I. Marbury v. Madison, 1803John Adams tried to pack the Supreme Court with judges that were part of the

Federalist Party in the months between Jefferson being elected the next president and his taking office=Midnight Judges.

A. Issue: Judicial Review

B. Origin: William Marbury was a “Midnight Judge” but James Madison refused to swear him in to his new position. Madison was Secretary of State and Jefferson had told him to stop swearing in judges. Marbury sued Madison.

C. Ruling: Marbury lost

D. Significance:

1) Established the principle of Judicial Review (the Supreme Court interprets whether laws are constitutional)

2) It helped create a lasting balance among the 3 branches.

2) It increased the power of the Supreme Court

There was no clear winner.

In the Treaty of Ghent:

No territory changed hands and trade disputes were left unresolved but we proved we could defend ourselves against the strongest military of that time.

Effects:A. Called the Era of Good Feelings =Patriotism and nationalism became important.

(Pride in our nation and country)

B. The war broke the strength of Native Americans since they had sided with the British

• Most Important Effect of the War:

C. Because we became isolated from Europe, we were forced to become more independent economically. The war kept us from buying goods from European countries so we had to start making our own goods. This encouraged the growth of manufacturing. Led to the Industrial Revolution. Americans opened factories, produced their own goods and we became less dependent on foreign made goods.

Effects of the War of 1812

Monroe DoctrineWhat did it say?

1. We would stay out of European affairs

2. Europe should not interfere in the newly formed republics in Central and South America

3. Any interference in Latin America would be a declaration of war against the U.S.

“Europe, stay out of the Western Hemisphere!”

Monroe Doctrine

Significance:

1. U.S. became the only power in Latin America (or anywhere else in America)

2. Europe stayed out of Latin America

3. Set the precedent of American influence in the Americas

“Europe, stay out of the Western Hemisphere!”

Causes of the Mexican War

1.Won independence from Mexico in 1836.

2.Annexed by U.S. in 18453.U.S. delayed annexing Texas almost 10 years because:a) Americans feared it

would lead to war with Mexico

b)Texas was a slave state

c) It would unbalance slave vs. non-slave states in Congress

Texas

1.Mexico said Nueces River was border b/t Texas & Mexico

2.Texas said Rio Grande was border.

3.U.S. sided with Texas

Border Dispute 1.Polk ordered Taylor to station troops on North bank of Rio Grande (disputed land)

2.Mexico attacked U.S. soldiers

3.U.S. claimed Mexico started war on U.S. land

4.Mixed. South for war, hoping new area would be slave holding. North against for same reason.

Provocation

Andrew Jackson

a.Nicknamed “Old Hickory” for his toughness

b.Major General during the War of 1812

c. Won major victories in the Battle of Horseshoe

Bend & The Battle of New Orleans

d.Led campaign against Cherokee Indians

Resultsa.Called Adams victory a “corrupt

bargain”

b. Jackson was seen as a “man of

the people”

c. Born in log cabin

d.Poor

e. Orphaned at about 14

f. Worked his way up till he

owned a plantation and was

wealthy

President Jackson

a.Became 7th President

b.Strengthened the power

of the presidency

c.Took on many opponents

The Spoils Systema.Distrusted politicians

b.Fired hundreds and replaced them

with his supporters

c.Rewarded his campaign supporters

with jobs – “The Spoils System” -

Giving Government jobs to people

in the President’s Party as a reward

for their support.

Jacksonian Democracya. Disliked the wealthy

b. Supporter of the “Common Man” – The

Regular Guy!

c. He was elected because the voting

requirements had changed:

*Didn’t have to own property to vote.

*Must be male, 21+, & white

Vs. Native Americansa. Passed The Indian Removal Act of 1830

b. Law passed by Congress to force the Indians still East

of the Mississippi River off their land

*Whites wanted their land for cotton and gold!

c. Because of the Indian Removal Act -

Indians were forced west to reservations

(Oklahoma)

The Trail of Tears was their route

Worcester v Georgia-One of the lawsuits attempted

by the Cherokee so they could stay on their land

a.Georgia Passed a law in 1830 stating no

white man could live among the Indians

without a license

b.Worcester was arrested and he sued

c. Case went to the Supreme Court – He won

d. Jackson didn’t care & removed the Indians

anyway

Vs. Nullificationa. North supported high tariffs

b. South opposed high tariffs. South wasn’t getting any roads or

canals built in their section of the country - Tariffs help some

sections of the country but hurt others

c. Congress passed the Tariff of 1828-South called them Tariff of

Abominations

d. South was furious

e. Vice-President John C. Calhoun secretly published an essay

saying that states could nullify laws that violate their rights-

States Rights!

