Page 1
Mathematics and Science in
Schools in Sub-Saharan Africa
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MATERIAL SCIENCE
Introduction to Material Properties
Page 3
What Material Scientists Do
Page 4
Physical Properties
Melting & Boiling Points Magnetism
Color
Page 5
Physical Properties
Density
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Lab: Density Determination
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Lab: Density Determination
Material
Sample
Density
(g/ml)
Material
Sample
Density
(g/ml)
A H
B I
C J
D K
E L
F M
G N
Data Chart
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Lab: Density Determination
Material
Sample
Density
(g/ml)
Material
Sample
Density
(g/ml)
Walnut 0.64 Phenolic 1.32
Oak 0.75 PVC 1.37
Maple 0.77 Acetyl 1.42
Polypropylene 0.90 PTFE 2.20
Polyethylene 0.92 Aluminum 2.71
Nylon 1.15 Brass 8.56
Acrylic 1.17 Copper 8.91
Material Density Chart
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Lab: Density Determination
Material
Sample
Material
Identity
Material
Sample
Material
Identity
A H
B I
C J
D K
E L
F M
G N
Analysis Chart
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Density
Density = Mass/Volume
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Physical Properties
Viscosity
Viscosity is an internal property of a fluid that
offers resistance to flow .
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Viscosity Determination
Calculations
Viscosity = п = 2(Δp)ga^2/9v
Δp = difference in density
between glass marble and test
liquid
g = rate of free fall = 9.81 m/s^2
a = radius of sphere
v = velocity
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Viscosity Testing
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Viscosity Testing
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Viscosity Units
ISO
International Standards Organization
Viscosity Grade Numbers
Society of Automotive Engineers
Viscosity Grade Numbers
SAE
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Lab: Viscosity Determination
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Viscosity Testing
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Lab: Viscosity DeterminationData Chart
Tube Time (s)
Red
Blue
Green
Grey
Black
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Lab: Viscosity DeterminationCalculations
Tube ISO
Red 10
Blue 32
Green 46
Grey
Black
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Lab: Viscosity Explorer
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Lab: Viscosity ExplorerData Chart
Olive Oil Temperature Drop Time
0°C
10°C
20°C
30°C
40°C
50°C
60°C
70°C
80°C
90°C
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10W-40
10W = Oil’s Viscosity at
0°F
40 = Oil’s Viscosity at
212°F
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Lab: Dilatant Material
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Dilatant Material
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Dilatant Material
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Advanced Thixotropic Metallurgy
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Chemical Properties
Burning
Reaction to Acids & Water
Corrosion
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Thermal Properties
Conductivity
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Lab: Macho Conduction
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Lab: Macho Conduction
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Lab: Macho Conduction
Metal Time (s)
Aluminum
Brass
Copper
Steel
X
Data Chart
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Thermal Properties
Thermal Expansion
Conductivity
Page 49
Thermal Expansion
Page 50
Lab: Linear Expansion of a Metal
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Lab: Linear Expansion of a MetalData Chart
Metal Sample Expansion after 10 minutes
Aluminum
Brass
Steel
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Thermal Properties
Thermal Expansion Specific Heat
Conductivity
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Specific Heat
3,470 J/Kg°C
4.187J/Kg°C
0.217 J/Kg°C
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Lab: Heat Capacity of Metals
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Lab: Heat Capacity of MetalsData Chart
Metal
Sample
Mass
(g)
Δtemp
(°C)
Water Mass
(g)
Δtemp
(°C)
Silver 20.0 30.0
Gold 20.0 30.0
Copper 20.0 30.0
Iron 20.0 30.0
X 20.0 30.0
Y 20.0 30.0
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Lab: Heat Capacity of MetalsCalculation Table
Metal
Sample
Heat Gained
(joules)
Heat Lost
(joules)
Specific Heat
(J/g x K)
Silver
Gold
Copper
Iron
X
Y
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Lab: Heat Capacity of MetalsCalculations
Heat Energy Gained by Water =
Heat Energy Lost by Metal
Heat Gained by Water =
Mass X Δtemp X 4.18
Specific Heat of Metal = Heat Energy Gained
Mass X Δtemp
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Mechanical Properties
Hardness Workability
Page 59
Mechanical Properties
Strength Elasticity
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Elasticity is not Flexibility
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Elasticity is not Stretch-ability
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Elasticity
A material’s ability to return to its original
shape after being deformed.
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Deformation
Change in shape of an object.
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Stress
Applied Force / Original Area
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Tension & Compression
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Shear
When 2 forces, acting like a pair of shears, cut a
body between them.
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Hydrostatic
Stress unilaterally applied to an object.
