marine fisheries introduction and status

7/27/2019 Marine Fisheries Introduction and Status

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Marine Fisheries:Introduction and Status

by

Wynn W. Cudmore, Ph.D.

Northwest Center for Sustainable ResourcesDUE# 0757239

This project supported in part by the National Science Foundation.

Opinions expressed are those of the authors and

not necessarily those of the Foundation.


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Global map of cumulative human impact

across 20 ocean ecosystem types

A. Global oceans

B. Eastern Caribbean

C. North Sea

D. Sea of Japan

E. Torres StraitNorthern Australia

From: B. S. Halpern et al., Science 319, 948 -952 (2008) reprinted with permission from AAAS


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Recent reports on thestatus of marine fisheries


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What is a fishery?

The resource

The habitat

The people involved

NOAA Photo LibraryARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies / Marine PhotobankNOAA Photo LibraryKip Evans


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World Fisheries Production1950-2006

UN FAO


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Top species contributing to marinecapture fisheries production in 2004

Anchoveta 10.7

Alaska pollock 2.7

Blue whiting 2.4

Skipjack tuna 2.1

Atlantic herring 2.0

Chub mackerel 2.0

Japanese anchovy 1.8

Production

(millions of metric tons)


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Most fish are harvested within200 miles of shore

Upwellings

Continental shelves

Estuaries

NASA, MODIS Rapid Response TeamNEFSC (NOAA)


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Nearshore ecosystems are the mostproductive fishing grounds

NOAA


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U.S. tuna and swordfishlongline effort

No. of

long line

sets

Atlantic Ocean

Fig. 1 from Baum, et al. 2003 Science 299:389-392 reprinted with permission from AAAS


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MILLER. Living in the Environment: Principles, Connections and Solutions Brooks / Cole Reproduced by permission


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Seamounts

Former volcanoes that

emerge from theseafloor

NEFSC NOAA


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14,000 large seamounts (elevation > 1,500 m)

Could be as many as 200,000 seamounts, knolls, pinnacles (Hillier & Watts 2007)

Seas Around Us - Kitchingman & Lai 2004

Global Distribution of Seamounts


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Seamounts as Fish Habitat

Currents and upwellings

around seamounts

concentrate plankton

and increaseproductivity

Fisheries Centre, Aquatic Ecosystems Research Laboratory, University of British Columbia


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Orange Roughy

Stephen McGowan, Australian Maritime

College, 2006 / Marine Photobank

Orange Roughy and other deep water species


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Trend in Mean Depth of Catch Since 1950

Millennium Ecosystem Assessment


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Marine fish are categorizedaccording to their habitat

Demersal speciesbottom-dwelling

Pelagic speciesopen water

Haddock Flounder Cod

Anchovy Tuna Mackerel

Northeast Fisheries Science Center


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Harvest of fish from high seas areashas increased since 1950

High seas areas lie outside of the Exclusive Economic Zone of any country (>200 miles)UN FAO


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Campbell, Neil A.: Mitchell, Lawrence G.; Reece, Jane B., Biology: Concepts and Connections, 2nd Edition, 1997, p. 711.

Reprinted by permission of Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.


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A Marine

Biomass

Pyramid

Diatoms, dinoflagellates, and other phytoplankton

Euphausid crustaceans


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Importance of fish as a food source

Nearly 144 million metric tons(mmt)

produced annually for consumption

(92 mmt from wild capture, 52 mmt from aquaculture)

More than 2.6 billion people get at least 20%

of their animal protein from fish and shellfish

30-90% for some coastal and island regions


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Tsukiji Fish MarketTokyo, Japan

Wikipedia


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Fish as food: per capita supply

UNFAO


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Top ten U.S. fish species

Shrimp

Tuna

Salmon

Pollock Catfish

Tilapia

Crab

Cod

Clams

Flatfish

Northeast Fisheries Science Center


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Status of Marine Fisheriesa historical perspective

Until recently in the balance between productivity of fish populations and

peoples ability to catch fish, the fish were favored. Iudicello, et al. 1999


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World capture fisheries production(1950-2006)

UN FAO


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Status of Marine Fisheries

In 2004, 52% of world fish stockswere fully exploited, 25% wereoverexploited or depleted

Large predatory fish have declinedglobally by 90%

At least 42% of U.S. fisheries arebeing overexploited

UNFAO Antonio Pais


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Evidence for rapid worldwide depletion ofpredatory fish communities

Data from Myers and Worm (2003)


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Mean Catch Rates of Sharks in the Gulf of

Mexico - 1950s vs. 1990s

0

0.51

1.52

2.53

3.54

4.5

5

Ocea

nicw

hitetip

Silky

Mako

Tige

r

Hammerhe

ad

Blackti

p

Sandba

r

Spinn

er

ThresherM

ean

catchrate/1000h

ooks

Mid 1950s

1990s

Oceanic white tip

Mako

Tiger

Hammerhead

Data from Baum and Myers (2004) / Images from Wikimedia


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Fisheries Collapses

Atlantic cod

Atlantic salmon

Pacific sardine

Haddock

Atlantic halibut

Peruvian anchovy

Collapse of the Atlantic Cod Fishery off Newfoundland



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Are any marine fish endangered?

Blue hake

Roundnose grenadier

Reprinted with permission from Macmillan Publishers Ltd. Nature, 439, 7072. 2006NOAA - Northeast Fisheries Science Center


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Some good news for a change?

Worm, B., et al. 2009. Rebuilding global fisheries. Science

325:578-585.

In 5 of 10 well-studied ecosystems average exploitation ratehas recently declined

63% of assessed global fish stocks still require rebuilding

Fisheries and conservation objectives can be met by using a

variety of management actions (catch restrictions, gear

modification and closures)


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COMPASS, E. Neeley


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Summary

Marine fisheries are an important biological andcultural resource

Near-shore ecosystems are the most productive

Significant numbers of stocks (especially largepredators) are overexploited or depleted

Capture fisheries production probably peaked inthe 1980s

Aquaculture provides an increasing proportionof total fish production

OAR / National Undersea Research Program (NURP); Alaska Department of Fish and Game


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Photo Credits Baum and Myers (2004)

Communication Partnership for Science and the Sea (COMPASS), E. Neeley

Fisheries Centre, Aquatic Ecosystems Research Laboratory, University of British Columbia

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (UNFAO)

Marine Photobank- ARC Centre for Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, Stephen McGowan,

Antonio Pais Millenium Ecosystem Assessment

MILLER, Living in the Environment: Principles, Connections and Solutions

Myers and Worm (2003)

NASA - MODIS Rapid Response Team

Nature one figure reprinted with permission

NOAA- Alaska Fisheries Science Center, Northeast Fisheries Science Center, NOAA Ocean

Explorer, Kip Evans, Russ Hopcroft, Jerry McLelland, B. Sheiko

Science multiple figures reprinted with permission from AAAS

Seas Around Us - Kitchingman & Lai 2004

Wikipedia, Wikimedia

marine fisheries introduction and status

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