Software & Hardware

Software & HardwareSoftware (Perangkat Lunak)Terdiri dari :System SoftwareApplication SoftwareProgramming Software

System softwareSystem software membantu menjalankan perangkat keras komputer dan sistem komputer. Termasuk diantaranya adalah : device drivers, diagnostic tools, operating systems, servers, utilities, windowing systems, System softwareTujuan dari system software adalah agar pengguna tidak terlalu sibuk dengan detail yang harus dilakukan saat penggunaan hardware atau peralatan komputer.

System SoftwareOperating systemsFungsi pengendali komputer:Hardware Memory Program AplikasiSistem PerawatanMemberikan user interface

System utilitiesPrograms that perform computer housekeeping tasks:Manage system resourcesImprove efficiencyVirus prevention

2007 Prentice-Hall, Inc.

55There are two basic types of software: application software and system software. --Application software is the software you use to do everyday tasks at home and at work. --System software is the set of software programs that helps run the computer and coordinates instructions between application software and the computers hardware devices.System software consists of two primary types of programs: the operating system and utility programs. --The operating system (OS) is the main program that controls how your computer system functions. The OS manages the computers hardware, including the processor, memory, and storage devices, as well as peripheral devices. The operating system also provides a consistent means for software applications to work with the CPU. Additionally, it is responsible for the management, scheduling, and interaction of tasks. Your first interaction with the OS is the user interface.--System software also includes utility programs. These are small programs that perform many of the general housekeeping tasks for the computer, such as system maintenance and file compression.

Operating SystemsAn operating system (OS) is a set of programs containing instructions that work together to coordinate all the activities among computer hardware resourcesDiscovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 86Pages 398 - 3996operating systems

Operating System Functions

Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 88Page 401 Figure 8-38Operating System FunctionsThe process of starting or restarting a computer is called bootingDiscovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 89Page 400 Figure 8-2

9Operating System FunctionsDiscovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 810Page 40210Operating System FunctionsAn operating system includes various shut down optionsDiscovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 811Page 402

Click to view Web Link,click Chapter 8, Click Web Link from left navigation, then click Sleep Modebelow Chapter 811The User InterfaceEnables you to interact with the computerTypes of interfaces:Command-driven interfaceMenu-driven interfaceGraphical user interface 2007 Prentice-Hall, Inc.

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Command-lineMenu-drivenGraphical12The operating system provides a user interface that enables you to interact with the computer. In early PCs, the interface with the operating system was through a command-driven interface, meaning that the user had to type very specific commands to get the computer to load a program. The commands were not always easy to understand and therefore the interface proved to be too complicated for the average user.The command-driven interface was later improved by incorporating a menu-driven interface in which you choose a command from menus displayed on the screen. Menu-driven interfaces eliminated the need to know every command because you could select most of the commonly used commands from a menu. However, they were still not easy enough for most people to use.Most operating systems today use a graphical user interface. Unlike the command- and menu-driven interfaces used earlier, GUIs display graphics and use the point-and-click technology of the mouse and cursor, making them much more user friendly. Operating System FunctionsA user interface controls how you enter data and instructions and how information is displayed on the screenWith a graphical user interface (GUI), you interact with menus and visual images

Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 813Pages 402 403 Figure 8-413Operating System FunctionsWith a command-line interface, a user uses the keyboard to enter data and instructionsDiscovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 814Page 403 Figure 8-5

14Operating System FunctionsMemory management optimizes the use of RAMVirtual memory is a portion of a storage medium functioning as additional RAMDiscovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 815Page 406 Figure 8-8

15Operating System FunctionsThe operating system determines the order in which tasks are processedDiscovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 816Page 407 Figure 8-9

Click to view Web Link,click Chapter 8, Click Web Link from left navigation, then click Spooling below Chapter 8

16Operating System FunctionsDiscovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 817Page 408

Click to view Web Link,click Chapter 8, Click Web Link from left navigation, then click Plug and Play below Chapter 817Sistem Operasimulti-user : Mengijinkan dua atau lebih user untuk menjalankan program pada saat yang sama. Beberapa sistem operasi mengijinkan ratusan, bahkan ribuan user yang concurrent.. multiprocessing : Mensupport menjalankan sebuah program pada lebih dari satu CPU. multitasking : Mengijinkan lebih dari satu program dijalankan secara concurret

