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Aurel Stein 1 Aurel Stein Aurel Stein Stein in Dura Europos (February 1929) Born 26 November 1862 Budapest Died 26 October 1943 (aged 80) Kabul, Afghanistan Citizenship British Nationality British Fields Archaeology Influences Xuanzang; Sven Hedin Sir Marc Aurel Stein (usually known as Aurel Stein) KCIE, FBA (Hungarian: Stein Márk Aurél) (26 November 1862 26 October 1943) was a Hungarian-British archaeologist, primarily known for his explorations and archaeological discoveries in Central Asia. He was also a professor at various Indian universities. Sir Auriel Stein (1862-1943) Early life Stein was born in Budapest into a Jewish family. His parents and his sister retained their Jewish faith but Stein and his brother, Ernst Eduard, were baptised as Lutherans, apparently to increase their prospects. [1] After completing his school education, he studied at Universities of Vienna, Leipzig and Tübingen. He graduated in Sanskrit and Persian Language and received his Ph.D. from Tübingen in 1883. In 1884 he went to England to study oriental languages and archaeology. He became a British citizen and made his famous expeditions with British sponsorship. In 1887, Stein went to India. He joined the Punjab University as Registrar and later became the Principal of Oriental College, Lahore. Stein was influenced by Sven Hedin's 1898 work Through Asia. Realizing the importance of Central Asian history and archaeology he sent a proposal to the government to explore, map and study the people of Central Asia. In May 1900 he received the approval to lead an expedition to Chinese Turkestan which was strategically located in High Asia where the Russians and Germans were already taking interest.

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  • Aurel Stein 1

    Aurel Stein

    Aurel Stein

    Stein in Dura Europos (February 1929)

    Born 26 November 1862Budapest

    Died 26 October 1943(aged80)Kabul, Afghanistan

    Citizenship British

    Nationality British

    Fields Archaeology

    Influences Xuanzang; Sven Hedin

    Sir Marc Aurel Stein (usually known as Aurel Stein) KCIE, FBA (Hungarian: Stein Mrk Aurl) (26 November1862 26 October 1943) was a Hungarian-British archaeologist, primarily known for his explorations andarchaeological discoveries in Central Asia. He was also a professor at various Indian universities.

    Sir Auriel Stein (1862-1943)

    Early life

    Stein was born in Budapest into a Jewish family. His parents and hissister retained their Jewish faith but Stein and his brother, ErnstEduard, were baptised as Lutherans, apparently to increase theirprospects.[1] After completing his school education, he studied atUniversities of Vienna, Leipzig and Tbingen. He graduated inSanskrit and Persian Language and received his Ph.D. from Tbingenin 1883. In 1884 he went to England to study oriental languages andarchaeology. He became a British citizen and made his famousexpeditions with British sponsorship.

    In 1887, Stein went to India. He joined the Punjab University asRegistrar and later became the Principal of Oriental College, Lahore.Stein was influenced by Sven Hedin's 1898 work Through Asia.Realizing the importance of Central Asian history and archaeology he sent a proposal to the government to explore,map and study the people of Central Asia. In May 1900 he received the approval to lead an expedition to ChineseTurkestan which was strategically located in High Asia where the Russians and Germans were already takinginterest.

  • Aurel Stein 2

    Expeditions

    Photograph of Aurel Stein, with his dog andresearch team, in the Tarim Basin

    Stein made four major expeditions to Central Asiain 1900-1901,19061908, 19131916 and 1930.[2] He brought to light the hiddentreasure of a great civilization which by then was practically lost to theworld. One of his significant finds during his first journey during19001901 was the Taklamakan Desert oasis of Dandan Oilik wherehe was able to uncover a number of relics. During his third expeditionin 19131916, he excavated at Khara-Khoto.

    Map of Taklamakan from Stein's Serindia 1921,vol. V.

    Letter from Aurel Stein to Rudolf Hoernle fromKashgar. Dated 25 May 1901.

    The British Library's Stein collection of Chinese, Tibetan and Tangutmanuscripts, Prakrit wooden tablets, and documents in Khotanese,Uyghur, Sogdian and Eastern Turkic is the result of his travels throughcentral Asia during the 1920s and 1930s. Stein discovered manuscriptsin the previously lost Tocharian languages of the Tarim Basin at Marinand other oasis towns, and recorded numerous archaeological sitesespecially in Iran and Balochistan.

