maritime revolution part 1 apwh 2014 ap test $5.00 with waiver = free reduced lunch program or...
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Maritime Revolution Part 1
APWH 2014
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AP Test
• $5.00 With waiver = Free Reduced lunch program or income requirement.
• $87.00 no waiver.
• March 23 Last Day to sign up.
• Ms. Holmes/ - Attendance
• Sign ups Mondays/Wednesday lunch only
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Pacific Islands
• Settled by Polynesian mariners by 1300• Evidence =
1.DNA evidence
2.Linguistic similarities
3.Transfer of indigenous plants
4.Settlements on Easter Island and New Zealand
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Madagascar
• Settled by Malayo-Indonesians and PolynesiansSettled by Malayo-Indonesians and Polynesians
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Indian Ocean
• Easiest and least dangerous of all oceans to navigate because:
• monsoon winds were predictable.
• Dhow very sturdy vessel
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Islam and Indian Ocean Trade
1. Muslim cities in Middle East created a demand for exotic commodities
2. Muslim trade networks tied regions together
3. Muslim traders shared a common language, ethic and law
4. Islam was spread actively to distant trading cities
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Ming Empire in Indian Ocean
• Seven Imperial fleets sent between 1405 and 1433
• Treasure ships of Zheng He carried silk, metals and other valuable gifts for distant rulers
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Zeng He Visits Africa
1. Zheng He extended his voyages to Africa
2. The voyages stimulated the Swahili silk market
3. At least 3 trading cities in East Africa sent delegations to China in 1415
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Zeng He Visits Africa4. The Chinese began to import more pepper•Zheng He’s voyages were discontinued in 1433•Ming government believed little could be gained by exploring.
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Atlantic Ocean• Early Middle Ages
the Vikings were the best mariners.
• Used knowledge of the heavens and seas to travel long distances
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Amerindians• Natives from South
America traveled up the Pacific coast
• Amerindians called the Arawaks colonized the West Indies (Caribbean)
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Amerindians
• The Carib tribe by the 15th century had overrun most of the Arawak settlements
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European Expansion
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Portugal and Spain
• The two nations that began a maritime revolution that would change the course of world history.
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Motives for Iberian Expansion
• Political
• Economic
• Religious
• Intellectual
• SPICE
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Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabel of Castille
• Their marriage created Spain
• One of the most powerful European states in the 16th century
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Italian States
• Not interested in exploration
• Trading states of Venice and Genoa preferred alliances with Muslim traders for goods.
• Mediterranean ships were not built for the open Atlantic
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Portugal
• Early motivation for exploration was to gain access to the sub-Saharan gold trade.
• Explicit (Ultimate) goal was to find a passage to India
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Henry the Navigator (1394-1460)
• Devoted his life to promoting exploration• third son of King of Portugal organized
explorations of Southern Atlantic. Main motives (goals):• 1. Convert Africans to Christianity.• 2. Make contact with Christian rulers in
Africa to establish alliances and crusade against Muslim Ottoman Turks.
• 3. Discover profitable new lands.
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Sagres Institute• Research institute for
navigation founded by Henry the Navigator
• Collected information on southern Africa from location across from North Africa.
• Learned from Italians about trans-Saharan trade routes and Jewish cartographers (map makers)
• Created the most accurate sea charts and maps of the time period.
• Henry’s ships explored the Atlantic and established colonies on Madeira in 1418 and the Azores in 1439.
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Naval Technology
• Sagres Institute studied and improved magnetic compass (Chinese)
• and astrolabe (Arab/Greek)
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Caravel• Fast• Maneuverable• Good fighting ship• Strong• 1/5 size of large
European three-masted square-riggers and Chinese Junks.
• Size allowed exploration of shallow coastal waters and strong enough to withstand ocean storms.
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• Equipped with lateen and square sails for performance
• small cannon for defense or offense.
• They were economical, fast, agile and powerful.
• “The best ship that sailed the seas” of the period.
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Caravel v. Square rigger
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Lateen sails/astrolabe
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Trade Winds
• After 1444, wind currents were discovered that blew in a circular pattern.
• Explorers learned to speedily return from Africa by sailing Northwest to ride the westerly winds home.
• After 1444 knowledge of trade winds allowed faster trips home.
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The Order of Christ• Financed Henry’s
explorers until voyages became profitable.
• Military/religious order founded 1318
• Received exclusive rights to promote Christianity in all new lands discovered.
• *The reason Portuguese ship sails were marked with the red crusaders’ cross.
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Slavery
• 1440’s create first financial profit for Portuguese
• Captured Africans from Canary Islands and NW coast of Africa sold to European and Mediterranean traders.
• By 1500 number of slaves captured or purchased reached 80,000 and rose steadily.
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Cruzado
• New Portuguese gold coin
• 1457 Gold trade surpasses slavery income in West Africa through Sahara.
• Issued when Portugal began making money from Africa
• Showed link between religious and secular motives.
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After Henry the Navigator:
• Private commercial explorations provided faster results for Portugal
• Fernao Gomes- 1469• Purchased the privilege
of exploring 350 mi. of new African coast a year for five years
• In return holds a monopoly on trade he developed there.
• Discovered Sao Tome on the equator (would become major sugar source in 1500’s).
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Gold Coast
• Explored by Gomes• Would later become
the headquarters of Portuguese West African trade in gold and slaves.
• The gold Guinea coin starts to circulate
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Locate
• Portugal• Gold Coast• Canary Islands• Sagres• Guniea
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Bartolomeu Diaz
• 1488• First Portuguese
explorer to reach southern tip of Africa and see Indian Ocean
• Bartholomew Diaz
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Vasco da Gama
• 1497-1498 • Sailed around
Africa and became first to reach India
• Vasco da Gama link
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Pedro Alvares Cabral
• 1500• Discovered South
America while looking for favorable wind around tip of Africa.
• 80 years after Henry the Navigator, exploration was about to pay off big for the Portuguese!
• Pedro Álvares Cabral
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