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TRANSCRIPT
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CHAPTER- III
MATHEMATICAL CONSIDERATIONS IN THE
CONSTRUSTION OF HOUSE AND DEVALAYA
BASED ON THE BASIC VASTU TEXTS IN KERALA
3.1 PREAMBLE
India had made a very large contribution in the fields of mathematics
and architecture. There are different rules and regulations, which are
essential in the construction of houses. These rules and regulations help
buildings to be friendly with the surrounding enviornment. Vastuvidya
includes various classes of constructions among which grhavastu is the
most important because house is an unavoidable thing for human beings.
There is a close relation between Vastuvidya and modern mathematics.
Our geometry was formulated with the purpose of construction of altars and
calculations of these and which later on was extended to the construction
of buildings. The purpose of this chapter is to find out the mathematical
arrangements and standardization in the construction of houses and
devalaya.
Similarity of triangles is just the geometric version of a simple
proportion. This idea seems to have been suggested by the analogy with
the arrangement of the rafters and purlin rods breaking through them in the
pyramidal roof. Grid system and vithi vinyasa are good mathematical
arrangements and sadvarga system is a very good mathematical
standardisation. For devalaya, some calculations were used for finding
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width, radius and perimeter. For different types of pmsadas like
Vritaprasada, Caturasra prasada and Hastiprasta prasada the approximate
value of 7t, that is the ratio of the circumstance of a circle to its diameter
was used in these calculations. Also geometrical calculations were used in
the roof construction and diknimaya. India had made a very large
contribution in the field of Mathematics and architecture. This should be
evaluated comparing it with modern science.
3.2 CLASSIFICATION OF HOUSES BASED ON THE NUMBER OF
SALAS
Sala in general means houses. The word sala is derived from the f
word "sakha'^^ because in the beginning branches of trees were used to
make houses. Vayupurana^^ (chapter 8) also indicates that the first houses
on earth had the tree as their model. For civilized people, a comfortable
residence is inevitable. The tree as a model of a house is further supported
by the classification of the pillars and other different parts of a house having
its basis in the different parts of a tree. Later it developed from humble
cottages of leaves to temples and palaces.
/_ Sala buildings are described in works like Manasara, Mayamata,
Kamikagama and so on. According to Manasara, salas imply both temples
' D.N. Shukia, Vaslusastra, Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers, New Delhi,Vol. 1,(1995), pp. 310-311.
" IhiJ.,
23
and residential houses. A hall or room inside a building also indicates a
sala.
The shapes of buildings in general are square or rectangle. The
buildings should be oriented towards cardinal directions. For houses
rectangles were used in common. The main houses are oriented towards
the cardinal directions facing the Brahmanabhi, taken as the focus. The
front yard is on that side of the house where the Brahmanabhi is located. If
there is only one house, it is called ekasSIa, if there are two, it is called
1^ f If dvisala, if there are 3 or 4 they are called trisala and catussSIa respectively.
•f / _
In the case of ekasala, the first preference is for the southern sala facing
north. The western sa/a also can be built as an ekasala. Two, three, or four
ek^s'aSas built around a central courtyard, with or without the corner houses
are called dvisala, trisWa and catussala respectively. The cutussSia can be
combined to form complex forms having 2,3 or 4 internal courtyards.
3.2.1 YONI
The position of Vastu with respect to the focal point decides its yoni.
The position and orientation reflects on its measurement also. A method of
classification of Vastu according to these characteristics, that is fixing their
position and orientation according to their measurement is called Vastu -
yoni nimayam. Yon\ is calculated based on the perimeter of Vastu. Inner
perimeter is used for rooms and outer perimeter is used for houses. Yoni is
defined as the remainder when the perimeter in pada is divided by eight. ®
-" M.C. 3-23.
24
Therefore there are eight yonis represented by eight directions starting
from the east in a clockwise direction with respect to the Brahmanabh'i. The
names of yonis from 1 to 8 are Dhvaja (kethu), Dhuma, Simha, kukkura,
Vrsabha, Khara, Gaja and vayasa respectively.^
The location of houses, their own yoni, and the other acceptable
yonis are given below.^
Location of House
w.r.t the focal pt
Facing towards west
Facing towards north
Facing towards east
Facing towards south
Name of SSIa
1, East sala
South sala
1 West sala
North k/a
Own Yoni
1
3
5
7
Other
Acceptable
Von/es
-
1
1,3,7
1,3
/ 3.2.2 NOMENCLATURE OF TRISALAS
Trisala wittiout
31
Eastean Sala
Southern Sala
Western Sala
Name
Suksetra
1 ^ Sula
Paksaknam
Hiranyanabhi
Effect
Prosperity
Loss of wealth
Loss of Children
Enemity
Wealth Northern Sala
Preference will be given for suksetra type. Hiranyanabhi is good for kings.
M.C, 3-24. \f.C, 3-29. V.V. 7-5.
25
3.2.3 NOMENCLATURE OF DWISALAS
Dwisalas with
Southern and Northern
Western and Eastern
Western and Southern
Northern and Western
Name
Kaca
Siddhartha
Yamasurpa
Danda
Effect
Quarrel and fear
Acquisition of Wealth
Death
Fear, Misery
3.3 MATHEMATICAL STANDARDISATION IN THE SELECTION OF
SITE
The term Vastu refers to the place where mortals and imortals
inhabit. This Vastu for convenience is divided into 'Bhoomi', 'Harmyam',
'Yanam' and 'Sayanam'. In Harmyam the varied classes of construction
are incorporated. Among these, the important one is the Vastuvidya of
houses (Grhavastu) because, house is an unavoidable thing for human
beings. Therefore it is very important to select good places for houses.
This process of accepting the site is called Bhooparigraha.
There are different steps to select the site for houses. They are
Niriksanam, Preeksanam, Samikaranam, Diknirnaya, Khandavibhajana, • • • • « • •
Vithivinyasa and Pada vinyasa.
Vithivinyasa is possible only for Brhatksetras. The mandala is
divided into nine concentric rectangles to form enveloping paths called vithi.
The innermost rectangle is called brahma vithi. The expanding envelopes
are called 2. Ganesa vithi, 3. Agni vithi, 4. Jala vithi 5. Naga vithi
6. Yama vithi 7. Kubera vithi 8. Deva vithi 9. Pisaca vithi respectively.
26
^ J f C R i E C e N D A R y S T n u C r U R E S
vvTJiVSFon MAW srnucn ; ' ; - s '. an.
