Materials Science and EngineeringINME 4107

byPablo G. Caceres-Valencia

B.Sc., Ph.D. U.K

GENERAL INFORMATIONCourse Number INME 4107Course Title Materials Science and EngineeringCredit Hours 3Instructor Dr. Pablo G. Caceres-ValenciaOffice Lucchetti L-212Office Hours Tu and Th 7:00am to 10:00am e-mail pcaceres@me.uprm.eduWeb-site http://academic.uprm.edu/pcaceres

mailto:pcaceres@me.uprm.edu

AssessmentThe course will be assessed in the following manner:

1st Partial Exam 20%2nd Partial Exam 20% Quizzes (*) 25%Laboratory 25%Others (**) 10% (*)

(*) Date due Moodle Quizzes and Pop-Quizzes (max-8). Missed quizzes will be graded with zero. Lack of access to Moodle is not an excuse for not submitting your answers. (**) Class participation and Attendance. After the third missed class, one point will be deducted in the final grade for each missed class thereafter (up to 10 points).

ExamsAll exams will be conducted outside lecture periods on the specified dates. Neatness and order will be taking into consideration in the grading of the exams. Up to ten points can be deducted for the lack of neatness and order. You must bring calculators, class notes and blank pages to the exams.

Grades Final Grade Range Final Letter Grade100 – 90 A

89 – 80 B

79 – 70 C

69 – 60 D

59 ‐ 0 F

AttendanceAttendance and participation in the lecture are compulsory and will be considered in the grading. Students should bring calculators, rulers, pen and pencils to be used during the lectures. Students are expected to keep up with the assigned reading and solve problems in class. Please refer to the Bulletin of Information for Undergraduate Studies for the Department and Campus Policies.

TENTATIVES DATESWeek Week

01/11 01/11 Introduction to Material Science and Engineering.

01/18

02/01

02/15

03/01

03/08 Dislocation and Strengthening Mechanisms – Q4

03/15 Phase Diagrams

04/19 Corrosion

Q6

04/26 Electrical and Magnetic Properties

03/29 

04/12

05/10

Mechanical Properties. 

Q1

01/25 Atoms and Structure  Crystal Structure.

Q2

02/08 Crystal Structure  Defects and Imperfections.

Q3

02/22 Diffusion

Exam 1

Dislocation and Strengthening Mechanisms

03/22 Phase TransformationQ5

Holy Week

04/05 Ceramics, Polymers and Composites Ceramics, Polymers and Composites

05/03 Electrical and Magnetic Properties –Q7 ‐ Exam 2

Classes End

OUTCOMESAfter the completion of the course the students should be able to:• characterize structure-property-performance relationship• distinguish the structure of different types of materials• specify the microstructure of an alloy from phase diagrams• analyze the mechanical and the electrical properties of materials• select materials for various engineering applications• establish how failures occur in materials and how to prevent them.• describe corrosion of materials and how to prevent them.

Without materials there is no engineering

Materials Science & Engineering in a Nutshell

Properties

ProcessingStructure

Performance

Materials Science

Investigating the relationship between structure and properties of materials.

Materials Engineering

Designing the structure to achieve specific properties of materials.

• Processing

• Structure

• Properties

• Performance

What is Materials Science and Engineering ?

Material science is the investigation of the relationship among processing, structure, properties, and performance of materials.

Materials Optimization

Loop

PropertiesProperties are the way the material responds to the environment and external forces.Mechanical properties – response to mechanical forces, strength, etc.Electrical and magnetic properties - response electrical and magnetic fields, conductivity, etc.Thermal properties are related to transmission of heat and heat capacity.Optical properties include to absorption, transmission and scattering of light.Chemical stability in contact with the environment – corrosion resistance.

www.webelements.com

We are going to study real, complex solidsWe are going to study real, complex solids…….. .. PT should be familiar !PT should be familiar !

