.

Key Words: Map projection, GIS, CAD, Rectangular map coordinates, Global positioning systems (GPS),

INTRODUCTION

The past decade has seen the dramatic advancement in capability and usefulness of microprocessor-based computer systems. Computer workstations from a variety of sources are increasingly prevalent in the working environment of the earth scientist and are relied upon to process and analyze geographic data. Geographic information system (GIS) and computer- aided design (CAD) software are tools for the earth scientist to use for combining graphical map data with numerical or text data. Although progress has been made toward providing sources of digitized base maps, the traditional problem of posting location data (sample locations, wells, etc.) remains. Much time usually is spent manually digitizing this type of location data by a digitizing tablet under the control of the GIS/CAD software. There are several problems associated with this approach. Because the Earth possesses an ellipsoidal geometry, map data must be represented on a flat surface by a map projection. There are several mathematical procedures

that have been used by cartographers to produce map projections, each with its own particular type of unavoidable distortion. This situation leads to the inevitable incompatibility of planar coordinate systems derived from different map projection methods. In fact, location data must be stored ultimately in coordinates that are not dependent upon a specific map projection, but are based on the actual three- dimensional geometry of the Earth, that is latitude and longitude. In this way geographic data may be projected onto the map coordinate system without loss of accuracy.

The primary design goal of MAPPRO is to provide an automatic way to import location data on the basis of latitude and longitude coordinates and, in the situation geological structure data, correctly orient the structure symbol and related attributes (i.e. dip or plunge values). MAPPRO also controls the size of the plotted symbol, the ratio of label size to symbol size, and allows a mixture of symbols types within a single data file. MAPPRO is not intended to be a replace- ment for a complete GIS, but instead may serve as

859

860 D. Allison

a data conversion utility that converts latitude- longitude data into the projection coordinates. GIS programs such as Arc/Info and Intergraph contain coordinate system conversion utilities that accom- plish essentially the same task as MAPPRO, however, if users need access to the map projection code, MAPPRO may be an important resource. MAPPRO probably is most useful to users that do not have access to a true GIS and are digitizing map data with a CAD program such as AutoCAD. For these users MAPPRO provides an efficient way to project latitude-longitude data into a variety of map coordinate systems.

Several widely used map projection methods are supported by the program. These include Polyconic, Transverse Mercator, Lambert Conformal Conic, Albers Equal-Area Conic, and the Mercator. The Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) system is supported as a variant of the Transverse Mercator method. These projection methods account for the majority of maps produced by the United States Geological Survey (USGS) and other government agencies (Snyder, 1987).

MAP PROJECTIONS

Map projections are necessary because of the need to represent the ellipsoidal surface of the Earth on a flat, two-dimensional surface; usually a sheet of paper, but also relevant to computer systems that ultimately must plot geographic data with a Cartesian (x, y) coordinate output device. Several of the map projection procedures used by the USGS and other mapping agencies include: (1) Polyconic, (2) Trans- verse Mercator, (3) Lambert Conformal Conic, (4) Albers Equal-Area Conic, and (5) Mercator. The UTM projection is a modification of the Transverse Mercator projection such that separate coordinate systems (UTM grid zones) are centered on each 6” of longitude. These map projection procedures each have specific advantages and disadvantages relative to geometric and scale distortion. Listed next are the relevant equations for the various types of projections. The reader should note that all of the following equations are listed in the form that MAPPRO uses for calculating coordinates, however, several of these are approximations of infinite series. The mathematical approximations follow the suggestions of Snyder (1987) for computer computational efficiency and sufficient accuracy for USGS map scales. The reader is referred to Snyder (1985, 1987) for the mathematical details.

The Polyconic projection

Characteristics of the Polyconic projection include: (1) latitude lines are arcs of circles, (2) the central meridian and equator of the projection are straightlines, and (3) the projection is free of distortion only along the central meridian. This projection was used almost exclusively for large-scale mapping of the

United States until the 1950s (Snyder, represents the latitude of a point on surface, and R the longitude value:

E=(l -A,)sin$

x = N cot 4 sin E

1987). If 4 the Earth’s

(1)

(2)

y=M-A40+Ncot~(l -cosE) (3)

where e!~ and 1 are the latitude-longitude coordinates of interest, &, and I, are the latitude and longitude of the coordinate system origin, and M and N are defined next. The x and y values calculated are rectangular coordinates relative to the origin point defined by &, and 1,. If 4 is zero, the following equations are used:

x =a@ -1,) (4)

y=-M, (5)

where a is the equatorial radius of the earth ellipsoid. M is evaluated as:

M=a K

l_;_3&5& 4

>

- 3:+ 3;+45& >

sin(24)

+ (

15&+45& sin(44) >

-( 35&)sin(64)]

where e is the eccentricity of the Earth ellipsoid (see Table 1). M,, is derived from (6) by substituting &, for 4. The equation for M is an approximation of an infinite series (Snyder, 1987). N is calculated from the relationship:

(7)

The Transverse Mercator projection

The Transverse Mercator projection possesses the following characteristics: (1) the central meridian and equator of the projection are straightlines, (2) scale is true along the central meridian, or along two straightlines equidistant from and parallel to the central meridian, and (3) scale becomes infinite 90” from central meridian. This projection system is used ex- tensively for quadrangle maps at scales ranging from 1: 24,000 to 1: 250,000 (Snyder, 1987). Given &, (central meridian), 4, and I, the rectangular coordinates x, y are calculated from:

x=k,N c

A +(I-T+C); L

+ (5 - 18T + T2 + 72C - 58et2) go 1 (8)

MAPPRO 861

Table 1. Earth ellipsoid parameters (modified from Snyder, 1987)

Constant Value Definition

Clark I866 ellipsoid

a 6.378.206.4 Equatorial radius of Earth ellipsoid (meters) b 6,356,583.8 Polar radius of Earth ellipsoid (meters) e 8.227185E-2 Earth ellipsoid eccentricity International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics 1924 (IUGG) ellipsoid

: 6,378,388.0 Equatorial radius of Earth ellipsoid (meters) 6,356,911.9 Polar radius of Earth ellipsoid (meters) 8.199198E-2 Earth ellipsoid eccentricity

Geodetic Reference System 1980 (GRS 80) ellipsoid

: 6,378,137.0 Equatorial radius of Earth ellipsoid (meters) 6,356,752.3 Polar radius of Earth ellipsoid (meters)

e 8.181921E-2 Earth ellipsoid eccentricity World Geodetic System 1972 (WGS 72) ellipsoid

6,378,135.0 Equatorial radius of Earth ellipsoid (meters) 6,356,750.5 Polar radius of Earth ellipsoid (meters) 8.181885E-2 Earth ellipsoid eccentricity

y=k,, M-M,,+Ntan4 [

x ;+(5-T+9C+4C2); [ +(61 - 58T + T2

+ 6ooc - 330ef2) g 11

where:

e” e2

=p (1 - e2)

T = tan2 4 (11)

C = e” cos’ 4 (12)

A = (A - I,)cos 4. (13)

N, M, and M,, are calculated as in the Polyconic procedure. The constant k, is the central meridian scale factor (0.9996 for the UTM). The UTM system is derived directly from Equations (8)-(13) where do is always the equator (O’), 1, is the central meridian of the 6” UTM zone, and 500,000 false easting is added to the calculated x value of Equation (8).