I ' ?a^2c.£?,4 3.DSVA 9.fvs;:c,4
MANDALA ANALYSED AS 9 VITHIS
Out of these, Kubera vithi and Deva vithi are good. Pisaca vlihi,
Vama vithi, Naga vithi and Agni vithi are bad. Brahma vithi and Gopesa
vithi axe also auspicious for houses. (The next two vithis jala and agni also
can be used). The areas of these auspicious vithis under the isana and
nirrti only are to be selected as V^tumandala. The KuberavTthi and
Devavithi can be used for cowshed and Pisaca vithi should be omitted. If
the width of vithi is greater than the length of the houses, then the entire
building can be placed in one vithi.
Another method for locating the houses is Padavinyasa. Here the
selected quadrant is divided into cells by orthogonal lines. Rajavallabha
(Ref. 4.08) says that of all divisions of vastu 9 x 9 is the most well known.
In this grid, the innermost 9 cells are known as brahmapada. The
following figure shows the navavarga Padavinyasa in to 45 locations and
there is a god in each location. Also there will be 8 God outside the
27
mandala. Brahmapada should be taken as ankana and salas should be
constructed In the two envelopes aryanka, vivaswan, mitraka and BhUpati.
If wfA?/width is VA times ankana length, the 9 x 9 grids will be possible.
PADiCr^-MAS m OUTER CELLS
• h'.'.A ••' ^•~Nl " "-jiRRT! ; ; • ''u
•>. PA':j.i.\YA 10. POSA 18. DWARAPALi 2f. 'iAaA
;, ,.',- i'4vra n Vir/jrH/l 1?, ^UORIVA 2~ ''UKHYA
1. :f^OHA 12.OHHAhSATA 20. PUSPAOArjTA :irn.,LLATA
5. JD/rv/i i,rra/i!4 2t.Mfl(;,\'4 :? 50\f4
,- 54'-'--j.S,\ :•• JAi-iDHArilA 22. '^SIJPA iO. ,'.-!'.:A
• BHS^SA 15.OH.7wG4 23.SOSA li.ADITI
'-.A' .••'. '•^KiA\'- '-.•iRC.A •ii.P.OGA il.V-'i:
f-'..?4.Er.v:- i'/ft.^icR CELLS
••i.^.PA !•:. ? ' i y ; r . i "i^, :^••r•~•^ :•; -..?:^.; i f .7r.,-.M"i/i
34. 4 . ' .aMr .54 37. S4V/ rH AQ. INURA.JiT -;,• ^ j'0.9/\.,','r
OiVA-A- :'• THE •..:•! c " RECIOH ,
-:5. S- ; f?«SK4. ' ,T> ; 4". 4,'7V'A,M/. .;?,. .JRMPHiK.^ 4a. P/L,'?/f.xV.K>»
^0. P/rMR4r:,y1.S7 5 ' .CJ f !4 ,K7 -.P I ' / M ^ / 53 p f T A m f f J
NAVAVARGA (9 x9) PADAVINYASA SHOWING BUILDABLE AREA AND PADADEVATAS
For small sites ( ie if the width is less than 32H) then we can't divide
it into four quadrants because the resulting quadrant, will be small. In this
28
case it is important that Brahmanabhi does not concide with gifianabhi. The
grfianabhi is shifted to the north-east or south - west side of Brahmanabhi.
3.4 MATHEMATICAL STANDARDISATIONS IN MANUSYALAYACADRIKA
3.4.1 Orientation and sutravinyasa
The energy from solar radiation could be received to the maximum
only on facing the east. Therefore fixing the direction is an important fact in
Vastuvidya. Energy bound in a Vastu is a part of the geophysical setup of
the Universe. Therefore the direction east west (due to rotation) and north
south (due to magnetic filed) have an imortant role in forming the energy
fields.
3.4.1.1 Diknirnaya
The process of fixing the direction using the gnomon is described
from slokas 1 to 5 of chapter 2. Draw a circle with a gnomon as the centre
and by tying a chord of length twice the length of the gnomon at the top
end. Let Wi be the point of intersection of the circle with the shadow of the
top of the gnomon in the forenoon. Similarly E be the point of intersection
of the circle with the shadow of the top of the gnomon in the afternoon. Let
W2 be the point of intersection on the west in the next morning. Let W be a
point on the arc W1W2 at a distance 1/3 of the length of this arc from Wi.
Join E - W. This is the east west direction. Mark two points O1 and O2 at
equal distance from the centre of this line. Draw two intersecting arcs with
O1, O2 as centres. Joining the point of intersection of the arcs we get the
north south direction. We choose the point W between Wi and W2 due to
29
the declination of the sun (Uttarayana and Daksinayana), the shadows of
the top of the gnomon do not fall on the same points next day. The shift of
the point W by 1/3 ^ of the arc W1W2 corresponds to the 120° movement
of the sun. (The length of chord is twice the height of the gnomon.
Therefore the declined angles in the forenoon and afternoon are 30°. The
error due to 360° movement of the sun is W1W2. Therefore the error due
to 120° movement is 1/3 X W1W2
SUN'S
P GNOMON -.2 A\Gl.'J./< HEIGHT
MORNING SHADOW OF FIRST DAY,
MORNING SHADOW
OF SECOND DAY \ , / \ »
W1 '
CIRCLE 24 4NGUL4 RADIUS
\ EVEriING SHADOW
\ Oi riMSTDAV
FIXING CARDINAL DIRECTIONS BY SUN SHADOW METHOD
30
3.4.1.2 Khandavibhajana
Two sutras are drawn through the center, of the Vastumandala one
from south to north called yamasutram and the other from east to west
called Brahma sutram. These sutras divide the land into four Khandas.
north-east is called Isana, north-west is called vayu, south-west is called
Nirrti, south-east is called agni. Among these nirrti and Isana are good for
houses. If the land is very large, then each khanda is again divided into
four. The isana of nirrti and nirrti of Isana are auspicious for houses. Sutras
from cone to cone are called karna sutra and Mrityu sutra. It is very
dangerous to cross these Mahasutras and Rajjus on the central lines of the
house or cattle house.
KarnasTitra
Yamasutra
• Brahmasutra
p. Mrityusutra
3.4.1.3 Danda for Vithivinyasa and Marmas
In Manusyalaya the height of the person constructing the house is
accepted as one danda.
