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Gerunds (-ing)

When a verb ends in -ing, it may be a gerund or a present participle. It is important to understand

that they are not the same.

When we use a verb in -ing form more like a noun, it is usually a gerund:

Fishing is fun.When we use a verb in -ing form more like a verb or an adjective, it is usually a present

participle:

Anthony is fishing. I have a boring teacher.

Gerunds are sometimes called "verbal nouns".

Gerunds as Subject, Object or Complement

Try to think of gerunds as verbs in noun form.

Like nouns, gerunds can be the subject, object or complement of a sentence:

Smoking costs a lot of money.

I don't like writing. My favorite occupation is reading.

But, like a verb, a gerund can also have an object itself. In this case, the whole expression

[gerund + object] can be the subject, object or complement of the sentence.

Smoking cigarettes costs a lot of money. I don't like writing letters. My favorite occupation is reading detective stories.

Like nouns, we can use gerunds with adjectives (including articles and other determiners):

pointless questioning a settling of debts the making ofTitanic his drinking of alcohol

But when we use a gerund with an article, it does not usually take a direct object:


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a settling of debts (nota settling debts) Making "Titanic" was expensive. The making of "Titanic" was expensive.

Do you see the difference in these two sentences? In one, "reading" is a gerund (noun). In the

other "reading" is a present participle (verb).

My favorite occupation is reading. My favorite niece is reading.

Gerunds after Prepositions

This is a good rule. It has no exceptions!

If we want to use a verb after a preposition, it must be a gerund. It is impossible to use an

infinitive after a preposition. So for example, we say:

I will call you afterarriving at the office. Please have a drinkbeforeleaving. I am looking forward tomeeting you. Do you object toworking late? Tara always dreams aboutgoing on holiday.

Notice that you could replace all the above gerunds with "real" nouns:

I will call you aftermy arrival at the office. Please have a drinkbefore your departure. I am looking forward to our lunch. Do you object to this job? Tara always dreams aboutholidays.

The above rule has no exceptions!

So why is "to" followed by "driving" in 1 and by "drive" in 2?

1. I am used to driving on the left.2.

I used to drive on the left.

Gerunds after Certain Verbs

We sometimes use one verb after another verb. Often the second verb is in the infinitive form,

for example:


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I wantto eat.But sometimes the second verb must be in gerund form, for example:

I dislikeeating.This depends on thefirst verb. Here is a list of verbs that are usually followed by a verb in

gerund form:

admit, appreciate, avoid, carry on, consider, defer, delay, deny, detest, dislike, endure,enjoy, escape, excuse, face, feel like, finish, forgive, give up, can't help, imagine, involve,

leave off, mention, mind, miss, postpone, practice, put off, report, resent, risk, can't stand,

suggest, understand

Look at these examples:

She is consideringhaving a holiday.

Do youfeel likegoing out? I can't helpfalling in love with you. I can't standnot seeing you.

Some verbs can be followed by the gerund form or the infinitive form without a big change in

meaning: begin, continue, hate, intend, like, love, prefer, propose, start

I like to play tennis. I like playing tennis. It started to rain.

It started raining.

Gerunds in Passive Sense

We often use a gerund after the verbs need, require and want. In this case, the gerund has a

passive sense.

I have three shirts that needwashing. (need to be washed) This letter requiressigning. (needs to be signed) The house wantsrepainting. (needs to be repainted)

The expression "something wants doing" is not normally used in American English.


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Gerund and Infinitive (no difference in

meaning)

Gerund/Infinitive - ExplanationsGerund/Infinitive - Exercises

We use the Gerund or the Infinitive after the following verbs:

beginHe began talking.

He began to talk.

continueThey continue smoking.

They continue to smoke.

hateDo you hate working on Saturdays?

Do you hate to work on Saturdays?

like I like swimming.I like to swim.

loveShe loves painting.

She loves to paint.

preferPat prefers walking home.

Pat prefers to walk home.

startThey start singing.

They start to sing.

We use the Gerund or the Infinitive after the following verbs. There are two possible

structures after these verbs.Gerund: verb + -ing

Infinitive: verb + person + to-infinitive

adviseThey advise walking to town.

They advise us to walk to town.

allowThey do not allow smoking here.

They do not allow us to smoke here.

encourageThey encourage doing the test.

They encourage us to do the test.

permitThey do not permit smoking here.

They do not permit us to smoke here.

We use the following structures with the word recommend:

recommendThey recommend walking to town.

They recommend that we walk to town.

Thanks to Bryan.
http://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/grammar_list/gerund_infinitiv.htmhttp://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/grammar_list/gerund_infinitiv.htmhttp://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/exercises_list/gerund_infinitiv.htmhttp://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/exercises_list/gerund_infinitiv.htmhttp://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/exercises_list/gerund_infinitiv.htmhttp://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/grammar_list/gerund_infinitiv.htm


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Gerund and Infinitive - difference in meaning

Some verbs have different meaning. (when used with Gerund or Infinitive)

GERUND INFINITIVE

forget

He'll never forget spending so

much money on his first

computer.

Don't forget to spend money on the

tickets.

GERUND INFINITIVE

go on Go on reading the text. Go on to read the text.

GERUND INFINITIVE

mean You have forgotten yourhomework again. That means

phoning your mother.

I meant to phone your mother, butmy mobile didn't work.

GERUND INFINITIVE

rememberI remember switching off the

lights when I went on holiday.

Remember to switch off the lights

when you go on holiday.

GERUND INFINITIVE

stop

Stop reading the

text. Stop to read the text.

GERUND INFINITIVE

tryWhy don't you try running after

the dog?

I tried to run after the dog, but I was

too slow.

The Infinitive with to

after:

the first Gagarin was the first to fly in a spaceship.

the last Peter was the last to watch the film.

the next He is the next to get his passport.

after: adjectivesI'm happy to be here.

It's better not to smoke.


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after:

certain verbs

(agree, choose, forget, hope, learn,

promise, regret*, want, )I learn to drive a car.

* After regret the to-infinitive is used when announcing bad news:We regret to inform you that the flight to Munich has been cancelled.

In other cases theGerundis used.

after: question wordsI don't know what to say.

Can you tell me how to get to the bus stop?

after: want/would like I want you to help me.

verb + object + to-infinitive I helped my dad to clean the car.

NOTE!!!

I want to help you. I want you to help me.

The Infinitive without to

after auxiliaries/modals

can He can run very fast.

could As a boy he could run very fast.

may I may fly to Africa this summer.

might I might fly to Africa this summer.

must I must go now.

mustn't You mustn't smoke here.

needn't

You needn't go.

shall We shall sing a song.

should We should sing a song.

will She will cook a meal for his birthday.

would She would cook a meal for his birthday.
http://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/grammar/gerund_verbs.htmhttp://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/grammar/gerund_verbs.htmhttp://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/grammar/gerund_verbs.htmhttp://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/grammar/gerund_verbs.htm


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after to do

do I don't know.

after the following expressions:

had better You had better clean up your room.would rather Susan would rather study for her exam tomorrow.

would sooner I would sooner read a book than watch this film.

why not Why not ask your neighbour for help?

why should we Why should we go by car?

why should we not Why should we not go by car?

after verbs of perception + object (action has finished):

feel She feels the rain fall on her face.

hear I heard Peter sing a song.

notice Mandy noticed the boy climb the tree.

see They saw him climb up the roof.

watch He watched the thieves steal a car.

after let + object:

letSandy let her child go out alone.

Mother let her daughter decide on her own.

let's Let's go for a walk through the park.

after make + object:

make She made Peggy and Samantha clean the room.

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