Length-scalesAngstrom = 1Å = 1/10,000,000,000 meter = 10-10 mNanometer = 10 nm = 1/1,000,000,000 meter = 10-9 mMicrometer = 1µm = 1/1,000,000 meter = 10-6 mMillimeter = 1mm = 1/1,000 meter = 10-3 mInteratomic distance ~ a few ÅA human hair is ~ 50 µmElongated bumps that make up the data track on CD are~ 0.5 µm wide, minimum 0.83 µm long, and 125 nm high

DNA~2-1/2 nm diameter

Natural ThingsNatural Things

Fly ash~ 10-20 μm

Human hair~ 60-120 μm wide

Atoms of siliconspacing ~tenths of nm

Red blood cellswith white cell

~ 2-5 μm

Ant~ 5 mm

Dust mite

200 μm

ATP synthase

~10 nm diameter

Mic

row

orld

0.1 nm

1 nanometer (nm)

0.01 μm10 nm

0.1 μm100 nm

1 micrometer (μm)

0.01 mm10 μm

0.1 mm100 μm

1 millimeter (mm)

1 cm10 mm

10-2 m

10-3 m

10-4 m

10-5 m

10-6 m

10-7 m

10-8 m

10-9 m

10-10 m

Visib

le

Nan

owor

ld

1,000 nanometers =

Infra

red

Ultra

violet

Micr

owav

eSo

ft x-

ray

1,000,000 nanometers =

The Scale of Things The Scale of Things ––

Nanom

eters and More

Nanom

eters and More

Manmade Manmade ThingsThingsHead of a pin1-2 mm

Quantum corral of 48 iron atoms on copper surfacepositioned one at a time with an STM tip

Corral diameter 14 nm

Nanotube electrode

Carbon nanotube ~1.3 nm diameter

O O

O

OO

O OO O OO OO

O

S

O

S

O

S

O

S

O

S

O

S

O

S

O

S

PO

O

The Challenge

Fabricate and combine nanoscale building blocks to make useful devices, e.g., a photosynthetic reaction center with integral semiconductor storage.

Zone plate x-ray “lens”Outer ring spacing ~35 nm

MicroElectroMechanical(MEMS) devices10 -100 μm wide

Red blood cellsPollen grain

Carbon buckyball ~1 nm diameter

Self-assembled,Nature-inspired structureMany 10s of nm

Mic

row

orld

0.1 nm

1 nanometer (nm)

0.01 μm10 nm

0.1 μm100 nm

1 micrometer (μm)

0.01 mm10 μm

0.1 mm100 μm

1 millimeter (mm)

1 cm10 mm10

-2 m

10-3 m

10-4 m

10-5 m

10-6 m

10-7 m

10-8 m

10-9 m

10-10 m

Visib

le

Nan

owor

ld

1,000 nanometers =

Infra

red

Ultra

violet

Micr

owav

eSo

ft x-

ray

1,000,000 nanometers =

The

Scal

e of

Thi

ngs

The

Scal

e of

Thi

ngs ––

Nan

omet

ers a

nd M

ore

Nan

omet

ers a

nd M

ore

SolidsSolids we are interested in their mechanical properties…

metalmetal polymerpolymer

oxideoxide

polymerpolymer

CaCa1010(PO(PO44))66OHOH22

we are interested in their we are interested in their electronicelectronic propertiesproperties……

'Electronic' properties of solids:….those dominated by the behavior of the electrons

Electrical conduction: insulating, semiconducting, metallic, superconducting

Can we understand this huge variation in conductivity ?

'Electronic' properties of solids:….those dominated by the behaviour of the electrons

Optical properties: absorption, emission, amplification and modification of light

prism

SHG

laser

window

mirror

glass fibre

Magnetic properties: paramagnetism, ferromagnetism, antiferromagnetism

IBM

Chemical classification:Chemical classification:

molecularmolecularionicioniccovalentcovalentmetallicmetallic

bondingbonding

The world of materials

PE, PP, PCPA (Nylon)

Polymers,elastomers

Butyl rubberNeoprene

Silicon, GaAsElectronic

(Semiconductors, Magnetic,

Optical)