One Danda = 8 talam, 9 talam or 10 talam. The width of the vithi is
taken as one of these dandas. When the site is divided into 18x18 grid we
get 9 enveloping paths, surrounding the central point. From the outer path
/ , they are Pisaca vithi, Deva vithi, Kubera vithi, Yama vithi, Naga vithi, Jala
J ^ vithi, Agni vithi, Ganesa vithi and Brahma, vithi. Pisaca, Agni, Naga and
31
Yama are not auspicious for houses. The width of vithi is equal to r/2 times
width of Ankana. There are 5 diagonal lines called rajjtus in the north-east
and south-east directions of grhamandala. The orthogonal lines are called
nadis. The intersecting points of rajjus and nadis are called Marmas. No
constructions are allowed over the important Marmas.
NAOI
•+ NADfSAfJPHI J8 X RAJJUSANOHI 9
^ MARMANTA 4 K" RAJJUMARMASANDHI 8
v^ MARMA 36 ^ MAHAMARMA -1
TOTAL - 109
MARMAS OF (9 X 9) GRID
32
3.4.2 Mananirnayam
3.4.2.1 Basic units and scales
The smallest measurement is paramanu.
8 paramanu
8 trasarenu •
8 liksa
8 yuka
Stila
8 yava
12 aiigula
2 vithasti
4 hasta
8 danda • •
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
There are 9 types of angulas.
3.4.2.2 Types of Angulas
One Arigulam =
One Angulam =
8 yava
7 Yava
6 Yava
8 Navara
4 Navara
7 Navara
1 trasarenu
1 liksa or romagra
1 yXika
1 tila
1 yava
1 ahgula
1 vithasti
1 liasta, (kisku)
1 danda •
1 raji/u
Utama
Madhyama
Adhama
1 J - Utama
\ -
31/2 Navara ^ - Madhyama
6 Navara
3 Navara J - Adhama
33
3.4.2.3 Types of Hastas
There are 8 types of Hastas.
24 Angula
25 Angula
26 Angula
27 Angula
28 Angula
29 Angula
30 Angula
31 Angula
Kishku
Prajapatyam
Dhanunvusty
Dhanurgraham
Prachyam
Vydeham
Vypulyam
Prakeemam.
Kishku can be used by all in all situations. Since there are many
types of Angulas, we have 72 types of Hastas, Kisku can be used by all
people.
3.4.3 Characteristics of Settlements
Settlements are divided into grama, pura, nagara and pattana.
Depending on the measurements, they are characterized as uttama,
madhyama and adhama. In devalaya, danda from outside the wall is
considered as uttama, outside width of the Jagati is madhyama and outside
width of paduka is adhama.
3.4.4 Ayadivargas
For measuring vessels, wells, courtyards and Garbhagriha, yoni is
computed inside. In all other situations, it is to be outside. If the perimeter is
p, then
34
Yoni= Reminder when p x 3 is divided by 8
Vyayam = Reminder when p x 3 is divided by 14 or
Reminder when p x 9 is divided by 10.
Ayam = Reminder when p x 8 is divided by 12. Or
Reminder when 8p/3 is divided by 8.
Naksatram = Reminder when p x 8 is divided by 27
Vayas (Age) = quotient when p x 8 is divided by 27.
Tithi = Reminder when p x 8 is divided by 30.
Vara (week) = Reminder when p x 8 is divided by 7.
The concept of Yoni is used to fix the dimensions of Vastu from its
orientation with respect to the focal point. The names Yonies and their
locations are given t)elow.
Yoni
1
3
5
Name
Dhwaja Yoni
Simha Yoni
Vrsabha Yoni
Facing towards
Direction
East
South
West
Quality
Auspecious
Gaja Yoni North
2
4
6
8
Dhooma Yoni
Kui^kura Yoni
Khara Yoni
Kaka Yoni
ES
SW
WN
NE
Not Auspecious
35
Dhwaja yoni is good for Brahmanas, Simhayoni for ksatriyas, GajayoniioT
vaisas and Vrsabha yoni for sudras.
The desirable yoni for different types of Vastu are
Vastu
Vehicles (yana)
Cots
Seats and chairs
( Pitas and asanas)
Bones, wells, lakes
Vedika
East Sala
South Sala
North Sala
West Sala
Yoni
Dhvaja yoni
Gaja yoni
Simha yoni
Vrishabha or Dhvaja Yoni
Dhvaja Yoni.
Dhvaja Yoni.
Dhvaja Yoni, Simha yoni
Gaja Yoni, Dhvaja yoni, Simha yoni
Vrishabha Yoni, Gaja yoni, Dhvaja yoni,
Simha yoni
Yoni, aya, vyaya, vayas and naksatra are made auspicious for the
perimeters of the respective houses and ahkanas. There should be ahkana
and four salas in the four cardinal directions and konalayas on the four
corner direction, and they are separated by eight antaralas.
3.4.5 Perimeter from Istadirgha, Gunamsa Vidhi
If the Istadirgha = L (in Hasta), Then
Perimeter = (8L + Yoni) divided by 3
Istadirgha = (3p -Yoni) divided by 8
36
When the Istadirgha is subtracted from the half of the perimeter, we
get breadth. If the length and breadth of a grha are equal, then it is called
'samatatam', if the length is equal to 5/4'^ of the breadth, it is called
padadhikam, if the length is equal to 3/2 of the breadth, it is called
Ardhadika and if it is equal to 7/4 of the breadth, it is called Padona.
According to the acharyas Garga and Daksa it is not auspicious to be
greater in breadth than the length.
Gunamsa literally means fraction of a multiple. The Gunamsa
vistara of the building is obtained by dividing the semiperimeter by the
integers from 8 to 32 and taking 4 parts of the division as width and the
balance as length. The divisions by 11, 15, 19, 23, 27 and 31 are avoided
as they will give padona ratios of length to width.
Chapter V describes Upapita, Jasmin platform adhisthana, vertical
elements of a house and ahkana. The central square of ahkana should be
taken by leaving half of the elongation on the north and half on the south.
This part should be divided into 64 padas. In this south pada of apan or the
north pada of Apavalsa can be taken for Jasmin platform. The desirable
yoni for this is ketuyoni. The offset from the outer vertical edge of the wall
plate is called patramana. It may be 8, 16 or 24 ahgulas. The portion
outside the padukapura of all houses is called ahkana. The central lines of
inner courtyard and the houses should not coincide. Therefore shift shall
be done for salas. This process is called gamana. Slokas 12 to 33 describe
antarala, p^damana, adhistana stambha and pothika. To separate the main
37
houses and corner houses, there are eight corridors. The height between
the shoe and uttara is called padamana. Padamana may be equal to the
width of the house or 1!4 times of it. The height of adhistana is given in 14
ways. Slokas 16 to 20, describe elements of basement, that is Paduka
Jagathi, Padi and galam. Slokas 21 to 29 describe the pillars, oma and
pothika. Slokas 31 to 40 describe uttara.
