march 28, 2002, epfl/sts1 standardization policy and technical development in japan koichi noda,...

March 28, 2002, EPFL/STS 1

Standardization Policyand

Technical Development in

Japan

Koichi NODA, JETRO GENEVEJISC Representative in GENEVE


What is Standards?


Definition of Standardization(ISO/IEC Guide 2)

• Standardization : Activity of establishing, with regard to actual or potential problems, provisions for common and repeated use, aimed at the achievement of the optimum degree of order in a given context.


Aims of Standardization

Variety ControlCompatibility/ Inter-changeabilitySafety/Protection of the EnvironmentTrade facilityQuality ControlMutual UnderstandingEtc.


TV for USA TV for EU TV for Russia TV for Japan

PAL NTSC

Variety of Control


CD

DVD

Compatibility and

Interchangeability

CASSETTE


Safety and Protection of the Environment

• Recycle of Products

• Recycle Labeling

• Standards for Solar-cell, fuel-cell or another renewable energy


Quality Control

ISO 9000 Series

• Quality Management System

• Environmental Management system

is a famous Swiss enterprise which conduct ISO9000 and ISO 14000 certification

ISO 14000 Series


Mutual Understanding

• Graphical Symbols

• Vocabulary/Glossary of Terms• Methodology

• 10-15 mode test for rate of fuel consumption of automobiles

• Superproductivity - Test method- Critical current measurement


Category of Standards

• Technical Regulations• De jure Standards >International Standards(ISO,IEC,ITU,CODEX) >Regional Standards (EN) >National Standards(BSI,AFNOR,DIN,JISC)• De facto Standards >Windows >TCP/IP etc,• Company Standards


TechnicalRegulations

De-jure Standards De-facto Standards

Example DVD

>JIS-Physical characterof Discus-Reading/Writing methods-File structure (formatting)

>DVD forum-Cipher Technology- Applicationstandards with copyprotection

>Company-Companystandards such as design, copyright,etc.

Example : Clothes

- Regulation for indication of textile materials, washing methods, etc.

>JIS-Size categories-Size indicationmethods

>Japan wool clothesassociation-Wool mark system

>Company-Companystandards such as design, copyright,etc..


Standards in Japan

• JIS (Japanese Industrial Standards)Standards in the field of Industry

ISO, IEC, BSI (UK), DIN (Germany), AFNOR (France)

• JAS (Japanese Agricultural Standards)Standard in the field of processing foods

(CODEX (FAO))


Development of International Standardization

• Establishment of National Standardization Bodies

- UK (BSI in 1901), Germany (DIN in 1917), France (AFNOR in 1918), US (ASA in 1918)

• Establishment of International Standardization Bodies

- IEC in 1908

- ISA (now ISO) in 1926


Standardization in Japan

• Early Standardization in Japan - Development of first JES (Japanese Engineering

Standards) in 1922

- 520 JES standards were developed before WWII • Establishment of JISC (Japanese Industrial

Standards Committee) - Established in 1949, under the Industrial

Standardization Law - Joined ISO in 1952, IEC in 1953, representing

Japan


JISC at a Glance - Industries Initiatives at All Levels -

President: Mr. Takuma Yamamoto(Honorary President of Fujitsu Co. Ltd.)

JISC Secretariat’s Supporting Role at All Levels

Actively participated

JISC SecretariatTechnical Regulations,Standards andConformity AssessmentPolicy Unit, METI

JSA(Japanese Standards Association)IEC/APC(IEC Activities PromotionCommittee)

Council

Standards Board

Special Committees; - Consumer Policy - Measurement Standardsand Intellectual Infrastructure

Committees - ISO Committee - IEC Committee - Environmental Policy Committee - Other Sector SpecificTechnical Committees(26)

ConformityAssessment Board

Committees- Committee on JIS

Marking- Committee on

National ConformityAssessment System

JIS Drafting CommitteesISO/IEC National Committees

Industrial Organization (589)


Development of JIS

Total Number of JIS

02000400060008000

10000

1949

1954

1959

1964

1969

1974

1979

1984

1989

1994

1999


Flowchart of JIS developing process

RelevantMinistries

Any InterestedParties

Entrusted

Industrial Association(Drafting Committee)

Propose a draft For deliberation of JISC

Submit

JIS Drafts

Publicized at Least 3 weeks Before drafting Starts

JISC

Boards1

Technical Committee

Publicized at Least 3 months Before Deliberation Starts

Report Publicized at Least 60 days Before deadline

Established or Revised As JIS Standards

Announcement Notification in Official Gazette

Inquiry


Increasing Importance of Involving in International Standardization

• Original Purpose of Standardization - Quality Improvement, Effective Production (Article

