mbsp introduction to civilization 2009

8/7/2019 MBSP Introduction to Civilization 2009

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Age: 4.55 billion years old

Total Area: 510.072 million sq km (196.940 million sq mi)Land area: 148.94 million sq km (57.506 million sq mi)

Water area: 361.132 million sq km (139.434 million sq mi)

Population: 6,706,993,152 (2008 est.)

Growth rate: 1.188% (2008 est.)

Political divisions: 195 sovereign nations, 61 dependent areas, and 6 disputed

territories.

GWP/PPP: $65.61 trillion (2007 est.). GWPreal growth rate: 5.2% (2007 est.).

GWP/PPP

per capita: $10,000 (2007 est.).

Major World Religions: Christianity (33%, 2.1 billion), Islam (20.1%, 1.3 billion),

Hinduism (13.3%, 851 million), Buddhism (5.9%, 375 million), Sikhism (0.4%, 25

million), Judaism (0.2%, 15 million)


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The first human who

hurled an insult insteadof a stone was the

founder of civilization.

Sigmund Freudpsychologist

We never really grow up, we

only learn how to act in public.

Bryan Whitesongwriter

Civilization begins with soap.

Galveston Timesdefunct 19th century Indiana newspaper

Progress is man's ability to

complicate simplicity.

Thor HeyerdahlEthnographer and adventurer

I've made an odd discovery. Every time I talk to a savant I feel

quite sure that happiness is no longer a possibility. Yet when I

talk with my gardener, I'm convinced of the opposite.

Bertrand Russell

Philosopher


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Civilization is social order promoting cultural

creation. Four elements constitute it:

1. economic provision,

2. political organization,

3. moral traditions, and4. the pursuit of knowledge and the arts.

It begins where chaos and insecurity end.

For when fear is overcome, curiosity and

constructiveness are free, and man passes by

natural impulse towards the understanding and

embellishment of life.


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200: Earliest possible evidence of modern humans in Africa

175

150

125

100: Last ice age begins

90: Modern humans found in Southwest Asia

75:

60: Modern humans found in Australia/Sahul

50

40: Modern humans found in northern Eurasia

25

10: End of ice age, beginnings of agriculture

5: Earliest cities and states

0: Industrial Revolution

THOUSANDS

OFYEARSBEFORETHEPRESENT


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12

11

10

9

8

7

6

5: First cities and city states

4

3

2

1

0

THOUSANDS

OFYEARSBEFORETHEPRESENT

11.5: End of ice ages

Earliest evidence of agriculture in near east

Earliest evidence of agriculture in Southeast Asia

Evidence of pastoralism in Russia, Ukraine, Kazakhstan

Evidence of agriculture in Americas

First empires

First superempire (Persia)

Foundation of world religions

Foundation of largest pastoral empire (Genghis Khan, 1220CE)Industrial Revolution


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Civilization is the stage in human organization when

governmental, social, and economic institutions have developed to

sufficiently manage (however imperfectly) the problems of order,

security, and efficiency in a complex society.

- Philip Lee Ralph, World Civilizations

Civilization is the limitless multiplication of unnecessary

necessities. - Mark Twain

They civilize what's pretty / By puttin' up a city

Where nothin' that's / Pretty can grow...

They civilize left/ They civilize right

Till nothing is left / Till nothing is right

- Alan Jay Lerner, The First Thing You Know


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ISLAMIC SINIC

INDIC


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1. DECLINE IN AVAILABILITY OF WILD

FOODS.

2. INCREASE IN AVAILABILITY OF

DOMESTICABLE PLANTS.

3. DEVELOPMENT OF TECHNOLOGIESHELPFUL TO FOOD PRODUCTION.

4. TWO WAY LINK IN RISE OF POPULATION

AND DEVELOPMENT OF FOOD

PRODUCTION.

5. DENSER FOOD PRODUCING SOCIETIES

OUTPACED THEIR SURROUNDING

HUNTER GATHERERS.