3.4.6 Elements of Roof
3.4.6.1 Arudhottara
For small houses bahyottara (outer wall plate) is sufficient. But for
larger houses ^rudtiottara is also necessary. These two are of the same
yoni. The horizontal distance between these two is the same as the height
of arudhottara.
3.4.6.2 Eave Projection
The vertical distance between the lower level of uttara and the upper
level of rafters may be 2/5 or 4/9 or 3/8 or 3/1 or 1/3 or 1/6 of the pillar
height.
Equal and straight rafters are called mancas. Unequal and slanting
rafters are called kotis and upoko^is {alasi rafters). The ends of all slanting
rafters joined on the kuta. The ends of all straight rafters on the two sides
fixed on the vamsa
38
3.4.6.3 Vamsa
The width and breadth of vamsa should be equal to V*^*" of width and
breadth of uttara and should be square.
3.4.6.4 Kuta
The slanting rafters should be fixed on the kuta by iron nails. It may
have 8 or 16 corners or may be circular or with rounded shape below its
middle.
3.4.6.5 Eave Reaper
The width of the eave reaper is 6/10 or 7/10 or 8/10 or 9/10 or 10/10
or 3/4 or 3/7 of the width of uttara. Its thickness should be 1/3 or 2/7 of the
width of Uttara.
3.4.6.6 Collar Pin
The thickness should be 14 yava or 16 yava or 18 yava or 20 yava
or 22 yava or 24 yava.
3.4.6.7 Reaper
The width of the Reaper should be 17 yava and thickness should be
9 yava.
3.4.7 Ancillary Structures
3.4.7.1 Door
Door should be placed between the central lines of ahkana and
grha. Perimeter should be computed in angulas such that yoni, age, and
naksatra are auspicious for that direction. The width of the door post is
equal to the width of the 'uttara' and its thickness should be equal to or YA^
or Va'* or V2 of the width of Uttara. The top end of the posts should reach
upto the uttara. The door should face the ahkana and should be on one
39
side of the central axes. The yoni of the house and the Inside perimeter of
the frame should be the same. Generally the door has two shutters. The
thickness of the shutter is equal to 2!4 or 334 or 4 angulas. The width of the
shutter is equal to the sum of thickness and half of the width of the hole.
The door posts, shutter and pac//should be made of only one kind of wood.
Otherwise it is said that the ladies of that house will be of a bad character.
3.4.7.2 Gate House
This should be placed in the pada of Indra in the east and in the
pada of Grhaksata in the south and in the pada of puspadanta in the west
and in the pada of Phallata in the north. Subgate ways are allowed on two
sides of the gate house and in the pada of Parjjanya, Bringa, Pushavu,
Dvarapala, Soma Naga and Adithi.
3.4.7.3 Vedika
The Vedika should be made above the basement. Its height may be
equal to the bottom width of the pillar or 1/6 or 1/7 or 1/8 of the height of the
pillar.
3.4.7.4 Location of Farmhouse, Cow Shed, Well
The farm house should be constructed in the south, the building for
storing grains should be in the south or south west of the building. The
cowshed is to be constructed in the cells of \ndra, Varuna, Vitathu,
Parjanya, Jayanta, Pusa, Pushpa danta, Dvarapala Bhringa or Soma. The
well is auspicious in the north-east (Meenarasi), Mesa, Kumbha, Makara.
Vhshabha and in the padas of Apa, Apavatsa, Indrajlth and Varuna.
40
The owner should perform vastupuja and the silpis should be made
satisfied by offering cows, lands, gold, cloths etc. By taking the permission
of acarya, the owner should live happily in the house.
3.5 MATHEMATICAL STANDARDISATION IN "VASTUVIDYA"
In the first three slokas the author invokes the blessings of Ganesa
Saraswaty and Visvakarma. Measurements are described in 4 to 10 slokas.
Paramanu is visible only for saints.
3.5.1 Measurements
8 paramanu - one trasarenu
8 trasarenu - one liksa
8 liksa - one yuka
8 yuka - one yava
8 yava - one arigula
There are three types of Angulas
6 yava - one angula (Adhama)
7 yava - one angula (Madhyama)
8 yava-One angula (Uttama)
12 angula - one vitasti
24 angula - one hasta
There are different types of Hasta
24 angula - one hasta (Kisku)
25 angula - one Ajasfa {Prajapathyam)
41
26 angula - one hasta {Dhanurmusty)
27 angula - one hasta {Dhanurgraham)
28 angula - one hasta (Prachyam)
29 angula - one hasta {Vydeham)
30 angula - one hasta {Vypulyam)
31 angula - one hasta {Prakimam)
Vehicles and coats are measured using kisku, devalaya by prajapatya,
house and land by dhanumiusty, and grama and desa are measured by
dhanurgraham. Desirable hastas of each category are described in this
chapter. On devalaya, danda is measured from outside of uttara or outside
of paduka. In Manusyalaya, there are three types of dandas.
1. One danda - 4 hasta
2. One danda - 41^ hasta
3. One danda - 5 hasta
3.5.2 Desirable width of the plot for different categories of people
Slokas 1 o 5 describes the desirable width of the plot for different
categories of people. They are given below:
Category Width
Uttamam Madhyama Adhama
Brahmana 33 danda 32 danda 30 danda
Vysya 22 danda 20 danda 19 danda
Sudra 25 danda 20 danda 15 danda
Ksatriya 50 danda 40 danda 30 danda
42
3.5.3 Diknirnaya, Chaturasreekarana and Pada vibhajana
Slokas 6 to 11 of chapter III descrit)e the method of fixing direction
using gnomon. After making the plot square in shape, the plot is divided
into 81 grids using 10 lines on the east - west direction and 10 lines on the
south - north direction, to form 81 grids. Slokas 12 to 24 describe the
positions of padadevatas on the grids. The central 9 grid {pada) is
positioned by Brahma. 44 pada devatas are positioned on the surrounding
44 padas and 8 gods out side in 8 directions.