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Material Testing Device
Extensometer
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Extensometer
An extensometer measures the elongation of a
material while applying tension.
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Stress Strain Curve
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Composite Material Testing
Fiberglass, Kevlar & Carbon Fiber
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Lab: Youngs’ Modulus of a Spring
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Lab: Youngs’ Modulus of a SpringData Chart
Stress Strain
Page 88
Stress Strain Curve
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Lab: Ultimate Stress
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Lab: Ultimate StressData Chart
Stress Strain
Page 92
Tensile Strength
Tensile strength is defined as the highest stress a
material can withstand before failure occurs.
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Stress
Strain
Ceramics
Metals
Polymers
Stress Strain Curve Interpretation
Demo
Page 95
Ductility
Ductility is measured by the amount of elongation
that can be applied to a material before failure
occurs.
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Toughness
Toughness is defined as the total area under the
stress strain curve. It indicates the amount of energy
absorbed before failure.
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Which Material Is Stronger?
Which Material Is Tougher?
Which Material Is More Ductile?
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Stress Strain Curve Interpretation
Construction
Materials
Stainless Steel
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Stress Strain Curve Interpretation
Anisotropic Behavior of Bone
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Creep
Demo
The deformation that occurs at elevated temperature
under constant load.
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Testing Energy Absorption
Page 104
Coefficient of Restitution
Page 105
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
10cm 20cm 30cm 40cm 50cm
bounce
Coefficient of Restitution
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Lab: Core of Restitution
Page 107
Lab: Core of Restitution
Ball Drop Height Rebound Height COR
Soccer
Golf
Tennis
Basketball
Racket
Field Hockey
Ping Pong
Wiffle
Softball
Baseball
Happy Ball
Sad Ball
Data Chart
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Friction
Force that opposes motion.
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Resistance caused by 2 objects in
contact with each other.
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Static Friction
Friction between 2 nonmoving objects.
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Coefficient of Static Friction
Page 112
Coefficient Determination
µ static = tan (angle of tilt)
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Lab: Static Friction
Page 114
Lab: Static Friction
Type of
Footwear
Angle of
Elevation
Coefficient of
Static Friction
Data Chart
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Sliding Friction
Kinetic Friction
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Sliding Friction
Friction between moving object(s).
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Coefficient of Kinetic Friction
Page 119
Lab: Sliding Friction
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Lab: Sliding Friction
Surface
Table Top
F(gravity)
(N)
F(friction)
(N)
Coefficient of
Sliding Friction
Wood
Sandpaper
Cardboard
Plastic
Data Chart
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Color, Density, Size, Magnetism,
Melting and Boiling points,
Crystal Structure, Luster, Viscosity
Workability, Brittleness, Hardness, Elasticity,
Plasticity, Toughness,
Strength
Conductivity, Specific Heat,
Thermal Expansion
Burning
Reaction to Acids/Water
Corrosion/OxidationReduction
Properties of Materials
Chemical Properties Physical Properties
Thermal Properties Mechanical Properties
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Material Science Bowling
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Object of the Game
In this activity,
you will be bowling with
words.
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I F I C
A R T
A L
I
Each of the ten pins shown is a
letter.
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I F I C
A R T
A L
I
If You Make a 10 Letter Word
A R T I F I C I A L
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You have a STRIKE!
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I F I C
A R T
A L
I
If You Make 2 Words Using
All 10 Letters..
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You may use
SCIENCE & NONSCIENCE
words!
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Frame 1
S E I T
R E P
O R
P
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Frame 1
P R O P E R T I E S
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Frame 2
N O I T
N O C
D U
N
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Frame 2
C O N D U C T I O N
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Frame 3
C Y I T
S A L
T I
E
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Frame 3
E L A S T I C I T Y
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Frame 4
B O I N
U M C
S O
T
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Frame 4
C O M B U S T I O N
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Frame 5
S O I T
R A N
O B
P
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Frame 5
A B S O R P T I O N
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Frame 6
M I E A
T V U
O T
O
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Frame 6
A U T O M O T I V E
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Frame 7
S A K T
B E A
L L
B
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Frame 7
B A S K E T B A L L
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Frame 8
C Y I T
N L N
D A
A
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Frame 8
D I L A N T A N C Y
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Frame 9
R C I T
L E E
A L
C
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Frame 9
E L E C T R I C A L
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Frame 10
H E C M
I N A
A C
L
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Frame 10
M E C H A N I C A L
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Frame 10
O R I T
S U L
A N
S
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Frame 10
I N S U L A T O R S
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Frame 10
M E A T
R Y G
L L
U
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Frame 10
M E T A L L U R G Y