1, Japanese Industrial Standardization Law) …Less aware of international aspect


• Globalization - Progress in globalization (i.e. increase in

international trade) encouraged “harmonization” of standardization system among countries

- Development of GATT/Standard Code(1980) and WTO/TBT Agreement(1995) underpinned and accelerated globalization

- WTO Members are obliged to use “International Standards and Guides” as a basis for their technical regulations, standards and conformity assessment systems


• Paradigm Shift - Globalization and the WTO/TBT Agreement gave

a paradigm shift in standardization - International standards became a tool for

gaining global market: Competition to win international standards


Example 1

• Cassette Tape - Phillips invented cassette tape system - They opened its patents - Phillips cassette tape system became de-facto and de-jure standards


Example 2

• Video tape recorder

VHS β-system JVCPanasonicHITACHI

MITSUBISHI

SONYTOSHIBA

NECAIWA


Example 3

• CD (Compact Discus)

SONY Phillips

Standard for CD-Size of CD-Formatting etc,

Establishment of consortium for CD standards

Other companies attendedthis consortium


Example 4

• Digital video recorder

DVD-RAM-can use also as PC memory -100,000 times re-writing-non compatible with DVD player TOSHIBA Panasonic HITACHI

DVD-RW-compatible with DVD player-30 minutes recording-1000 times re-writing Pioneer SHARP SANYO MITSUBISHI KENWOODD-VHS

JVCDVD+RW

SONY


JISC effort to involve into international standardization activities

• Japan before 1995 - Relatively weak involvement in international

standardization e.g. Number of TC/SC Secretariats in ISO (Total

795 in 1990) JISC 14 (1.76%), DIN 140 (17.6%), BSI 114

(14.3%), ANSI 81 (10.2%) - Less linkage between JIS and IS


• Acceptance of the WTO/TBT Agreement

- Japan in 1995, ratified the WTO/TBT Agreement including Annex 3, Code of Good Practice for Standardization

- Launched alignment of JIS with international standards in accordance with the TBT Agreement


Alignment of JIS with International Standards

= as of April 1995=

8,000 JIS

3,000 JIS with corresponding International Standards

1,700 JIS, necessary to be aligned with International

Standards

Three Year Plan for the Alignment Works (from 1995 to 1997)

=Results of works=

Fiscal Year 1995 1996 1997 Total

Outline numberof JIS aligned

326 492 874 1,692


Three Year Alignment Action Plan with ISO/IEC

1995-1997

ISO/IEC New Guide21 in 1999

Alignment of JIS with International Standards

Examination of existing JIS for the degree of correspondence

Concerns about Existing IS

1998-

Development of Market-Relevant IS

Proposal to ISO/IEC Example of Works

Deviation(MOD & NEQ)


• Need for Active Participation in IS Process

- Through the experience of Three Year Alignment Action Plan, in which Japanese found many inappropriate IS from the point of view of its market and society, learned that rather than passively accepting IS, need to actively participate in international standardization

process


• “Damaging Exports” - Washing Machines-

- Japanese has been major exporter of electrical washing machines in Asia (17 million/per year, in mid-1990s).

- Japanese electrical washing machines were based on JIS, which was different from IEC standards

- Some Asian economies, Singapore and Chinese Taipei, decided to prohibit import of the Japanese washing machines based on JIS, as they do not fulfill safety standard set by IS, in this case, IEC standard.

- Japanese realized a need to actively realize Japanese ideas and standards in IS process


Efforts by Industries- an example -

•The IEC Active Promotion Committee (APC) - set up by Japanese electronics industries, in order to organize the industries’ participation in IEC activities

•APC’s Activities - to give policy recommendations to JISC

- to support the Japanese IEC executives and members of IEC management committees- to provide information to member industries

•Budget

- Funded mostly by industries. Small public funding.


Cooperation in Asia-Pacific

•Utilization of PASC (Pacific Asia Standardization Cooperation)

- JISC took a role of PASC standing committee chair from 1995-2000.