3.5.4 Position of house, vithi vinyasa, positions of trees and Gate
house
Slokas 1 to 6 of chapter IV describe the positions of the house. After
making the site into a square, it is divided into four equal khandas. Among
this manusya khanda and deva khanda, and manusya khanda in manusya
khanda and deva khanda in devakhanda are auspicious. There is a slight
difference in this concept with Manusyalayacandrika. This khanda should
be divided into 64 padas. The vithi containing inner 4 padas is Brahma vhhi
and outer 12 padas is DevavHhi. The surrounding vithi containing 20
padas is Manusyavithi and the outer v]thi containing 28 padas is called
pisaca vithi. Brahma vithi and Pisaca vithi are not auspicious for houses.
Similarly we can divide it into 81 or 100 padas. Slokas 7 to 13 describe the
boundary and desirable positions of trees. Slokas 14 to 16 describe the
gatehouse.
43
3.5.5 Arikana, Gamana, and Mannas
Ankana should be of ekayoni. north - south length should be greater
than the east - west length. The points of intersections of the central lines
of ahgana and the central lines of grfia should not coincide. Therefore
gamana should be given for 4 salas. Gamana of east sSIa should be 11
arigula, south sala should be 9 aiigula, west sala should be 7 ahgula and
north sala should be 5 angula. The intersections of nadis and ra^us are
called mannas. Constructions should not be made above manvas. That is
the mannas should be left free. If the manna defect occurs, the persons
performing vastupuja should place pancasiras (gold icons of heads of
bison, lion, elephant, tortoise and boar) at the manna point.
3.5.6 Ayadi vargas
Slokas 15 to 21 describe the sadvargas yoni, vayassu, "ayam, vyayam tithi
. ,•: • and vara. If the perimeter is P, then
yoni = Remainder when P x 3 is divided by 8.
vyayam = Remainder when P x 3 is divided by 14.
ayam = Remainder when P x 8 is divided by 12.
tithi = Remainder when P x 8 is divided by 15.
weak = Remainder when P x 8 is divided by 7
vayas = Quotient when P x 8 is divided by 27.
star = Remainder when P x 8 is divided by 27.
If the vayas is balyam or vardhakyam, it is not good. Death should
be avoided.
44
3.5.7 Roof elements
In Chapter 9 Slokas 1 to 9 describe adhistanas. It is of different
types.
1. Mancakam - 2/9 of its height is Paduka and 7/9 of it is Jagati.
2. Pratimancakam - 2/12 of its height is paduka and 7/12 of it is jagati
and 3/12 of it is pad/.
3. Golamancakam - 1/5 of its height is paduka 2/5 of it is jagati and 2/5
of it is galam.
4. Padabandham - 3/11 of its height is padukam, 6/11 jagati, 2/11
galam.
Slokas 11 to 13 describe Kumudam and Vedika.
In Chapter 10 slokas 1 to 8 describe rafters. Its width is of 7 types. 1)
equal to the width of uttara. 2) less by 1/8* part of it. 3) greater by 1/8* part
of it from it 4) 5/4*" of it 5)11/8*' of it 6) 2/3"^ of it. 7) Less by 1/4*" part
from it. Here it is described kbti rafters and slanting rafters. Slokas 9 to 13
describe Collar pins and holes. Collar pin should be at a distance 2/5 of the
length of the rafter below uttara from the lower end. The width of the collar
pin may be 14 thora.
In Chapter 11 Slokas 1 to 11 describe the position of rafters using
trigonometry. The next slokas describe the process of fitting rafters, collar
pins etc.
Chapter 12 speaks about vamada. The width of vamada, 8/10*" of
width of uttara is uttama TYz /10 of the width of uttara is madhyama, 7/10 of
45
the width of uttara is adhama. The thickness of vamada is 1/3" of the width
of vamada. 3/8 of the width is mitheppattam. 4/8* of the width is ida slokas
12 to 18 describe reaper, vamsa and kuta. The width of the Reaper is 18
tora and thickness is 9 thora. The width of varfisa Yz or VA^ of the width of
uttara. The perimeter of kuta should be equal to the sum of the thickness of
slanting rafters. The number of pattam depends on the number of slanting
rafters. The length of kuta should be equal to 3/2"^ or 7/4*^ or twice of the
width.
In Chapter 13 Slokas 1 and 2 describe the mactiine which is used
for sameekarana. Slokas 3 to 6 describe upapita. Upapka should be just
below adhistana. The height of upapita should be equal to or twice or 3/4'^
or V2 or 2/5'* or 5/4'^ or 7/4* of the height of adhistana. Slokas 7 and 8
describe jasmine platform. Leaving equal parts in south and north,
kuztiiahkana (central courtyard) should be made as a square, and divide
this square into 64 equal grids. Position of the Jasmine platform is the 4*
pada from the north of the 3^ row from the east. Its width should be equal
to or 3/4'^ of the width of one pada and should be square in shape. Houses
should have holes in all directions. The width of the door post should be
equal to the width of uttara. Yonis of holes are the same as the yonis of the
corresponding houses. There should be upper and lower connecting pieces
called head and sill. The height of the hole is 7/8'* of the height of the wall,
the width of the hole is 5/9 of the height of the wall, head is 5/72* and sill is
4/72 * portion of the height of the wall.
46
Chapter 15 describes the construction of the wall. Generally it is
made of sila, bricks or mud. The thickness of the wall should be equal to
the thickness of the uttara. The thickness of the upper end of the wall
should be less by 1/100**' of the thickness of the lower part. The perimeters
of the outer uttara are 2 hasta - 16 angula, or 8 hasta - 8 angula or 8
hasta. The width of valabanda is 3 times the width of vala and thickness
should be 1/4^^ of the same. Stapati covered the avasanam by a new cfoth
and fixed it at the top. The owner gives gifts to all workers after construction
and vastubali.
3.6 MATHEMATICAL STANDARDISATION IN DEVALAYAVIDHI
In early times, human beings were afraid of wind, water and fire.
From this they started worshipping Nature and the cause of creation, which
is God. God is the supreme power behind creation. Main deities in the
vedas who are closely connected with the natural forces are Indra, Varuna,
Vayu and Agni. In early times they kept the memory of a buried person
alive by planting a tree in the buried place. This place is called 'Pitn/anam'.