The Lambert Conformal Conic projection

The Lambert Conformal Conic projection has the following characteristics: (1) latitude lines are unequally spaced arcs of concentric circles, (2) longitude lines are equally spaced radii of the same circles thereby cutting latitude at right angles, and (3) scale is true along the two standard parallels of latitude. This projection has been used for maps of regions with predominant east-west extent. Given a (equatorial radius), e (eccentricity of ellipsoid), 0, (standard south parallel), e2 (standard north parallel), &,, &, 4, and I, the rectangular coordinates x, y are calculated from:

x = p sin f$

Y =PO-Pcos4

(14)

(15)

where:

p = aFT”

e=n+&)

pO = aFT;1

(lnm, -lnm,)

’ = (In 1, - In t2)

cos 4 m=(l- e2 sin2 f#i)“,’

F=s 1

(16)

(17)

(18)

(1%

(20)

(21)

(22)

where, in Equations (15)-(22), the “0” subscript refers to values calculated using latitude-longitude values of the origin (40, A,), and the “1” and “2” subscripts refer to values calculated using the north and south standard parallels (45” and 33”N for 1: 500,000 scale base maps of the conterminous United States; other values for other series).

The Albers Equal-Area Conic projection

The Albers Equal-Area Conic projection possesses the following properties: (1) the projection is equal- area, therefore, it preserves the area dimensions of equal latitude-longitude extents, (2) lines of latitude are unequally spaced arcs of concentric circles more closely spaced at the north and south edges of the projection, (3) lines of longitude are equally spaced radii of the same circles in (2) and cut lines of latitude at right angles, and (4) there is no distortion of scale or geometry along the two standard parallels (for the United States 29.5” and 455”N). This projection is used for equal-area maps of predominantly east-west expanse, especially the contenninous United States (Snyder, 1987). Given the parameters a, e, +,, 42, +o,

862 D. Allison

A,, 4, and 1, the Cartesian coordinates x, y for the Albers projection are calculated from the Lambert Equations (14), (1 S), and (17), however, p and related variables for the Albers projection are calculated as:

(23)

c = m; + nq,

(m: - m:)

n = (q2-4,)

(24)

(25)

4 =(I -e2) 1 _;yzn24 [ 1 - e sin f#

1 + e sin 4 11 . (26) Equations (20), (21), and (22) from the Lambert Conformal Conic projection are used to calculate M, t, and F for the Albers projection. The definition of the “O”, “I”, and “2” subscripts in Equations (24) and (25) are the same as in the Lambert projection.

The Mercator projection

The well-known Mercator projection may be used to display maps of the world. The characteristics of the Mercator projection include parallel equally spaced lines of longitude, and parallel but increasingly spaced lines of latitude. The scale of the projection is true along the equator, or along two parallels equidistant from the equator. The poles of the projection are located at infinity, therefore, Mercator projections should be termined at approximately 80 degrees north and south latitude. The Mercator projection introduces a relatively large positive scale distortion with increasing distance from the equator. The equations for this type of ellipsoid projection are relatively simple compared to the other projections:

x = a(L -A,) (27)

where a is the equatorial radius of the ellipsoid, and e is the eccentricity. 4 and 1 are the latitude- longitude coordinates of interest.

PROGRAM INPUT/OUTPUT

MAPPRO is designed to operate in three modes: (1) to process a data file, (2) to construct projected latitude-longitude grids, and (3) to process user input interactively. Format specifications for MAPPRO input files are listed in Appendix A. Processing of a data file produces a minimum of two output files. The output file with a “PRN” file name extension lists the input latitude-longitude pair on the same line with the calculated projection coordinates. An example of this type of output file is listed in Appendix B. The other output file format will have a “DXF” file

extension, and it is a drawing exchange format (DXF) developed by AutoDesklm for their CAD program AutoCAD’“. The DXF format is supported widely by CAD and GIS software as a universal ASCII import format for graphical data. The contents of the DXF file is more or less the ASCII equivalent to the binary AutoCAD native file format. MAPPRO can write optionally calculated position results to a comma delimited text file (CDF). The CDF type of file format is useful for importing the results into a variety of database and spreadsheet programs.

For a given line in the input data file (Appendix C is a listing of an example input file), the first two parameters describe the latitude-longitude coordinate pair, with at least one blank separating each field. Note that western hemisphere longitudes should be entered as negative values, as should southern hemisphere latitudes. MAPPRO supports latitude- longitude data in degrees-minutes-seconds (DMS) format and radian format in addition to the default

decimal degree format (see Appendix A for input file format rules). The parameter occurring after the latitude-longitude data is a single character code that indicates the type of data that follows on the remainder of the line. An “S” indicates that the remaining data is a station location, an “L” indicates that linear

orientation data follows, and a “P” indicates that a planar orientation follows on that line. The next parameter on a data file line, which follows the data type flag, indicates the name of the symbol block that will be inserted and centered on the )c. _V coordinates calculated from the preceding latitude and longitude. Following the block name parameter are the scale factor of the block and a label, respectively. If the data type is indicated as a planar or linear structure, the label is interpreted as the orientation data. Appendix D contains a session log for MAPPRO processing a file containing geographic and structure data. The symbol blocks referenced by the DXF file exist within the CAD/GIS software environment and must be defined within that system before the DXF import step is taken (Appendix E). An example of geographic/structure symbols imported into Auto- CAD from MAPPRO is displayed in Figure 1. In practice, the block symbols should be constructed on a 1 x 1 unit grid so that factor calculations are simplified for a variety of different map scales.

If the data type flag indicates posting of station markers (“S”), the label parameter is read by the program as a single text string, which will become the station label on the map when the DXF file is imported. If the data type flag indicates planar or linear structure orientation data (“P” or “L”), the appropriate calculations are made for the rotation of the symbol block, and for the placement of the dip/ plunge value (see Fig. 1). MAPPRO makes adjust- ment automatically for plotting special attitudes of structure data. If a planar data element has a dip value of 0, the character “0” is appended to the name of the symbol block used on that line of the data file.

MAPPRO 863

Figure 1. Screen displaying examples of geographic/geologic symbols inserted with MAPPRO.

For example if the attitude “N 45 E 0 E” is encoun- tered on a data line that refers to the “Sl” symbol, the name of the symbol block will be changed to “SlO”. Likewise, a “N 45 E 90 E” attitude and “Sl” combination would yield an actual block symbol name of “S190” embedded within the DXF file. It is the responsibility of the user to design the appropriate matching symbols for these special situations. Note that Appendix C contains the input file that was processed by MAPPRO to produce the Appendix B output file. Comparison of Appendices B and C may clarify the logic that MAPPRO uses to process special attitudes.

In addition to posting latitude-longitude coordinates from data files, MAPPRO can construct projected latitude-longitude grid lines based on interactive user input. Figure 2 displays a 7.5’ latitude- longitude UTM grid constructed for Alabama with MAPPRO and imported into AutoCAD. The utility of the map grid mode is that quadrangle map boundaries, which are composed of latitude and longitude lines, can be plotted mathematically to the precision of the computer, rather than being digitized by hand. The process of digitizing map boundaries by hand is error-prone, and virtually guarantees gaps or overlaps when several adjacent quadrangles are merged together. The PRN output file produced by MAP- PRO contains a record of the grid latitude-longitude intersection coordinates for reference.