Sistem Operasimultithreading : Mengijinkan bagian yang terpisah dari program tunggal untuk dijalankan secara concurrent real time: Merespor pada input secara cepat. Types of Operating Systems

Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 820Pages 411 412 Figure 8-1420Stand-Alone Operating SystemsA stand-alone operating system is a complete operating system that works on a desktop computer, notebook computer, or mobile computing deviceDiscovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 821Page 41221Server Operating SystemsDiscovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 822Pages 417 - 41822Embedded Operating SystemsAn embedded operating system resides on a ROM chip on a mobile device or consumer electronic deviceDiscovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 823Pages 418 - 42023Embedded Operating Systems

Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 824Pages 419 421Figures 8-22 8-26

Click to view Web Link,click Chapter 8, Click Web Link from left navigation, then click iPhone OSbelow Chapter 8

Click to view Web Link,click Chapter 8, Click Web Link from left navigation, then click Blackberrybelow Chapter 824Utility ProgramsA utility program is a type of system software that allows a user to perform maintenance-type tasksDiscovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 825Page 421 Figure 8-27

25Handling Errors in the Boot ProcessNon-system disk or disk errorRemove the floppy from the drive and press any keyPOST errorsSingle beep: Everything is loading properlySeries of beeps: Hardware problemSafe modeWindows does not boot properlyUninstall any new devices or software 2007 Prentice-Hall, Inc.

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26Errors during the boot process are often very simple to correct and it is helpful to be aware of the most common problems. Many computers are set to look on the floppy drive first for an operating system. This method allows for booting the system if the hard drive goes bad. Normally, when the computer finds no disk in the floppy drive, it looks to the hard drive and boots from there. If you leave a diskette in the drive that does not have system files on it, the computer will display a message that there is a non-system disk. Removing the diskette will solve the problem.During POST, the BIOS looks for a video out connection and a keyboard in connection. If either is missing the boot process is halted and a series of beeps will be heard. The solution is to check your keyboard connection and video card to make sure something didnt become disconnected. Sometimes Windows does not boot properly and you end up with a screen with the words Safe Mode in the corners. Safe mode is a special diagnostic mode designed for troubleshooting errors. While in Safe mode, only the essential devices of the system (such as the mouse, keyboard, and monitor) function. If, after you boot, you end up in Safe mode, try rebooting the machine before doing anything else. If you still end up in Safe mode and if you have recently installed new software or a new hardware device, try uninstalling it.Computer Hardware27

27HardwareSystem UnitPeripheral Devices28

System UnitPeripheral Devices28Hardware components consist of the >system unit and peripheral devices, those devices such as monitors and printers that are connected to the computer. Other hardware devices, such as routers, help a computer communicate with other computers to facilitate sharing documents and other resources. Together the system unit and peripheral devices perform four main functions: they enable the computer to input data, process that data, and output and store the data and information.

The System UnitThe system unit is a case that contains electronic components of the computer used to process dataDiscovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 429Page 210 Figure 4-1

29The System UnitThe inside of the system unit on a desktop personal computer includes:Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 430Page 211 Figure 4-2

30The System UnitThe motherboard is the main circuit board of the system unitA computer chip contains integrated circuitsDiscovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 431Page 212 Figure 4-3

31ProcessorThe processor, also called the central processing unit (CPU), interprets and carries out the basic instructions that operate a computerContain a control unit and an arithmetic logic unit (ALU)Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 432Page 21332Processor

Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 433Page 213 Figure 4-433ProcessorThe control unit is the component of the processor that directs and coordinates most of the operations in the computerThe arithmetic logic unit (ALU) performs arithmetic, comparison, and other operationsDiscovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 434Page 214

Click to view Web Link,click Chapter 4, Click Web Link from left navigation, then click Control Unitbelow Chapter 434ProcessorFor every instruction, a processor repeats a set of four basic operations, which comprise a machine cycleDiscovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 435Page 215 Figure 4-5

35ProcessorMost current personal computers support pipeliningProcessor begins fetching a second instruction before it completes the machine cycle for the first instruction

Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 436Pages 215 216 Figure 4-636ProcessorDiscovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 437Page 21637ProcessorParallel processing uses multiple processors simultaneously to execute a single program or taskMassively parallel processing involves hundreds or thousands of processorsDiscovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 438Page 220 Figure 4-11

38Data RepresentationASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) is the most widely used coding scheme to represent data

Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 439Page 221 Figure 4-1439Data Representation

Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 440Page 222 Figure 4-1540MemoryMemory consists of electronic components that store instructions waiting to be executed by the processor, data needed by those instructions, and the results of processing the dataStores three basic categories of items:Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 441Page 22341MemoryThe system unit contains two types of memory:Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 442Pages 223 - 22442Memory

Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 443Page 224 Figure 4-1843MemoryThree basic types of RAM chips exist:Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 444Page 225 Figure 4-19

44MemoryRAM chips usually reside on a memory module and are inserted into memory slotsDiscovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 445Page 225 Figure 4-20

45MemoryMemory cache speeds the processes of the computer because it stores frequently used instructions and dataDiscovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 446Page 227 Figure 4-22

Click to view Web Link,click Chapter 4, Click Web Link from left navigation, then click Windows ReadyBoost below Chapter 446MemoryDiscovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 447Page 228

Click to view Web Link,click Chapter 4, Click Web Link from left navigation, then click ROMbelow Chapter 447MemoryFlash memory can be erased electronically and rewrittenCMOS technology provides high speeds and consumes little powerDiscovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 448Pages 228 229Figure 4-23

48Expansion Slots and Adapter CardsAn expansion slot is a socket on the motherboard that can hold an adapter cardAn adapter card enhances functions of a component of the system unit and/or provides connections to peripheralsSound card and video card

Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 449Page 230 Figure 4-26

Click to view Web Link,click Chapter 4, Click Web Link from left navigation, then click Video Cardsbelow Chapter 449Expansion Slots and Adapter CardsWith Plug and Play, the computer automatically can configure adapter cards and other peripherals as you install themDiscovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 450Pages 230 231 Figure 4-27

50Ports and ConnectorsDiscovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 451Page 232

Click to view Web Link,click Chapter 4, Click Web Link from left navigation, then click Digital Audio Portbelow Chapter 451Ports and Connectors

Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 452Page 232 Figure 4-2952Ports and ConnectorsOn a notebook computer, the ports are on the back, front, and/or sidesDiscovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 453Pages 232 - 233 Figure 4-30

HDTVBlu-ray Disc Playermultimedia PCsystem gamedigital camcorder53Ports and Connectors

Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 454Page 233 Figure 4-3154Ports and ConnectorsA USB port can connect up to 127 different peripherals together with a single connectorYou can attach multiple peripherals using a single USB port with a USB hubDiscovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 455Page 234 Figure 4-32

Click to view Web Link,click Chapter 4, Click Web Link from left navigation, then click USB Portsbelow Chapter 455Ports and ConnectorsOther types of ports include:Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 456Pages 234 - 23656Ports and ConnectorsA port replicator is an external device that provides connections to peripherals through ports built into the deviceA docking station is an external device that attaches to a mobile computer or device

Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 457Page 236 Figure 4-35

Click to view Web Link,click Chapter 4, Click Web Link from left navigation, then click Docking Stationbelow Chapter 457Buses

A bus allows the various devices both inside and attached to the system unit to communicate with each otherData busAddress busWord size is the number of bits the processor can interpret and execute at a given timeDiscovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 458Page 237 Figure 4-3658BusesExpansion slots connect to expansion busesCommon types of expansion buses include:Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 459Page 238

Click to view Web Link,click Chapter 4, Click Web Link from left navigation, then click FireWirebelow Chapter 459BaysA bay is an opening inside the system unit in which you can install additional equipmentA drive bay typically holds disk drives

Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 460Page 238 Figure 4-3760Power SupplyDiscovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 461Page 23961ErgonomicErgonomics adalah disiplin ilmu yang memperhatikan desain sesuai dengan kebutuhan manusia

Juga sesuai dengan pekerjaan yang mana menggaplikasikan teori, prinsip-prinsip, data dan metode untuk merancang dengan tujuan agar mengoptimalkan human well-being (kesejahteraan) dan kinerja sistem secara keseluruhan.

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