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FOUNDATION IN NATURAL AND BUILT ENVIRONMENTS

MATHEMATICS [MTH10304]

STATISTIC SURVEY PROJECT

GROUP MEMBERS:

Pang Khai Shuen 0318423

Koh Sung Jie 0318912

Mok Po Yi 0318207

Hew Li Ming 0319941

Chong Ke Qun 0319214

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

TOPIC PAGE

Introduction 3

Objectives 4

Methodology 5-6

Survey Questionnaires 7-9

Statistics Analysis 10-18

Conclusion 19-20

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Introduction

Our survey is focused on a very common chronic disease called Pulmonary

Carcinoma, which is commonly known as lung cancer. Lung cancer is developed

when abnormal cells achieved uncontrolled growth in one or both lungs. These

abnormal cells do not carry out the functions of normal lung cells and do not

develop into healthy lung tissue. As they grow, these abnormal cells can form

tumors and interfere with the function of the lung, which is to provide oxygen to

the body via the blood.

Even though lung cancer is the number one cause of cancer deaths in both

men and women worldwide, not much people know about some hard facts about it.

In this survey, we had prepared some questions regarding lung cancer, such as the

symptoms of lung cancer, causes of lung cancer and the stages of lung cancer. We

also included some facts that are not commonly known about lung cancer like the

life expectancy of the final stage of lung cancer and the Lung Awareness Month.

What we want to learn through this survey is the knowledge of females of a

certain gender and age towards lung cancer, and then analyze the ratio of the

answers from our respondents so that we can learn how much the society

understands about the dangers of lung cancer.

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OBJECTIVES

We have chosen to focus on female respondents for our survey question. Our

objectives of the survey are first, to test the knowledge of young female adults

about lung cancer, as people often misunderstand the causes and symptoms of lung

cancer. Next, we are to analyze the difference in people’s views of lung cancer

causes and symptoms, as some people look at lung cancer as a result of smoking

and some as a result of inheritance. Furthermore, we are to get an accurate result

from different people as we have a minimum of 250 targets. This way, we could

create a fair statistic to compare the results. Lastly, we are to complete everything

and then come to a conclusion of the survey.

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METHODOLOGY

Since we were targeting 250 female young adults for the survey, each of us

were responsible to survey 50 female respondents each, and for a fair result each of

us surveyed 25 females of aged 21 to 25 and the rest aged 26 to 30.

We used two ways to survey the respondents. One, we used the conventional

survey forms and distributed them when we see a potential respondent.

Also, we utilized Google Docs to make digital a survey page so that we can

send the forms efficiently via social medias such as Facebook and Twitter. Our

respondents include family members, relatives, friends, strangers, students and

staffs in Taylors’ University. We spent 2 weeks of surveying from 17th of

December to 31th of December, and then gathered the information together to do

the statistics analysis.

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After gathering all the completed survey forms, each of us analyze our own

50 forms and then gathered all the information together to make our statistics

analysis for this report. We first discuss with each other about the calculations

needed and the appropriate diagrams to portray the information, and we transfer all

the information into the report.

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Survey Questionnaire

1. What is your age group?

a. 21 – 25

b. 26 – 30

2. What is your gender?

a. Male

b. Female

3. What is your occupation?

a. Student

b. Non-student

4. What are the direct causes of lung cancer? (Can be more than one answer)

a. Smoking

b. Asbestos

c. Radon Gas

d. Air Pollution

e. Inheritance

f. Pervious diseases

g. Others: _____________

5. Which factor is the leading cause of lung cancer?

a. Air Pollution

b. Tobacco

6. What is the 2nd most common cause of lung cancer?

a. Radon Gas

b. Air Pollution

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7. If diagnosed with lung cancer, is quitting smoking pointless?

a. Yes

b. No

8. How many types of lung cancers are there?

a. 1

b. 2

c. 3

d. 4

9. How many stages of lung cancer are there?

a. 1 – 2

b. 2 – 4

c. 4 – 6

10. What are the ways to prevent lung cancer?

a. Eat fruits and vegetables

b. Do not smoke

c. Do more exercise

d. Others: ____________________

11. What is the common life expectancy once diagnosed with the final stage of

lung cancer?

a. 5 Years

b. 7 Years

c. 10 Years

12. Do you have any close friends/relatives diagnosed with lung cancer?

a. Yes

b. No

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13. What are the symptoms of lung cancer?

a. Pain in the chest

b. Headache

c. Coughing up blood

d. Mood Swing

14. Is lung cancer the leading cause of cancer deaths?

a. Yes

b. No

15. Which month is the Lung Cancer Awareness Month? __________________

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Statistics Analysis

4. What are the direct causes of lung cancer?

Answer: Smoking, Asbestos, Radon Gas, Air Pollution, Inheritance and Previous diseases.

(Purpose of multiple answers is to analyse the extent of knowledge of lung cancer causes.)