An interactive mode is included within MAPPRO for those situations when only a few projection coordinates are desired. As with the posting from data file mode, a record of the calculated rectangular coordinates are printed to the PRN output file and to the screen. However, no DXF file will be produced

‘Program listing is available on the C&G ftp server. See a recent issue of the journal for information of accessibility to the server.

from an interactive session. A flowchart that dia- grams the run-time flow of various program options is displayed in Figure 3.

PROGRAM STRUCTURE

MAPPRO’ is coded in the TurboPascal’” (version 4.x and higher) dialect of the Pascal programming

Figure 2. State of Alabama outline and county boundaries superimposed on 7.5’ Universal Transverse Mercator grid.

CAGE0 21,7--D

864 D. Allison

MAPPRO FLOWCHART

Figure 3. MAPPRO program flowchart

language. The compiler is produced by Borland Internationaltm and is the most widespread Pascal compiler for IBM PC platforms. Every effort was made in coding the program to remove the platform- specific portions of the programming language, however, small changes undoubtedly will have to be made for other platforms unless a version of the Turbo- Pascal compiler exists for a specific platform. Por- tions of the code that are likely to cause portability problems are commented in the source code. These primarily are sections of the program related to file management. The reader should note that a version of MAPPRO exists that makes extensive use of the PC-compatible hardware/software resources made available by the turboPascal run-time environment. This produces an executable program that is more forgiving of errors, and that is easier to use, but which executes only in the DOS/PC environment. This version of the program will be made available upon request.

The source code of the MAPPRO program is organized in the typical top-down, modular frame- work of a traditional Pascal program. Most of the program code is related to input/output operations whereas a relatively small proportion is devoted to conversion of latitude-longitude to rectangular coordinates. Projection calculations within MAPPRO are processed by the procedure LatLongToXY, which accepts two string parameters (LatStr and LongStr) containing the latitude and longitude coordinates to be converted to the projection coordinates. The Lat- LongToXY procedure dispatches a coordinate conversion request to the appropriate projection algorithm based on the value of the Projection value parameter. The Projection parameter is of type Pro- jection Type-a good example of the ability of Pascal to define variable types based on a user-defined ordinal set of identifiers. In this situation the names of the projection algorithms (UTM, Transverse- Mercator, Polycoolc, AlbersEqualArea, Conformal Conic, and Mercator) serve to identify the possible

range of the Projection variable. Therefore, the LatLongToXY procedure is passed the latitude and longitude coordinate, decides on the appropriate projection algorithm based on the value of the Projection parameter, and returns the rectangular coordinates of the projection back to the calling procedure in the parameters X and Y. The values of the returned X and Y values fix the position of location in the current projection system relative to the origin of that system.

The majority of the MAPPRO code is involved in accepting and checking input from the user, and outputing results. The procedures ReportError, Set- Defaults, Explain, GetInput, SetMapParameter, Out- putResults, and OutputDXF are designed primarily to process input from the user and from disk file, and output results to disk file. The user supplies configur- ation information to the program by interactively answering a series of prompts. Some of the described procedures check input data for validity so that MAPPRO can trap errors when necessary.

The latitude-longitude data that are converted to rectangular coordinates may be used in one of three ways: (1) to post data locations onto a digitized base map, (2) to construct a latitude-longitude grid, or (3) to determine interactively the projection coordinates. The procedures PostLocationData, MakeLatLong- Grid, and DoInteractive process the given three tasks, respectively. If the user selects posting data or latitude-longitude grid, a DXF file is constructed. If the user selects the interactive mode of operation the program simply calculates the projection coordinates and prints the results to the screen. This mode is most useful when the user wishes to know the coordinates of only a small number of latitude-longitude pairs.

If the posting of data is selected by the user, the MAPPRO program will read data from a data file that contains the latitude-longitude coordinates of the data point, and additional information that indicates the type of symbol, size of the symbol, and orientation data (e.g. bedding, foliation, joints, lineations, etc.), if applicable. The PRN file output by MAPPRO could be used conceivably as input into other programs, however, the primary purpose of MAPPRO is the construction of the DXF file that contains the information necessary for the CAD/GIS system to draw graphically the station markers or structure symbols on a digital base map. A series of procedures coordinate the construction of the DXF file, all of which begin with a DXF prefix. For example, the procedure DXFopen opens a DXF file for output, while DXFline draws a line between two specified points.

If the user selects the option to construct a latitude and longitude grid, the program will prompt for information in the same sequence as described for posting location data. In this situation, however, the map extents indicated by the user are the limits of the latitude and longitude grid to be constructed. Additional prompts ask for the spacing, in units of

MAPPRO 865

degrees, minutes, and seconds of latitude and longitude, to be used between adjacent lines of latitude and longitude. The user also is prompted for the values of the resolution of the latitude or longitude line. The resolution value controls the spacing between end- points of line segments so that a smooth curve can be simulated for map areas that cover large latitude and longitude extents. The DXF file created may be imported into CAD/GIS applications to overlay the grid lines onto a base map (see Fig. 2). Alternatively, the latitude and longitude grid lines may be used as map quadrangle boundaries. In addition to eliminat- ing offsets between quadrangle boundaries, use of mathematically defined boundaries make possible true matching of continuous features such as road networks, drainage, and political boundaries.

Selection of the interactive mode of operation will cause MAPPRO to issue the same series of prompts issued for posting data and gridding modes as described. However, when all necessary initialization parameters have been entered, MAPPRO prompts the user for latitude and longitude coordinates and converts them into the desired projection system coordinates on the video screen. These values also are saved to disk via a PRN file for later reference, or for later printing. The flowchart presented in Figure 3 summarizes the possible run-time pathways followed by MAPPRO and dependent upon the mode of operation as described.

The procedures that calculate map projection coordinates are dependent upon several global variables used within all of the map projection mathematical procedures. These variables are implemented as global constants so that program modifications may be made easily if improved values of the global constants are available. Table 1 lists the constants used by the projection algorithms by name, value, and definition respectively. Note that several different measurements of the Earth ellipsoid are listed in Table 1. Before using MAPPRO the user should ensure that the map datum is consistent with values of a and b in Table I. MAPPRO calculates the value of the Earth’s eccentricity (e) from the values of u and b in Table 1 as part of the main program initialization section, therefore, there is actually no e constant defined within the program. Instead, e is a global variable that is calculated at run-time from the relationship:

/ hz\ 1!2

Therefore, by setting the value of the global constants a and b, MAPPRO will adjust all of the map projection algorithms to take into account the new definition of the Earth ellipsoid geometry.