Normaly this is in the south-west direction. After some time they used
stones for identification. Thus worshipping the stone started. That is
worshipping God by fixing a stone as a representation of God. Even as
early as 300 BC Iconography started in India thanks to the Greek
influence. In 300 BC, Asoka invited Greek silpis to make the icons of
Buddha. But the 'Tantric style' commonly started in the 8* century. After
this to protect the statue they built a simple house 'Garbha', and it was
developed into a temple complex to assemble the devotees.
47
For devalaya, the measurements of all the portions are
proportionate, and which depend on danda.^^ The mathematical
calculations like length, breadth and height are accurate. For making Icons,
thalamana^^ vyavasta is used. In this also all the figures are proportionate
and similar to that of human beings. The main difference between devalaya
and manusyalaya is that in manusyalaya, Brahma nabhi is kept vacant but
in devalaya, bimbom (icon) is placed on the Brahma nabhi. There are
accurate measurements and positions for panchaprakaras also. This
enables us to avoid the marmavedha. In anyway, the construction of
devalaya using these rules is perfect. There is a common rule for the
construction of prasadas. Since all measurements are proportionate, the
calculation of measurements are very easy.
This chapter involves a lot of mathematical applications in their
calculations of dimensions and geometrical constructions. This reveals the
development of mathematical techniques in the construction of devalaya.
Firstly Indian temples are square in shape and simple in structure.
Then different shapes were formed as technology developed.
3.6.1 Sadadhara Pratista
First excavate the site which is selected for temple until rock or
water have been seen. Fill VA of this pit by soil and purify this part and then
make a vedi for vastupuja. Adharasila should be rectangular and of area
'^ V.V,ChapterI, Sloka 10.
" Kanippayyoor Damodaran Namboodiripad, Tantrasamucayam Silpahhagaom, Published by Pancangom Pustakasala, Kunnamkulam, 1979, Chapter 5, Sloka 5.
48
half the area of the sripita or it should be rectangular and equal to
patmapita, and the width should be half of it. First place the adharasila on
the pit. Then place dhanyapita which is made of dhanyas on the central «
excavated portion of adharasila. This was filled by gold, diamonds etc.
Above this place a lotus, which is made of sila, and then place tortoise
made of sila facing infront of the temple. And above this place a yoganali,
made of copper.
^ ^4 . - /
There are six parts for this Sadadharam. ^) adharasila «
2) nidhikumbham 3) a lotus made of sila 4) tortoise made of sila 5) yoganaf\
made of copper 6) and above this bimbapitam.
The following are the measurements of these parts. Assume that
the height of the wall.
''' Kanippayyoor Damodaran Nambootiripad, Tantrasamuccayam Silpahhagom, Pancangom Pustakasala, Kunnamkulam, 1-24.
49
(that is the height above the floor and below the varothara) is H, then
1) The width of nidhikumbha = H/6
2) The height of nidhikumbha=H/6+H/6 x 8 = 3H/16
3) The height of lotus = H/8
4) The diameter of lotus = H/8 - H/8 x 1/9 = H/9
5) Number of leaves = 8
6) The length of tortoise = H/1 2
7) The breadth of the tortoise = H/12 - (H/1 2 )x 1/8 = 7H/96
8) The height of the tortoise = H/24
9) The breadth of the lower end of the yoganali = 2 ahgulas
10)The breadth of the upper end of the yoganali = one angula
Measurement of Bricks
Length of the brick = L angulas (L may be 8, 1 0 or 12)
Breadth of the brick = L/2
Width of the brick = L/4
Or bricks should be of length - 12 ahgulas, breadth 8 ahgulas and of width
4 ahgulas. Bricks should be made of soil and should be baked and red in
colour or should be made of sila.
3.6.1.1 Istakanyasam
This should be below the right of the outer hole and should be on the
inner part of paduka. This part should be divided into 4 square grids having
garbhanyasa sthanam in the middle. Bricks should be placed east-west on
the grids of agnicone and vayucone and should be placed north-south on
the grids of isana cone and nirrti cone. According to the perimeter of the
temple, four, eight or twelve bricks are required.
50
-'
-
i
•
:
i
4 BRICKS
--.i .
• — " " "
i
1 i
J ! ; I 1 ' 1 ' '
1 I
1 j
1
-
__
8 BRICKS 12 BRICKS
For every deity, Garbhapatra should be placed in the space obtained
by omitting 4/8'^ of the wall width outside and 3/4* of the wail width inside.
3.6.2 Yoni
If the perimeter is p then
1. The yoni is the remainder when px3 is divided by 8.
2. Vyayam is the remainder when p x 3 is divided by 14 or the
remainder when p x 9 is divided by 10.
3. Ayam is the remainder when p x 8 is divided by 12.
4. Vayassu (age) is the quotient when p x 8 is divided by 27.
51
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Yoni Name
Dhvaja yoni
Simha yoni
Vrstiabtia yoni >
Gaja yoni ^
Dhoomra yoni
Kukkura yoni
Khara yoni
Vayasa yoni
Quality
Auspicious
Not auspicious
Dhvaja yoni is faced to the west and vrsabha Yoni is faced to the east. It is
common to use these two yonies for devalaya.
Vayassu Name
1. Balyam
2. Koumaram
3. Youvanam
4. Vardhakyam
5. Maranam (Death) «
First four are good and the last is bad. Ayam should be greater than
vyayam
3.6.3 Measurements of Different Parts of the Temple
3.6.3.1 Height of Thazhikakkudam
If the Breadth of the temple is B, then the height upto the end point
of stupika
= B+12/28 B or B + 14/28 B or B + 21/28 B or 2B
= I0/7B or 3/2 B or 7/4 B or 2B
3.6.3.2 Height of the Wall
If the breadth of the devalaya is 2-18, (Two hasta, eight angulas) or
3-2 or 3-10, (3 hasta pahsha), then the height of the wall should be 2 hasta.
52
If the breadth is 3-18 or 4-2 or 4-10 (4 hasta parisha) then the height of the
wall is 2 hasta 4 ahgulas. For 5 hasta parisha. Prasadas, the height should
be 2 hasta 8 angulas. For each parishas the height should be increased to
four angulas.
3.6.3.3 The breadth of Stambha
If the height of the wall is H, then the breadth of the lower end
(B1) = H/8 or H/9 of H/10. The breadth of the upper end
(B2) = B1 - 81/8 or 81 - 81 /9 or 81 - 81/1 0 = 7/8 81 or 8/9 81 or 9/10 81.
If the stambha is made by wood, then, there should be decorations
like oma and pothika. Then breadth for this stambha is 2 times or 3/2 times
or 4/3 times of the breadth of the above.
