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MATRICE EXTRACELLULAIRE

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Page 1: MATRICE EXTRACELLULAIRE - unifr.ch · MATRICE EXTRACELLULAIRE. BASAL LAMINA Extensive interaction between ECM molecules ECM: Extra-cellular Matrix. Controlled degradation of the ECM

MATRICE EXTRACELLULAIRE

Page 2: MATRICE EXTRACELLULAIRE - unifr.ch · MATRICE EXTRACELLULAIRE. BASAL LAMINA Extensive interaction between ECM molecules ECM: Extra-cellular Matrix. Controlled degradation of the ECM

BASAL LAMINAExtensive interaction between ECM molecules

ECM: Extra-cellular Matrix

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Controlled degradation of the ECM by locally secreted proteolytic enzymes

b) serine proteases u-PA = urokinase type plasminogen activator

specifically cleaves plasminogen into plasmin: Plasmin cleaves fibrin, fibronectin, laminin.

u-PA receptors (uPAR) is present onnerve growth cones,

leading edges of migrating white blood cellson cancer cells

required for metastasis, the invasive capacity of cellsa negative prognostic marker in many cancers

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A)Human prostate cancer cells secrete the serine protease, u-PA (red).u-PA binds to u-PA receptor (uPAR) proteins on prostate cancer cell surface (green).B)Human prostate cancer cells were transfected and secrete an inactive serine protease(yellow).The inactive serine protease occupies / blocks most of the receptors.

Both A) and B) cells are grow and produce tumours when injected into animalsBUT only A is metastatic

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Complexes de jonction Celule-cellule

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CELL - CELL

CELL - Matrix

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epithelial cells of the small intestine

anchoringjunctions

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CAMCAM

1) Extra Cellular Matrix Molecules (ECM) proteins and polysacharides secreted locally and assembled into a meshwork

2) Transmembrane linker proteins or Cell Adhesion Molecules (CAMs ) cytoplasmic domain

transmembrane domainextracellular domain

3) Intracellular attachment proteins a plaque, connecting the junction to (micro- or intermediate) filaments

E CM

ANCHORING JUNCTIONS:

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JUNCTIONAL ADHESION MECHANISMS Non-JUNCTIONAL CONTACTS

CELL -MATRIXADHESION

CELL -CELLADHESION

basal lamina

actin

NO attachment

plague

CADHERINS

IG-LIKE CAMS

INTEGRINSSELECTINS

adhesion belt(CADHERINS)

desmosomes(CADHERINS)

Gap junctions(connexins)

tightjunctions

focal contacts(integrins)

hemidesm.(integrins) integrins

non-epithelial cellsepithelial cells

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Cellule - Celluleliaison transmembranaire

ouCAMs (cell adhesion molecules)

1) CAMs Ca2+-dependantes :cadherins, selectins, integrins

2) CAMs Ca2+-independantes

Cellules se lient à CAMs d’autres cellules et transmettent la signalisation

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Cadherines and Catenines

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Les Cadherines effectuent la transductioncellulaire entre ECM et cytoplasm

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Structure des desmosomes

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Les Cadherines jouent un rôle dans:• Development embryonaire

• Souris knockout of E-, P- and N-cadherine meurent dans les stadesembryonaires

• Development neuronal• neurite outgrowth

• Architecture tissulaire:• adherens junctions-associatées à des filaments d’actin• La polarité produite par-E-cadherin induit une polarité

apicale/basolaterale• cell sorting: des cellules exprimant une même cadherine se differencient

ensembles lorsqu’elles sont mélangées• Cancer

• prevention d’invasion et de metastasis• differentiation• organization du cytosquelette/polarité

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•Ca2+-dependent:•requière Ca2+ pour se lier (cellules se dissocient si Ca2+ bas)•Protection contre trypsinisation en presence de Ca2+

•Ca2+ lie ensemble 5 EC domaines et confére une forme en tube

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Structure des Domainesextracellulaires des Cadherines

• domaines extracelllulaire (EC) de 110 AA:• ca 30% identité entre differentes cadherines• en général 5 domaines mais seul 4 domaines sont homologues• chaque domaine a 2 motifs liant Ca2+

• domaine EC 1 contient le site de liaison• domaine HAV requis pour liaison homophile• autres AA necessaires pour la liaison

• Sequences très conservées• LDRE• DXNDNXP-site liant le Ca2+

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Liaison Homophile(liaison forte)

• La plupart des cadherines interagissent par liaisonhomophile dans la plupart des conditions

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Liaison Heterophile(liaison plus faible)

• T lymphocytes: lient les cellules de la muqueuse epithelials(integrine α3β7 lie E-cadherine)

• FGFR: possède une séquence HAV qui peut interagir avec N-Cadherine

• Superoxide dismutase: contient HAV qui affecte l’aggrégationde N-cadherines

• virus Influenza souche A hemagglutinines: contient la séquenceHAV

• Shigella flexneri (bacterie entérique): utilise cadherines pourpénétrer dans les cellules