INTERFACING WITH CAD/GIS

The station and orientation symbols referenced in the DXF import file created by MAPPRO are referred to as block inserts by AutoCADIm. A block is

a collection of graphic primitives such as lines, circles, text, and other entities that can be inserted as a single coherent object within the CAD/GIS file. These block symbols are constructed with the CAD/GIS system entity creation commands, and are inserted into a drawing at specific locations, scales, and orientations as indicated in the DXF import file. Within the AutoCAD program, the equivalent manual procedure is accomplished with the “INSERT” command. Therefore, the block symbols that are referenced in the DXF file should be defined already within the CAD or GIS system before the DXF file is actually imported. An example of this procedure is listed in Appendix E. The DXF file is imported into the base map file with the AutoCAD “DXFIN” command, which accepts the name of the import file as input. An example of imported structural orientation symbology from within the AutoCAD drawing editor screen is displayed in Figure 1. By using MAPPRO to project latitude-longitude data onto digital base maps, the end-user can maintain a single consistent coordinate system for regional mapping projects. By using this approach, the project coordinator can ensure that individual large-scale mapping projects will merge together to form a regional map without the need for resealing or repositioning individual maps.

The MAPPRO program evaluates the type of block symbol associated with each latitude and longitude coordinate based on the symbol name code included in each line of the data file. For this reason, station and orientation data may be mixed freely within a single data file. Data block symbols for virtually any type of geographic data can be created in the GIS/CAD program and these names referenced in the MAPPRO input file.

If the user selects the gridding mode of operation from the initial prompt, the MAPPRO program will construct a grid of latitude and longitude lines based on the lower-left and upper-right corners of the map, entered in latitude and longitude format, and on the increment spacing. The primary purpose of the grid option is to provide a method by which map quadrangle boundaries can be plotted based on several common map projections. If several quadrangle maps are merged together, for example, the boundaries will match perfectly because they are defined mathematically rather than manually digitized. This eliminates any possibility of overlaps or gaps that are the result of manual digitizing error.

The interactive mode the MAPPRO program prompts the user to enter a latitude and longitude coordinate that the MAPPRO program later converts to a projection coordinate. The interactive mode of the program is intended for those situations where the user requires the projection coordinates for a small data set, such as determination of four latitude- longitude projection coordinates for calibrating a map to a digitizer while under control of GISjCAD software.

866 D. Allison

INTERFACING WITH DATABASE SYSTEMS

The posting of geographic data is most efficient when controlled by the powerful query tools provided by modern database-management systems (DBMS). Although MAPPRO does not possess database- management capability, its ability to work with a structured ASCII input file format enables the indi- rect interfacing of MAPPRO with database software. This author routinely has used a popular personal computer database program, ParadoxLm, to organize geographic data. With the query commands of the DBMS, data that conforms to user-defined criteria can be selected and written to disk in a format compatible with MAPPRO input files. The organization of data with a DBMS allows the user to sort the data based on any of the data fields contained within the database file. For example, although all data from several quadrangles may have been entered into a DBMS data file, a query can be constructed that would extract only those data contained within a specific quadrangle if that information is coded into “quadrangle” field. This would make possible the plotting of only those data that fall within the specific quadrangle. Alternatively, Boolean query operators allow data extraction for a specific rectangular area of the coordinate system if x and y coordinates are coded as fields in the database. Although sophisti- cated database query operations require some exper- tise with the database software, experienced database programmers can construct programs in the DBMS native language that are tailored to the needs of a specific task, therefore, reducing the complexity of the task. Figure 4 displays the organization of DBMS files used by the author to track the location of attitude data collected from research fieldwork. Note the “ST” field that is common to both DBMS files; this field can be used to link the two files for query operations on any fields common to both files. This relational link is important because it can reduce dramatically the amount of redundant information in the DBMS files.

U.S. STATE PLANE COORDINATE SYSTEM

The U.S. State Plane coordinate system (SPCS) establishes a minimum of one and up to a maximum of ten Cartesian coordinate systems (zones) for a given state. Table 2 lists the type of map projection for each coordinate system zone, and the origin, for all of the states. Using the data from Table 2, MAPPRO can be configured to output results in SPCS. Because the USGS includes this coordinate system on most of its maps, and because users may have digitized map data with this coordinate system, this capability may be important to some potential users. Appendix F is a listing of a MAPPRO session that configures the program to output results in the Alabama east zone SPCS. The Appendix F session constructs the boundaries of the USGS Elmore 15” quadrangle (southwest

Figure 4. Example of ; ttitude database file structure in Paradox.

corner: 32”30’, - 86”30’; northeast corner: 32”45’, -86”lS) within the Alabama SPCS east zone. The parameters used in this session were taken directly from Table 2. Note that the quadrangle boundary, although spanning 15” of latitude and longitude, was constructed with 1’ of resolution so that each side of the quadrangle boundary is in fact composed of 15 line segments to simulate the slight amount of curvature from the projection. The latitude and longitude resolution parameters become increasingly important as the latitude-longitude extents of the map area increased because more line segments are required to approximate the increased curvature of latitude- longitude lines.

SUMMARY

MAPPRO is designed to convert latitude- longitude coordinates to rectangular projection coordinates based on several common map projection algorithms. In addition to the conversion of latitude- longitude to projection coordinates, the program is able to plot geographic/geologic data. Geologic data are plotted as oriented structure symbols that are created by the end-user within GISjCAD environments. These symbols may be imported via a

MAPPRO 867

Table 2. State Plane Coordinate System (SPCS) parameters (modified from Snyder, 1987)

Area Projection’ Zones Area Projection Zones

Alabama T 2 Alaska T 8

Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticu Delaware Florida

Georgia Hawaii

L H T L L L

it L T T L T T

Idaho T Illinois T Indiana T Iowa L Kansas L Kentucky L Louisiana L Maine T Maryland L Massachusetts L Michigan’ obsolete T current L Minnesota L Mississippi T Missouri T

Transverse Mercator projection

Zone Central meridian Scale reduction’ Origin4 (latitude)

Alabama East West

Alaska5 2 3 4

6

8 9

Arizona East Central West

Delaware Florida’

East West

Georgia East West

Hawaii

4

Idaho East Central West

3 2 7

Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York

3 North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Puerto Rico &

Virgin Islands Rhode Island Samoa South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee- Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming

2

2 5 3 2 2 2 2 2 3 2

L L T T T T T L L L L L L L

L T L L L L L L T L L L L T

3 2 3

3

I 2 2

5

2

2 3 4

85”5O’W. I : 25,000 30”3O’N 87”30’ 1:15,000 30%

142”OO 146”OO’ 15O”OO 154”OO’ 158”OO’ 162”OO 166”OO’ 17O”OO

I10”10’ lll”55’ 1 l3”45’ 75”25’

8l”OO’ 82”OO’

82”lO 84”lO’

155”30 156”40’

I : 10,000 1: 10,000 I : 10,000 1: 10,000 1: 10,000 I : 10,ooo 1: 10,000 I : 10,000

1: 10,000 I : 10,000 I : 15,000 I : 200,000

1:17,000 1:17,000

1: 10,000 I : 10,000

1: 30,000 I : 30,000

54”OO’ 54”OO 54”OO 54”OO 54”OO 54”OO 54”OO 54”OO

31”OO 31”OO 3l”OO’ 38’00

24”20’ 24”20’

3O”OO 3O”OO’