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1. MORE FOOD MEANS MORE

CONSUMABLE CALORIES.

2. WITH DOMESTICATED ANIMALS CAME

LIVESTOCK.

3. FOOD PRODUCTION LED TO A MORESEDENTARY LIFESTYLE.

4. SEDENTARY LIFESTYLE ALLOWS

PEOPLE TO STORE A FOOD SURPLUS.

5. DOMESTICATED ANIMALS MADE

TRADE AND WARFARE POSSIBLE.


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1. THE RISE OF VILLAGES. With a

steadier supply of food, more

functions and activities becamepossible.

2. THE EMERGENCE OF LONG-

DISTANCE TRADE. Surplus andinvention made an exchange of

goods necessary and possible.

3. THE ONSET OF WARFARE.

Competition for territory and

resources emerged as societies

grew larger and encroached on

others domain.


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A Mesopotamian dwelling


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Pastoral/

Nomadic

Agricultural

Industrial

Services/Knowledge-

based

Economic development follows

four distinct historical stages.

Each stage has social implications.


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Pastoral/

Nomadic

Agricultural

Industrial

Services/Knowledge-

based

Men hunt whilewomen maintain their

abode. Primacy is with

males and their

capability to hunt.

In some cultures, women are

accorded with higher status for their

ability to bear child. More childrenmean more workers later on.

Work enables women to earn

for themselves, thus

empowering them to lead their

own lives. At this stage, the fight

for equal rights begin.

In a service and

knowledge based

economy, performance

and merit determine

economic status.

Women can now

compete and even

better their male

counterparts.


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History is the studyof thepast.

What is the past? How is it studied?

Who does the studying?

Why study the past?

Carl Becker, Everyman His Own Historian(1931)

We all think historically. We all live beyond the confines of

the present fleeting moment, yet within what matters to us.

historian vis-a-vis Historian

Historians are keepers and conveyors of social memory.


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Considered to be not just the father of historiography,

but of the social sciences.


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Arab philosopher

and father of

modern

historiography

"All records, by their very nature, are liable to

error...

Partisanship towards a creed or opinion

Over-confidence in one's sources

The failure to understand what is intended

A mistaken belief in the truth

The inability to place an event in its real context

The common desire to gain favor of those of highranks, by praising them, by spreading their fame

The most important is the ignorance of the laws

governing the transformation of human society."


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Arab philosopher

and father of

modern

historiography

Premises in his theory of civilization:

1. Man is political. He cannot do without social

organization.

2. The power of the individual is insufficient for

him to obtain the food he needs.

3. Mans ability to think allows him to preparethe crafts needed to create instruments such

as tools and weapons.

4. Cooperation is necessary to bring all these

crafts together.5. Royal authority is needed to be a restraining

influence and keep men apart.

6. Restraining influence is derived from

prophecy or religious law.


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BAND TRIBE CHIEFDOM STATE

MEMBERSHIP

Number of

people

dozens Hundreds thousands over 50,000

SettlementPattern

nomadic fixed: 1 village fixed: 1 or morevillages

fixed: manyvillages and

cities

Basis of

relationships

kin kin-based clans class and

residence

class and

residence

Ethnicities and

Languages

1 1 1 1 or more

This table is adapted from Guns, Germs and Steelby Jared Diamond.