- Smoking is the main cause. Tobacco smoke contains more than 60 different toxic substances,

which can lead to the development of cancer. These substances are known to be carcinogenic

(cancer-producing).

- Asbestos. Exposure to asbestos in the construction industry and shipbuilding cause lung

cancer for workers

- Radon gas is the biggest cause of lung cancer after smoking as Radon gas is a naturally

occurring radioactive gas which comes from tiny amounts of uranium which cause lung

cancer.

- Air pollution. One study has shown that your risk of developing lung cancer increases by

about a third if you live in an area with high levels of nitrogen oxide gases (mostly produced

by cars and other vehicles).

- Inheritance. Because there is a pattern of increased risk of lung cancer in family members,

researchers think it is likely that there is at least one faulty gene that can increase the risk of

lung cancer and be passed down in families (inherited).

- Previous disease. Having had a disease that caused scarring in the lungs may be a risk factor

for a type of lung cancer called adenocarcinoma of the lung.

Mode: Smoking

41%

25%

13%

10%

7%

4%

Causes of Lung Cancer (21-25)

Smoking

Air Pollution

Radon Gas

Inheritance

Asbestos

Previous disease

42%

21%

15%

12%

5%

5%

Causes of Lung Cancer (26-30)

Smoking

Air Pollution

Radon Gas

Inheritance

Asbestos

Previous disease

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78%

22%

Leading factor (26-30)

Tobacco

Air pollution

57%

43%

Second most common factor (26-30)

Air pollution

Radon gas

5. Which factor is the leading cause of cancer?

Answer: Tobacco.

Lung Cancer Research UK states that, by far the biggest cause of lung cancer is smoking. It

causes more than 8 out of 10 cases (86%) including a small proportion caused by exposure to

second hand smoke in non smokers (passive smoking).

Mode: Tobacco

6. What is the 2nd most common cause of lung cancer?

Answer: Radon Gas.

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), the second leading cause of lung

cancer, after tobacco smoke, is an odorless radioactive gas called radon. Emitted from rock

and soil, it can seep up into homes and other buildings. Radon is estimated to cause between 3

and 14% of all lung cancers, depending on the average radon level in the country. Radon is

much more likely to cause lung cancer in people who smoke, and is the primary cause of lung

cancer among non-smokers.

Mode in 21-25: Radon gas

Mode in 26-30: Air pollution

82%

18%

Leading Factor (21-25)

Tobacco

Air pollution

49%

51%

Second most common factor (21-25)

AirpollutionRadonGas

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38%

62%

Is quiting smoking pointless ? (26-30)

Yes

No

13%

28%

36%

23%

Types of lung cancer (26-30)

1

2

3

4

7. If diagnosed with lung cancer, is quitting smoking pointless?

Answer: No.

Continued smoking decreases the effectiveness of cancer treatment and may make side effects

worse. Smokers undergoing surgery, for example, have more trouble healing than ex-smokers.

Those who smoke while undergoing radiation for cancer of the larynx are less likely to regain

normal voice quality. In some cases, quitting can cut the risk of a second cancer forming.

Mode: No

8. How many types of lung cancers are there?

Answer: 2

There are two main types of lung cancer. Small-cell lung cancer is more aggressive, meaning it

can spread quickly to other parts of the body early in the disease. It is strongly tied to cigarette

use and rarely seen in nonsmokers. Non-small-cell lung cancer grows more slowly and is more

common. It's responsible for almost 85% of all lung cancers.

Mode: 3

46%

54%

Is quiting smoking pointless ? (21-25)

Yes

No

13%

29%

34%

24%

Types of lung cancer (21-25)

1

2

3

4

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21%

65%

14%

Stages of lung cancer (26-30)

1 to 2

2 to 4

4 to 6

9. How many stages of lung cancer are there?

Answer: 2-4

There are different systems for the two main types of lung cancer. Small-cell lung cancer is

divided into two stages: "Limited" means the cancer is confined to one lung and maybe nearby

lymph nodes. "Extensive" means the cancer has spread to the other lung or beyond. Non-small-

cell lung cancer is assigned a stage of 1 through 4, depending on how far it has spread.

Mode: 2-4

20%

70%

10%

Stages of lung cancer (21-25)

1 to 2

2 to 4

4 to 6

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53%30%

17%

Ways to prevent lung cancer(26-30)

Do not smoke

Do moreexercise

Eat more fruitsand vegetables

10. What are the ways to prevent lung cancer?

Answer: Either one.

(Purpose of the question is to see different opinions of which respondents’ favors more.)

- Eat fruits and vegetables. Fresh fruit and vegetables may help to prevent cancer because they

contain chemicals that can prevent cell damage. The antioxidant vitamins A, C and E were

thought to help reduce the risk of lung cancer

- Do not smoke. Within 10 years of quitting, the risk of lung cancer will drop 30% to 50%.