WoodsBio-materials

Natural fibres:Hemp, Flax,

Cotton

GFRPCFRP

CompositesKFRP

Plywood

AluminaSi-Carbide

Ceramics,glasses

Soda-glassPyrex

SteelsCast ironsAl-alloysMetalsCu-alloysNi-alloysTi-alloys

Metals:Materials that are inorganic substances which are composed normally of combinations of "metallic elements“ and may also contain some non metallic elements (alloys). Examples of metallic elements are iron, copper, aluminum, nickel, titanium. Non metallic elements such as carbon, nitrogen and oxygen may also be contained in metallic materials.These elements, when combined, usually have electrons that are non localized and as a consequence have generic types of properties. Metals usually are good conductors of heat and electricity. Metals have a crystalline structure in which the atoms are arranged in an orderly manner. Also, they are quite strong but malleable and tend to have a lustrous look when polished. Metals and alloys are commonly divided into two classes: ferrous metals and alloys and non ferrous metals and alloys that do not contain iron or only a relatively small amount of iron.

9000 - 3500BC Use of native (pure) copper (Copper Age)

3500 - 1500BC Tin added to copper forms bronze, a stronger alloy (Bronze Age)

1500BC - 100AD Iron smelting in Egypt, begins the Iron Age.

500 - 1600AD High quality iron and steel processing, (Feudal Era)

1750 – 1850 Commercial production of high quality steels.

1850 – 1900 Hall’s ore reducing process produces cheap aluminum in large quantities.

1900 - 1935 Aircraft moves from fabric to high strength aluminum alloy.

1935 - 1955 Specialty alloys produce turbines for more efficient power production.

1955 – 1970 Human body parts.

1970 – 1995 Superalloys developed for jet-engines

Metals Historical Timeline

Ceramics:Ceramics are generally compounds between metallic and nonmetallic elements chemically bonded together and include such compounds as oxides, nitrides, and carbides. Ceramic materials can be crystalline, non-crystalline, or mixtures of both.Typically they have high hardness and high-temperature strength but they tend to have mechanical brittleness. They are usually insulating and resistant to high temperatures and harsh environments. Ceramics can be divided into two classes: traditional and advanced. Traditional ceramics include clay products, silicate glass and cement; while advanced ceramics consist of carbides (SiC), pure oxides (Al2O3), nitrides (Si3N4), non-silicate glasses and many others.

Ceramics Historical Timeline

26000BC Early man discovers that clay can be molded and dried to form a brittle heat resistant material6000BC Ceramic firing is first used in ancient Greece4000BC Glass is discovered in ancient Egypt50BC –50AD

Optical glass (lenses and mirrors), window glass and glass blowing production begins in Rome.

600AD Porcelain is created by the Chinese

1870 Refractory materials (able to withstand extremely high temperatures) are introduced during the industrial revolution.1960 Discovery of laser opens the field of fiber optics1965 Development of a photovoltaic cell, which converts light into electricity

1987 Discovery of a superconducting ceramic oxide with a critical temperature of 92K

1992 Era of the Smart Materials

Plastics:Plastics or polymers are substances containing a large number of structural units joined by the same type of linkage. These substances often form into a chain-like structure and are made of organic compounds based upon carbon and hydrogen. Usually they are low density and are not stable at high temperatures.Polymers in the natural world have been around since the beginning of time. Starch, cellulose, and rubber all possess polymeric properties. Man-made polymers have been studied since 1832. Today, the polymer industry has grown to be larger than the aluminum, copper and steel industries combined. Polymers already have a range of applications that far exceeds that of any other class of material available to man. Current applications extend from adhesives, coatings, foams, and packaging materials to textile and industrial fibers, composites, electronic devices, biomedical devices, optical devices, and precursors for many newly developed high-tech ceramics.

Polymers Historical Timeline1500s The Mayans are assumed to be among the first to find an application for polymers, as balls were made from local rubber trees.

1839 Charles Goodyear discovers vulcanization by combining natural rubber with sulfur and heating it to 270 degrees Fahrenheit (automobile tires)

1907 The oldest recorded synthetic plastic is fabricated by Leo Bakeland (bakelite). It was used for electrical insulation.

1920 Staundinger published his classic paper entitled “Uber Polimerization”. It begins the development of modern polymer theory.