- JISC actively participated APEC/PASC Technical Groups to develop NWIPs to ISO

•Dialogues with NSBs (National Standardization Bodies)

- Annual dialogues with ANSI, ACCSQ (ASEAN) and KATS


Results and Review

• Having been steadily successful in improving Japanese representation in international standardization,

• Further need for strengthening participation to international standardization to appropriately reflect the interests of Japan


Japanese Activities in ISO/IEC - Participation Status -

Number of committees TC & SC and Secretariats by Japan (as of 2000/12/31)

No. of CommitteesTC & SC

Number ofSecretariats by Japan

Ratio (%)

ISO 728 29 3.9

IEC 181 11 5.6

JTC 17 3 17.6

TOTAL 939 42 4.5


The Number of ISO TC/SC Secretariats

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

86 90 95 00

Year

Th

e N

um

ber

of

Sec

reta

riat Japan

U.S.

U.K.

Germany

France

The Change of the Number of ISO/IEC Secretariat

Reference : ISO "MEMENTO"

Japan


JISC Participation Status for ISO

•S:Secretariat, P :Participate member, O :Observer, N:Non member

S P O N Total

TC 9 119 41 21 190

SC 21 369 56 92 538

Total 30 488 97 113 728


IEC TC/SC Secretariats (Year 2000)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

Secretariat 31 31 25 25 13 11 9

U.S. France U.K. Germany Italy Japan Sweden


JISC Participation Status for IEC (in Yr 2000)

•S:Secretariat, P :Participate member, O :Observer, N:Non member

S P O N Total

TC 5 84 0 1 90

SC 6 85 0 0 91

Total 11 169 0 1 181


New Proposal of International standards to ISO - IEC from JISC

Summary of Activity (2000)1998 1999 2000

695 589 729258 287 200953 876 929 41 67 82

948 943 939 41 42 42

The Number of New Proposal (ISO) (IEC) Total

New Proposal from JISC

The Total Secretary NumberSecretary Number in Japan


Further Challenges Ahead

• Further Developments in International Standardization, as Globalization Accelerates

• Japanese Policy Response; - Development of JISC Standardization

Strategy


European Standardization Policy

• Standardization as a tool for European integration

- Adoption of European (CEN/CENELEC) standards for common criteria to fulfil EU Directives

(technical regulations) -New Approach- • Systematic transfer of European standards

into International Standards

- The Vienna and Dresden Agreements


• “European Council Resolution (28/10/1999)”

- Acknowledging that a strong European standardization system has been developed

- Confirms its intention to continue to provide targeted financial support

- Ensure that interests defined at European level be presented coherently in international standardization


US Standardization Policy

• Establishment of “the National Technology Transfer and Advancement Act of 1995”

- requires the usage of voluntary standards in federal technical regulations

• Rapid Increase in Participation to ISO/IEC - Holding 81 Secretariats of ISO TC/SC in 1990 (81 out of 795 (10.2%)) - Increased to 133, out of 741 (18.0%)


• Development of National Standardization Strategy (2000) by ANSI

- Recognizes European successes in international standardization

- Warns that losing in international standardization means losing markets

- Commits to contribute consistently in all international standardization activities


Further Challenges for Japanese Standardization

• JISC reviewed its standardization policy and developed a standardization strategy to outline its responses to further challenges ahead

- Responding to market and social needs

(e.g. regulator, consumer, environment)

- Usage of information technology in

standardization


Development of a Standardization Strategy

• JISC (Japanese Industrial Standardization Committee) launched the development of the Strategy responding the changing environment in January this year.

• The Strategy consists of two parts; a) general strategy and b) sector-specific strategy• Approved by JISC Council meeting in September 2001


• The Strategy emphasizes the following

3 points; (1) Responding to market and social needs (2) Strategy for international standardization (3) Integration of R&D and standardization


Integration of R&D and Standardization in EC

• Forth Framework Programme (1994 – 1998)

• -Standards, Measurement and Testing Programme 173million Euro

• Fifth Framework Programme (1998 – 2002)

-GROWTH Programme Measurement and Testing Programme 135 million Euro


Integration of R&D and Standardization in EC(Growth Workprogramme – Edition December 2002)

• Purpose of M&T Programme in Fifth Framework Programme >Prenormative research and technical support to Standardization >The fight against fraud >Improvement of quality


Integration of R&D and Standardization in Japan

• Establishing the new programme for R&D >Standards development research programme >International cooperation programme for Standards development >R&D programme for intellectual infrasyructure


Standards development research programme

• Life science• Information and telecommunication techno

logy• Environmental technology• Nanotechnology• MaterialsEtc.

What is intellectual infrastructure?