Nullification Crisis

Vs. Nullificationa. Daniel Webster told Congress that the Union should

stay together “now and forever, one and

inseparable”

b. South Carolina decided they wanted to nullify the

tariff and threatened to secede (1832)

c. Jackson considered nullification to be treason

d. Jackson sent the navy to Charleston Harbor

e. The Force Bill – *Passed by Congress - *Gives the

President the power to use the military to force a

state to comply

Vs. Nullificationa.Henry Clay (Great Compromiser and creator

of the American System) proposed The

Compromise Tariff to reduce the tariffs over

the next ten years.

b.South backed down and this prevented a

permanent split between the North & South

for a while longer

Vs. The National

Bank

a. Thought banks were the tool of the

wealthy

b. Vetoed the National Banks charter in

1832-the bank can’t operate

c. Placed Federal money in state banks

(Jackson’s Pet Banks)

d. This led to the Panic of 1837-Panic is

when people take all their money out

of the bank because they are afraid of

what will happen to the economy

Jackson didn’t get blamed because he’d

already left office

Changes in Transportation and CommunicationThese changes pulled different regions of the country together. North to

South, East to WestA. National Road1. Albert Gallatin. Idea: Build a road from Maryland to Virginia that won’t

turn to mud when it rainsa. Allowed people to move around the country easier-aided in settling

the westb. Improved nation’s economyc. More economical (cheaper) to move farm goods to markets

B. Steam Engine

1. Engines powered by steam from boiling water

2. Increased factory development b/c factory didn’t have to be near a river to work. Could build a factory anywhere. Didn’t have to be near a fast moving river. Opened up new opportunities.

3. Improved the nation’s economy

4. Increased western settlement b/c easier & cheaper to travel on steam powered vehicles

C. Types of Steam Engines1. Steamboat

a. Robert Fulton Idea: Boats powered by steam enginesrather than water wheels

b. Improved the nation’s economyc. Made transportation on rivers more efficientd. Cities develop b/c people & goods can get to remote areas

2. Steam Powered Locomotive (train)a. Improved the nation’s economyb. Faster & easier to travelc. Goods shipped cheaper

D. Ways that life changed in the U.S. from these improvements in transportation & communication:1. Opened up larger markets by opening up hard to reach areas2. Encouraged national unity by linking distant areas3. People & products move cheaper & easier4. Pulled different regions together thru travel and

communication5. Cities grew b/c there were more jobs and increased trade6. These innovations helped improve our economy during the IR

E. Eli Whitney. Idea: The Cotton Gin 17931. Machine used to pull seeds out of cotton & clean it2. Enabled the South to grow more cotton than before b/c it

could be cleaned faster and cheaper3. Textile mills in the North encouraged the South to grow more

cotton that they used to manufacture clothing and other goods4. Southerners began taking any open land, including from Native

Americans, to grow more cotton5. Instead of slowing down, the spread of slavery accelerated in

the South

V. Effects of the Industrial Revolution on the U.S.

A. On U.S. Economy1. Textile industry grew quickly, South planted more cotton, slavery

became vital to Southern economy2. People moved to cities for work in factories and cities grew rapidly3. Workers were brought under 1 roof in factories4. Large amounts of money were needed to set up these factories and

corporations made a lot of money5. U.S. economy grew

B. Life changed for people very dramatically in a short amount of time1. More Americans stopped working on farms and began working in

factories2. Steam engines increased the efficiency of producing goods which made

items cost less and people could afford more things3. America moved toward a capitalist (Free Enterprise) market economy: -

Economy with limited government intrusion

B. Francis Cabot Lowell. Idea: Build textile mills and hired farm girls to do the work. Build places for them to live, go to church and get an education. Called Lowell Mills1. The girls worked long hours with noisy, sometimes dangerous

machines but most were happy to take the jobs b/c:a. They were paid high wages (for the time)b. Gave them a chance for an educationc. LM’s provided increased job opportunities for young,

unmarried women

2. LM’s led to increased production of clothing

3. Gave women opportunities to be independent.

C. Eli Whitney. Idea: Interchangeable Parts.1. Identical parts of an item that can be substituted in the

manufacture or repair of that item. Started as a way to sell muskets to the U.S. military

2. Transformed manufacturing & increased industrialization b/c:a. Production became faster & more efficientb. Repairs were easier & cheaperc. Decreased the need for skilled labor.

B.Canals1. John Calhoun. Idea: Dig canals between major rivers &

lakesa. Improved the nation’s economyb. More economical (cheaper) to move farm goods to

marketsc. Made Westward expansion easier

2. First Major Canal=Erie Canal

E. The Bessemer Process 18551. Method of steel production used to mass-produce steel. 2. This allowed more railroads and other things made from steel

to be built more cheaply.3. As a result, more goods and people were able to be shipped

from one end of the U.S. to the other. 4. New inventions occurred from this cheap source of steel,

generating more money in the U.S. economy.

Henry David Thoreau

1. He was a transcendentalist who wrote “Walden”, a tale about his two year experiment of living on lake Walden.

2. 1846, arrested for not paying state poll tax. Did it to protest the Mexican War. Civil Disobedience. Encouraged others to do same

John James Audubon1. Painted pictures of the wild animals in North America. (Mostly

Birds)2. Much of our knowledge of wildlife during that time come from his

work.