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Groupe 1: cadherines classiques• E-, N-, and P-cadherines

• ont le site HAV

• T cadherines• liées via phosphatidylinositol (pas de domaine

cytoplasmique)

Group 2: cadherines prototypes• 5 ou plus domaines EC• Pas de séquence HAV• Domaines cytoplasmiques complétement

differents• faible adhesion entre molecules

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Groupe 3: cadherines desmosomales:

• desmogleines et desmocollines• 4 domaines EC• domaine cytoplasmique seulement 30% identique• (90% dans les cadherines classiques)

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Groupe 4: autres cadherines• quelques variations du segment

extracellulaire• differents domaines cytoplasmiques

– transporter de peptides (intestin)– recepteur bacterien de B. thuringiensis– “Fat tumor suppressor” from Drosophila– Ret receptor tyrosine kinase

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Modèle d’architecture moleculaire d’un desmosome

• membres de la familledes Cadherines : Desmogleines Desmocollines

• Desmoplakines: lient lesfilaments intermédiaires

Rôle important pour prevention d’invasion et de metastases.

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PROTEINES contenant des sites HAV

• FGFR• INFLUENZA STRAIN A HEMAGGLUTININ• SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE• PTPκ & PCP-2/PTPλ

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Cadherin Associated Proteins:α- & β-Catenines

• domaines intracellular conservés (sites deliaison):

• Domaines liant ß catenine/plakoglobine– Domaines mutuellement exclusifs

• Domaine liant p120

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α catenines• lient directement ß catenines and

plakoglobines• lient actine• lient α-actinine et vinculine• lient ZO-1

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β catenines• 60% identiques à plakoglobine• 70% identiques à armadillo• lient Cadherines (&APC and Tcf/LEF-1) via unités

repetitives (“arm repeats”)• lient alpha-Catenines via N-terminus

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1) CA-DEPENDENT CAMs (CELL ADHESION MOLECULES):

a) classic CADHERINS: involved in both junctional and non junctional adhesions

E-, N- and P- cadherins (Epithelial, Nerve, Placenta)

single-pass transmembrane glycoproteins (~700-750 AA s), 5 cadherin repeatsselective adhesion, homophilicdifferential expression during development + morphogenesis

the extracellular side: 5 cadherin repeats of 100 AA, (3 are Ca2+ -binding)in the absence of Ca >>> rapid proteolysis

the cytoplasmic side:the intracellular attachment proteins: catenins α,β,γ (bind actin) (required for cell-cell adhesion)

B) INTEGRINS: (both junctional and non-junctional adhesions)

C) SELECTINS (non-junctional, endothelium and blood cells only)

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2) CA-INDEPENDENT CAMs (Ig-like CAMs) members of the immunoglobulin superfamily involved cell-cell non-junctional adhesions

single-pass transmembrane glycoproteins many isoforms, weaker interactions,changes of N-CAM expression in development

N-CAMs: mostly homophilic (Neural CAM)I-CAMs: heterophilic (Intercellular CAMs (on activated endothelial cells)

the extracellular side: 5 Ig-like repeats and 1-2 fibronectin (type III) repeatsvarious extent of glycosylation

the cytoplasmic side:variable, involved in cell signalling, binds to the cytoskel., to GPI or secreted

no adhesion plaques (?)

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CadherinesCa 2+ -dep. homophilic adhesion functional unit = dimer

Superfamile Immunoglobines (CAMs)homophiles or heterophiles

SelectinesheterophilesP selectine + contre-recepteur PSGL-1, glycosylé

Integrinesheterodimères, heterophileslient ECM, Ig-CAMs, cadherinesadhesion, polarité, migration

Cadh. repeats

Ig and Fn III repeats

lectin repeats

I-CAM

CELL ADHESION MOLECULESCELL-CELL adhesion

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Gap Junctions

Rôles physiological:1. communication intercellulaire2. restreindre la proliferation cellulaire3. role dans la differentiation4. synchronise la communication electrique et

metabolique (Ca2+) entre cellules

Structure presente danspratiquement toute cellule encontact avec les cellules d’autrestissus

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Composants du complexe dejunction

Tight junction (zonula occludens)

Desmosome (macula adherens)

Adherens junction (zonula adherens)

Gap Junctions/Nexus Junctions: (GJIC)

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Gap junctions : structures dynamiques• Connexons peuvent s’ouvrir et se fermer.• Ca2+

in élevé & faible pHin = stimulus pour fermeturerapide de connexons.

• Limite supérieure pour passage à travers gap junctions : 1000 Da.

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Proteines de gap junctions• Connexines• Connexine-43 et Connexine-45 interagissent avec

ZO-1

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Connexons