Intellectually creative

activities

Economic activities

Social activities

Administrative activities

Intellectual property

Provision and support Accumulation

Imposition of organizational

structure

Intellectual infrastructure

Intellectual infrastructure means such things as measurement standards (including standard substances), measurement and assessment methods, databases, and research materials, for which the results obtained through R&D and other intellectually creative activities are systemized, given organizational structure, and used as a basis for promotion of further R&D, economic activities, etc.

Collection, storage, and supply of biological resources

Genetic-level analysisProtein analysis

Analysis methods, etc.

Information infrastructure for biological resources

Environment and energy industries ・ CO2 fixation ・ Biomass・ Accurate environmental measurement

・ Assessment of environmental effects

Machinery and information industries

・ DNA analysis equipment ・ DNA chips・ Ultrahigh-precision measurement

Hazard dataRisk assessment methods

Experiment assessment methods, etc.

Standards for mass, length, time, etc.Inorganic and organic standard

substancesEnvironmental standard substancesMeasurement and analysis methods,

etc.

Safety management infrastructure for chemical substances

Measurement standards and standard substances

New R&D New R&D and and

support for support for industrial industrial activitiesactivities

3D measurement data for human bodyPhysiological function data for the

elderlyExperiment assessment

methods, etc.

Infrastructure related to human lifestyle and welfare

Data on properties, functions, and characteristics

Environmental load characteristicsExperiment assessment methods,

etc.

Materials-related infrastructure

Industries related to everydaygoods and the elderly

・ Easy-to-use, safe (people-friendly) products

・ Recyclable (environment-friendly) products

Geological map scalesMarine geological maps

Standard bedrock samples, etc.

Geological information

Disaster prevention, urbanregeneration, resource development

・ Protection and management of national territory・ Ensuring stable supply of energy and resources

Biotechnology industry ・ Pharmaceuticals ・ Foodstuffs・ New materials such as biodegradable plastics

Chemical industry・ Highly functional enzymes・ Production of industrial raw materials such as amino acids ・ Safe production and management of chemical substances

Intellectual infrastructure that supports various industries and gives rise to new industries

Infrastructure related to human ergonomics and welfare

Measurement standards and standard substances

Creation of common infrastructureCreation of common infrastructure

Information infrastructure for biological resources

Responses to social issuesResponses to social issues Creation of new industriesCreation of new industries

Materials-related infrastructure

Safety management infrastructure for chemical substances

Management of national territoryManagement of national territory

Geological information

Important areas of intellectual infrastructure


Responding to Market and Social Needs

• Development of sector-specific strategy --- JISC, together with interested

industries, regulators and consumers, developed 27 sector-specific strategies, which set priorities for standardization in each sector.


• Ensuring wider and deeper participation of interested parties to standardization, such as

--- industries --- regulators --- consumers, the elderly and people with

disabilities


• Industries - Currently 589 industrial organizations

participate in JISC standardization - In order to give more incentives to industries

for their participation, JISC is considering of giving part of revenues from copyright of JIS to those industrial organizations involved in JIS development.


• Regulators - encourage their further participation in JIS

development process, which leads to further adoption of voluntary standards in technical regulations

• Consumers - JISC set up “the Special Committee on

Consumer Policy”, in order to have more voices from consumers in JIS development process


• “The Special Committee on Consumer Policy” endorsed recommendations

• The recommendations identified 7 priority areas; i) Addressing needs of the elderly and people

with disabilities, ii) consumer protection, iii) protection of health and safety, iv) environmental protection and recycling, v) securing interoperability and compatibility, vi) providing product/service information, vii) improvement of usability and conformities


• The recommendations suggests urgent works on the following issues; i) to establish JIS based on ISO/IEC guide 71, ii) to standardize guidelines on consumer protection, iii) to develop standards to provide information on recycling

• The recommendations urges actions such as; i) bring up experts for standardization on consumer related issues, ii) exchange information with consumer organizations, iii) further involve in ISO/COPOLCO activities.


• Establishment of “Environmental JIS WG”

- In order to respond to mounting social needs in the area of environmental issues such as recycling and energy efficiency, JISC established “Environmental JIS WG” to promote the

development of environmental JIS


Summary

• Increased importance of international standardization

• Need for active participation in international standardization

• Need for having a concrete national standardization policy/vision shared by relevant parties such as government, national standardization body, industries, consumers and others


• Thank you for your attention

• Welcome any question

END

march 28, 2002, epfl/sts1 standardization policy and technical development in japan koichi noda,...

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