Elizabeth Cady Stanton-

• Author of the Declaration of Sentiments

• Fought for women’s rights

Susan B. Anthony

• Became an anti-slavery and women's rights activist at the age of 17

• Was arrested for voting and refused to pay the fine

• Presented the 19th amendment to Congress

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

Susan B. Anthony

• Definition- The first National Women’s rights convention

• Called for- Equal Rights for Women and the Vote

• Date- July 19-20, 1848• Purpose- Convention to call

National attention to the rights of women and the need for them to be able to vote

• Leaders- Lucretia Mott (Quaker) and Elizabeth Cady Stanton

• Declaration of Sentiments• A list of resolutions written in

the style of the Declaration of Independence

• Declared men & women equal!

Reforms-

Horace Mann- fought to provide

FREE public elementary school to

every child.

He also thought school should be compulsory (required)

He also introduced the first schools to train teachers

Believed women and African Americans should be included in

education

Frederick Douglass

Significance-• Escaped slave who was taught to read and

write • Gave speeches in front of large crowds

telling about his life as a slave• Leader of the anti-slavery movement• Famous writings about his life as a slave• Worked with Lincoln to gain emancipation

of all slaves

Definition-

The reform movement to stop the drinking of alcohol.

Goal: Make it illegal to buy, sell, produce or drink alcohol

Why?

• The Second Great Awakening- it was “morally wrong”• Women's rights movement- Women were tired of their husbands being

drunk and felt that it led to domestic abuse

• Impact

•The American Temperance Society•Eventually a Constitutional Amendment was added making the sale, consumption and procession of alcohol illegal •Prohibition – 18th amendment in 1920•This was repealed – 21st Amendment in 1933

South=Plantation system developed because of mild climate and land that supported Cash Crops. This led to an Agricultural Economy that relied on Slave labor. The South developed into large Plantation farming. The invention of the Cotton Gin meant the South needed a

large, cheap labor supply. The Southern dependence on cotton meant that more slaves would be needed. In the West, they primarily had small farms that didn’t require a lot of slave labor.

North=Poor soil and short growing seasons made Cash Crops unproductive. The North developed an Industrial Economy. The

Northern economy relied on Wage Labor (Paid Workers). Slavery had disappeared in the North because

it didn’t fit their economy.

Economic Differences Between the North and the South

Two Major Issues That Divided the North and the South

South= For States’ Rights (States decide what they are going to do)

North= Against States’ Rights (National government decides what the Nation will do)

a. States Rights

b. Spread of Slavery in the West

South=Let territories decide (hoping they’d choose to be slave holding)

North=Slavery can not spread to the new territories!

Dred Scott was a slave that sued for his freedom after briefly living with his owner on free soil in the North. Supreme Court said:

African Americans were not citizens and non-citizens can’t bring suit in Federal court.

Slaves were private property & the government can’t take away private property.

Last, U.S. citizens have the right to take their private property into all Federal territory.

This judgment increased the tension between the Northern and Southern states.

The Case of Dred Scott-1857

Terms of the Compromise of 1850

NS

N

S

Popular Sovereignty

Fugitive Slave Law was really bad. Slave catchers could come into

Northern states and take AA’s back as runaway slaves! Northerners tried to warn blacks to hide when catchers

were in town.

=Side that liked this provision

The Missouri CompromiseIt was a compromise that allowed slavery to grow into some areas but not all. New states above an imaginary line at the36 x 30 parallel would be free states. New states below the

36x30 parallel would be slave

It kept the balance between slave states and free states in Congress

It kept the balance between slave states and free states in Congress

Compromise of 1850From 1846-1850 Congress argued about what to do with all the new territory we had gotten from Mexico. Among the things that were

causing the conflict & making it necessary to make another compromise were:

a. Admission of CA as a free state

b. Slaves being sold in DC (Near our Capital representing Freedom!)

c. Utah & New Mexico being admitted as slave states

d. Fugitive Slave Laws during this time

Men like John Quincy Adams, John C. Calhoun and Daniel Webster began looking for things the North and South would agree to

compromise on so that we could keep Americans from going to war for awhile longer.

April 9th 1865

Gen. Lee surrendered

his Army of Northern

Virginia

Gen. Grant accepted

his surrender

Significance

Union won!

• Many more factories, people, & railroads

• Huge advantage in weapons & military

• Stronger political structure

lukero

sa@gm

ail.com

South Carolina Seceded

Union Fort in Confederate territory

President Lincoln sends resources

for soldiers trapped in

Confederate territory

On April 12, 1861 the Confederates

bombarded the fort

lukerosa@gmail.com

January 1, 1863

Document released by Lincoln

Ending slavery now the goal of the North

Declares that all slaves in the rebelling states are to be set free

Has little immediate effect on slavery – slaves were freed as the North took back

each southern enslaved area

Significance-

Gives the Union a moral purpose for victory- they want to fight even harder

Makes foreign nations unlikely to help the South

15th Amendment

a. Believe Lincoln is being too easy on the South

b. Want to punish Southerners

c. Demand civil rights for freedmen

d. Want to provide protection with Union soldiers across the South

13th

Amendment

Made slavery illegal in the

United States

14th Amendment

Black Codes/Jim Crow Laws