    During 1901 Stein was responsible for exposing forgeries of IslamAkhun.

    Stein's greatest discovery was made at the Mogao Caves also known as"Caves of the Thousand Buddhas", near Dunhuang in 1907. It wasthere that he discovered the Diamond Sutra, the world's oldest printedtext which has a date (corresponding to AD 868), along with 40,000other scrolls (all removed by gradually winning the confidence andbribing the Taoist caretaker).[3] He acquired 24 cases of manuscriptsand 4 cases of paintings and relics. He was knighted for his efforts, butChinese nationalists dubbed him a burglar and staged protests againsthim.[4] His discovery inspired other French, Russian, Japanese, andChinese treasure hunters and explorers who also took their toll on thecollection.[5]

    During his expedition of 19061908 while surveying in the Kunlun Mountains of western China, Stein sufferedfrostbite and lost several toes on his right foot.

    When he was resting from his extended journeys into Central Asia, he spent most of his time living in a tent in thespectacularly beautiful alpine meadow called Gulmarg (or 'Meadow of Roses'). Stein was a lifelong bachelor, butwas always accompanied by a dog named "Dash" (of which there were seven).[6][7]

  • Aurel Stein 3

    Photograph of Aurel Stein's grave marker inKabul

    He died in Kabul on October 26, 1943 and is buried in Kabul's BritishCemetery.[8] Stein was not only a great archaeologist but alsoethnographer, geographer, linguist and surveyor. His contribution tothe academic world is outstanding. His collection is important for thestudy of the history of Central Asia and the art and literature ofBuddhism. He wrote several volumes on his various expenditions anddiscoveries which include Ancient Khotan, Serindia and InermostAsia.

    "Stein's fourth expedition to Central Asia, however, endedin a failure so humiliating that he never wrote about it andseldom referred to it. Nor was it mentioned in hisobituaries. Both of Stein's biographers, Jeannette Mirskyin 1977 and Annabel Walker in 1995, mention this debaclebut fail to explore the circumstances surrounding it. Thisprompted my own investigations in the Harvard archives.The story they revealed is one of assorted rivalries:between British and American diplomats in China,between Harvard's Fogg Museum and the British Museum, and finally, between the two Harvardsponsors of the expedition. It also reveals much about how awakening nationalism changed the rules ofarchaeology."[9]

    Great GameStein, as well as other contemporary explorers like Sven Hedin, Sir Francis Younghusband and Nikolai Przhevalsky,were active players in the British-Russian struggle for influence in Central Asia, the so-called Great Game. Theirexplorations were supported by the British and Russian Empires as they explored the remaining "blank spots" on themaps, providing valuable information.

    Fragment of carpet discovered by Aurel Stein in arefuse pit at Loulan, Xinjiang, and attributed to

    3rd4th century. Courtesy of The British Museum.

    The art objects he collected are divided between the British Museum,the British Library, the Srinagar Museum, and the National Museum,New Delhi.

    Publications

    1898. Detailed Report on an Archaeological Tour with the BunerField Force, Lahore, Punjab Government Press.

    1900. Kalhaa's Rjataragi A Chronicle of the Kings ofKamr, 2 vols. London, A. Constable & Co. Ltd. Reprint, Delhi,Motilal Banarsidass, 1979.

    1904 Sand-Buried Ruins of Khotan, London, Hurst and Blackett,Ltd. [10] Reprint Asian Educational Services, New Delhi, Madras,2000

    1905. Report of Archaeological Survey Work in the North-WestFrontier Province and Baluchistan, Peshawar, Government Press, N.W. Frontier Province.

    1907. Ancient Khotan: Detailed report of archaeological explorations in Chinese Turkestan, 2 vols. ClarendonPress. Oxford. [11][12]

  • Aurel Stein 4

    1912. Ruins of Desert Cathay: Personal Narrative of Explorations in Central Asia and Westernmost China, 2vols. London, Macmillan & Co. [13] Reprint: Delhi. Low Price Publications. 1990.

    1921a. Serindia: Detailed report of explorations in Central Asia and westernmost China, 5 vols. London &Oxford, Clarendon Press. Reprint: Delhi. Motilal Banarsidass. 1980.

    The Thousand Buddhas : ancient Buddhist paintings from the cave-temples of Tung-huang on the western frontierof China.

