market revolution
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Market Revolution. What was the Market Revolution?. Dramatic change in scale and impact of market activity. Surge in manufacturing (North and Northwest). More people brought into a larger market economy. Causes many economic, social, and cultural changes. Before the market Rev. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Market Revolution
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What was the Market Revolution?
• Dramatic change in scale and impact of market activity.
• Surge in manufacturing (North and Northwest).
• More people brought into a larger market economy.
• Causes many economic, social, and cultural changes.
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• Most people are rural (mainly subsistence) farmers.
• All of the family is involved—but patriarchal.
• Grow food & raise animals for self consumption.
• Make other things like clothes, furniture, etc.
• Trade with neighbors for things they can’t make (barter economy—no exchange of cash & no “fixed” prices).
• Some, though, have excess crops they sell on the commercial market.
Before the market Rev.
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Pre-Industrial Artisan System
• Artisan = skilled craftsman (blacksmith, shoemaker, barrel maker, wheel maker, tailor, etc).
• Apprentice—Journeyman—master
• “self-making”
• Leisurely and personal
• “home” and “work” are intermixed
• Make the “whole” product
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Home Manufacturing• “Putting-Out” System
• Merchant provides raw materials.
• 1st Women who do textile work at home to augment family income (usually in New England).
• Later, people are given parts of a process to work on (example = shoes). Lynn, Mass.
• Are paid by piece.
• De-skilling (no longer making whole product)
• Challenges artisan system
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The Market Revolution
• Causes:
– A. Improvements in Transportation– B. Increased Industrialization– C. Improvements in communications
Result = Increased commercialization (more Americans involved in commercial market activity).
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Transportation
• Steamboats
• Canals (Erie) N. East—N.West.
• Railroads– A. B & O (1830)– B. Different “gauges.”– C. Take-Off in 1840s– D. Mostly in North– E. Private funding & help from
local and national govt.
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Communication
• Samuel F.B. Morse
• 1844 “What Hath God Wrought?”
• Mostly in North
• Western Union
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Morse as an Artist
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Industrialism• Samuel Slater—Spinning Mill in Pawtucket, RI. First modern
factory in America. 1793
• Most early factories in NE use female labor.• Families in mid-Atlantic.
• 1st water, then steam for power
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The Lowell System
• Female Employees
• Chaperoned boardinghouses.
• Highly regulated environment
• Cultural activities
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American System
• Eli Whitney—Interchangeable parts
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Impact of Market Revolution
• More impersonal workplace
• More emphasis on time (less leisurely)
• More people use cash
• People begin to buy more things & make less.
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Impact on Home
• Home and workplace become separate (separate spheres).
• Home begins to be seen as refuge from hurly-burly of workplace.
• Middle-class women have new role as “home-maker” because of their unique female virtues.
• “Cult of Domesticity”
• But applies only to white middle and upper class women.
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The New Middle Class
• Market Rev. created new types of jobs—clerks, bookkeepers, etc. (“White Collar”).
• Land ownership no longer only avenue for wealth
• Increasing middle-class emerges
• Distinct lifestyle emerges in which material possessions indicate success.
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New Labor Force
• Competition forced factory owners to cut wages and working conditions began to deteriorate.
• Factory owners begin to turn to immigrant labor (The Irish).
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New Immigrants
• 1840s and 1850s = huge surge in Immigration.
• Irish—single, poor, Catholic (Eastern cities)
• Germans—families, $, mostly Protestant (Northwest)
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Response to Immigration
• Nativism
• Seen as a threat to republicanism
• Competition for jobs
• 1845—Native American Party– Wanted to ban Catholics and foreign born from
holding office, restrict immigration, and have literacy tests for voting.
– Eventually become “Know-Nothings”