- Do more exercise. Regular physical activity may reduce the risk of lung cancer by 20% or

more, studies show. In addition, exercise improves lung function and reduces the danger of

other diseases, including heart disease and stroke.

Mode: Do not smoke

57%33%

10%

Ways to prevent lung cancer(21-25)

Do not smoke

Do moreexercise

Eat more fruitsand vegetables

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63%22%

15%

Common life expectancy (26-30)

5 years

7 years

10 years

22%

78%

Close person suffered from lung cancer (26-30)

Yes

No

11. What is common life expectancy once diagnosed with the final stage of

lung cancer?

Answer: 5 years

Those statistics show the chances of living for 5 years after a lung cancer diagnosis varies from

4% to 54%, depending on the stage of disease. The 5-year survival rate continues to rise over

time, research shows.

Mode: 5 years

12. Do you have any close friends/relatives diagnosed with lung cancer?

Answer: Depending on the respondent.

The purpose of this question is to see among the public, how many of our respondents are

affected by this disease through their loved ones. The results let us know that whether lung

cancer is common in Malaysia through our respondents.

Mode: No

59%28%

13%

Common life expectancy (21-25)

5 years

7 years

10 years

26%

74%

Close person suffered from lung cancer (21-25)

Yes

No

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50%

33%

8%9%

Symptoms of lung cancer (26-30)

Coughing upbloodPain in thechestHeadache

Mood swing

13. What are the symptoms of lung cancer?

Answer: Pain in the chest, coughing up blood.

(Purpose of 2 answers is to provide a 50-50 chance for correct answer as well as analyzing

preferred opinions.)

Both pain in the chest and coughing up blood are both early warning signs that a person is

diagnosed with lung cancer. When lung cancer causes chest pain, the discomfort may result from

enlarged lymph nodes or metastasis to the chest wall, pleura (lining around the lungs), or the

ribs. Blood that comes up with a cough often looks bubbly because it is mixed with air and

mucus. It is usually bright red, although it may be rust-colored. Sometimes the mucus contains

only streaks of blood.

Mode: Coughing up blood

48%

33%

10%9%

Symptoms of Lung Cancer (21-25)

Coughing upbloodPain in thechestHeadache

Mood swing

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68%

32%

Lung cancer a leading cause?(26-30)

Yes

No

14. Is lung cancer the leading cause of cancer deaths?

Answer: Yes

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide. This is verified by World Health

Organization (WHO) as well as Cancer Research UK. According to Cancer Research UK, on

2012, lung cancer contributes to 19% of cancer deaths worldwide.

Mode: Yes

96%

4%

Lung cancer a leading cause? (21-25)

Yes

No

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39%

19%7%

7%

8%

20%

Month (26-30)

November

December

September

March

August

Don't know

15. Which month is the Lung Cancer Awareness Month?

Answer: November

During the month, many people throughout the country and the world come together for the lung

cancer community. Events are held. Articles are written. Facebook statuses are updated. Videos

are created and spread online. Proclamations are issued.

Mode 21-25: Don’t know

Mode 26-30: November

15%

9%

9%

3%

6%20%

38%

Month (21-25)

November

December

March

July

June

Other

Don’t Know

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Conclusion

In conclusion, we have acquired enough information to understand the

society’s level of understanding of lung cancer.

The mode for direct causes of lung cancer is smoking and air pollution

comes second. This means most of our respondents know that smoking is the main

cause of lung cancer and question 5 reinforces that fact by stating tobacco as the

mode for leading cause of lung cancer. As for which factor is second most

common for lung cancer both age groups have varied opinions. The 21-25 years

age group has the knowledge that Radon gas is second leading cause by a small

margin of 51%. However the mode for the 26-30 years age group is air pollution.

The frequency of quitting smoking is not pointless if diagnosed with cancer is

higher for both age groups. We tested the understanding level of the respondents

by asking the number of types of lung cancer, the mode was 3 but in fact the

correct answer is 2. We also asked them how many stages of lung cancer there are

and the mode of it is 2-4, which is correct. Majority of the answers for the

prevention of lung cancer is by not smoking, suggested by the mode of the

respondents. Most common life expectancy of a final stage lung cancer patient

answered by most of our respondents is correct as the mode is 5 years.

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We wanted to find out how many people are affected by the effects of lung

cancer and around 25% which is 1 in 4 of our respondents has a close person

diagnosed with lung cancer. This really shows how common lung cancer is.

From the question regarding the symptoms of lung cancer, the respondents

recognize coughing up blood as a symptom more than pain in the chest as the

mode from both groups is coughing up blood. The mode of whether that lung

cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths is yes but it varies between the two

groups. Almost all the respondents in 21-25 year old group agrees while only 68%

of the 26-30 year old group agrees.

Lastly, we wanted to know how many people know about Lung Cancer

Awareness month and more 26-30 year olds know about it than the 21-25 year

olds. This is because the mode for the 21-25 age group is don’t know, but for the

26-30 age group is November, which is accurate.