    1921b A Chinese expedition across the Pamirs and Hindukush, A.D. 747. Indian Antiquary 1923.[14]

    1928. Innermost Asia: Detailed Report of Explorations in Central Asia, Kan-su and Eastern Iran, 5 vols. Oxford,Clarendon Press. Reprint: New Delhi. Cosmo Publications. 1981.

    1929. On Alexander's Track to the Indus: Personal Narrative of Explorations on the North-West Frontier ofIndia. London, Macmillan & Co. Reprint: New York, Benjamin Blom, 1972.

    1932 On Ancient Central Asian Tracks: Brief Narrative of Three Expeditions in Innermost Asia and NorthwesternChina. Reprinted with Introduction by Jeannette Mirsky. Book Faith India, Delhi. 1999.

    1940 Old Routes of Western Iran: Narrative of an Archaeological Journey Carried out and Recorded, MacMillanand co., limited. St. Martin's Street, London.

    1944. "Archaeological Notes from the Hindukush Region". J.R.A.S., pp.124 + fold-out.A more detailed list of Stein's publications is available in Handbook to the Stein Collections in the UK, pp.4961.

    Footnotes[1] Mirsky, Jeannette. 1977. Sir Aurel Stein: Archaeological Explorer, pp. 3-4, 32. Chicago, University of Chicago Press. Paperback edition,

    1998.[2] The New Encyclopdia Britannica. 15th Edition. (1977). Vol. IX, p. 547.[3] Deuel, Leo. 1970. Testaments of Time, p. 459. Baltimore, Pelican Books. Orig. publ. Knopf, NY, 1965; "Collecting Aurel Stein" The

    Caxtonian Vol. XIX, No. 2, November 2011, http:/ / www. caxtonclub. org/ reading/ 2011/ nov11. pdf, accessed 24 Jan 2013[4] Justin Jacobs Confronting Indiana Jones: Chinese Nationalism, Historical Imperialism, and the Criminalization of Aurel Stein and the Raiders

    of Dunhuang, 1899-1944 (https:/ / www. academia. edu/ 772652/Confronting_Indiana_Jones_Chinese_Nationalism_Historical_Imperialism_and_the_Criminalization_of_Aurel_Stein_and_the_Raiders_of_Dunhuang_1899-1944)In Sherm Sherman Cochran and Paul G. Pickowicz, eds., China on the Margins (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2010), 65-90.

    [5][5] Larmer, Brook. 2010, "Caves of Faith", p. 136-138, National Geographic Magazine, June 2010.[6] http:/ / idp. bl. uk/ archives/ news18/ idpnews_18. a4d#3[7] http:/ / idp. bl. uk/ education/ dash/ index. htm[8] Afghanistan's 'graveyard of foreigners' (http:/ / www. bbc. co. uk/ news/ magazine-18369101)[9] Last of the "Foreign Devils" by Shareen Blair Brysac. Abstract in Archaeology, Volume 50 Number 6, November/December 1997. (http:/ /

    www. archaeology. org/ 9711/ abstracts/ stein. html) Accessed 31 March 2011.[10] http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=1Ra3AAAAIAAJ& printsec=frontcover& source=gbs_ge_summary_r& cad=0#v=onepage& q&

    f=false[11] http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=FaMMAQAAMAAJ& printsec=frontcover& source=gbs_ge_summary_r& cad=0#v=onepage& q&

    f=false[12] M. A. Stein - Digital Archive of Toyo Bunko Rare Books (http:/ / dsr. nii. ac. jp/ toyobunko/ creator/ marc_aurel_stein. html. en) at

    dsr.nii.ac.jp[13] http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=zHRCAAAAYAAJ& printsec=frontcover& source=gbs_ge_summary_r& cad=0#v=onepage& q&

    f=false[14] http:/ / www. pears2. lib. ohio-state. edu/ FULLTEXT/ TR-ENG/ aurel. htm

  • Aurel Stein 5

    Further reading Baumer, Christoph. 2000. Southern Silk Road: In the Footsteps of Sir Aurel Stein and Sven Hedin. White Orchid

    Books. Bangkok. Brysac, Shareen. "Sir Aurel Steins Fourth American Expedition." Downloaded from (http:/ / www. archaeology.

    org/ 9711/ abstracts/ stein. html) on 31 March 2011. Deuel, Leo. 1965. Testaments of Time; the Search for Lost Manuscripts and Records. Knopf, New York, 1965.