3.6.3.4 Upapitham
If the height of the adhisthana is h,
then the height of the upapita = h/3 or 2h/5 or h/2 or 3h/4 or h or 5h/4 or
3/2h or 7/4 h or 2h
width of the upapita - h/IO or 2h/IO or 3h/IO or 4h/I0 or 5h/I0 or 1 danda or 2
danda or 3 danda.
There may be padmam in the place of upapitham.
The height of padmam =h/4 or h/5 or h/7 or h/8 or h/9.
The height of padukam = h/8
The height oijagati= h/3
The height of kumudam = 7h/24
The height of galam = 3h/40
53
The height of kampam = h/20
The height of pad/ = h/20
The yonis of Jagitipura and prasada should be the same.
3.6.3.5 Measurements of Garbhagrha
The breadth of Garbhagriha depends on the breadth of prasada. If
the breadth for prasada is B,
then the breadth of garbhagriha (b) =2B/3 or 3B/5 or 4B/7 or 5B/9 or 6B/11
or 7B/13 or 8B/15 or 5B/8 or B/2
The breadth of Prasada bhitti = B/8
The breadth of Garbhagirha bhitti = B/8
The height of Garbagriha bhitti = 5/4 or 6/5 or 7/6 or 8/7 of Prasada bhitti
In addition for small prasidas the space between these two walls is
called ar)tharalam. For alpa-prasadas, the breadth of prasada is divided
into five, the middle space is for pita, the surrounding one line for
Garbhagrha. The walls of the Garbhagrha and prasada should be
combined. The outer line is for this wall.
For mahaprasadas, the breadth and length of prasada should be
divided into nine, the middle space is for pita, the surrounding columns for
Garbhagrha, its surrounding columns for the wail of Grabhagrha, its
surrounding columns for antharalam and the outer columns for the wall of
prasada.
54
3.6.3.6 Ovu (Nalika)
Ovu should be placed in the level of pati or galam; and it should be
faced to the north. It should be placed at a distance 1/8 or 1/9 or 1 / I 0 of
the difference between Isacone to the middle fi om middle to east.
The length of ovu from the wall (d) = h or 3h/4 or 3h/2.
where h is the height of adhistanam. The length of the ovu inside the wall
= d/2. The breadth of lower end (b) = d/3 or d/5. The breadth of other end
= b/3 or b/5. The measurement of the path of the flowing water is 1/3 of the
breadth of the ovu.
3.6.3.7 Pillars
Generally prasadas have a total of twelve pillars, one for each corner
direction and 2 for each cardinal direction. The distance between every
pair of consecutive pillars should be the same.
The height of oma =1/4 danda, where danda is the width of the upper end
of the pillar.
The breadth of oma = 2 danda
The breadth oikumbham = 2 danda
The height of kumbham = 5/4, 6/4 or 7/4 danda
The breadth of mandippalaka = 4 danda
The width of mandippalaka = 3/4 danda
The length of pothika = 3 or 4 or 5 danda
The breadth of pothika = The breadth of the lower end of the pillar.
potika should be placed below the uttaram, and below this virakandam and
below this
55
Mandippalaka and below this kumbham, and atiast oma.
3.6.3.8 Door
The doorframe should be placed in such a way that the central line
is at a distance 5/12"^ of the width of the wall from the outer side. The
central points of Prasada and the hole should not coincide. There should
be khanadwaras on the remaining three sides.
If it is of linga pratistha, then
hi = height of Garbhadwara = 2b/3 or 3b/5 or 5b/9 or b/2, where 'b' is the
breadth of Garbhagrha.
bi = breadth of Gardhadwara = hi/2 or 8hi/18 or 5hi/11 or 3hi/7.
If the height of the wall is H, then
hi = height of Gabhadwara= 6H/7 or 7H/8 or 8H/9.
bi = breadth of Gabhadwara= hi/2.
The breadth of doorframe = The breadth of stambha or 5/4 of the
breadth of stambha or 3/2 of the breadth of stambha.
Width = 1/2x the breadth of the door frame. There should be chettupati on
the lower part and ummarappati on the Upper part.
Khanadwaram
This should be made of the same materials which are used for making
walls.
The breadth of khanadvaram = 5/8 x the breadth of hole.
56
The height of khanadvaram = 2 x 5/8 x the breadth of hole or
2.5 X 8/5 X the breadth of hole= 5/4 x the breadth of hole or 25/16 x the
breadth of hole.
3.6.3.9 Uttaram
There are three types of uttaram
Name
1) Khandottaram
Measurement
2) Pathrottaram
3) Rupottaram
Quality
auspicious The breadth and
width are equal to
the breadth and
width of stambha
respectively
Breadth is equal to good
the breadth of stamba
and width is equal to
the % of the breadth
of stambha.
Breadth is as above bad
and width is equal to
half of the breadth.
3.6.3.10 Measurements of vamada and vala
The breadth of vamada = 7/8 x the breadth of uttaram
The width of vamada = 7/24 x the breadth of uttaram.
Vala should be square in shape and of width 2 or 3 angulas.
3.6.3.il Kutam
The shape of kutam is the same as that of Prasada and the
measurement is 1/8'* of the measurements of Prasada. There should be a
nasika at the center of it.
57
3.6.3.12 Mukhamandapam
If the breadth of the temple is B then
1) The breadth of mukhamandapam (ba) = B/2 or 3B/5 or 4B/7 or 5B/10
or 5B/12.
2) The length of mukhamandapam = 3b2/4 or b2/2 or b2
3.6.3.13 Danda
There are three types of danda
1) Uttarapuram
In this one danda is the breadth of Uttarapuram.
2) Jagatipuram
Here one danda means the breadth of jagatipuram.
3) Padukapuram
Here one danda means the breadth of padukapuram.
3.6.4 Different types of prasadas based on shapes (Ref. Silpiratnam)
There are different types of prasadas based on shape
1) Vrtta prasadam
Here the shape of prasada is circle. If the perimeter is P, then given that
Radius= 113p/710. We can deduce the value of TC from this.
P = 2n X 113p/710 therefore n = 3.14159
2) Caturasra prasadam
Here, the temple is quadrilateral in shape if the perimeter is P, then
1) Breadth= 4p/20
58
2) Length= 6p/20
3) Hasti prasta prasadam
If the perimeter is p, then length of the sides = 63/64 x 4p/18 = 7p/32.