1927 Large scale production of vinyl-chloride resins begins. (PVC – pipes, bottles).

1930 Polystyrene is invented (videocassettes). Expanded polystyrene (Styrofoam) is used in cups, packaging and thermally insulating materials,

1938 Wallace Carothers of the Dupont Company produces Nylon (ropes and clothes)

1941 Polyethylene (PE) is developed. It is used for everything from packaging film to piping to toys.

1970 James Economy develops Ekonol (Liquid Crystal Polymer used in electronic devices)

1971 S Kwolek develops Kevlar. High strength polymer used in bullet proof vests and fire proof garments for firefighting and auto racing (300oC)

1976 Polymer/Plastic industry bigger (per volume) than steel industry.

Semiconductors (Electronic Materials):Semiconductors are materials which have a conductivity between conductors (generally metals) and nonconductors or insulators (such as most ceramics). Semiconductors can be pure elements, such as silicon or germanium, or compounds such as gallium arsenide or cadmium selenide. In a process called doping, small amounts of impurities are added to pure semiconductors causing large changes in the conductivity of the material. Due to their role in the fabrication of electronic devices, semiconductors are an important part of our lives. Imagine life without electronic devices. The developments in semiconductor technology during the past 50 years have made electronic devices smaller, faster, and more reliable.

Semiconductors Historical Timeline1600 William Gilbert is the first person to use the term electricity

1824 John Berzelius isolates and identifies silicon.

1833 Faraday discovers that electrical resistivity decreases as temperature increases in silver sulfide.

1873 William Smith discovers the photoconductivity of selenium.

1927 Arnold Sommerfeld and Felix Bloch apply quantum mechanics to solids.

1943 Karl Lark-Horovitz uses high quality germanium to make diode detectors.

1947 Schockley, Brattain and Bardeed invent the transistor. The semiconductor electronic industry isborn.

1958 Robert Noyce, founder of Intel Corporation develops a planar process for making semiconductors called Monolithic IC Technology

1962 W.P. Dumke shows that semiconductors such as GaAs can be used to make lasers (optoelectronics).

1970 The first charge coupled devices (CCD’s) are made.

1980 Explosion in the use of personal computers.

1993 GaN light emitting diodes are made which can produce blue light. Possible application are flat screen displays and high density memory storage.

Composites:Composites consist of a mixture of two or more materials. Most composite materials consist of a selected filler or reinforcing material and a compatible resin binder to obtain the specific characteristics and properties desired. Usually, the components do not dissolve in each other and can be physically identified by an interface between the components.Fiberglass, a combination of glass and a polymer, is an example. Concrete and plywood are other familiar composites. Many new combinations include ceramic fibers in metal or polymer matrix.

The evolution of materials

What is Concrete? Brain Storming Activity 1: Concrete Survey1. When was concrete first made?

9000 BC 500 BC 100 AD 1756 1824 2. Circle the possible components of concrete.

water cement gravel sand air steel rods 3. What is the purpose of cement in concrete? 4. What role does water play in producing concrete? 5. Why does concrete harden? 6. Why does concrete set (harden) slowly? 7. How can you make concrete set: (a) faster (b) slower? 8. Is concrete stronger in compression, tension, or the same in

either? 9. How strong can concrete or cement be (in pounds per square inch

(psi))? 50,000 20,000 5000 2000

10. How long can concrete last (in years)? 50,000 5000 500 50

scores: 8-10 materials science major; 5-7 concrete contractor; 2-4 concrete laborer; 0-1 home owner

Concrete Survey (Key)1. When was concrete first made?

9000 BC 500 BC 100 AD 1756 1824 2. Circle the possible components of concrete.

water cement gravel sand air3. What is the purpose of cement in concrete?

It acts as a primary binder to join the aggregate into a solid mass.

4. What role does water play in producing concrete? Water is required for the cement to hydrate and solidify.

5. Why does concrete harden? The chemical process called cement hydration produces crystals that interlock and bind together.

6. Why does concrete set (harden) slowly? It takes time for the hydrated cement crystals to form

7. How can you make concrete set: faster? add calcium chloride or “accelerator"slower? add sugar or "set retarder"

8. Is concrete stronger in compression, tension, or the same in either? It is stronger in compression.

9. How strong can concrete or cement be (in pounds per square inch (psi))? 50,000 20,000 5000 2000

10.How long can concrete last (in years)? 50,000 5000 500 50