18”50’ 20”20

158”OO’ I : 100,000 21”lO 159”30’ 1: 100.000 21”50’ 160’10 0 21”40

112”lO 1: 19,000 41”40 I14”OO’ I : 19,000 41”40’ 1 I5O45’ I : 15,000 41”40

Continued overleaf

868 D. Allison

Zone

Table 2-Continued

Central meridian Scale reduction’ Origin4 (latitude)

Illinois East West

Indiana East West

Maine East West

Michigan (old)5 East Central West

Mississippi East West

Missouri East Central West

Nevada East Central West

New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico

East Central West

New York5 East Central West

Rhode Island Vermont Wyoming

East East Central West Central West

88”20 9O”lO’

85’40 87”05’

68”30’ 7O”lO’

83”40’ 85’45’ 88”45’

88’50 90”20’

90”30 92”30’ 94”30

11535’ 1 l6”40’ ll8”35’ I I”40’ 74”40

104”20’ 106”15’ lO7”50’

74’20 76”35’ 78”35’ 71”30’ 72’30’

105”lO’ 107”20’ 108”45’ 101’05’

I : 40,000 l:l7,000

I : 30,000 I : 30,000

I : 10,000 I : 30,000

I : 17,500 1:11,000 1:11,000

I : 25,000 I : 17.000

I : 15,000 I : 15,000 I : 17,000

I : 10,000 I : 10,000 I : 10,000 I : 30,000 I : 40,000

1:11,000 I : 10,000 I : 12,000

I : 30,000 I: 16,000 l:l6,000 I : 160,000 I : 28,000

I : 17,000 I : I7.000 l:l7,000 I : 17.000

34”40 3640

37”30 37”30’

43”50 42”50

41”30’ 41”30 41”30’

29”40’ 30”30’

35’50’ 35”50’ 36”lO

34L45’ 3445’ 34”45’ 42”30’ 38’50

3 l”O0’ 3l”OO 3l”OO’

4O”OO 4O”OO’ 4O”OO’ 41”05’ 42”30’

40”40’ 40”40 40”40’ 40”40

Lambert Conformal Conic projection

Zone Standard parallels Origin*

longitude Origin

latitude

Alaska5 IO

Akansas North South

California

II III IV V VI VII

Colorado North Central South

Connecticut Florida’

North Iowa

North South

51’5O’N.

34‘56 33’18’

4O”OO’ 38”20’ 37’04 36”OO’ 34’02’ 32 ‘47’ 33”52’

39’43’ 38”27’ 37’14 41‘12’

29”35’

42”04’ 40”37’

53”50’N

36’14 34”46’

4 l-40’ 39”50 38”26’ 37,‘15’ 35”28’ 33”53’ 34”25’

40”47’ 39”45’ 38”26’ 41”52’

30”45’

43” 16’ 4 I”47’

I 76”OO’W.66

92”OO 92”OO

122%) 122”OO’ 120”30’ ll9”OO Il8”OO’ Il6”15’ I l8”20’

105”30’ lO5”30’ lO5”30 72”45’

84”30’

93”30’ 93”30

5l”OO’N.

3420 32”40

39”20’ 37”40’ 36”30 35”20’ 33”30 32”lO’ 34”08’6b

39”20’ 37”50’ 36”40’ 40”50’”

2900’

41”30’ 4O”OO

Continued

MAPPRO 869

Zone

Table 2-Continued

Standard parallels Origin”

longitude Origin

latitude

Kansas North South

Kentucky North South

Louisiana North South Offshore

Maryland Massachusetts

Mainland Island

Michigan (current)5 North Central South

Minnesota North Central South

Montana North Central South

Nebraska North South

New York5 Long Island

North Carolina North Dakota

North South

Ohio North South

Oklahoma North South

Oregon North South

Pennsylvania North South

Puerto Rica and Virgin Islands

2 (St. Croix) Samoa South Carolina

North South

South Dakota North South

Tennessee Texas

North North central Central South central South

38”43’ 37”16’

37”58’ 36”44’

31”lO 29” 18’ 26”lO 38”18’

41”43’ 41”17’

45”29’ 44”ll’ 42”06

47”02’ 4537’ 43”47’

47”Sl’ 4627’ 44”52’

41”51’ 40”17’

40”40 34”20’

47”26’ 46”ll’

40“26 38”44’

35”34 33”56’

w20 4220

40”53’ 39’56

18”02 18”02’ 14”16’S.

33”46 32”20’

44”25’ 42”50 35”15’

34”39’ 32”08’ 30”07’ 28’23’ 26”lO’

39”47’ 38”34

98”OO 98”30’

38”58’ 37”56

84” 15’ 85’45’

32”40 30”42’ 27”SO 39”27’

92’30 91”20’ 91’20 77”OO’

42”41’ 41”29’

71”30’ 70’30

47”05’ 45”42 43”40’

87”OO’ 8420 84”20’

48”38’ 47”03’ 45”13’

93”06’ 9415’ 94”OO’

48”43’ 47”53’ 46”24

109”30’ 109’30’ 109”30

42”49 41”43’

100”00 99”30’

41”02’ 36”lO

74’00’ 79”OO’

48”44 47”29

lOO”30’ lOO”30’

41”42 40”02’

82’30 82”30’

36”46’ 35”14’

98’00 98’00

46”OO 44”OO’

120”30’ 120’30

41”57’ 40’58’

77”45’ 77”45’

18”26 18”26’

(single)

66”26 66’26’

170”00’~~

3458’ 8l”OO’ 33”40 8l”OO

45”41’ 44”24 3625’

100”00’ 100”20’ 8600’

36”ll’ 33”58’ 31”53’ 30”17’ 27”50

101”30 97”30’

lOo”20 9900’ 98”30

38”20’ 36”40

37”30 36”20’

30”40 28”40’ 25’40 37”50’”

4l”OWM 41”OO’”

W47’ 43” 19’ 41”30’

46”30 45”OO’ 43”OO

47”OO 45”50’ 44”OO

41’20 39”40

40”30’6’ 33”45’

47”OO 45”40

39”40 38’00’

35”OO’ 33’20

43”40’ 41”40

4O”IO’ 39’20

17”50’69 ,7’50’“‘9

33”OO 31”50

43”50’ 4220 34”40’6’

34”OO’ 31;40 29’40 27”50’ 25”40’

Continued overleaf

870 D. Allison

Table 2-Continued

Zone

Utah North Central South

Virginia North South

Washington North South

West Virginia North South

Wisconsin North Central South

Standard parallels

40”43’ 41”47’ 39”Ol’ 40”39’ 37”13’ 38”21’

38”02’ 39”12’ 36”46’ 37”58’

47”30’ 48”44’ 45”50 47”20

Origin’ longitude

111”30’ 111”30 lll”30’

78”30 78”30

120”50’ 120”30’

Origin latitude

40”20 38”20 36”40

37”40 36”20

47”OO’ 45”20’

39”OO 40”15’ 79”30 38”30’ 37”29’ 38”53’ 8l”OO 37”OO

45”34’ 46”46’ 9o”OO’ 45”lO 44”15’ 45”30’ 9O”OO 43”50’ 42”44 44”04’ 9O”OO’ 42”OO

Hotline Oblique Mercator projection

Center projection

Zone longitude’ Azimuth of Scale

Latitude central line reduction*

Alaska4 I 133”04’W.‘” 57”OO’N. arctan( -3/4) 1: 10,000

Great Lakes (U.S. Lake Survey, not State plane coordinates) 1 (Erie, Ont., St. Lawrence R.) 78”00’7b 44”OO 55”40 1: 10,000 2 (Huron) 82”30”’ 44”OO’ 55”40’ 1: 10,000 3 (Michigan) 87”00’7d 44”OO 15”OO I : 10,000 4 (Superior, Lake 88”50’ 47”12’ 285”41’ 1: 10,000

of the Woods) 00.256”” 21.554” 42.593” -

Note-All of the svstems are based on the Clarke 1866 ellipsoid and are based on the 1927 datum unless otherwise noted. Origin refers to rectangular coordinates.

