mass-wasting movement of large amounts of material downhill under gravity
TRANSCRIPT
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Mass-Wasting
Movement of Large Amounts of Material Downhill under Gravity
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Types of Mass Wasting
• Slow vs. Fast• Wet vs. Dry• Cohesive vs. Fragmented
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Types of Mass Wasting
• Creep• Slow Landslide• Earthflow, Mudflow, Debris Flow• Avalanche• Rockfall• Slump• Complex Landslide
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Factors in Mass Wasting
• Climate• Moisture• Steep Slopes• Weak Rocks• Existing Failure Surfaces
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Soil Creep
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Soil Creep
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Soil Creep
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Soil Creep, California
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Creep, North Carolina
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Colluvium, San Bernardino Mountains, California
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Mystery or Soil Creep?
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Four Years’ Mass-Wasting, Bosnia
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Four Years’ Mass-Wasting, Bosnia
• 100*40/2 cm2 = 2000 cm2 (4 years)
• = 500 cm2 /year• Removed from 1 km
slope per year = 500 cm2 /100,000 cm= 1 cm/200 yr= 5000 cm (50 m)/m.y. = 50m /m.y.
• A 1-m (100 cm) soil mantle yields 500 cm2 /year, so movement = 500 cm2 /year/100 cm= 5 cm/year
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Debris Flow, Utah
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Landslide, Wyoming
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Geological Disneyland, Utah
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Landslide, Utah
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Landslide, Wyoming
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Landslide and Slope Control, Wyoming
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Landslide, Wyoming
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Bridge of the Gods, Washington
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Bridge of the Gods, Washington
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Gros Ventre Slide, Wyoming, 1925
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Slide Lake, Wyoming
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Gros Ventre Slide, Wyoming
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Landslide, Pakistan, January 4,
2010
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Landslide, Pakistan, January 4,
2010
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Urban Planning, San Diego
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Martian Landslide
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Active Landslide on Mars
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Active Landslide on Mars
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Rockfalls, Yosemite, California
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Rockfalls, Yosemite, California
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Block Slide, Yosemite
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Rockslide, Yosemite
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Slumps? Baird Creek
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Avalanche Chute, Colorado
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Landslide, Mount Saint Helens
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Aberfan, Wales
• October 21, 1966, a large waste pile from coal mining collapsed
• Village school was in the path of the slide• 144 people killed, 116 of them children• Weathering of coal mine waste liberates
sulfuric acid and weakens waste piles• Seepage beneath pile contributed
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Coal Tip, England
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Inquiry Board, 1967
• the Aberfan Disaster is a terrifying tale of bungling ineptitude by many men charged with tasks for which they were totally unfitted, of failure to heed clear warnings, and of total lack of direction from above. Not villains but decent men, led astray by foolishness or by ignorance or by both in combination, are responsible for what happened at Aberfan.
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Sherman Glacier, Alaska, March 27, 1964
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Sherman Glacier, Alaska,
March 27, 1964
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Blackhawk Landslide, California
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Saidmareh Landslide,
Iran
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Landslide on Iapetus
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Viaont, Italy, October 9, 1963
1800 people died.
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Yungay, Peru, May 31, 1970
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Yungay, Peru, May 31, 1970
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Lituya Bay, Alaska, July 9, 1958
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Lituya Bay, Before and
After
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The Scour Line
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The Highest Wave Ever Recorded
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Dealing With Mass-Wasting• Proper Land Use – Stay out of Danger• Take warnings seriously• Structural Control– Retaining Structures– Drainage– Terraces
• Warning System• Accept the Risk and Responsibility• Abolish Insurance ?