    paperback reprint: Pelican, Baltimore, 1970. Falconer, John et al. 2002. Catalogue of the Collections of Sir Aurel Stein in the Library of the Hungarian

    Academy of Sciences. Budapest, LHAS and British Museum. ISBN 963-7451-11-0. Falconer, John et al. 2007. "Supplement to the Catalogue of the Collections of Sir Aurel Stein in the Library of

    the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. Budapest, LHAS. ISBN 963-508-545-3. Hansen, Valerie. 2012. "The Silk Road; A New History", Oxford University Press ISBN 978-0-19-515931. Hopkirk, Peter. 1980. Foreign Devils On The Silk Road. John Murray (Publishers). Paperback edition, University

    of Massachusetts Press 1984. ISBN 0-87023-435-8. Meyer, Karl E.; Brysac, Shareen Blair (25 October 1999). Tournament of Shadows: The Great Game and the

    Race for Empire in Central Asia. Basic Books. ISBN978-1582431062. Mirsky, Jeannette. 1977. Sir Aurel Stein: Archaeological Explorer. Chicago, University of Chicago Press.

    Paperback edition, 1998. Morgan, Joyce; Walters, Conrad, Journeys on the Silk Road: a desert explorer, Buddhas secret library, and the

    unearthing of the worlds oldest printed book, Picador Australia, 2011, ISBN 9781405040419. Pandita, S.N., Aurel Stein in Kashmir: Sanskrit of Mohand Marg. Om Publications, 2004. ISBN 978-8186867839. Walker, Annabel. 1999. Aurel Stein: Pioneer of the Silk Road. University of Washington Press. ISBN

    0-295-97730-2. Wang, Helen (ed.). 1999. Handbook to the Stein Collections in the UK. British Museum Occasional Paper 129.

    ISBN 0-86159-129-1. Wang, Helen (ed.). 2002. Sir Aurel Stein in The Times. London, Saffron Books. ISBN 1-872843-29-8. Wang, Helen (ed.). 2004. Sir Aurel Stein. Proceedings of the British Museum Study Day, 2002. British Museum

    Occasional Paper 142. ISBN 0-86159-142-9. (http:/ / www. britishmuseum. org/ research/ research_publications/online_research_publications/ sir_aurel_stein. aspx)

    Wang, Helen (ed.). 2012. Sir Aurel Stein, Colleagues and Collections, British Museum Research Publication 184,ISBN 978-086159-1848. (This an online publication only) (http:/ / www. britishmuseum. org/ research/publications/ research_publications_series/ research_publications_online/ sir_aurel_stein. aspx)

    Wang, Helen and Perkins, John (eds). 2008. Handbook to the Collections of Sir Aurel Stein in the UK. BritishMuseum Research Publication 129 (updated and expanded edition of Handbook to the Stein Collections in theUK, 1999). ISBN 978-086159-9776.

    Whitfield, Susan. 2004. Aurel Stein On The Silk Road. Serindia Publications. ISBN 1-932476-11-3; also: TheBritish Museum Press, London. ISBN 0-7141-2416-8.

  • Aurel Stein 6

    External links Aurel Stein in Kashmir (http:/ / www. siraurelstein. org. uk/ ), Kashmir Bhawan Center, Luton, United Kingdom. The International Dunhuang Project (http:/ / idp. bl. uk/ ) Website of the project to conserve, catalogue, digitise

    and research the artifacts found in the Dunhuang Caves. Digital Archive of Toyo Bunko Rare Books (http:/ / dsr. nii. ac. jp/ toyobunko/ language/ en. html. en) Digital

    versions of books by Marc Aurel Stein. http:/ / ds. dial. pipex. com/ town/ avenue/ xha71/ Stein. htm (http:/ / ds. dial. pipex. com/ town/ avenue/ xha71/

    Stein. htm) A page about Marc Aurel Stein in Hungarian Aurel Stein and the Caves of the Thousand Buddhas. (http:/ / dunhuang. mtak. hu/ index-en. html) An exhibition

    of his archive photos in the Library of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 2007. Life of Aurel Stein. Web catalog in four languages. (http:/ / stein. mtak. hu/ index-en. html) A Hong Kong

    exhibition of his archive photos and documents conserved in the Oriental Collection of the LHAS, 2008.Preliminary articles on the web publication: 1 (http:/ / riowang. blogspot. com/ 2008/ 04/ aurel-stein-in-china.html) and 2 (http:/ / riowang. blogspot. com/ 2008/ 11/ totum-devicerat-orbem. html)

    British Museum - Sir Aurel Stein (http:/ / www. britishmuseum. org/ research/ publications/ online_publications/sir_aurel_stein. aspx) at www.britishmuseum.org Sir Aurel Stein, proceedings of the British Museum study day,23 March 2002 (online publication)

    Expedition map (http:/ / www. monkeytree. org/ silkroad/ stein. html) "The Stein Collection" (http:/ / www. vam. ac. uk/ page/ s/ stein-collection/ ). Asia. Victoria and Albert Museum.

