marie:an introduction to a simple computer michael dougherty 4.1 - 4.5 september 17, 2009
TRANSCRIPT
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MARIE:An Introduction to a Simple Computer
Michael Dougherty
4.1 - 4.5
September 17, 2009
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Central Processing Unit
CPUFetches Program InstructionsDecode Each InstructionPerform Operation
Divided into two partsDatapathControl Unit
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Datapath
Registers
ALUs
Buses
ClockQuickTime™ and a
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Registers
D Flip-Flops can be used as registersA clock pulse controls access to the data
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Registers
Registers have a fixed “word” size
Number of registers are usually a power of 2Special Purpose
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ALU
Performs the operations such as comparisons, adding, and multiplying
Generally has two data inputs and one data output
These operations often affect bits in the status register
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A Simple ALU circuit
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Control Unit
Sequences operations
Ensures data is at the correct place at the correct time
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The BUS
The wires that connect the CPU to other components
Only one item at a time can use the bus
Speed is affected by length and number of devices sharing it.
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Point-to-point bus
Point-to-point bus connects two specific devices
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Common pathway
Common pathway connects a number of devices
“Multipoint” bus
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Bus Protocol
Data bus
Control lines
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Address lines
Power lines
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Data Bus
Data bus - the actual information to move from one location to another
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Control lines
Control lines - tell which device has permission to use the bus and for what.
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Address lines
Address lines - the location in memory that the data should be read from or written to.
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Power lines
Power lines - provides the power to the circuitry.
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Bus Types
Processor-memory Buses I/O Buses Backplane Bus Personal Computer Buses
Internal Bus (System Bus) External Bus Local Bus
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Just Some Wires?
Synchronous buses
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Asynchronous buses
Handshaking ProtocolReqREADReadyDATAACK
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Bus arbitration
Daisy Chain Arbitration
Centralized Parallel Arbitration
Distributed Arbitration using self-selection
Distributed arbitration using collision detection
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Clocks
Speed
Clock cycles
Clock Frequencies (MHz or GHz)
Clock Cycle TimeBus clocks
Overclocking
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Speed vs. Performance
Same clock speed ≠ same performance Intel 286
PentiumQuickTime™ and a
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Overclocking
Pushes manufacturer’s time constraints
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The I/O Subsystem
Most familiar items of computer
Not connected directly to the CPUMemory-mapped I/O
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Instruction-based I/O
No memory use
Limited CPUs can use devices