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BAND TRIBE CHIEFDOM STATE

ECONOMY

Food

production

no no yes yes intensive intensive

Division of labor no no no yes yes

Exchanges reciprocal reciprocal redistributive

(tribute)

redistributive

(taxes)Control of land band clan chief various

SOCIETY

Stratified no no yes, by kin yes, not by kin

Slavery no no small-scale large-scale

Luxury goods

for elite

no no yes Yes

Public

architecture

no no no yes yes

Indigenous no no no often


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Considered to be

the first ever code

of laws in history

Hammurabi, the prince, called of Bel am I, making riches and increase, enriching Nippur and Dur-ilu beyond

compare, sublime patron of E-kur; who reestablished Eridu and purified the worship of E-apsu; who

conquered the four quarters of the world, made great the name of Babylon, rejoiced the heart of Marduk,

his lord who daily pays his devotions in Saggil; the royal scion whom Sin made; who enriched Ur; the

humble, the reverent, who brings wealth to Gish-shir-gal; the white king, heard of Shamash, the mighty,who again laid the foundations of Sippara; who clothed the gravestones of Malkat with green; who made E-

babbar great, which is like the heavens, the warrior who guarded Larsa and renewed E-babbar, with

Shamash as his helper; the lord who granted new life to Uruk, who brought plenteous water to its

inhabitants, raised the head of E-anna, and perfected the beauty of Anu and Nana; shield of the land, who

reunited the scattered inhabitants of Isin; who richly endowed E-gal-mach; the protecting king of the city,

brother of the god Zamama; who firmly founded the farms of Kish, crowned E-me-te-ursag with glory,

redoubled the great holy treasures of Nana, managed the temple of Harsag-kalama; the grave of the

enemy, whose help brought about the victory; who increased the power of Cuthah; made all glorious in E-

shidlam, the black steer, who gored the enemy; beloved of the god Nebo, who rejoiced the inhabitants of

Borsippa, the Sublime; who is indefatigable for E-zida; the divine king of the city; the White, Wise; who

broadened the fields of Dilbat, who heaped up the harvests for Urash; the Mighty, the lord to whom come

scepter and crown, with which he clothes himself; the Elect of Ma-ma; who fixed the temple bounds of

Kesh, who made rich the holy feasts of Nin-tu; the provident, solicitous, who provided food and drink for

Lagash and Girsu, who provided large sacrificial offerings for the temple of Ningirsu; who captured the

enemy, the Elect of the oracle who fulfilled the prediction of Hallab, who rejoiced the heart of Anunit; the

pure prince, whose prayer is accepted by Adad; who satisfied the heart of Adad, the warrior, in Karkar, who

restored the vessels for worship in E-ud-gal-gal; the king who granted life to the city of Adab; the guide of

E-mach; the princely king of the city, the irresistible warrior, who granted life to the inhabitants of

Mashkanshabri, and brought abundance to the temple of Shidlam; the White, Potent, who penetrated the

secret cave of the bandits, saved the inhabitants of Malka from misfortune, and fixed their home fast in

wealth; who established pure sacrificial gifts for Ea and Dam-gal-nun-na, who made his kingdom

everlastingly great; the princely king of the city, who subjected the districts on the Ud-kib-nun-na Canal to

the sway of Dagon, his Creator; who spared the inhabitants of Mera and Tutul; the sublime prince, who

makes the face of Ninni shine; who presents holy meals to the divinity of Nin-a-zu, who cared for its

inhabitants in their need, provided a portion for them in Babylon in peace; the shepherd of the oppressed

and of the slaves; whose deeds find favor before Anunit, who provided for Anunit in the temple of Dumash

in the suburb of Agade; who recognizes the right, who rules by law; who gave back to the city of Ashur its

protecting god; who let the name of Ishtar of Nineveh remain in E-mish-mish; the Sublime, who humbles

himself before the great gods; successor of Sumula-il; the mighty son of Sin-muballit; the royal scion of

Eternity; the mighty monarch, the sun of Babylon, whose rays shed light over the land of Sumer and Akkad;

the king, obeyed by the four quarters of the world; Beloved of Ninni, am I.