The breadth of the sides = 63/64 x 4p/18= 7p/32.
Radius r = 63/64 x 2p/18= 7p/64.
The perimeter of the prstabhagom = 63/64 x 25p/(18x4) = 25 x 7p/(64x8)
By computation
If the perimeter is P.
Then p = 3 x 7p/32 + TT x 7p/64 (Since the shape is a combination of a
square and a semi circle)
Therefore 71 = 3.14285
b= p/(3 + 71/2)
Radius r = b/2
The perimeter of the pristabhagom = Tir
n X 7p/64 = 25 X 7p/(64 x 8)
Therefor 71 = 3.125
4) Vritayata prasadam [ Ref. Silpiratnam ][ kukkudandam]
If the perimeter is p, then width w = px 84/384
Radius r = px 42/384 = w/2 = 7p/64
Breadth in between these two circular shapes = px 80/384 = 20p/64
59
5) Sadcone prasadam
If the perimeter is p then the length of the diagonal d = 30p/90
A= length of the side= px 15/90
Width w = px 26/90
Computation
A AOC and ABOC are equal right angled A's.
Since AABO is an equilateral A
AO =AB = p/6
FromAAOC, AO/Sin90 = OC/Sin60
W/2 =0C = p/6 Sin60
Width = p/3 Sin60 = (0.2886)p
The error is small.
Diagonal AD =QR +2AQ = a +2AQ
^
60
FromMBQ <A=60°, <B = 30°
AB/ Sin90 = AQ/Sin30
AQ = AB/2 = a/2
D = a + 2(a/2) = 2a = P/3
Which is accurate.
6) Astacon prasadam
(n this the eight sides are equal. If the peremetre is p,
then width =36p/120 = 0.3p
SideLength=15p/120. A
Computation
Total angle = (n-2) %
Each angle = 37i/4
AABC is an isoceless rightangled triangle.
Therefore AB^ + BC^ = AC^
i.e. 2AB^=AC^ OR AB = AC/V2 = a/V2, where a is the side length of the
astacon.
Therefore width w=a+a/V2 + a/V2= (1+ V2) x a = (1+ V2) x p/8 = 0.3017p
The error is very small.
3.6.5 The positions of Pancapraltaram (five compound walls)
Balivattom of the innerside should be at a distance V2 danda from
the outerside of the prasada. Nalambalam should be at a distance 1 or 11/2
danda, VHakkumadam should be at a distance 2 danda, Bahyahara should
be at a distance 7 danda from the outer side of the prasada.
61
3.6.6 Natyamandapam
If P is the perimeter of Natyamandapam, then the quotient when p is
divided by 32 is called pada.
Then the length of Natyamandapam = p/4 + (2 pada)
The breadth of Natyamandapa = p/4 - (2x pada)
There should be three thazhikakutam, each of which should be of height
one pada. The height of the wall should be two padas and the height of the
floor should be one pada. There should be a total of sixteen.
The yonies of koottiambalam and rangam should be the same. It is
square in shape and has four pillars. The place of Mrdanga should be on
the back of rangam. On the back of this, there will be an aniyara. Rangam
should be on the back of koothambalam. There wiil be a Thazhikakutam for
rangam also. Koothambalam should be on the right and on the front of the
deity.
H - Height of the wall of Prasada
h - Height of adhistana
hi - Height of garbhagrhadvara
B - Breadth of temple
b - Breadth of garbhgrha
bi - Breadth of garbhagrhadvara
ba - Breadth of mukhamandapa
62
3.6.7 BIMBAVIDHI
3.6.7.1 Measurements (Ref: Tantrasamuccayam Silpabhagom, Bimba
laksana)
The height of Bimba = hi or 3hi/4 or 2hi/3 or 7/8 x 2hi/3 or 8/9 x 2hi/3
where hi is the height of garbhagrha dwaram.
OR
The height of bimba = 2b/3 or 3b/5 or b/2 where b is the breath of
garbhagrfia.
3.6.7.2 Name or talas and their application of representation
If this height is divided into 10, it is called dasa - talam, if it is divided
into 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2 or 1, it is called nava - talam, asta- talam, sapta -
talam, sat - talam, panca - ialam, catu - talam, tri - talam, dvi - t'alam and
eka - talam respectively. Bimbas of sHa metal or daru are made as per the
rules of tala- mana. All figures are proportionate. The height of sila or daru
should be two times the height of the bimba, breadth should be V^ times the
height of the bimba, and the width should be half of it.
Oi
Names of talas and their applications of representations are given below^^
Name of Tala
Eka
Dvi
Tri
Catu
Panca
Sat
Sapta
Asia
Nava
Dasa
No. of angulas
12
24
36
48
60
72
84
96
108
116 (inferior)
120 (middle)
124 (superior)
Application of Representation
Tortoise mcarna^on of Visnu •
Fish incamation, Swan, Spirits of
Kusmande etc.
Elephant, celestial musician and
Kinnaras
Dwarfs among human beings
Ganapati, Vamana, Pig, Bull etc.
Varaha, Ganesa, Preta etc.
Vetalas-evil spirits drinking blood
Sages, human males and females
Indra, Asura, Raksasa, Yaksa, Naga,
Siddha etc.
Astadikplilas, twelve solar spirits.
Goddess Lakshmi, Bhu, Parvati and
Sarasvati
Brahma, Visnu and Siva
" Dr. P. V. Ouseph, Ciirahhasa, Published by Divine Research Centre, Muringoor, May 1998, pp. 64, 65.
64
Uttama dasatala
Parts of Body
Head Portion
From the crown of head to the
upper limit of (Usnisa) (Murdhanta)
head
From the upper limit of head to the
hair line (Murdhanta) (Kesanta)
From the hair line to the corner of
eye (Kesanta) end of Aksisutra)
From the corner of the eye to the
tip of the nose (end of aksisutra)
(nasanta)
From the tip of the nose to the chin
From the chin to the larynx (gala)
From the larynx to the end of the
throat (kanthocca)
Heart Portion
From the throat to the heart
From the heart to the navel (nabhi)
From the navel to the base of the
penis (Medhramula)
From the tip of the penis to the
knee (janu)
The knee height
From the knee to the ankle
(gulpha)
From the ankle to the sole of the
foot (padatala)
Length of Arigula
1
3
4
4
4
0
3
13
13
13
27
4
27
4
120
Length in Yava
3
0
3
3
3
4
7
3
3
3
0
0
0
0
32