‘T: Transverse Mercator; L: Lambert Conformal Conic; H: Hotline Oblique Mercator. *The major and minor axes of the ellipsoid are taken at exactly 1.0000382 times those

of the Clarke 1866, for Michigan only. This incorporates an average elevation throughout the state of about 800 ft, with limited variation.

‘Along the central meridian. “At origin, x = 500,000 ft, y = 0 ft, except for Alaska zone 7, x = 700,000 ft; Alaska zone

9, x = 600,000 ft; and New Jersey, x = 2,000,OOO ft. 5Additional zones listed in this table under other projection(s). 6At origin, x = 200,000 ft except (a) x = 3,000,OOO ft, (b) x = 4,186,692.58 ft,

y = 4,160,926.74 ft, (c) x = 800,000 ft, (d) x = 600,000 ft, (e) x = 200,000 ft, (f) )? = 100,000 ft, (g) x = 500,000 ft, (h) x = 500,000 ft, y = 0 ft but radius to lat. of origin = - 82,000,OOO ft.

‘At center, (a) x = 5,000,OOO m, y = - 5,000,OOO m; (b) x = -3,950,OOO m, I; = -3.400.000 m: Cc) x = 1.2000.000 m. v = -3.500.00 m: (d) x = - 1.000.000 m. i y = -430,060 m; \ej ‘x = 9,bOO,O60 m, 1970).

8At central point.

standard file format (DXF) into digitized base maps without modifications, such as resealing or resizing, if the base map is digitized using a supported map projection coordinate system. The process of plotting geographic/geologic data is most efficient if the data are maintained by DBMS software. DBMS can process complex queries that allow the user maximum flexibility for plotting geographic data on base maps. MAPPRO, in combination with CAD/GE software, provides the user with the ability to automate the otherwise time-consuming task of manually digitizing and inserting geographically controlled symbols into digital base maps.

,, h’= - 1,800,000 m ’ (Berry and Bormanis,

Acknowledgments-The author wishes to acknowledge that MAPPRO was constructed to process data that was collected during the field research support phase of a University of South Alabama Research Council Grant 3-61424. Early versions of the map projection algorithms were coded while the author was employed by the Florida Geological Survey. Mark Groszos (Florida State University) and Jon Arthur (Florida Geological Survey) deserve much credit for their many suggestions and comments that have greatly improved MAPPRO and this manuscript.

REFERENCES

Snyder, J. P., 1985, Computer-assisted map projection research: U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 1629, 157~.

Snyder, J. P., 1987, Map Projections-a working manual: U.S. Geol Survey Prof. Paper 1395, 383 p.

MAPPRO 871

APPENDIX A

Input Data File Format

The following is a description of the data file format used for posting station or structure data onto digital base maps with MAPPRO. For station data the given parameters should occur on each line of the data file in the order listed, with at least one blank space separating each parameter:

[Parameter I] Latitude degrees [ + / -1 [Parameter 21 Latitude minutes [Parameter 31 Latitude seconds, with decimal places if desired [Parameter 41 Longitude degrees [+/-I [Parameter 51 Longitude minutes [Parameter 61 Longitude seconds, with decimal places if desired [Parameter 71 Type of data flag “S” for station data, “L” for linear data, and “P” for planar data. [Parameter 81 Block name [Parameter 91 Block scale

example: 32 45 12.13 -83 7 30.33 S ST 50 RA-001

In this example, the program would interpret the data as having a latitude-longitude coordinate of 32”42’12.14” north latitude, and 83”7’30.33” west longitude. The format is valid when MAPPRO is instructed by the user to use degrees-minutes-seconds (DMS) format.

The DXF file would contain instruction for the CAD/GIS program to insert a symbol block named “ST” of size 50 units at the projection coordinates calculated from the latitude-longitude coordinate. The “S” parameter is the code that indicates that the current data line should be plotted as a station marker; therefore, the label “RA-001” will be attached to the block symbol “ST” as a text attribute that will be plotted next to the marker. Note that the example assumes that the “DMS” format for latitude-longitude was selected. If the user selects decimal degrees format, the first 6 fields should be condensed into a latitude and longitude field in decimal degrees. The same would be true of radian format where the latitude-longitude values are entered in radians. If decimal degrees were selected, the example should be entered as:

example: 32.753369 -83.125092 S ST 50 RA-001

If radian angles for latitude-longitude are selected when executing MAPPRO, the example should be entered as:

example: 0.57165413 - I .45080654

Linear Structure Data

If the data type flag indicates linear structure data, then the following applies:

[Parameter lo] Bearing quadrant, “N” or “s” for north or south [Parameter 1 I] Bearing azimuth O-90 [Parameter 121 Bearing quadrant, “E” or “W” [Parameter 131 Plunge amount, O-90

example: -32 23 55.0 - 150 0 59.9 L Ll 200 N 30 E 76

In this example, the “L” code after the latitude and longitude indicate that the remainder of the data line contains linear structure orientation data. The “Ll” is the name of the symbol block to be used and it will be inserted with a size of 200 units. The “Ll” block will be inserted with a rotation of 30 degrees east of north, with a plunge value of 76 degrees attached as a text attribute to the symbol. Note that the latitude and longitude is interpreted by the program as 32’23’55.O”S and 150”0’59.9”W respectively.

Planar Structure Data

If the data type flat indicates planar structure data, the following applies:

[Parameter lo] “N” [Parameter I I] Strike angle, O-90 [Parameter 121 Strike quadrant, “E” or “W” [Parameter 131 Dip amount, O-90 [Parameter 141 Dip quadrant, “E” or “w”

example: 45 0 0 160 0 0 P Sl 200 N 45 W I2 W

This example for planar structure data (“P”) would result in a block named “Sl” being inserted at the projection coordinates specified by the latitude-longitude coordinate with a size of 200 units. The “Sl” symbol would be rotated to the appropriate orientation (45 degrees west of north), and have attached as a text attribute the dip amount of I2 degrees on the southwest side of the symbol block.

Special Attitudes

Although the general format as described works well for most data, special attitudes must be processed differently. MAPPRO processes special values of plunge/dip in the following manner:

I. If a planar structure has a dip of 0, or a linear structure a plunge of 0, the character “0” is appended to the block symbol name referenced in the DXF import file (i.e. “Sl” would become “SIO”, “Ll” would become “Ll90”).