    Retrieved 14 September 2010. Work by Aurel Stein (https:/ / archive. org/ search. php?query=Aurel Stein) at the Internet Archive "Stein, Mark Aurel". New International Encyclopedia. 1905. "Stein, Mark Aurel". Encyclopedia Americana. 1920.

  • Article Sources and Contributors 7

    Article Sources and ContributorsAurel Stein Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=606532980 Contributors: 131.111.161.xxx, 1exec1, 7&6=thirteen, Adam78, Adamb924, Adamsan, Ahoerstemeier, Asfreeas,BabelStone, Bamber Gascoigne, Bbsrock, Bender235, Billposer, Bob Burkhardt, BrainyBabe, Brewcrewer, Burkus, CJLL Wright, CWH, Charles Matthews, Chipembi, Chris.let, ChristopheS,Colonies Chris, Confuzion, Conversion script, Css, D6, Daffodil123, David Straub, DePiep, Diiscool, Dpv, DuncanHill, FeanorStar7, Felix Folio Secundus, FenyHozo, Finlay McWalter,Ghirlandajo, Gianni Dubbini, Gilgamesh, Ham, Headbomb, Historicalgeographer, Hkb, Hkw1, Ineuw, Ingolfson, Iwanafish, J JMesserly, John Hill, Joy1963, Kanguole, Ktr101, Larsy76,Linguiste, LordHarris, Malcolm Farmer, MarmadukePercy, Martarius, Mathae, Mattisse, MengAntai, Mibelz, Michael Drew, Michael Gbler, Mike Peel, Mogism, Muashuas, Nedrutland,Nomu420, Noodleki, NuclearWarfare, Olivier, PBS-AWB, Penfold, Per Honor et Gloria, Plindenbaum, Proteus, Protot, PurpleHz, R'n'B, RNajdek, Radulfus, Rajmaan, Raul654, Rayshade,RedWolf, Rhododendrites, Rich Farmbrough, Rjwilmsi, Robvanvee, Rolfmueller, Ruszewski, Sheynhertz-Unbayg, Shii, Shrigley, SimonArlott, Smallchief, Stbalbach, Sun Creator, Tagishsimon,Twthmoses, Urashimataro, VAwebteam, Vicswift, Wittylama, Wjhonson, Woohookitty, YUL89YYZ, Zello, 63 anonymous edits

    Image Sources, Licenses and ContributorsFile:AURAL sTEIN.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:AURAL_sTEIN.jpg License: unknown Contributors: -File:Auriel nm india.JPG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Auriel_nm_india.JPG License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: User:Nomu420File:AurelSteinWithDog.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:AurelSteinWithDog.jpg License: GNU Free Documentation License Contributors: en:User:PHGFile:Map of Central Asia from Serindia, Vol. 5, p. 98.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Map_of_Central_Asia_from_Serindia,_Vol._5,_p._98.jpg License: PublicDomain Contributors: Andrew Gray, Charles Matthews, Gianni DubbiniFile:Stein Letter BLAR4 MSSEURF302 51 FF13 18 16 17.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Stein_Letter_BLAR4_MSSEURF302_51_FF13_18_16_17.jpg License:Creative Commons Zero Contributors: Andrew GrayImage:AurelSteinGrave.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:AurelSteinGrave.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: Adamb924File:Textile fragment from Loulan Xinjiang China.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Textile_fragment_from_Loulan_Xinjiang_China.jpg License: Public DomainContributors: unknown weaverImage:wikisource-logo.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Wikisource-logo.svg License: logo Contributors: ChrisiPK, Guillom, INeverCry, Jarekt, Leyo,MichaelMaggs, NielsF, Rei-artur, Rocket000, Steinsplitter

    LicenseCreative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/

    Aurel SteinEarly lifeExpeditionsGreat GamePublicationsFootnotesFurther readingExternal links

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