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Considered to be

the first ever code

of laws in history

Hammurabi, the prince, called of Bel am I, making riches and increase,

enriching Nippur and Dur-ilu beyond compare, sublime patron of E-kur;

who reestablished Eridu and purified the worship of E-apsu;

who conquered the four quarters of the world, made great the name of

Babylon, rejoiced the heart of Marduk, his lord who daily pays his

devotions in Saggil;

the royal scion whom Sin made;

who enriched Ur;

the humble, the reverent, who brings wealth to Gish-shir-gal;

the white king, heard of Shamash, the mighty, who again laid the

foundations of Sippara;

who clothed the gravestones of Malkat with green;

who made E-babbar great, which is like the heavens, the warrior who

guarded Larsa and renewed E-babbar, with Shamash as his helper;

the lord who granted new life to Uruk, who brought plenteous water to its

inhabitants, raised the head of E-anna, and perfected the beauty of Anuand Nana;


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Considered to be

the first ever code

of laws in history

Insights from the code:

1. Setting the law in stone shows the importance

of law in their society.

2. Hammurabi didnt have to explain his laws;

3. However, he had to justify his rule.

4. Justification was made through the following:a. Presenting his character

b. Presenting his royal lineage

c. Presenting his track record

d. Alluding to the Gods


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1. SECURE A MONOPOLY OF FORCE. Disarm the masses and arm the elite.

The state should provide protection from inside and outside threats.

2. REDISTRIBUTE WEALTH. Gains from tribute and taxes should be felt by

everyone.

3. ESTABLISH AN IDEOLOGY OR RELIGION. Rule by a central authority must

be justified. Religion provides a bond other than kinship ties amongpeople.


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1. THE NOTION OF TRANSCENDENCE AND/OR THE

NUMINOUS. There is a belief in either a higher being or a

higher state of life.

2. MYTHS AND SACRED TRUTHS. Stories that reveal divine

realities and paths to morality.

3. ORGANIZED WORSHIP OR DEVOTION. There are

behavioural demands on the believers.

4. SOCIAL NORMS AND STANDARDS. There are values everybeliever aspires to.

5. A COMMUNITY OF BELIEVERS. Religion is a social activity.


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1. BY NUMBER OF GODHEADS.

monotheist, dualist, polytheist, atheist, non-theist, pantheist, etc.

2. BY COMPLEXITY OF LITERATURE AND WORSHIP.

a. animistic, nature worship

b. ancestor worship

c. anthropomorphic religiond. organized religion

3. BY GEO-CULTURAL REGIONS.

a. Abrahamic: Judaism, Christianity, Islam

b. Dharmic: Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, Sikhism

c. Sinic: Confucianism, Taoism


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1. ANIMISTIC, NATURE WORSHIP

Three elements of Shinto: purification, offering and prayer


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2. ANCESTOR WORSHIP


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4. ORGANIZED RELIGION


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1. ABRAHAMIC RELIGIONS

SIMILARITIES

Originated in Southwest Asia

Traces their sacred history to Abraham

Teachings can be summarized as Love God above all, and love

your neighbor as you love yourself

DIFFERENCES

Social history birthed different traditions

Primary figures vary: Jews (patriarchs), Christians (Jesus Christ),Muslims (Muhammad)


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3. SINIC RELIGION

SIMILARITIES

Originated in East Asia

Non-theistic

Began not as religions but as philosophical schools

Philosophy answered important questions on statecraft

DIFFERENCES

Confucianism and Taoism vary in their approaches to government,

the value of knowledge, the emphasis on ritual, and the meaning of

happiness


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Civilization is the stage in human organization when

governmental, social, and economic institutions havedeveloped to sufficiently manage (however imperfectly)

the problems of order, security, and efficiency in a

complex society.

- Philip Lee Ralph, World Civilizations


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1. THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIETY, GOVERNMENT AND

CULTURE IS AN INTERTWINED PROCESS.

Developments and changes in one affect the others.

2. THE STORY OF CIVILIZATION IS UNENDING. The wheelof history continues to turn and so our world will

continue to change but for the better?


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I. Introduction to Civilization

II. History of India

III. History of China

IV. History of Islam

mbsp introduction to civilization 2009

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