2. If a planar structure has a dip of 90, or a linear structure a plunge of 90, the characters “90” are appended to the block symbol name (i.e. “Sl” would become “Sl90”, “LI” would become “Ll90”).

872 D. Allison

The end user should be aware that each special attitude symbol, such as “Ll90” or “S190” must be constructed independently of MAPPRO and inserted within the drawing file before importing the DXF file.

Fold hinge data presents special problems because it usually is necessary to attach symmetry symbology to measurements where it was observed in the field. This situation is processed in a way that is similar to the special attitudes as described:

I. When reading the input file, MAPPRO scans linear structure data lines in the input file for a 14th parameter following the plunge amount. If this parameter is a single character in the set [“S”, “Z”, “M”], MAPPRO assumes that this character refers to the symmetry of a fold hinge.

2. If MAPPRO assumes that the current linear data contains symmetry information, a “S”, “Z”, or “M” is appended to the name of the block for that current line. For example, if the current line contains a “S 45 E 5 Z” attitude and an “F3” block name, the result would be a DXF block reference of “F3Z”. The “F3Z” block symbol should be created by the user to contain a “Z” symmetry marker so as to indicate the symmetry of the hinge.

For planar data, if a 15th parameter is present following the attitude, and it is a single “0” character, MAPPRO assumes that the current planar data is overturned bedding. In this situation an upper case “0” character is appended to the block name for the current data element, therefore, in the next example:

example: 32 0 0 -86 0 0 P BED 200 N 45 E 55 W 0 RA-I

a block sample would be inserted with a name of “BEDO”. As with the other examples, it is the responsibility of the user to design an appropriate symbol for the reference to “BEDO”.

APPENDIX B

Output File Example

;Analysis: Posting data (mm input tile test.dat. :kk,D DK&diDn iYDO: UniWfBd Transverse Mercator

No. Latikab 1 +cGzaow.w 2 +0336cmm 3 +a32cmo.w 4 +a?2oow.w 5 +CC3lWW.o0 6 +u31onoo.m 7 +03wmnw 6 -.m 9 KG3woo.w 10 +o33owo.w 11 M32oow.w 12 +032mw.cm 13 +031oow.w 14 +63loooo.m 15 +a3oocmlm 16 +o3owoo.m

X 013795.81a 873795.@16 677984.988 677064.988 662Ul6.880 882ola.880 665S56.385 665956.365 s67332.262 867332.262 972651.462 972551 .A62 977626.696 977626.6e6 962566.431 9625!j6.431

Y 3fs6209.251 36682002Sl 3547246.546 3647248.546 3436293.lm 343s293.M8 3325346.463 3325346.463 36322ta.824 366221 a.624 3551191.560 3551191.560 3440168.644 344Di68.644 332914SS94 332fl149.994

Bbck Sate s190 5om.o

ST IWO.0 SIO 5660.0 ST 1000.0 Sl 5alo.o ST 11XU3.0 Sl 5006.0 ST lOW.0

LIO 5am.o ST 1600.0

Llgo 5oog.o ST 1006.0 Ll soM.0

ST ltJW.0 Ll sMa.0

ST looO.0

Rmtkn -Label -45.0 N45EBOE

0.0 NORTHEAST STRIKE, SOUTHEAST DIP 180.0 N45EOW

0.0 NORTHEAST STRIKE. NORTHWEST DIP

226.0 N45W45W 0.0 NORTHWEST STRIKE. SOUTHWEST DIP

46.0 N45W45E 0.0 NORTHWEST STRIKE, NORTHEAST DIP

45.0 N45EO 0.0 NORTHEAST BEARING

-0.0 S45EQO 0.0 SOUTHEAST BEARING

135.0 s46w45 0.0 SOUTHWEST BEARING

45.0 N45W45 0.0 NORTHWEST BEARING

APPENDIX C

Input File Example

The listing contains the MAPPRO input data file used to create the output listed in Appendix B:

33.000000 -83.000000 P Sl 5000 N 45 E 33 E 33.016667 -83.000000 S ST 10000 Northeast strike, southeast dip 32.000000 -83.000000 P Sl 5000 N 45 E 3 W 32.016667 -83.000000 S ST 1000 Northeast strike, northwest dip 31.000000 -83.090000 P SI 5000 N 45 W 45 W 31.016667 -83.000000 S ST 1000 Northwest strike, southwest dip 30.000000 -83.000000 P Sl 5000 N 45 W 75 E 30.016667 -83.000000 S ST 1000 Northwest strike, northeast dip 33.000000 -82.000000 L LI 5000 N 45 E 13 33.016667 -82.000000 S ST 1000 Northeast bearing 32.000000 -82.090000 L Ll 50000 S 45 E 5 32.016667 -82.000000 S ST 1000 Southeast bearing 31 .OOOOOO - 82.000000 L LI 5000 S 45 W 55 31.016667 -82.090000 S ST 1000 Southwest bearing 30.000000 -82.000900 L Ll 5000 N 45 W 85 30.016667 -82.000000 S ST 1000 Northwest bearing 33.000000 -81.000000 P Sl 5000 N 45 E 90 E 33.016667 -81.9OOOOO S ST 1000 Ex. vertical SI 32.OOOOOO -8l.t)OOOBO P Sl 5000 N 0 E 0 E 32.016667 -81.000000 S ST 1000 Ex. horizontal SI

MAPPRO 873

31.000000 -81.000000 L Ll 5000 S 45 E 90 31.016667 -81.000000 S ST 1000 Ex. vertical Ll 30.000000 -81.000000 L Ll 5000 S 45 W 0 30.000000 -81.000000 S ST 1000 Ex. horizontal LI

APPENDIX D

MAPPRO Session Log

This is a log of program prompts and responses for a MAPPRO session. Responses are printed in bold typeface: C:\TP60\MAPPRO) mappro

by: David T. Allison Dept. of Geology University of South Alabama Mobile, AL 36688 (205) 460-6381

NOTE: western & southern hemisphere latitude-longitude values should be entered as negative values. Do you want an explanation of program options (Y/N) [N]: n (P)osting data, lat-long (G)rid, or (I)nteractive mode [POST]:

post Enter input angle format (“DMS”, “DecDeg”, “Radian”) [DecDeg]: decdeg Enter name of data file: test.dat Enter the DXF file name: test.dxf The default layer name is 0, do you wish to change this (Y/N) [N]: n The height of station labels will be 0.80 multiplied by the block scale. This indicates that the station label height will be 0.80 times the size of the station block that marks the location point. Do you wish to change this (Y/N) p]: n Enter the output results file name (PRN): test.prn Create a comma delimited file (CDF) of calculation results (Y/N) [N]: n

PC-Polyconic (7.5 to 30 minute USGS maps) TM-Transverse Mercator (state maps, I : 250,000 series) CC-Conformal Conic (state maps, l:SOO,OOO to I: l,OOO,OOO) AE-Albers Eaual Area Conic (US man at I : 2.500.000 or less) UT-Universal Transverse Mercator Coordinates M-Mercator

Which type of projection (PC, TM, CC, AE, UT, M) [UT]: ut Enter the U.T.M. grid zone number for the map area [16]: 16 You now must enter a map scale to determine the size of map. If you enter the map scale the output will be the actual size of the map. If you enter 1: I, the output will be the size of the map area in terms of meters or feet. As an example, if you enter I : 24,000 for a I : 24,000 7.5 minute USGS map then a plot of the output will be the same size as the physical map sheet-approximately 0.4 x 0.5 meters. In addition, if any false easting or northing is in effect for coordinate calculations, the scale factor is applied after the false easting and northing is added to calculated x, y coordinates. NOTE: projection units are meters. Please enter the map scale as relational fraction (e.g. I: I) (If not sure use I: I) [l.OO]: 1.00

Processing Point # : I x: 873795.918 y: 3658209.251 Processing Point # : 2 x: 873795.918 y: 3658209.251 Processing Point # : 3 x: 877964.988 y: 3547246.546 Processing Point # : 4 x: 877964.988 y: 3547146.546 Processing Point # : 5 x: 882018.880 y: 3436293.006 Processing Point # : 6 x: 882018.880 y: 3436293.006 Processing Point # : 7 x: 885956.385 y: 3325348.463 Processing Point # : 8 x: 885956.385 JJ: 3325348.463 Processing Point # : 9 x: 967332.262 y: 3662218.824 Processing Point # : IO x: 967332.262 y: 3662218.824 Processing Point # : II x: 972551.462 y: 3551191.560 Processing Point # : 12 x: 972551.462 y: 3551191.560 Processing Point # : I3 x: 977626.696 y: 3440168.644 Processing Point # : I4 x: 977626.696 y: 3440168.644 Processing Point # : I5 x: 982556.413 _r: 3329149.994 Processing Point # : 16 x: 982556.413 y: 3329149.994

Processing complete on file: testdat Remember that DXF file name is: test.dxf Remember that the results text file name is: test.prn Re-run MAPPRO program (Y/N) [N]: n Type any key to exit program..

a74 D. Allison

APPENDIX E

AutoCAD DXF Import Session Log

This is a log of an AutoCAD session where a DXF file produced by MAPPRO is imported into an AutoCAD drawing file. The first step to importing successfully the DXF file is to insert any block symbols referenced by the DEF file into the drawing file. This is done with the INSERT command. Each insert command is terminated prematurely with a (CTRL-C) because it is only necessary to incorporate the memory image of the block into memory. In the log text appearing in braces { } are comments added to clarify operations, and the bold typeface indicates responses typed by the user:

C:ACAD) acad {enter this at DOS prompt to start AutoCAD} Loading acad.lsp . loaded. Loaded menu CLACADacad.mnx {AutoCAD graphical drawing editor is active at this point} Command: insert Block name (or ?): acadstrucst {station marker block} Insertion point: (CTRL-C)*Cancel* Command: insert INSERT Block name (or ?): acadstrucsl {SI block} Insertion point: (CTRL-C)*Cancel* Command: insert INSERT block name (or ?): acadstrucll {L, block} Insertion point: (CTRL-C)*Cancel* Command: insert Block name (or ?): acadstrucsl90 {vertical S, block} Insertion point: (CTRL-C)*Cancel* Command: insert Block name (or ?): acadstrucsI0 {horizontal S, btock} Insertion point: (CTRL-C)*Cancel* Command: Insert INSERT Block name (or ?) acadstrucll0 {horizontal L, block} Insertion point: (CTRL-C)*Cancel* Command: insert INSERT Block name (or ?): acadstrucll90 {vert. L, block} Insertion point: (CTRL-C)*Cancel* Command: dxfin {DXF import command} File name (TEST): test {note that DXF extension not entered} Not a new drawing - - only ENTITIES section will be input, {AutoCAD now draws the imported elements}

APPENDIX F

State Plane coordinate system session with MAPPRO

C:\TP60\MAPPRO) mappro

by: David T. Allison Dept. of Geology University of South Alabama Mobile, AL 36688 (205) 460-6381

NOTE: western & southern hemisphere latitude-longitude values should be entered as negative values. Do you want an explanation of program options (Y/N) [N]: n (P)osting data, lat-long (G)rid, or (1)nteractive mode [POST]: g Enter the DXF file name (DXF): elmore.dxf The default layer name is 0, do you wish to change this (Y/N) [N]: n The height of station labels will be 0.80 multiplied by the block scale. This indicates that the station label height will be 0.80 times the size of the station block that marks the location point. Do you wish to change this (Y/N) [N]: n Enter the output results file name (PRN): elmore.prn Create a comma delimited file (CDF) of calculation results (Y/N) [N]: n

PC-Polyconic (7.5 to 30 minute USGS maps) TM-Transverse Mercator (state maps, 1: 250,000 series) CC-Conformal Conic (state maps, 1: 500,000 to 1: I,OOO,OOO) AE-Albers Equal-Area Conic (US map at 1: 2,500,OOO or less) UT-Universal Transverse Mercator M-Mercator

Type of projection (PC, TM, CC, AE, UT, or M) [UT]: tm Enter the units to use for calculations (F)eet or (M)eters [Ml: f Adjust output coordinates with false easting and northing (Y/N) [N]: y Enter the value for false easting: SOO8lM Enter the value for false northing: 0

MAPPRO 875

You now must enter a map scale to determine the size of map. If you enter the map scale the output will be the actual size of the map. If you enter 1: 1, the output will be the size of the map area in terms of meters or feet. As an example, if you enter 1: 24,000 for a I : 24,000 7.5 minute USGS map then a plot of the output will be the same size as the physical map sheet-approximately 0.4 x 0.5 meters. In addition, if any false easting or northing is in effect for coordinate calculations, the scale factor is applied after the false easting and northing is added to calculated x, y coordinates. NOTE: projection units are feet. Please enter the map scale as relational fraction (e.g. 1: 1) (If not sure use 1: 1) [l : I.OO]: I:1 Please enter the lower-left map corner lat-long pair in the format [+/-]DDD MM SS.SS [+/-]DDD MM SS.SS (latitude first). (+030 00 00.0 -088 00 OO.O]: 32 30 0 -86 30 0 Please enter the Lat-Long pair for the upper-right corner in [+/-]DDD MM SSSS [+/-]DDD MM SSSS format. [+036 00 00.0 -080 00 00.01: 32 45 0 -86 15 0 Please enter the projection lat-long origin (central parallel & meridian) in the format [ +/ -]DDD MM SS.SS [ + / -]DDD MM SSSS (latitude first). These values may be the same as the lower-left map extent. [+032 30 00.00 -086 30 OO.OO]: 30 30 0 -85 50 0 Enter the long. direction spacing in [+/-]DDD MM SS.S format: 0 15 0 Enter the lat.-direction spacing in [$I-]DDD MM SS.S format: 0 15 0 Enter the longitude resolution in [+/-]DDD MM SS.S. format: 0 1 0 Enter the latitude resolution in [+/-]DDD MM SS.S format: 0 1 0

Processing Latitude: +0323000.000 Longitude: -0863000.000

Processing Latitude: +0324400.000 Longitude: -0861500.000

Remember that DXF file name is: elmore.dxf Remember that the results text file name is: elmore.prn Re-run MAPPRO program (Y/N) [N]: n type any key to exit to operating system..

mappro: a program for processing the projection of latitude-longitude coordinates into rectangular...

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